Code - Aster: Multiaxial Criteria of Starting in Fatigue
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Multiaxial criteria of starting in fatigue
Summarized:
In this note we propose a formulation of the criteria of MATAKE, DANG VAN and FATEMI-SOCIE and criteria in
formula adapted to the frame of the office plurality of damage under periodic and non periodic multiaxial
loading. These criteria are usable in command CALC_FATIGUE.
The first part of this document is devoted to the criteria of MATAKE and DANG VAN adapted to the periodic
multiaxial loadings. In this part after having approached the notions of endurance and office plurality of damage
and the general form of the criteria of fatigue, we describe the two models of DANG VAN and MATAKE (Critical
plane) designed to carry out computations of office plurality of damage under multiaxial loading. One details
there the definition of the various planes of shears associated with Gauss points or the nodes, as well as the
definition of an amplitude of loading through the circle circumscribed with the way of the loading in the plane of
shears. Finally the criteria available in Code_Aster are presented.
In the second part we propose a formulation of the criteria of MATAKE, DANG VAN and FATEMI-SOCIE in the
frame of the office plurality of damage under nonperiodic multiaxial loading. To define a cycle in the variable
case amplitude, we reduce the history of the loading to a unidimensional function of time by projecting the point
of the vector shears on an axis, and we use a method of counting of cycles. Here we choose method
RAINFLOW. The criteria of MATAKE, DANG VAN and FATEMI-SOCIE adapted to the office plurality of damage
under nonperiodic loading are established in Code_Aster.
Besides the well established criteria, one lays out in the Code_Aster of the criteria in formula allowing the user
to build new preset criteria according to the quantities. This kind of criterion is detailed in third part of this
document.
Lastly, option VMIS_TRESCA makes it possible to calculate the maximum variation, in the course of time, of a
stress tensor according to the criteria of Von Mises and Tresca.
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Contents
1 Introduction4.........................................................................................................................
2 Préliminaires5.......................................................................................................................
2.1 Limit of endurance and office plurality of damage, cases uniaxial5................................
2.2 Criterion of fatigue, cases multiaxial5.............................................................................
2.3 Definition of an amplitude of loading in the case multiaxial5..........................................
2.4 Definition of the plane of cisaillement6...........................................................................
3 Criteria of MATAKE (critical plane) and DANG VAN7...........................................................
3.1 Criterion of MATAKE7....................................................................................................
3.2 Criterion of DANG VAN7................................................................................................
3.3 MATAKE and DANG VAN modified for the office plurality of dommage10.....................
4 Computation of the plane of shears maximal12....................................................................
4.1 Statement of the shearing stresses in plane ..................................................................12.4.2
Exploration of the planes of cisaillement13..........................................................................
5 Computation of the half amplitude of cisaillement16.............................................................
5.1 general Presentation of the computation of the circle circonscrit16................................
5.2 Description of the method of the circle passing by three points20..................................
5.2.1 Cases général20...................................................................................................
5.2.2 Cases particuliers22..............................................................................................
5.3 Criteria with planes critiques23.......................................................................................
5.4 Many cycles to the fracture and endommagement23.....................................................
6 Criteria with amplitude variable24.........................................................................................
6.1 Criterion of MATAKE modifié24......................................................................................
6.2 Criterion of DANG VAN modifié27..................................................................................
6.3 Criterion of FATEMI-SOCIE modifié27...........................................................................
6.3.1 Description27........................................................................................................
6.3.2 Identification of the coefficient k28.......................................................................
7 Choices of the axes of projection31......................................................................................
7.1 Projection on a axe31.....................................................................................................
7.2 Construction of the second axe32..................................................................................
8 Projection of the cisaillement32............................................................................................
8.1 Cases where axis 1 is the axis initial32..........................................................................
8.1.1 Determination of the second axe32.......................................................................
8.1.2 Projection of an unspecified point on the axis initial33..........................................
8.2 Cases where axis 2 is the axis initial33..........................................................................
8.2.1 Determination of the second axe34.......................................................................
8.2.2 Projection of an unspecified point on the axis initial34..........................................
8.3 Definition modulus and directional sense of the axis of projection35..............................
9 Criteria in formule35..............................................................................................................
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9.1 For the loading périodique35.........................................................................................
9.2 For the loading NON-periodical ....................................................................................37
10 Quantity and components introduced into Code_Aster38...................................................
10.1 Calculated by CALC_FATIGUE38................................................................................
10.2 Calculated by POST_FATIGUE ...................................................................................39
11 Others critères40................................................................................................................
11.1 Criterion VMIS_TRESCA40..........................................................................................
11.2 Components of Code_Aster used ................................................................................40
12 Conclusion40......................................................................................................................
13 Bibliographie42...................................................................................................................
14 Description of the versions of the document42...................................................................
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1 Introduction
the models of endurance in fatigue multiaxial under periodic loading are of the models of the following
type:
VAR amplitude a×VAR moyenneb ,
where b is the threshold of endurance in simple shears, and a positive constant without dimension
has. VAR amplitude is a certain definition of the amplitude (half of the variation) of the cycle of loading
and VAR moyenne is a variable in connection with the stress (or sometimes strain) or the stresses (or
sometimes the strains) average. The models are characterized by definitions different from
VAR amplitude and VAR moyenne .
To pass from the endurance to the office plurality of the damage, one introduces an equivalent stress
defined by:
σ eq=VAR amplitude a×VAR moyenne .
This equivalent stress gives us a unit damage on the curve of fatigue. As the second member of the
inequation b corresponds to the threshold in shears, one needs a curve of fatigue in shears. But the
curves of fatigue in shears are rare since difficult to obtain, one thus tries to use the curves of fatigue in
tension alternate compression. For that it is necessary to multiply the equivalent stress by a corrective
coefficient about 3 .
