Annex 1 - Delivery Format - Task 1 - Yordy - Saavedra

Task 1 – Electromagnetic waves
Yordy Saavedra
Group
1127388348
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD
Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2021 16-04
Introduction
This document contains information and development on the propagation of flat waves in open
media based on mathematical theorems represented by exercises for analysis.
Questions: (write with your own words)
1. What is an open propagation medium?
Electromagnetic waves do not need a material means to propagate. Thus, these

waves can pass through interplanetary and interstellar space and reach Earth
from the Sun and stars. Regardless of their frequency and wavelength, all
electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum at approximate speed 3(108 ) 𝑚/𝑠.
All radiations of the electromagnetic spectrum have the typical properties of wave
motion, such as diffraction and interference. Wavelengths range from trillionths
of a meter to many kilometers. The wavelength (λ) and frequency (f) of the
electromagnetic waves, related by the expression λ·f=c are important to
determine their energy, their visibility, their penetration power and other
characteristics.
2. Within the propagation mediums, what is mean by the tangent of losses?
𝑒´´
The loss tangent defined by the following equation tan 𝛿 = 𝑒′
is a useful way to
distinguish between conductors and dielectrics, since it allows comparing the magnitude
of the conduction current, represented by σ, with the current of displacement, introduced
by the factor ωe.
Thus, the smaller the tangent of losses, the lower the attenuation of a wave propagating
in said medium and, therefore, the less the dissipated power. Therefore, when it is
required to design a system in which a wave must be propagated, it will be very
convenient for the loss tangent to be small. A good dielectric satisfies tg≪1
3. How the propagation medium is classified according to the value of the “Loss
Tangent”?
- tan 𝛿 ≥ 10 it’s a good conductor
- tan 𝛿 < 0,1 it’s a good insulator
- 0,1 < tan 𝛿 < 10 it’s a dissipative dielectric
- tan 𝛿 = 0 it’s a perfect dielectric
- tan 𝛿 → infinite it’s a perfect conductor
4. Define the propagation parameters for waves traveling through a medium (they
are different from the wave parameters).
- Frequency
- Amplitude
- Wavelength
- Period
Application exercises:
Material 𝛔 [𝐒𝐦⁄] 𝛆𝐫 [ ]
1. Copper 5.80𝑥107 1
2. Sea water 4 80
3. Vegetable soil 1.00𝑥10−2 14
4. Dry soil 1.00𝑥10−4 3
5. Sweet water 1.00𝑥10−3 80
1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the medium
chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E of frequency
𝑓 = 358 𝑀𝐻𝑧. Note that 𝐶𝐶𝐶 are the first 3 digits of your identification number:
𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜
Example:
Identification number: 1127388348, then 𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 348
Then: 𝑓 = (348 + 10) 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 358 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 358 𝑥 106 𝐻𝑧
Selected propagation medium: Cooper
Conductivity: 𝛔 = 5.8 ∗ 107 𝑆/𝑚
Electrical permittivity: 𝛆𝐫 = 𝟏
The tangent of loss at 358MHz is:
𝜎 𝜎 5.8 ∗ 107
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 358𝑥106 ∗ 8.8542 x 10−12 )
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) ≈ 2912163611.439499855
Our angle of los is:
𝛿 = 89.9999999803254° = 89°
2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the chosen
medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:
According to results, it is said to be classified as a dielectric with losses.
3. calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the chosen

medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).
d. Intrinsic impedance  (Eta).
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
 = √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇0 = √𝑗 ∗ 2𝜋𝑓 ∗ 𝜎 ∗ 𝜇0
 = √𝑗 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 358 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 5.80 ∗ 107 𝑠/𝑚 ∗ 1.2566 ∗ 10−6 𝑇𝑚/𝐴

 = 286305.0274113142514 + 286305.0274113142514𝒾
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
 = √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇0
6 7 −6
 = √𝜋 ∗ 358 ∗ 10 5.80 ∗ 10 𝑠/𝑚 ∗ 1.2566 ∗ 10 𝑇𝑚/𝐴
𝛼 = 286305.0274113142514 𝑁𝑝/𝑚
c. Phase constant  (Beta).
 = √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇0
6 7 −6
 = √𝜋 ∗ 358 ∗ 10 5.80 ∗ 10 𝑠/𝑚 ∗ 1.2566 ∗ 10 𝑇𝑚/𝐴
 = 286305.0274113142514 𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚
d. Intrinsic impedance  (Eta).
 = √𝑗𝜔𝜇0 /𝜎
𝑗 ∗ 2 𝜋 ∗ 358 ∗ 106 ∗ 1.2566 ∗ 10−6

