Scientech 2272A B

Satellite Communications Scientech 2272A
Understanding of Satellite Communication

Scientech 2272A
Product Tutorial
Ver. 1.1
Designed & Manufactured in India by-

An ISO 9001:2008 company
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
94, Electronic Complex, Pardesipura, Indore - 452 010 India,
+ 91-731 4211100, : [email protected] , : www.ScientechWorld.com
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 1

Scientech 2272A
Understanding of Satellite Communication
Scientech 2272A
Table of Contents
● Safety Instructions 4
● Introduction 5
● Features 6
● Technical Specifications 7
● Operating Instructions 8
● Experiments
• Experiment 1 9
Establishing a Direct Communication Link between Uplink
Transmitter and Downlink Receiver using Tone Signal
• Experiment 2 16
Setting up an Active Satellite Link and demonstrate Link Fail
Operations
• Experiment 3 26
Establishing an Audio-Video Satellite Link between Transmitter and
Receiver
• Experiment 4 29
Communicating ‘Voice’ Signal through Satellite Link
• Experiment 5 31
Changing different combinations of Uplink and Downlink
Frequencies and to check the Communication Link
• Experiment 6 33
Transmitting & receiving three separate Signals (Audio, Video, Tone)
simultaneously through satellite link
• Experiment 7 36
Transmitting & receiving Function Generator Waveforms through
Satellite Link
• Experiment 8 37
Transmitting and receiving PC data through satellite link
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• Experiment 9 47
Study the delay between Uplink Transmitter and Downlink Receiver
during data transmission
• Experiment 10 51
To send tele-command and receive intensity of light from satellite
To send tele-command and receive Temperature from satellite
To calculate the carrier to noise ratio for a satellite link
To calculate signal to noise ratio for a satellite link
● Warranty & Accessories 67
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Safety Instructions
Read the following safety instructions carefully before operating the product.
To avoid any personal injury, or damage to the product, or any products connected to
it;
Do not operate the instrument if you suspect any damage within.
The instrument should be serviced by qualified personnel only.
For your Safety:
Use proper Mains cord : Use only the mains cord designed for this product.
Ensure that the mains cord is suitable for your
country.
Ground the Instrument : This product is grounded through the protective earth
conductor of the mains cord. To avoid electric shock
the grounding conductor must be connected to the
earth ground. Before making connections to the input
terminals, ensure that the instrument is properly
grounded.
Observe Terminal Ratings : To avoid fire or shock hazards, observe all ratings and
marks on the instrument.
Use only the proper Fuse : Use the fuse type and rating specified for this product.
Use in proper Atmosphere : Please refer to operating conditions given in the

manual.
· Do not operate in wet / damp conditions.
· Do not operate in an explosive atmosphere.
· Keep the product dust free, clean and dry.
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Scientech 2272A
Introduction
Scientech 2272A Satellite Communication System provides an indepth study of
basic Satellite Communication system. It consists of Uplink Transmitter, Satellite
Link and Downlink Receiver, which can be conveniently placed in the laboratory. The
Satellite can be placed at an elevated, position if needed. The Satellite Transponder
receives signal from Uplink Transmitter and retransmits at different frequencies to a
Downlink Receiver. The Uplink and Downlink frequencies are selectable and can
have variety of signals such as Video, Audio, Voice, Tone, Data and Telemetry
(Temperature and Light intensity). The Operating manual illustrates basic theory and
glossary of Satellite Communication terms along with Experiments
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Features
· Simultaneous communication of three different signals
· Communicate Audio, Video, Digital data, PC data, Tone, Voice, function