The macroscopic models of MATAKE (critical plane) and macro microphone of DANG-VAN are
described. It is shown that under certain assumptions the model of DANG-VAN is similar to the
macroscopic model of MATAKE. The only difference lies in the variable VAR moyenne : DANG-VAN
uses the hydrostatic pressure, while MATAKE employs the normal stress as regards maximum
amplitude of shears.
After having defined the plane of shears, we express the shearing stress in this plane. The planes of
shears are then explored according to a method described in the reference [bib4] which consists in
cutting out the surface of a sphere into pieces of equal sizes.
The normal vectors being known we then determine for each plane the points which are most distant
from/to each other. Among those we find the two points which are most distant one from the other.
That being made we use, if necessary, the method of the circle passing by three points in order to
obtain the circle circumscribed with the way of loading.
In the first part of this document we present the models of endurance in fatigue multiaxial under loading
periodicals, as well as the notion of office plurality of damage. The transition of the endurance to the
office plurality of damage is also approached.
In the second part the criteria of MATAKE and DANG-VAN are then presented under the aspects
limiting of endurance and office plurality of damage under periodic loading.
The third part is devoted to the definition of the plane of shears, the statement of the shearing stresses
in this plane and finally, in the manner of exploring the planes of shears.
The fourth part is dedicated to the determination of the circle circumscribed with the way of shears in
the plane of the same name. Finally we describe the criteria and the quantities which are introduced
into Code_Aster.
After having extended the models of MATAKE and DANG-VAN to the office plurality of damage under
periodic loading, we present the adaptation of these models with the office plurality of damage under
nonperiodic loading. Thus, the fifth part is devoted to the definition of the elementary equivalent stress.
We describe also the criterion of modified FATEMI-SOCIE.
The sixth part is reserved in the manner of selecting the axis (or the two axes) on which is project the
history of the cission.
The seventh part is dedicated to projection itself of the point of the vector cission on this axis or these
two axes. Lastly, concerning the criteria of MATAKE and DANG-VAN formulated in office plurality of
damage under nonperiodic loading, we describe the quantities which are introduced into Code_Aster.
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2 Preliminaries
In this part we treat the notions of limit of endurance and office plurality of damage. We also present
the general form of the criteria of fatigue.
2.1 Limit of endurance and the office plurality of damage, uniaxial case
In the uniaxial case, the rigorous definition of the threshold of endurance is the half-amplitude (half of
the variation) of loading defined in stress below which the life duration is infinite. However, as in
practice the life duration can never be infinite, one defines limits of endurance in 107 108 , etc cycles
of loading. There exists another way of seeing the things: since in practice the infinite life duration does
not exist, one uses the notion of office plurality of damage. The approach by the office plurality of
damage consists in defining a limit of many cycles beyond which the cumulated damage is equal
to one. Thus the limit with 107 wants to say that after 107 cycles the cumulated damage is equal to 1.
2.2 Criterion of fatigue, multiaxial case
In the literature a certain number of criteria was proposed to define the threshold of endurance under
multiaxial cyclic loading. The general form of these criteria is:
VAR amplitude a×VAR moyenneb éq 2.2-1
where b is the threshold of endurance in simple shears, a is a positive constant without dimension.
VAR amplitude is a certain definition of the half-amplitude (half of the variation) of the cycle and
VAR moyenne is a variable in connection with the stress (or sometimes strain) or the stresses (or
sometimes the strains) average. Various models are characterized by definitions different from
VAR amplitude and VAR moyenne .
To pass from the endurance to the office plurality of the damage, one can define a stress (or a
strain) equivalent:
σ eq=VAR amplitude a×VAR moyenne éq 2.2-2
This equivalent stress gives us a unit damage on the curve of fatigue. As the second member of the
inequation [éq 2.2-1] corresponds to the threshold in shears, one needs a curve of fatigue in shears. But
the curves of fatigue in shears are rare since difficult to obtain, one thus tries to use the curves of
fatigue in tension alternate compression. For that it is necessary to be coherent at least on the level of
the threshold of endurance i.e. to multiply eq by a constant about 3 being able to use the curve of
fatigue in tension. The value 3 is the exact value for a criterion of the type Put, in experiments this
coefficient is smaller than 3 .
2.3 Definition of an amplitude of loading in the multiaxial case
In Code_Aster, there exist two definitions of amplitude of loading in the multiaxial case:
A : radius (half diameter) of the sphere circumscribed with the way of the loading;
B : half of the maximum of the distance between two unspecified points of the way.
It is clear that in the case of a loading being defined on a sphere, A and B give the same amplitude.
On the other hand, if one takes a way (two-dimensional) in the form of an equilateral triangle of
dimensioned l , the definition A gives us l / 3 , while the definition B gives us l /2 . To work in a
conservative frame we take as definition of the amplitude (half-variation) of a way of loading the radius
of the sphere (or rings for the case 2D) circumscribed.
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2.4 Definition of the plane of shears
In a point M of a continuum we express the tensor of the stresses in an orthonormal reference
O , x , y , z . With the unit norm n of components n x , n y , n z in the orthonormal reference, we
associate the vector forced F= . n of components F x , F y , F z . This vector F can break up
into a normal vector with n and a scalar carried by n , is:
F= N n éq 2.4-1
where N represents the normal stress and the vector the shearing stress. In the reference
O , x , y , z , the components of the vector are noted: x , y , z . The vector results
directly from [éq 2.4-1] and the normal stress:
N =F . n from where =F−F . n n . éq 2.4-2
τ n
x
O
∆
Figure 2.4-a: Representation of the stress vectors F and shearing stress
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3 Criteria of MATAKE (critical plane) and DANG VAN
Here we clarify the criterion of MATAKE and DANG VAN at the same time from the limiting point of
view of endurance and the point of view of the office plurality of damage.
