This document discusses process variables and ideal gases. It defines temperature and pressure, explaining that temperature measures average kinetic energy and has absolute and relative scales. It also defines various types of pressure such as atmospheric, gauge, vacuum, and hydrostatic pressure and how they are calculated. Pressure is expressed in units like pascals, atmospheres, and psi. An example calculation estimates air density using the pressure difference between sea level and Mount Everest.
This document discusses process variables and ideal gases. It defines temperature and pressure, explaining that temperature measures average kinetic energy and has absolute and relative scales. It also defines various types of pressure such as atmospheric, gauge, vacuum, and hydrostatic pressure and how they are calculated. Pressure is expressed in units like pascals, atmospheres, and psi. An example calculation estimates air density using the pressure difference between sea level and Mount Everest.
This document discusses process variables and ideal gases. It defines temperature and pressure, explaining that temperature measures average kinetic energy and has absolute and relative scales. It also defines various types of pressure such as atmospheric, gauge, vacuum, and hydrostatic pressure and how they are calculated. Pressure is expressed in units like pascals, atmospheres, and psi. An example calculation estimates air density using the pressure difference between sea level and Mount Everest.
This document discusses process variables and ideal gases. It defines temperature and pressure, explaining that temperature measures average kinetic energy and has absolute and relative scales. It also defines various types of pressure such as atmospheric, gauge, vacuum, and hydrostatic pressure and how they are calculated. Pressure is expressed in units like pascals, atmospheres, and psi. An example calculation estimates air density using the pressure difference between sea level and Mount Everest.
Learning Outcomes • Understand the temperature systems and the difference between absolute and relative temperatures and apply conversion factors to temperature for conversion between systems • Define pressure, atmospheric pressure, barometric pressure, standard pressure, and vacuum pressure; Demonstrate conversion between these types of pressure
UP Diliman - ChemE 101 2
Outline ● Temperature ● Pressure
UP Diliman - ChemE 101 3
Temperature • Measure of the average kinetic energy possessed by the molecules in a substance • Absolute scale: • Kelvin (K) and Rankine (R) • K = 1.8 R
• Relative scale: • Celsius (°C) and Fahrenheit (°F)
UP Diliman - ChemE 101 4
Pressure • Compressive stress (or force) per unit area
Pressure Atmospheric pressure –typical values assigned at sea level. • 1 atm • 101325 Pa • 1.01325 bar • 760 Torr • 14.696 psi (~14.7 psi) • 760 mm Hg • 10.33 m H2O
https://www.ck12.org/physics/atmospheric-pressure/lesson/Air-Pressure-and-Altitude-MS-PS/ UP Diliman - ChemE 101 6 Pressure Absolute, Vacuum and Gauge pressure • Gauge Pressure • Pressure relative to the atmospheric pressure Pabs = Pgauge + Patm • Vacuum/Draft Pressure • Negative gauge pressure Pabs = Patm – Pvac
UP Diliman - ChemE 101 7
Pressure Hydrostatic pressure (static fluid pressure) • The force F exerted on the base of the column divided by the base area A 𝑃 = 𝑃! + 𝜌𝑔ℎ • Independent of area h
UP Diliman - ChemE 101 8
Pressure Head (H) • The height of a hypothetical column of a fluid that would exert a given pressure at its base if the pressure at the top were zero (P0 = 0)
14.7 psi is equivalent to:
• 33.9 ft of water (33.9 ft H2O) or H • 760 mm of mercury (760 mm Hg)
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔𝐻 • Commonly used to express gauge pressure or required pump duty UP Diliman - ChemE 101 9 Pressure • Example: Make a rough estimate for the average density of air based on the difference in pressures of sea level (101.325 kPa) and the peak of Mount Everest (33 kPa) that is 8.85 km above sea level. Assume that average gravity is at 9.79 m/s2.
𝑃 = 𝑃! + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
101325 Pa = 33000 Pa + 𝜌(9.79 m2 ")(8850 m)
s 𝐤𝐠2 𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟖𝟔 𝐦𝟑
Note: this average includes the air between sea level and the 8850 m level
UP Diliman - ChemE 101 10
Summary • Temperature can be either • Pressure is compressive relative or absolute stress (or force) per unit • Absolute scale temperature is area typically used in calculations • It uses derived units: N/m2 or for volume and other Pa, dynes/cm2, lbf/in.2 or psi properties that is affected by • To obtain absolute pressure, temperature changes gauge pressure is added to atmospheric pressure while vacuum pressure is deducted from atmospheric pressure • Static fluids exert hydrostatic pressure on its base UP Diliman - ChemE 101 11