generator waveforms etc
· 414 - 2468MHz PLL microwave operation
· Communication of external broad band digital signal
· Choice of different transmitting and receiving frequencies
· Built-in Speaker and Microphone for Voice and Audio link
· Remote detection of Light intensity and environment temperature
· Detachable Dish Antenna at each station
· USB port for PC communication
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Technical Specification
Uplink Transmitter:
Transmitter with selectable frequency conversion
2450-2468 MHz up-linking selectable frequencies
Wide band RF amplifier. No manual matching required.
16 MHz Bandwidth
Frequency select switch and LED indication.
FM Modulation of Audio and Video.
Coverage area 3.5meter Indoor and 10meter outdoor
Transmit Audio, Video, Digital data, PC data, Tone, Voice, function generator
waveforms etc.
Separate section for telemetry operation.
Inbuilt Tone Generator:
Frequency: 100Hz to 1 KHz.
Amplitude: 0V to 1Vpp.
Separate terminals provided for different inputs.
Power Supply: 230 V AC ±10 %, 50/60 Hz
Satellite Link:
Transponder with selectable Uplink and downlinks frequency conversion.
Light and Temperature sensors for telemetry operations.
Delay knob provided for simulated Transition delay experiment.
Optional Solar power supply for Transponder Unit.
Detachable Dish Antennas.
Downlink Receiver:
Receiver with selectable frequency conversion.
Receives and demodulate three signals simultaneously.
Built in speaker for audio and video output.
Detachable Dish Antenna.
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Operating Instructions
Before starting the experiments, it is required to read the operating instructions
carefully to complete the experiments conveniently.
● In the start of any experiment;
• Switch ‘ON’ the Uplink Transmitter first and carryout all the setting
required to do the experiment like Frequency selection, Channel A mode
setting or Channel B mode setting.
• After that switch on the Satellite Transponder (if applicable) and carryout
the frequency setting for both; Uplink Receiver and then Downlink
Transmitter.
• At last switch on the Downlink Receiver and carryout all the setting required
to do the experiment like Frequency selection, Channel A mode setting or
Channel B mode setting.
● To ensure the proper frequency selection, it is suggested to operate the
‘Frequency Select’ key to go through rather than depending on by default
selected frequency.
● Press the Frequency Select button gradually (i.e. switch between frequencies
after some delay) so as to avoid any uneven switching.
● While performing the experiment if power goes OFF of any one from
Transmitter/Transponder/ Receiver, restart all three units as per the instructions
number 1 given above.
● If any problem occurs during the experiment due to link failure or switching of
the frequencies, it is suggested to restart all three units as per the instructions
number 1 given above.
● If any uneven switching occurs that washes out the LCD display, in such case it
is suggested to restart all three units as per the instructions number 1 given
above.
● The Uplink Transmitter and Downlink Receiver should be placed in line. In case
of Satellite Transponder, all three can be placed in equidistant triangle of
distance 5-7m or can be place in line so as to minimize interference between
them.
● In Telemetry experiment when distance is increased then the data received on
the transponder may be affected for a short duration due to environment
interference. This occurs due to interference present in the environment.
● While performing the experiment of PC data Communication, it is
recommended to check the USB port name/ number in the properties of Device
manager and also verify that the device is recognized by the PC or not. In case if
it need USB driver, then install it so that the device should be supported by the
PC.
● After finishing the PC data communication experiment, ensure to disconnect the
USB port from the software window by clicking the ‘Disconnect’ button so that
the USB ports in used should be released properly and can be used again to
perform the experiment without any problem related to system support.
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Experiment 1
Objective:
Establishing a direct communication link between Uplink Transmitter and Downlink
Receiver using tone signal
Equipments Needed:
● Uplink Transmitter
● Dish Antennas
● Downlink Receiver
● Connecting cables
Introduction: Uplink Transmitter controls:
Procedure:
Setting at Uplink Transmitter:
● Connect the Uplink Transmitter to AC Mains.
● Attach Antenna to Uplink Transmitter with BNC -BNC lead.
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● Switch ‘ON’ the Uplink Transmitter and frequency display will come on. The
transmitting frequency can be selected by ‘Frequency Select’ key. The available
frequencies are 2414/ 2432/ 2450/ 2468 MHz.
● Select the uplink frequency to 2468 MHz
Note: It is suggested to select the higher frequencies 2468/ 2450 MHz always
for Uplink transmission.
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● Now set the “Channel B” to ‘Tone’ mode using the ‘Channel Select B’ key, so
as to transmit tone signal from Uplink Transmitter. The ‘Tone’ signal is
transmitted through ‘Audio II’ channel of the transmitter.
● The tone signal can be observed on oscilloscope at ‘Tone Generator’ section of

Uplink Transmitter.
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Setting at Downlink Receiver:
● Place Downlink Receiver at a convenient distance of 5 - 7m. (It can go even up
to 10m.).
● Connect the Downlink Receiver to the AC Mains.
● Attach Antenna to the Downlink Receiver with BNC - BNC lead.
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● Switch ‘ON’ the Downlink Receiver and frequency display will come on. The
receiving frequency can be selected by ‘Frequency Select’ key. The available
● Select the Downlink Receiver frequency same as to Uplink Transmitting

frequency i.e. 2468 MHz
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● Now set the ‘Channel B’ to ‘Tone’ mode using ‘Channel Select B key, so as to
receive tone signal from Uplink Transmitter.
● The tone signal can be observed on oscilloscope at ‘Received Tone’ section of