3.1 Criterion of MATAKE
In this kind of criterion the computation of the stress fields and of strain is made under the assumption
of elasticity, confer reference [bib1]. As it was known as in chapter 2, in the multiaxial case the criterion
of endurance is generally written in the form:
VAR amplitude a×VAR moyenneb éq 3.1-1
Amplitude of loading : In the case of the criterion of MATAKE at each point of structure (or Gauss
point for a computation with the finite elements) to compute: VAR amplitude one proceeds in the
following way:
[1] for each plane of norm n one calculates the amplitude of shears by determining
the circle circumscribed with the way of shears in this plane;
[2] one seeks the norm n∗ for which the amplitude is maximum. This amplitude is
indicated par. n∗
Constraint average : For the computation of VAR moyenne one proceeds in the following way:
[1] as regards norm n∗ one calculates on a cycle the indicated maximum normal
stress par. N max n∗
the criterion of endurance is written:
n∗
a N max n∗≤b ,
2
where a and b are two positive constants and b represents the limit of endurance in simple shears.
Identification of the constants : to determine the constants a and b two simple tests should be
used. Two possibilities exist:
A test of pure shears plus an alternate traction test compression. In this case the constants are given
by: b=0
a= 0−
2 2
d0 d0
/ , where 0 represents the limit of endurance in alternate pure shears
and d 0 the limit of endurance in alternate pure traction and compression.
Two traction tests compression, alternated and the other not. The constants are given by:
2− 1
a= ,
1− 2 −2 m
m 1
b= ×
2 − 1 2 m 2
where 1 is the amplitude of loading for the alternate case and 2 the case where the average
constraint is non-zero.
3.2 Criterion of DANG VAN
One supposes that the material remains overall elastic while it is plasticized locally. The interesting
assumption physical of the model is that the material adapts locally (it becomes elastic after being last
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by plasticity) below the limit of endurance, which corresponds to nonthe initiation of crack. Above the
limit of endurance there is locally accommodation plastic thus initiation of crack.
The basic assumptions of the microphone-macro interaction, Flax-Taylor, make it possible to write:
Loc
ij t = ij t ij t
ij t =−2 ijp t
Loc
One indicates the local stress by ij t , the total stress by ij t , the local residual stress by
ij t and ijp t the local plastic strain. As soon as there is adaptation the local plastic strain
becomes constant and thus the local residual stress also.
Plasticity criterion:
In a point of the continuum (where there is a distribution of the crystallographic directions random of the
grains), one supposes that there is only one grain which is plasticized and this, following only one
system of sliding. This system of sliding will be that which will be most favorably directed, i.e., the grain
in which the greatest scission will occur (the projection of the vector shears on a given direction). The
sliding is done in the planes of norm n= n 1 , n 2 , n 3 and the direction of sliding is defined by the
vector m= m 1 , m 2 , m 3 . The two vectors n and m are orthogonal.
The model of Schmid says that so that there is no irreversible sliding (plastic strain) it is necessary that
the scission, does not exceed a certain threshold, that is to say:
Loc Loc
∀ m ∀ n ∣ n , m , t ∣− y t ≤0 éq 3.2-1
where
1
Loc t =a ij loc
ij et aij = mi n jni m j
2
Loc
the drawing of [Figure 3.2-a] the watch that the maximum value of Loc , indicated by max , is
Loc Loc
obtained by the orthogonal projection of F = ij n j as regards norm n . The relation [éq 3.2-1]
Loc Loc
must in particular be checked if one replaces by its raising max , this one is written then:
Loc
∀ n ∣max n , t ∣− Loc
y t ≤0 éq 3.2-2
where Locy t
is the threshold of the microscopic or local scission. Loc
y t
depends on the
variables of hardening.
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n
Loc
F
τmax
Loc
τ Loc
m
Loc
Appear 3.2-a: Projection of F as regards norm n
One chooses a microscopic hardening of the linear isotropic type. That makes it possible to show the
existence of a field of adaptation [bib2], [bib3].
At the state adapted by analogy with the formula:
ijLoc t = ij t *ij
one has, if one places oneself in the plane n , m in such a way that the scission is maximum, the
following formula:
Loc *
max n , t = n ,t n
*
where n , t is the vector macroscopic shears defined in [the Figure 3.2-b] and where n is
the microscopic vector residual shears (independent of time since we are in an adapted state).
Criterion of fatigue
Introduction of the maximum pressure: DANG VAN uses instead of the normal stress on a plane, as
that is done in the model MATAKE, the maximum hydrostatic pressure on a cycle. The criterion is thus
written:
MAX ∣ Loc
max n ,t ∣a P max ≤b
Loc
n ,t
As the hydrostatic pressures local and total are identical the criterion becomes:
MAX ∣ Loc
max n ,t ∣a P max ≤b
n ,t
For a positive maximum pressure we have:
MAX ∣ Loc
max n ,t ∣ a P max ≤b
n ,t
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For an always negative pressure one can take P max =0 to remain conservative.
*
Assumption on n
In the radial case where the direction of the maximum shears is defined in advance one can calculate
in an exact way * n . In general case DANG VAN proposes the following method to do a
*
calculation simplified of n . One gives for a plane n the macroscopic way of the vector shears
defined previously. The vector residual shears taking into account the preceding assumption is defined
by MO , where M is the center of the circle circumscribed with the way of the end of the vector
shears in the plane of shears.
Trajet macroscopique
τmax
Loc
(n)
M
τmax
Loc
(n,ti)
P
τ∗ (n)
τ(n,ti) Plan de
τ Loc
max(n)
cisaillement
0
Trajet microscopique
Appear 3.2-b: Ways macro microphone/in the plane of shears
Final Formulation: taking into account two formulas :
max n , t = n , t n and MAX ∣ max n , t ∣ a P max ≤b
Loc * Loc
n ,t
formulates finds oneself with
MAX ∣MP∣ a P max ≤b
n ,t
where P is a point running of the way of shears in the plane of norm n .