=√
5.80 ∗ 107
 = 0.004936 + 0.004636Ω
4. According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following equations,
calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen medium:
a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .
b. Wavelength 𝝀.
c. The penetration depth of the 𝛿𝑝 wave in the medium
Developing
➢ Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .
2𝜋 ∗ 358 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧
𝒗𝒑 = = 7856.5869426 𝑚/𝑠
286305.0274113142514 𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚
➢ Wavelength 𝝀.
2𝜋
𝝀= = 𝝀 = 0.0000219457739 𝑚
𝟎. 286305.0274113142514 𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚
➢ The penetration depth of the 𝛿𝑝 wave in the medium

1
𝛿𝑝 = = 𝐼𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒
0
1
𝛿𝑝 = = 𝛿𝑝 = 0.0000034927783
286305.0274113142514
Figure 3: operation 3 on a virtual scientific calculator.
Interpretation
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain in your own words the meaning and the
result obtained for: 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿), 𝑉𝑝 , 𝜆 and 𝛿𝑝 .
The loss tangent allows me to identify, is a measure of the quality of an insulation, the
lower the conduction current compared to the displacement current, the better the
quality of the electrical insulation.
The loss tangent allows me to identify copper is a perfect conductor since 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) >>
> 10 this indicates that the conducting currents much more important than the
displacement current.
𝑉𝑝 is the speed with which the electromagnetic wave travels through copper, which in
this case is 𝑉𝑝 = 7.856586 ∗ 103 𝑚/𝑠
on the other hand we have a wave length of 𝝀 = 2.19457 ∗ 10−5 𝑚 and finally we
have a wave penetration of 𝛿𝑝 = 0.0000034927783 𝑚. This does not lead to the conclusion
that the ode that is traveling through copper at a frequency of 358 MHz presents a very
constant oscillation, but it cannot go as far as in the media.
Application example
Example: Nowadays it is very easy to find applications of electromagnetic waves, for

example, in the air we have services such as radio and television that use the air as a
transmission medium in the VHF frequency band 30MHz-300MHz. these services are
practically all over the world, for entertainment, information, education and other
purposes.
Video link
URL:
Bibliography
- Sears, Z. (2021). Fisica Universitaria 12va. Edicion Sears, Zemansky Volume Vol. 2 [Leather
Bound]. Isha Books.
- Picquart, M. (2017). Vibraciones y Ondas (1.a ed.). Trillas.
- Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press, (pp. 519-524).
Recovered from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=tru
e&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519
- Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed Broadband Wireless. (pp.
25-70). Recovered from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=tru
e&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live

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Task 1 – Electromagnetic waves

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

Questions: (write with your own words)

1. What is an open propagation medium?

Electromagnetic waves do not need a material means to propagate. Thus, these

2. Within the propagation mediums, what is mean by the tangent of losses?

Identification number: 1127388348, then 𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 348

Then: 𝑓 = (348 + 10) 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 358 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 358 𝑥 106 𝐻𝑧

Selected propagation medium: Cooper

Conductivity: 𝛔 = 5.8 ∗ 107 𝑆/𝑚

The tangent of loss at 358MHz is:

According to results, it is said to be classified as a dielectric with losses.

3. calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the chosen

 = √𝑗 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 358 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 5.80 ∗ 107 𝑠/𝑚 ∗ 1.2566 ∗ 10−6 𝑇𝑚/𝐴

c. Phase constant  (Beta).

𝑗 ∗ 2 𝜋 ∗ 358 ∗ 106 ∗ 1.2566 ∗ 10−6

➢ The penetration depth of the 𝛿𝑝 wave in the medium

Figure 3: operation 3 on a virtual scientific calculator.

Example: Nowadays it is very easy to find applications of electromagnetic waves, for

Bound]. Isha Books.

- Picquart, M. (2017). Vibraciones y Ondas (1.a ed.). Trillas.

25-70). Recovered from

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