Downlink Receiver. Observe the variations in the frequency and the amplitude
of the received tone signal by varying the frequency and amplitude of tone
signal at ‘Tone Generator’ section of Uplink Transmitter.
● Now set the ‘Channel B’ to ‘Speaker’ mode using ‘Channel Select B key, so as
to hear the tone signal. The Tone signal is switched to Speaker of Receiver.
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Result:
A clear tone indicates that the direct communication link has been successfully setup
between Uplink Transmitter and Downlink Receiver.
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Experiment 2
Objective:
Setting up an Active satellite link and demonstrate Link Fail operations.
Equipments Needed:
● Dish Antennas
● Connecting cables.
● Satellite Transponder
Theory:
The Uplink Transmitter sends signals at an Uplink frequency, which is higher than
downlink frequency to avoid the interference. The quality of signal is much improved
with active satellite especially when distances between transmitter and receiver are
considerable.
Procedure:
Carry out the following settings at all three units starting from Uplink Transmitter
then Satellite Transponder and at last Downlink Receiver. This sequence of operation
must be followed to avoid any kind of improper operation of the system.
● Connect the Satellite Uplink Transmitter to AC Mains.
● Attach Antenna to Uplink Transmitter with BNC -BNC lead.
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● Switch ‘ON’ the transmitter and frequency display will come on. The
transmitting frequency can be selected by ‘Frequency Select’ key. The available
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● Select the uplink frequency to 2468 MHz .
Note: It is suggested to select the higher frequencies 2468/ 2450 MHz always
for Uplink transmission.
● Now set the “Channel B” to ‘Tone’ mode using the ‘Channel Select B’ key, so
as to transmit tone signal from Uplink Transmitter. The ‘Tone’ signal is
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● The tone signal can be observed on oscilloscope at ‘Tone Generator’ section of

Uplink Transmitter.
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Setting at Satellite Transponder:
● Place the Satellite Transponder between Uplink Transmitter and Downlink
Receiver at a convenient distance; preferably all three can be placed in
equidistant triangle of distance 5-7m or can be place in line.
● Connect the Satellite Transponder to AC Mains.
● Keep the toggle switch to ‘Telemetry off’ position provided at Satellite

Transponder unit.
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● Switch ‘ON’ the Satellite Transponder and frequency display will come on. The
Uplink Receiver frequency (UF2) can be selected by ‘Frequency Select 1’ key
and Downlink Transmitter frequency (DF2) can be selected by ‘Frequency
Select 2’ key. The available frequencies for are 2414/ 2432/ 2450/ 2468 MHz.
Select the Uplink Receiver frequency (UF2) to 2468 MHz and Downlink
Transmitter frequency (DF2) to 2414 MHz.
Note: To ensure the proper frequency selection, it is suggested to operate the

‘Frequency Select’ key to go through rather than depending on by default selected
frequency.
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● Place Downlink Receiver at a convenient distance of 5 - 7m. (It can go even up
to 10m.).
● Connect the Downlink Receiver to the AC Mains
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● Switch ‘ON’ the Receiver and frequency display will come on. The receiving
frequency can be selected by ‘Frequency Select’ key. The available frequencies
are 2414/ 2432/ 2450/ 2468 MHz.
● Select the Receiver frequency same as to Downlink transmitting frequency of
Satellite Transponder i.e. 2414 MHz.
● Note: To ensure the proper frequency selection, it is suggested to operate the
selected frequency.
● Now set the ‘Channel B’ to ‘Tone’ mode using ‘Channel Select B key, so as to
receive tone signal from Uplink Transmitter. . The tone signal is received
through ‘Audio II’ channel of the transmitter.
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● The tone signal can be observed on oscilloscope at ‘Received Tone’ section of

Downlink Receiver. Observe the variations in the frequency and the amplitude
of the received tone signal by varying the frequency and amplitude of tone
signal at ‘Tone Generator’ section of Uplink Transmitter.
to hear the tone signal. The Tone signal is switched to Speaker of Receiver.
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Note: This is a test link for Active Satellite communication.

Link Fail Operation:
By switching ‘Off’ the Power of Satellite Transponder, you can demonstrate a Link
Fail operation.
Result:
The above setup shows that a successful satellite communication link has been
setup between Transmitter and Receiver.
The link failure operation can be understood from the procedure.
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Satellite Communications Scientech 2272A
Experiment 3
Objective:
Establishing an Audio-Video satellite link between Transmitter and Receiver
Equipments Needed:
● Dish Antennas
● Audio/ Video input (VCD)
● Monitor (TV monitor)
Procedure:
● Once you get the set up ready as per the experiment 2, proceed as follows.
● Carry out the following settings at all three units starting from Uplink
Transmitter then Satellite Transponder and at last Downlink Receiver. This
sequence of operation must be followed to avoid any kind of improper operation
of the system.
● Now set the “Channel A” to ‘Video’ mode using the ‘Channel Select A’ key, so
as to transmit video signals from Uplink Transmitter. The video signals are
transmitted through ‘Video’ channel of the transmitter.
● Now set the “Channel B” to ‘Audio-II’ mode using the ‘Channel Select B’ key,
so as to transmit audio signal from Uplink Transmitter. The ‘audio’ signal is
Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 26

Scientech 2272A
● Connect the Audio/Video signal at the input socket provided on the Uplink
Transmitter, Video at video input and audio at Audio-II.