Identification of the constants : to determine the constants a and b two simple tests should be
used. Two possibilities exist:
•A test of pure shears plus a traction test alternate compression. In this case the constants
are given by: b=0 a= 0−d 0 / 2/ d 0 /3 .
•Two traction tests compression, alternated and the other not. The constants are given by:
3 2− 1 m 1
a= × b= × .
2 1− 2 −2 m 2− 1 2 m 2
with 1 the amplitude of loading for the alternate case and 2 the case where the
average constraint is non-zero.
3.3 MATAKE and DANG VAN modified for the office plurality of damage
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the models of MATAKE and DANG VAN were proposed initially for the study of the limit of endurance.
As the infinite life duration does not exist one uses limits of endurance with 106 107 , 10n cycles of
loading. Thus the initial criteria of MATAKE and DANG VAN are presented like criteria of going beyond
a threshold and do not give an office plurality of damage. The use, in particular of the criterion of DANG
VAN, in automotive industries is suitable since the sought purpose is nonthe going beyond a threshold
of endurance contrary to the problems of EDF where one wishes to follow the damage.
Thus we use for the office plurality of damage an equivalent stress of MATAKE or DANG VAN defined
by:
MATAKE n * a N max n * .
eq =
2
DANG VAN eq =MAX n , t ∣MP∣ aP max
The taking into account of the surface treatment is summarized with the taking into account of the
harmful effect of the pre - hardening over the life duration in controlled strain [bib5]. In the models of
MATAKE and DANG VAN the effect of pre-hardening is taken into account by multiplying the half-
amplitude of shearing stress by a corrective coefficient higher than the unit, noted cp :
MATAKE n * a N max n * ,
eq =c p
2
DANG VAN eq =c p MAX n, t ∣MP∣ aP max
These equivalent stresses are to be used on a curve of fatigue in shears. For the use on a curve of
fatigue in tension compression it is necessary to multiply these equivalent stresses by a corrective
coefficient, noted here :
MATAKE
n* a N max n* ,
eq = c p
2
DANG VAN eq = c p MAX n ,t ∣MP∣ aP max
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4 Computation of the plane of maximum shears
We use here the definition of the plane of shears introduced in the paragraph [§2.4]. Practically, for us
the point M of the continuum will be a Gauss point.
4.1 Statement of the shearing stresses in the plane
For reasons of symmetry we vary the unit norm n according to a half-sphere using the angles and
, cf [Figure 4.1-a].
In the reference O , x , y , z , the unit normal vector n is defined by:
n x =sin cos n y =sin sin n z =cos .éq 4.1-1
We introduce a new reference O ,u , v , n where n is perpendicular to the plane of shears
and where u and v are in this plane, cf [Figure 4.1-a]. In the reference O , x , y , z the unit
vectors u and v are respectively defined by:
u x =−sin u y =cos u z=0 , éq 4.1-2
v x =−cos cos v y =−cos sin v z =sin .éq 4.1-3
Figure 4.1-a: Location of the norm n to a plane by the angles and
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In the plane , the components u and v of the vector representing the shearing stress are
obtained by the relations:
u =u⋅ =u x x u y y u z z , éq 4.1-4
v =v⋅ =v x x v y y v z z .éq 4.1-5
On [Figure 4.1-b], we represented the shearing stresses in the plane as well as the reference
O , u , v , n .
y
τ n
u
v
x
O
∆
Appear 4.1-b: Representation of the vector shearing stresses in the plane
Now our problems is to determine for each Gauss point or each node of a mesh the plane of norm n
such as ∣∣ is maximum. With this intention we vary the unit norm n .
4.2 Exploration of the planes of shears
the method which we present here is resulting from the reference [bib4]. Its principle is the following. As
indicated in the paragraph [§4.1], for reasons of symmetry we vary the unit norm n according to a half-
sphere using the angles and , cf [Figure 4.1-a]. Question which comes immediately is which
must be the step of variation of the angles and . Indeed, it is necessary to find an optimum
between the smoothness of exploration and a reasonable computing time insofar as it is necessary to
make this operation at each Gauss point of the mesh. The author of the reference [bib4] proposes to
divide the surface of the half sphere into facets of equal surfaces to the center of which the unit norm
n is positioned, cf [Figure 4.2-a]. In practice surfaces are not strictly equal but of the same order of
magnitude.
The step value of variation of , is worth 10 degrees. The angle varies according to a step
which is function of the angle . The weaker is or close to 180 degrees and the more
must be large to preserve an area of about constant facet. It is in the vicinity of =90 ° is
smallest. [Table 4.2-1] the cutting summarizes which was retained.
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With this method the number of facet thus the number of normal vectors to be explored is equal to 209
for a half sphere.
Figure 4.2-a : Division of the surface of the half sphere in facets
° 0° 10 ° 20 ° 30° 40 ° 50 ° 60°
° 180 ° 60° 30° 20 ° 15 ° 12 , 857 ° 11 , 25°
Many facets 1 3 6 9 12 14 16
° 70° 80 ° 90° 100 ° 110 ° 120 ° 130 °
° 10 , 588 ° 10 ° 10 ° 10 ° 10 , 588 ° 11 , 25° 12 , 857 °
Many facets 17 18 18 18 17 16 14
° 140 ° 150 ° 160 ° 170 ° 180 °
° 15 ° 20 ° 30° 60° 180 °
Many facets 12 9 6 3 1
Table 4.2-1: Number of facet according to and
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In order to determine the normal vector n which will give the plane of maximum shears with a good
accuracy, the author recommends to resort to four additional successive refinings. The first consists in
exploring eight new facets around the initial normal vector, like illustrates it [Figure 4.2-b].
