Lecture 2: 2.

∫ (2 − 3𝑥 ) ⅆ𝑥

Integration by Solution:

Substitution 𝐿ⅇ𝑡 𝑢 = 2 − 3𝑥
ⅆ𝑢 = −3ⅆ𝑢
1
There are times when it is possible to − [ⅆ𝑢 = −3 ⅆ𝑥 ]
3
perform a seemingly difficult piece of integration 1
by first making a substitution. This means that the − ⅆ𝑢 = ⅆ𝑥
3
given integrand cannot be easily evaluated using
the five basic rules of integration. *A method that Substitute:
involves a change of variable, say from x to another
variable u is called integration by substitution (or 1
u-substitution). The purpose of substituting a new = ∫ 𝑢 (− ⅆ𝑢)
3
variable is to bring the given integrand to a form 1
= − ∫ 𝑢 ⅆ𝑢
for which a standard formula can be applied. 3
1 𝑢1+1
Your ability to perform integration by =− ( )+𝑐
3 1+1
substitution is a skill that you need to develop with
1 𝑢2
practice and your knowledge in finding the =− ( )+𝑐
3 2
derivative of a function.
𝑢2
=− +𝑐
6
Examples: (𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙)𝟐
=− +𝑪
1. ∫ (𝑥 + 3)11 ⅆ𝑥 𝟔

Solution: 3. ∫ √5𝑥 − 1 ⅆ𝑥

Solution:
𝑙ⅇ𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 3
ⅆ𝑢 = (1) ⅆ𝑥
𝐿ⅇ𝑡 𝑢 = 5𝑥 − 1
ⅆ𝑢 = ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑢 = 5 ⅆ𝑥
1
Substitute: [du = 5 ⅆ𝑥]
5
1
ⅆ𝑢 = ⅆ𝑥
∫ 𝑢11 ⅆ𝑢 5

Substitute:
𝑢11+1
= +𝑐
11 + 1 1
= ∫ √𝑢 ( ⅆ𝑢)
5
𝑢12 1
= +𝑐 = ∫ √𝑢 ⅆ𝑢
12 5
1 1
∫ 𝑢2 ⅆ𝑢
(𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟏𝟐 =5
= +𝒄
𝟏𝟐

*Differential and Integral Calculus by Feliciano and Uy

 1 (2𝑥+3) ⅆ𝑥
1 𝑢2+1 5. ∫
𝑥 2 +3𝑥+4
= ( )+𝑐
5 1+1
2 Solution:
3
1 𝑢2 𝑙ⅇ𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4
= ( )+𝑐
5 3
2 ⅆ𝑢 = (2𝑥 + 3) ⅆ𝑥
3
1 2𝑢2 Substitute:
= ( )+𝑐
5 3
ⅆ𝑢
=∫
𝑢
3
2𝑢2 = ln |𝑢| + 𝑐
= +𝑐
15
= 𝐥𝐧|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒| + 𝒄
2√𝑢3
= +𝑐
15 6. ∫ (𝑥 3 + 2𝑥)5 (6𝑥 2 + 4) ⅆ𝑥

2𝑢 √𝑢 Solution:
= +𝑐
15
𝐿ⅇ𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥
𝟐(𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏)√𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏 ⅆ𝑢 = (3𝑥 2 + 2) ⅆ𝑥
= +𝑪
𝟏𝟓 2[ⅆ𝑢 = (3𝑥 2 + 2) ⅆ𝑥]
2 ⅆ𝑢 = (6𝑥 2 + 4) ⅆ𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 3 − 1)4 ⅆ𝑥
Substitute:
Solution:
= ∫ 𝑢5 (2 ⅆ𝑢)
𝑙ⅇ𝑡𝑢 = 2𝑥 3 − 1 = 2∫ 𝑢5 ⅆ𝑢
ⅆ𝑢 = 6𝑥 2 ⅆ𝑥 𝑢6
1 = 2( ) +𝑐
(ⅆ𝑢 = 6𝑥 2 ⅆ𝑥) 6
6 6
1 𝑢
ⅆ𝑢 = 𝑥 2 ⅆ𝑥 = +𝑐
6 3

𝟔
Substitute: (𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙)
= +𝒄
𝟑
1
= ∫ 𝑢4 ( ⅆ𝑢)
6
1 4 ⅇ 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
= ∫ 𝑢 ⅆ𝑢 7. ∫ (ⅇ 𝑥 +2)3
6
1 𝑢5
= ( )+𝑐 Solution:
6 5
𝑢5
= +𝑐 𝑙ⅇ𝑡 𝑢 = ⅇ 𝑥 + 2
30
ⅆ𝑢 = ⅇ 𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
𝟓
(𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏)
= +𝒄 Substitute:
𝟑𝟎

*Differential and Integral Calculus by Feliciano and Uy

 du
=∫
𝑢3
= ∫ 𝑢−3 ⅆ𝑢
𝑢−2
= +𝑐
−2
1
=− 2+𝑐
2𝑢

𝟏
=− +𝒄
𝟐(ⅇ𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐

Exercise no. 1

Evaluate each of the following indefinite integral:

3
1. ∫ √𝑧 ⅆ𝑧
(𝑥+4) ⅆ𝑥
2. ∫
√𝑥
3
3. ∫ (4 √𝑥 − 2𝑥 √𝑥) ⅆ𝑥

4. ∫ √𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 ⅆ𝑥
5. ∫ 200𝑥(2𝑥 5 − 5)99 ⅆ𝑥
ⅆ𝑥
6. ∫
𝑥(ln 𝑥)2
3𝑥 ⅆ𝑥
7. ∫ (𝑥 2 +1)7

√ln(4𝑥) ⅆ𝑥
8. ∫
𝑥
3⁄
1 2
(𝑥 3 +1)
9. ∫ 2 ⅆ𝑥
𝑥 ⁄3

*Differential and Integral Calculus by Feliciano and Uy