Transponder unit.
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as to receive video signals from Uplink Transmitter. The video signals are
received through ‘Video’ channel of the receiver.
● Now set the “Channel B” to ‘Audio-II’ mode using the ‘Channel Select B’ key,
so as to receive audio signal from Uplink Transmitter. The ‘audio’ signal is
received through ‘Audio II’ channel of the transmitter.
● Connect TV monitor to the Audio/Video output of Downlink Receiver. (Video

from Video Output, audio from Audio-II output. Set TV in AV Mode.
● The TV monitor will display video and audio signal that you have connected to
Uplink Transmitter input.
● Try link fail by using Satellite Transponder “OFF”.

Result:
The monitor display shows that a successful audio and video link has been
establish between Uplink Transmitter and Downlink Receiver through Satellite
Transponder.
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Experiment 4
Objective:
Communicating Voice signal through satellite link
Equipments Needed:
● Uplink. Transmitter
● Dish Antennas
● Microphone
Procedure:
of the system.
● Now set the “Channel B” to ‘MIC’ mode using the ‘Channel Select B’ key, so
as to transmit voice signal from Uplink Transmitter. The ‘Tone’ signal is
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● Connect microphone at the socket marked 'MIC' on the Uplink Transmitter.

to receive voice signal from Uplink Transmitter.
● Speak in the microphone and you will hear the same sound in the speaker of
receiver.
Result:
The above shows a successful establishment of voice link between transmitter and
receiver.
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Experiment 5
Objective:
Changing different combinations of uplink and downlink frequencies and to check the
communication link
Equipments Needed:
● Dish Antennas
● Audio/Video input (VCD)
● Monitor (TV monitor)
Important:
The following frequency combinations can be set to communicate between Uplink
Transmitter, Satellite Transponder, and Downlink Receiver.
Satellite Transponder
Uplink Satellite Transponder Downlink
Downlink
Transmitter Uplink Receiver (UF) Receiver
Transmitter (DF)
2468 MHz 2468MHz 2414 MHz 2414 MHz
2468 MHz 2468 MHz 2432 MHz 2432 MHz
2450 MHz 2450 MHz 2414 MHz 2414 MHz
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Procedure:
of the system.
● Now change the downlink transmitter frequency of Satellite Transponder from
2414 to 2432 MHz and similarly change Downlink Receiver tuning frequency to
2432 MHz you will be receiving the same quality of signal.
● Observe the video and audio outputs at Downlink Receiver.
● Now change downlink transmitting frequency of Satellite Transponder back to
2414 MHz and also change the Downlink Receiver frequency back to 2414
MHz.
● Now change the uplink-transmitting frequency of Uplink Transmitter from 2658
to 2450 MHz and correspondingly the uplink receiver frequency of Satellite
Transponder to 2450 MHz. You will receive the same quality of signal at the
output of the Downlink Receiver.
Result:
The above experiment shows a successful establishment of satellite audio/video link
between Uplink Transmitter and Downlink Receiver at different up-link and down-
link frequencies.
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Experiment 6
Objective:
Transmitting and receiving three separate signals (Audio, Video, Tone)
simultaneously through satellite link
Equipments Needed:
● Dish Antennas
Procedure:
of the system.
as to transmit video signals from Uplink Transmitter. The video signals are
transmitted through ‘Video’ channel of the transmitter. Similarly set the
“Channel B” to ‘Tone’ mode using the ‘Channel Select B’ key, so as to transmit
tone signal from Uplink Transmitter. The ‘Tone’ signal is transmitted through
‘Audio II’ channel of the transmitter.
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● Connect the Audio/Video signal at the input socket provided on the Uplink
Transmitter, Video at video input and audio at Audio-I input.

Transponder unit.

as to receive video signals from Uplink Transmitter. The video signals are
received through ‘Video’ channel of the receiver. Similarly Now set the
‘Channel B’ to ‘Speaker’ mode using ‘Channel Select B key, so as to hear the
tone signal. The Tone signal is switched to Speaker of Receiver.
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● Connect TV monitor to the Audio/Video output of Downlink Receiver. (Video

from Video Output, audio from Audio I output) Set TV in AV Mode.
● The TV monitor will display video and audio signal that you have connected to
Uplink Transmitter input.
● Also the tone signal can be heard in the speaker of receiver.