ϕmax Facette Fm
γmax
∆γ =2°
∆γ =2°
∆ϕ ∆ϕ
Appear 4.2-b: Representation of the eight additional facets around n
In this case is equal to two degrees and for ∈]0 ° , 180 ° [ Δϕ= Δγ/sin γ . For the last
three refinings, is equal to 1,0.5 and 0.25 degrees, respectively.
Typical case. If the facetF m is perpendicular to y , one considers the six facets all around it located
at =5° and respectively defined by =0 ° =60 ° =120 ° =180 ° , =240 ° and
=300 ° , cf [Figure 4.2-c].
Appear 4.2-c: Localization of the explored facets when F m is normal with y
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For each Gauss point or each node we let us explore the 209 normal vectors n . A each normal vector
is associated a history of the shears concretized by a certain number of points located in the plane with
shears of axes u and v . Now it is a question of finding the circle circumscribed at the points
belonging to plane of shears so as to deduce to it half amplitude from it from shears.
5 Computation of the half amplitude of shears
the problems is thus to find the circle circumscribed at a certain number of points located in a plane.
The half amplitude of shears will be equal to the radius of the circumscribed circle.
5.1 General presentation of the computation of the circle circumscribes
the method which we use is an exact method which breaks up into four stages.
Stage 1
We frame the points and we determine the coordinates of the four corners of the frame in the reference
0, u , v , and the coordinated center of the frame O cf [Figure 5.1-a] and [Figure 5.1-c]. In the
typical case where the frame summarizes himself with line horizontal or vertical it half length of line is
equal to the half amplitude of shears.
Stage 2
the purpose of the second phase is to select the two most distant points. In order not to examine the
distance between all the possible pairs of points, we build four sectors, cf [Figure 5.1-a] and [Figure
5.1-c]. These sectors are at the four corners of the frame and are delimited on the one hand, by the
contour of the frame and on the other hand, by an arc of a circle whose center is the opposite corner
and the radius the large side of the frame who in fact undervalues the distance between the two most
distant points. Finally, we evaluate the distances between the points of the four sectors two to two:
distances between the points of sector 1 and the points of sector 2;
distances between the points of sector 1 and the points of sector 3;
distances between the points of sector 1 and the points of sector 4;
distances between the points of sector 2 and the points of sector 3;
distances between the points of sector 2 and the points of sector 4;
distances between the points of sector 3 and the points of sector 4.
In the typical case where the ratio on the small side of the frame on large on the east side strictly
lower than 3/ 4 we do not evaluate the distances between the points belonging to sectors 1 and the
2 nor distances between the points of sectors 3 and 4, case of the example of [Figure 5.1-a].
Stage 3
In the third stage we build the fields 1 and 2 in which we will seek the points which are apart from the
initial circumscribed circle, cf Stage 4. The purpose of the constitution of fields 1 and 2 is reducing the
number of points to be explored at the time of stage 4. The principles of constructions of these two
fields are the following.
•From the points mediums on the two large sides of the frame ( Omi 1 and Omi 2 , cf [Figure 5.1-b]
and [Figure 5.1-d]) we trace an arc of a circle whose radius corresponds to undervaluing value of
the half amplitude of shears and is equal to the half length on the large side of the frame.
•Center of the frame O we trace four arcs of a circle whose radius is also undervaluing it of the value
of the half amplitude of shears.
If Oi center of circle circumscribes initial has component according to axis u which places it
between Omi 1 and O , then if there exists a point whose distance to O i is higher than Ri the
radius of the circle circumscribes initial, there can be only in field 1, cf [Figure 5.1-b].
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v v
(Umin, Vmax) (Umax, Vmax) (Umin, Vmax) (Umax, Vmax)
1 1
Secteur 1 Secteur 2
DOMAINE 1
16 16
13 DOMAINE 2 13
12 14 12 14
2 11 9 2 11 9
10 10
15 15
5 5
3 3
OMI1 OMI2 OMI1 OMI2
O u O u
4 4
6 6
DOMAINE 2 DOMAINE 1
7
Secteur 4 Secteur 3
8 7 8
(Umin, Vmin) (Umax, Vmin) (Umin, Vmin) (Umax, Vmin)
Figure 5.1-a : Exemple1, localization Appears 5.1-b: Exemple1, localization
of the sectors of the fields
v v
OMI2 OMI2
(Umin , Vmax) (Umax, Vmax) (Umin , Vmax) (Umax, Vmax)
9 9
8 8
7 7
Secteur 1 Secteur 2 DOMAINE 1
O O
u u
1 6 1 6
5 5
DOMAINE 2
2 Secteur 4 Secteur 3 2
4 4
3 3
(Umin, Vmin) (Umin, Vmin)
(Umax, Vmin) (Umax, Vmin)
OMI1 OMI1
Appears 5.1-c: Exemple2, localization Appears 5.1-d: Exemple2, localization
of the sectors of the fields
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Stage 4
the goal of the fourth stage is to find the circle circumscribed by the method of the circle passing by
three points, cf [§5.2]. With this intention, we calculate the point medium O 1 associated with the two
most distant points which we note P 1 and P 2 , we deduce the value from it from a first noted radius
R 1 . According to the position from O 1 ratio with the main roads of the frame passing in his center, we
seek either in field 1, or in field 2, if it has there a point located at a distance higher than the half
outdistances measured between the two points most moved away P 1 and P 2 . Let us note P 3
such a point. If there is no point such as P 3 then it half amplitude of shears is equal to R 1, cf [Figure
5.1-c]. On the other hand, if P 3 exists we seek the coordinates of the point located at equal distance
from P 1 , P 2 and P 3 ; we note this point O 2 . We obtain a new radius thus, R 2 therefore new a
half amplitude of shears. Again, according to the position from O 2 ratio with the main roads of the
frame passing in his center, we seek either in field 1, or in field 2, if it has there a point located at a
distance higher than R 2 O 2 . Let us note P 4 such a point. If there is no point such as P 4 then it
half amplitude of shears is equal to R 2 . On the other hand, if P 4 exists we seek the smallest circle
circumscribed at the four points: P1 P 2 , P 3 and P 4 by means of successively method of the
circle passing by three points, cf [§5.2]. That provides us a new center O 3 and new R 3 . As previously,
according to the position from O 3 ratio with the main roads of the frame passing in his center, we seek
either in field 1, or in field 2, if it has there a point located at a distance higher than R 3 O 3. Let us note
P 5 such a point. If there is no point such as P 5 then it half amplitude of shears is equal to R 3 . On
the other hand if a point such that P 5 exists we have five points, if we the preceding method, where
there wants to use are only four points concerned, it is necessary to eliminate one from the five points.
That cannot be the last: P 5, therefore we preserve preceding iteration the three points which made it
possible to determine O 3 and R 3 , i.e. the smallest circumscribed circle. Let us suppose that P 1 is
thus eliminated. We thus seek the smallest circle circumscribed at the four points: P 2 P 3 , P 4 and
P 5 by means of successively method of the circle passing by three points, cf [§5.2]. That provides us
a new center O 4 and new R 4 . According to the position from O 4 ratio with the main roads of the
frame passing in his center, we seek either in field 1, or in field 2, if it has there a point located at a
distance higher than R 4 O 4 . If it is not the half case it amplitude of shears is equal to R 4 and the
circumscribed circle has as a center O 4 , cf [Figure 5.1-f]. Contrary, if such a point exists we remake
an iteration identical to the preceding one.
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Figure 5.1-f: Exemple2, search of the circle
circumscribes
Appear 5.1-e: Exemple1, search of the circle
circumscribes
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5.2 Description of the method of the circle passing by three points
In this paragraph we will treat the general case, then the typical cases.
5.2.1 General case
to determine the circumscribed circle at three points P 0 , P 1 and P 2 , cf [Figure 5.2.1-a], we
proceed in three stages.
Appear 5.2.1-a: Determination of the circle passing by three points
Stage 1
We calculate the coordinates of the three points mediums: M 0 , M 1 and M 2 , cf [Figure 5.2.1-a].
Stage 2
We determine the norms passing by the three points mediums: M 0 , M 1 and M 2 , cf [Figure 5.2.1-
a]. These norms are of the rights of the type v=a ub where a and b are constants which it is
possible to calculate with the coordinates of the points P 0 P 1 P 2 M 0 , M 1 and M 2 . Let us
describe, now, the way determine these norms.
1) Norm at the segment P 0 P 1 passing through M 1
'
We let us determine the punctual coordinates M 1 per rotation of 90° of the segment P 0 M 1 :
U M 1 =U M1 V M1−V P0
'
éq 5.2.1-1
V M 1 =V M1 U P0−U M1
'
where U k and V k with k = M 1' , M1 , P0 the components and u of v the points represent
M '1 , M 1 and P 0 . We deduce the constants from them a 0 and b 0 from the right representing the
norm at the segment P 0 P 1 passing by M 1 :
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a 0= V M 1 −V M1 / U M 1 −U M1
' '
éq 5.2.1-2
b 0= U M 1 V M1−U M1 V M 1 / U M 1 −U M1
' ' '
In the typical case where U M1' −U M1 =0 , we force
a 0 and b 0 with zero and we obtain the
coordinates of the center O of the circle circumscribed at the points P 0 , P 1 and P 2 by a specific
method described in the paragraph [§5.2.2].
2) Norm at the segment P 0 P 2 passing through M 0
We let us determine the punctual coordinates M0 ' per rotation of 90° of the segment P 0 M 0 :
U M0 ' =U M0 V M0−V P0
éq 5.2.1-3
V M0 ' =V M0 U P0 −U M0
where U k and V k with k = M0 ' , M0 , P0 the components and u of v the points represent
M0 ' , M 0 and P 0 . We deduce the constants from them a 1 and b 1 from the right representing
the norm at the segment P 0 P 2 passing by M 0 :
a 1= V M0 ' −V M0 / U M0 ' −U M0
éq 5.2.1-4
b 1= U M0 ' V M0−U M0 V M0 ' / U M0 ' −U M0
In the typical case where U M0 ' −U M0 =0 , we force
a 1 and b 1 with zero and we obtain the
coordinates of the center O of the circle circumscribed at the points P 0 , P 1 and P 2 by a specific
method described in the paragraph [§5.2.2].
3) Norm at the segment P 1 P 2 passing through M 2
'
We let us determine the punctual coordinates M 2 per rotation of 90° of the segment P 1 M 2 :
U M2 ' =U M2 V M2 −V P1
éq 5.2.1-5
V M 2 =V M2 U P1−U M2
'
where U k and V k with k = M2 ' , M2 , P1 the components and u of v the points represent
M , M 2 and P 1 . We deduce the constants from them a 2 and b 2 from the right representing the
'
2
norm at the segment P 1 P 2 passing by M 2 :
a2= V M 2 −V M2 / U M 2 −U M2
' '
éq 5.2.1-6
b 2= U M 2 V M2−U M2 V M 2 / U M 2 −U M2
' ' '
In the typical case where U M2 ' −U M2 =0 , we force
a 2 and b 2 with zero and we obtain the
coordinates of the center O of the circle circumscribed at the points P 0 , P 1 and P 2 by a specific
method described in the paragraph [§5.2.2].