● Try link fail by using Transponder “OFF”.
Result:
Three separate signals (Audio, Video and Tone) are successfully received at
Downlink Receiver through satellite communication link.
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Experiment 7
Objective:
Transmitting and receiving Function generator waveforms through satellite link
Equipments Needed:
● Dish Antennas
● Function generator
Procedure:
● Connect Function generator Sine wave output to Audio-I socket provided on
Uplink Transmitter.
● Feed the signal of 1 KHz Sine wave.

● Connect Audio-I socket of Downlink Receiver to the Oscilloscope.
● You will observe similar wave of same frequency on Oscilloscope.

● Function can be change to Triangular wave and Square wave up to 5 KHz
frequency and observe the output.
Result:
Function generator waveforms are successfully received at Downlink Receiver
through satellite communication link.
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Experiment 8
Objective:
Transmitting and receiving PC data through satellite link
Equipments Needed:
● Dish Antennas
● Software
● USB cables -2 Nos.
● Preferably 2 sets of PC's
Procedure:
● Install the Satellite Communication software on both the PCs which are being
used for transmitting and receiving the PC data.
● Install the USB driver if needed so that USB device is detected/ supported by
the PCs.
of the system.
● Now set the ‘Channel A’ to ‘PC Data’ mode using ‘Channel Select A’ key, so as
to transmit PC data signal from Uplink Transmitter. The PC Data signals are
transmitted trough ‘Video’ channel of the transmitter.
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● Connect the USB cable to USB connector of Uplink Transmitter and the other
end to the USB port of PC 1.

Transponder unit.
Note: To ensure the proper frequency selection, it is suggested to operate the

selected frequency.
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● Now set the ‘Channel A’ to ‘PC Data’ mode using ‘Channel Select A’ key, so as
to receive PC data signal from Uplink Transmitter.
● Connect the USB cable to USB connector of Downlink Receiver and the other
end to the USB port of PC 2.
● Now check the Device manager property of PC1 and check the Port setting to
confirm the USB port number/name obtained by the Uplink Transmitter at PC1.
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● Open the Satellite Communication software window at PC 1 and select the same
Port name/ number in the ‘Transmitter’ window.
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● Click the ‘Connect’ button to connect it with the device.
● In the same way check the Device manager property of PC2 and check the Port
setting to confirm the USB port number/name obtained by the Downlink
Receiver at PC2.
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● Open the Satellite Communication software window at PC 2 and select the same
Port name/ number in the ‘Receiver’ window.
● Click the ‘Connect’ button to connect it with the device.
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● At PC1 Transmitter window, enter the text in text bar.
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● Click the ‘Transmit’ button to transmit it. Check that the text appears in the
transmitting window.
● When the link is established, the text transmitted from PC1 will be received at
PC2 via Satellite link. Check that the received text is appears in the Receiver
window of PC2.
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● After completing the PC data communication ensure to disconnect the port by
clicking the ‘Disconnect’ buttons at both the PCs software windows to release
the port so that communication can be repeated without any problem related to
system support.
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Note: Once you finish the communication and switch off all the three units and wish
to repeat he experiment, always follow the instruction given below.
● In the start of any experiment;
• Switch ‘ON’ the Uplink Transmitter first and carryout all the setting
• After that switch on the Satellite Transponder (if applicable) and carryout
the frequency setting for both; Uplink Receiver and then Downlink
Transmitter.
• At last switch on the Downlink Receiver and carryout all the setting
● To ensure the proper frequency selection, it is suggested to operate the
selected frequency.
● While performing the experiment of PC data Communication, it is
recommended to check the USB port name/ number in the properties of Device
manager and also verify that the device is recognized by the PC or not. In case if
it need USB driver, then install it so that the device should be supported by the
PC.
● After finishing the PC data communication experiment, ensure to disconnect the
USB port from the software window by clicking the ‘Disconnect’ button so that
the USB ports in used should be released properly and can be used again to
perform the experiment without any problem related to system support.
Result:
PC data transmitted from first PC is received in the second PC via Satellite
link.
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Experiment 9
Objective:
Study the delay between Uplink Transmitter and Downlink Receiver during data
transmission.
Equipments Needed:
● Dish Antennas
● Digital Storage Oscilloscope
Procedure:
of the system.
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● Now set the “Channel A” to ‘Data’ mode using the ‘Channel Select A’ key, so
as to transmit data signals from Uplink Transmitter. The data signals are
transmitted through ‘Video’ channel of the transmitter.
● Connect the DSO CHI to Data Generator test point.

● Keep the toggle switch to ‘Telemetry On’ position provided at Satellite
Transponder unit.
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● Now set the “Channel A” to ‘Data’ mode using the ‘Channel Select A’ key, so
as to receive data signals from Uplink Transmitter. The data signals are received
through ‘Video’ channel of the receiver.
● Connect the DSO CHII to “Received Data” section and observe the data.
● The recommended DSO settings are as follows:
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• Adjust the Time/Div knob at 50ms.
• Adjust Volt/Div. Knob at 2V.
• Set appropriate trigger level, so that the signal becomes stable on screen.
• Select Acquisition mode to ‘Normal’ position
• Select Display ‘Persist’ to ‘Off’ position.
● Now gradually rotate the ‘Delay Adjust’ knob and observe the changes in the
delay between the transmitted and received data.
Result:
The experiment can be useful to observe simulated delay in satellite
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Experiment 10
Objective:
To send tele-command and receive intensity of light from satellite
Equipments Needed:
● Dish Antennas
Procedure:
of the system.

● Now set the “Channel A” to ‘Tele’ mode using the ‘Channel Select A’ key, so
as to transmit Tele-Commands from Uplink Transmitter. The command signals
are transmitted through ‘Video’ channel of the transmitter.
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● The telemetry section has three toggle switches indicated E for enable, A1 & A0
for selecting Light intensity and Temperature respectively. The command for
light intensity is 6 i.e. E- Low; A1 – High; A0 - Low

Transponder unit.
● Observe that the percentage of ‘Light Intensity’ appears on LCD screen.
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as to receive ‘Tele-Commands’ from Uplink Transmitter. The command signals
are received through ‘Video’ channel of the receiver.
● Observe that the percentage of ‘Light Intensity’ appears on LCD screen.
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● Change the intensity of light by using any light source at transponder, the same
variations of percentage will appear on the LCD screen.
● Also observe the same on Transponder.
Result:
As you send tele-command for light intensity, the transponder starts sending status of
light intensity to the receiver.
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Experiment 11
Objective:
To send tele-command and receive Temperature from satellite
Equipments Needed:
● Dish Antennas
Procedure:
of the system.
as to transmit Tele-Commands from Uplink Transmitter. The command signals
are transmitted through ‘Video’ channel of the transmitter.
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temperature is 5 i.e. E- Low; A1 – Low; A0 - High

Transponder unit.
● Observe that the ‘Temperature’ in degree Celsius appears on LCD screen.
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as to receive ‘Tele-Commands’ from Uplink Transmitter. The command signals
are received through ‘Video’ channel of the receiver.
● Observe that the ‘Temperature’ in degree Celsius appears on LCD screen.
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● To observe the variations in the temperature, put a heated solder iron on the top
of the ‘Temperature Sensor’ for some time and see that the variations will
appear on the LCD screen.
● Also observe the same on Downlink Receiver.
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Result:
As you send tele-command for temperature, the transponder starts sending status of
temperature to the receiver.
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Experiment 12
Objective:
To calculate the carrier to noise ratio of established satellite link
Equipments Needed:
● Dish Antennas
● Oscilloscope Connecting cables
Procedure:
● Switch ‘ON’ the transmitter by Mains switch and frequency display will light
up.
● The transmitting frequency can be selected by Frequency Select switch. The
frequency can be changed from 2450-2468 MHz.
● Connect Antenna to Uplink Transmitter with BNC -BNC lead.
● Place Downlink Receiver at a convenient distance of 5-7m. (It can go even up to
10m.).
● Place a Satellite Transponder between Transmitter and Receiver at a convenient
distance; preferably all three can be placed in equidistant triangle of distance
5-7m.
● Connect the Satellite Transponder to the AC Mains and switch it ‘ON’ by mains
switch.
● Connect the Downlink Receiver to the AC Mains and switch it ‘ON’ by mains
switch.
● The Downlink Receiver Frequency can be changed from 2414-2432 MHz.
● Align both the Transmitter and Receiver Antenna's in line such that both are in
parallel alignment.
● Adjust transmitter uplink frequency to 2468 MHz and transponder receiver
frequency also to 2468 MHz.
● Keep Downlink Frequency of Transponder to 2414 MHz.
● Keep the Downlink Receiver to 2414 MHz.
● Disable Tone mode for transmission. In this case only carrier will get
transmitted from Uplink Transmitter.
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Scientech 2272A
● Observe the Carrier waveform on Spectrum Analyzer and measure its power (It
is power of Carrier and Noise without any input, say it “C1”).
● Now switch “OFF” the Uplink Transmitter and measure the power again (It is
power of Noise, say it “N”).
● Now subtract amplitude of noise from previously received signal (Carrier +
noise), you can get actual Carrier signal amplitude (say it “C”).
● Calculate Carrier to noise ratio from the formula.