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Stage 3
In the general case, we deduce from the constants a 0 b 0 a 1 b 1 , a 2 and the b 2 coordinated
center O of the circle circumscribed at the points P 0 , P 1 and P 2 three way different. Let us note
O0 , O1 and O2 the same center O , obtained in three different ways, and U k V k , where
k =O 0 , O 1 , O2 , the components and u of v the points represent O0 , O1 and O2 :
U O = b1−b0 / a0 −a 1
éq 5.2.1-7
0
V O = a0 b 1−a 1 b0 / a0−a1
0
U O = b 2−b 0 / a 0−a2
éq 5.2.1-8
1
V O = a0 b 2−a 2 b 0 / a 0−a 2
1
U O = b 2−b 1 / a 1−a 2
éq 5.2.1-9
2
V O = a1 b 2−a 2 b1 / a1−a 2
2
After having checked that equalities: U O0≡U O 1≡U O 2 and V O 0≡V O 1≡V O2 we are satisfied
determine the radius of the circle circumscribed by calculating the distance enters O and one of the
three points P 0 , P 1 or P 2 .
5.2.2 Typical cases
In this paragraph we treat the three typical cases of stage 2 of the paragraph [§5.2.1].
Typical case where U M 1' −U M1 =0
In this case we obtain the components immediately u and v of the center O by:
U O=U M1
éq 5.2.2-1
V O = a1 b 2−a 2 b1 / a1−a2
Typical case where U M 0 −U M0 =0
'
Here the components u and v of the center O are given by:
U 0=U M0
éq 5.2.2-2
V O = a0 b 2−a2 b 0 / a 0−a2
Typical case where U M 2 −U M2 =0
'
In this last case, them u and v of the center O are given by:
U 0=U M2
éq 5.2.2-3
V O = a0 b 1−a 1 b0 / a0−a1
the value of the radius of the circumscribed circle is obtained same way as in the general case; i.e.,
while calculating the distance enters O and one of the three points P 0 , P 1 or P 2 .
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5.3 Criteria with critical planes
In this paragraph we give the list of the criteria with critical planes, cf [bib3], which are programmed as
well as a brief description.
Notation:
n∗ : norm with the plane in which the amplitude of shears is maximum;
n : amplitude of shears in a plane of norm n;
N max n : maximum normal stress as regards norm n during the cycle;
0 : limit of endurance in alternate pure shears;
d0 : limit of endurance in alternate pure traction and compression;
N m n n during the cycle;
: average normal stress as regards norm
max n : maximum normal strain as regards norm n during the cycle;
m n n during the cycle;
: average normal strain as regards norm
P : hydrostatic pressure;
cp : harmful effect of pre-hardening in controlled strain c p≥1 .
Criterion of MATAKE
n∗
a N max n∗≤b éq 5.3-1
2
where a and b are two constant data by the user, they depend on the characteristic materials and are
worth:
a= 0−
2 2
/
d0 d0
b=0 .
Moreover, we define an equivalent stress within the meaning of MATAKE, noted eq n∗ :
eq n∗= c p n∗
2
a N max n∗
f
t
,
where f /t the ratio of the limits of endurance in alternate bending and torsion represents.
Criterion of DANG VAN
n∗
a P≤b éq 5.3-2
2
where a and b are two constant data by the user, they depend on the characteristic materials and
are worth:
3 2− 1 m 1
a= × b= × .
2 1− 2 −2 m 2− 1 2 m 2
Moreover, we define an equivalent stress within the meaning of DANG VAN, noted eq n∗ :
eq n∗= c p
n∗
2
a P
c
t
,
where c /t the ratio of the limits of endurance in alternate shears and tension represents.
5.4 Many cycles to the fracture and damage
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From eq n∗ and of a curve of Wöhler we deduct the number of cycles to the fracture: N n∗ ,
then the damage corresponding to a cycle: D n∗=1/ N n∗ .
6 Criteria with variable amplitude
the criteria with variable amplitude are implemented when the loading is not periodic. When the loading
is not periodic it is necessary to break up the way of loading undergone by structure into elementary
under-cycles using a method of counting of cycles. If the loading is nonradial there is no tested
multiaxial method of counting. Consequently we choose, as in the literature, to use the method of
counting RAINFLOW [bib7] which needs in entry for a scalar. This is why we reduce to a dimension the
scission, which is the orthogonal projection of the vector forced on a plane, by projecting the point of
the vector scission on one or two axes. Another important difference with the criteria with critical plane
is that it is not the amplitude of shears which make it possible to select the critical plane but the office
plurality of damage which results from the elementary under-cycles.
The method of projection that we use is clarified in chapters 7 and 8. In the continuation we describe
the way in which we made evolve the criteria of MATAKE and DANG VAN to adapt them to the cases
where the loading is not periodical.
6.1 Criterion of MATAKE modified
In the context of the office plurality of damage and a periodic loading, the criterion of MATAKE [bib6], is
written in the following way:
n*
eq =c p a N max
n* éq 6.1-1
2
where eq the equivalent stress within the meaning of the criterion of MATAKE represents and with:
n * norm with the plane for which the amplitude of shears is maximum;
n /2 maximum half-amplitude of shears;
*
a constant which perhaps defined by a test in alternate pure shears and tension - alternate
compression or by a test in alternate traction and compression and nonalternate traction
and compression;
*
N max n* maximum normal stress as regards norm n during the cycle;
cp harmful effect of pre-hardening in controlled strain c p ≥1 .