Carrier +Noise Power (in dB) = C1
Noise Power (in dB) = N
Carrier to noise ratio (in dB) = C = C1 – N
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Scientech 2272A
Calculation:
To calculate the carrier to noise ratio of established satellite link
1. Observe the Carrier waveform on Spectrum Analyzer and measure its power. It
is power of Carrier and Noise without any input, CdBm. =-35.3dBm
2. Now switch “OFF” the Uplink Transmitter and measure the power again. (It is
power of Noise, NdBm. = -99.8 dBm
3. The display gives the reading directly in terms of dB.

4. Now to calculate Carrier to noise ratio proceed as follows
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Scientech 2272A
Calculation:
CNR is a pre-detection measurement performed on RF signals. It is the ratio of raw
carrier power to raw noise power. Technically speaking, when measuring CNR
against real thermal noise, one actually is measuring (C+N) / N.
CNR is generally accepted to be a pre-detection measurement that is, one made at RF.
Refer the figure as example only.
C/N ratios are often specified in decibels (dB):
Now we have recorded the reading in terms of dBm so
CNRdB = CdBm - NdBm = -35.3 dBm – (- 99.8dBm) = 64.5 dB
Carrier to Noise ratio (in numeric) = 25.15
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Scientech 2272A
Experiment 13
Objective:
To calculate signal to noise ratio of established satellite link
Equipments Needed:
● Dish Antennas
● Oscilloscope connecting cables.
Procedure:
● Switch ‘ON’ the transmitter by Mains switch and frequency display will light
up.
● The transmitting frequency can be selected by Frequency Select switch. The
frequency can be changed from 2450-2468 MHz.
● Connect Antenna to Uplink Transmitter with BNC -BNC lead.
● Place Downlink Receiver at a convenient distance of 5-7m. (It can go even up to
10m.).
● Place a Satellite Transponder between Transmitter and Receiver at a convenient
distance; preferably all three can be placed in equidistant triangle of distance 5-
7m.
● Connect the Satellite Transponder to the AC Mains and switch it ‘ON’ by mains
switch.
● Connect the Downlink Receiver to the AC Mains and switch it ‘ON’ by mains
switch.
● The Downlink Receiver Frequency can be changed from 2414-2432 MHz.
● Align both the Transmitter and Receiver Antenna's in line, such that both are in
parallel alignment.
● Adjust transmitter uplink frequency to 2468 MHz and transponder receiver
frequency also to 2468 MHz.
● Keep Downlink Frequency of Transponder to 2414 MHz.
● Keep the Downlink Receiver to 2414 MHz.
● Now Select the Tone from “Channel Select B”, so as to transmit tone signal
from Uplink Transmitter.
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Scientech 2272A
● Make the Downlink Receiver in Tone mode with the help of “Channel Select
B”.
● Observe Tone Signal on Oscilloscope and measure its amplitude. (The received
tone has original signal and noise both, say it “S1”).
● Now change “Tone mode” to any other mode with the help of “Channel Select
B” of the Uplink Transmitter and again measure amplitude of received signal at
Downlink Receiver (This signal have only noise, say it “N”).
● Now subtract amplitude of noise from previously received signal (Tone +
noise), you can get actual tone signal amplitude (say it “S”).
S = S1 – N
● Calculate signal to noise ratio from the formula.
Signal to Noise ratio = S / N
Signal to Noise ratio (in dB) = 20 log S / N
Observation:
To calculate signal to noise ratio of established satellite link
1. Select ‘Tone’ mode at Uplink Transmitter and set the frequency pot to
maximum position and amplitude to 2Vpp.
2. Observe the received ‘Tone’ signal at ‘Received Tone’ section of Downlink
Receiver on Oscilloscope and measure its amplitude. The received tone has
original signal and noise both, say it ‘S1’.
Oscilloscope setting: CH1: 0.5V & Time Base: 0.1mS
3. Now at uplink Transmitter, change “Tone mode” to any other mode say ‘MIC’
mode using ‘Channel Select B’ key of the Uplink Transmitter and again
measure amplitude of received signal at Downlink Receiver (This signal have
only noise, say it “N”).
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Scientech 2272A
Oscilloscope setting: CH1: 50mV & Time Base: 5uS
Calculation:
The signal-to-noise ratio expresses in decibels the amount by which a signal level
exceeds its corresponding noise.
In the most general case, SNR is expressed as the ratio of rms (root mean square)
signal level, Srms, to the rms noise, Nrms, (SNR = Srms/Nrms).
SNR is generally accepted to be a pre-modulation or post-detection measurement, that
is, one made on a baseband signal.
Refer the figure as example only.
1. The received tone signal amplitude is 2Vpp.

2. The received noise signal amplitude is 50mV approximately.
3. Now subtract amplitude of noise from previously received signal (Tone +
noise), you can get actual tone signal amplitude (say it “S”).
S = S1 – N = 2000mV – 50 mV = 1950mV
4. Calculate signal to noise ratio from the formula.
Signal to noise ratio = S / N = 1950/50 = 39
Signal to noise ratio (in dB) = 20 log S / N = 31.82 dB
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Scientech 2272A
Warranty
● We guarantee this product against all manufacturing defects for 12 months from
the date of sale by us or through our dealers.
● The guarantee will become void, if
• The product is not operated as per the instruction given in the Learning
Material.
• The agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed.
• The customer resells the instrument to another party.
• Any attempt is made to service and modify the instrument.
● The non-working of the product is to be communicated to us immediately giving
full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the
type, serial number of the product and date of purchase etc.
● The repair work will be carried out, provided the product is dispatched securely
packed and insured. The transportation charges shall be borne by the customer.
Hope you enjoyed the Scientech Experience.
List of Accessories
● Audio-Video Cable 2 Pin ....................................................................... 2 Nos.
● Patch Cord 16” ....................................................................................... 2 Nos.
● Microphone… ........................................................................................ 1 No.
● Mains Cord ............................................................................................ 3 Nos.
● Pencil Cell (Microphone) ....................................................................... 1 No.
● Dish Antenna ......................................................................................... 4 Nos.
● USB Cable ............................................................................................. 2 Nos.
● Product Tutorial (CD)….......................................................................... 1 No.
67

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Satellite Communications Scientech 2272A

Understanding of Satellite Communication

Designed & Manufactured in India by-

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 1

Use in proper Atmosphere : Please refer to operating conditions given in the

· Communicate Audio, Video, Digital data, PC data, Tone, Voice, function

· 414 - 2468MHz PLL microwave operation

· Communication of external broad band digital signal

· Choice of different transmitting and receiving frequencies

· Built-in Speaker and Microphone for Voice and Audio link

· Remote detection of Light intensity and environment temperature

· Detachable Dish Antenna at each station

· USB port for PC communication

● Attach Antenna to Uplink Transmitter with BNC -BNC lead.

● Select the uplink frequency to 2468 MHz

● The tone signal can be observed on oscilloscope at ‘Tone Generator’ section of

● Connect the Downlink Receiver to the AC Mains.

● Attach Antenna to the Downlink Receiver with BNC - BNC lead.

● Select the Downlink Receiver frequency same as to Uplink Transmitting

● The tone signal can be observed on oscilloscope at ‘Received Tone’ section of

● Attach Antenna to Uplink Transmitter with BNC -BNC lead.

● Select the uplink frequency to 2468 MHz .

● The tone signal can be observed on oscilloscope at ‘Tone Generator’ section of

● Connect the Satellite Transponder to AC Mains.

● Keep the toggle switch to ‘Telemetry off’ position provided at Satellite

Note: To ensure the proper frequency selection, it is suggested to operate the

● Connect the Downlink Receiver to the AC Mains

● The tone signal can be observed on oscilloscope at ‘Received Tone’ section of

Note: This is a test link for Active Satellite communication.

Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd. 26

Setting at Satellite Transponder:

● Connect TV monitor to the Audio/Video output of Downlink Receiver. (Video

● Try link fail by using Satellite Transponder “OFF”.

Setting at Downlink Receiver:

2468 MHz 2468MHz 2414 MHz 2414 MHz

2468 MHz 2468 MHz 2432 MHz 2432 MHz

2450 MHz 2450 MHz 2414 MHz 2414 MHz

Setting at Satellite Transponder:

Setting at Downlink Receiver:

● Connect TV monitor to the Audio/Video output of Downlink Receiver. (Video

● Also the tone signal can be heard in the speaker of receiver.

● Feed the signal of 1 KHz Sine wave.

● You will observe similar wave of same frequency on Oscilloscope.

Setting at Satellite Transponder:

Note: To ensure the proper frequency selection, it is suggested to operate the

● Click the ‘Connect’ button to connect it with the device.

● At PC1 Transmitter window, enter the text in text bar.

● Connect the DSO CHI to Data Generator test point.

Setting at Satellite Transponder:

Setting at Downlink Receiver:

● The recommended DSO settings are as follows:

Setting at Uplink Transmitter:

Setting at Satellite Transponder:

● Observe that the percentage of ‘Light Intensity’ appears on LCD screen.

● Observe that the percentage of ‘Light Intensity’ appears on LCD screen.

● Also observe the same on Transponder.

Setting at Satellite Transponder:

● Observe that the ‘Temperature’ in degree Celsius appears on LCD screen.

● Also observe the same on Downlink Receiver.

● Calculate Carrier to noise ratio from the formula.