To compute: the cumulated damage if the loading is not periodical the first stage consists in
determining the scission (vector shears) in a plane of norm n at all times of the loading. The
technique which is used with this intention is described in the reference [bib6]. In the second stage we
start by reducing the history of the scission to a unidimensional function of time by projecting the point
of the vector scission on one or two axes defined in the plane of norm n considered, cf chapter 7 and
8. Thus the evolution of the projected scission is summarized with the relation: p= f t what
makes it possible to use the method of counting RAINFLOW. On the figure [Figure 6.1-a] we show the
values reached by the end of the vector shears in a plane of norm n before projection on an axis or
two axes and the figure [Figure 6.1-b] these same values after projection on an axis. At this stage we
i
should introduce the notion of elementary equivalent stress eq . Practically this notion has the same
meaning as the notion of equivalent stress defined by the relation [éq 6.1-1], but it applies to the
elementary under-cycles resulting from the method of counting RAINFLOW. Thus from the projected
i
scission p we calculate elementary equivalent stresses eq .
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Cission dans un plan de normale n (MPa)
Appear 6.1-a: Points of the vector cission before projection
Cission projetée sur l'axe 1 (MPa)
τp
Numéro d'ordre
Appears 6.1-b: Points of the vector cission after projection on an axis
method RAINFLOW breaks up p= f t into periodic elementary under-cycles and breeze the
history of the loading, as we show it on the figure [Figure 6.1-c]. Thus, for a given n norm method
RAINFLOW provides for each elementary under-cycle two values, points high and low, of the point of
i
n and ip2 n associated with two values of maximum normal stress N i1
the vector cission p1 n
i
and N 2
n .
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Sous cycles élémentaires (MPa)
38
Numéros d'ordre ou Numéros des sous cycles 35
numéros des instants
1 32
14 13 14
11 22
33
7 16 37
45 26
8 12 8
τp 41 43 47 15 11 12
1 3 9 15
6
2 44 46 9
10 4 4
5
42 3 29
48
5
40
20
25
Numéros des points
Appear 6.1-c: The fifteen elementary under-cycles after processing by method RAINFLOW
For the criterion of MATAKE we define the elementary equivalent stress in the following way:
Max ip n , ip n −Min ip n , τ ip
n
a Max N i1 n , N i2
n ,0
i éq 6.1-2
n =c p 1 2 1 2
eq
2
For the office plurality of damage, this elementary equivalent stress is to be used with a curve of fatigue
in shears. If a curve of fatigue in tension compression is used it is necessary to multiply [éq 6.1-2] by a
corrective coefficient which corresponds to the ratio of the limits of endurance in bending and alternate
torsion and that we note :
i
n = c p
eq Max ip n , ip
1
n − Min τ ip
2
2
n
n , ip 1 2
a Max N 1i n , N i2
n ,0
éq 6.1-3
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i i
n and of a curve of Wöhler we deduct the number of cycles to the fracture
From eq N n and
the elementary damage D i i
n =1/ N n corresponding to an elementary under-cycle. We use a
linear office plurality of damage. That is to say k the number of elementary under-cycles, for a fixed
n norm, the cumulated damage is equal to:
k
D n =∑ Di n éq 6.1-4
i=1
∗
to determine the normal vector n corresponding to the maximum cumulated damage it is enough to
vary n and to calculate [éq 6.1-4]. The normal vector ∗
n corresponding to the maximum cumulated
damage is then given by:
D n* = Max D
n
n
6.2 Criterion of DANG VAN modified
In the frame of the damage and a periodic loading, the criterion of DANG VAN is written:
* n*
eq n =c p a P
2
where eq the equivalent stress within the meaning of the criterion of DANG VAN represents and
with:
*
n norm with the plane for which the amplitude of shears is maximum;
n /2 maximum half-amplitude of shears;
*
a constant which perhaps defined by a test in alternate pure shears and tension - alternate
compression or by a test in alternate traction and compression and nonalternate traction
and compression;
P maximum hydrostatic pressure during the cycle;
cp harmful effect of pre-hardening in controlled strain c p≥1 .
When the loading is not periodical, we calculate the damage by the same process as that used for the
criterion of MATAKE. The only difference lies in the definition of the elementary equivalent stress:
Max ip n , ip n −Min ip n , ip n
a Max P i1 n , P i2
n ,0
i éq 6.2-1
n = 1 2 1 2
eq
2
i i
where P 1 and P 2 represents the two values of the hydrostatic pressure attached to each under -
elementary cycle. This elementary equivalent stress is to be used with a curve of fatigue in shears. If
one must employ a curve of fatigue in tension compression it is necessary to multiply [éq 6.2-1] by the
corrective coefficient :
i
n = c p
eq Max ip n , ip
1
n − Min ip n , ip
2
2
1 2
n
a Max P i1
n , P i2 n ,0
After having defined the criteria of MATAKE and DANG-VAN in the frame of the office plurality of
damage and a nonperiodic loading, it remains us to specify the technique of projection which we
propose.
6.3 Criterion of FATEMI-SOCIE modified
6.3.1 Description
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the criterion of FATEMI and SOCIE is a criterion of type critical plane [9], [10]. Initially formulated for
periodic loadings, we propose a version adapted to the nonperiodic loadings of it.
In this criterion the parameter a is defined as follows: a=k / y where y is the elastic limit and
k a coefficient which depends on the material. We will reconsider the way of calculating k . This
criterion mixes the shears in strain and the maximum normal stress. We propose to define an
equivalent strain “elementary” in the following way:
i
eqn = c p Max ip n , ip
1
n −Min ip
2
2
n , ip n
1 2
[1a Max N n , N n , 0 ]
i
1
i
2
where ip and ip the extreme shear strains of the under-cycle number represent i .
1 2
Except a definition different from the criterion, the approach used to compute: the damage is identical
to the two preceding criteria. Lastly, it is also the maximum damage which makes it possible to select
the critical plane.
It will be noted that the shear strains used in the criterion of FATEMI and SOCIE are distortions
γij ( i≠ j ). If one uses the shear strains of the tensorial type ϵ ij ( i≠ j ), they should be
multiplied by a factor 2 because ijγ =2 ϵij .
6.3.2 Identification of the coefficient K
the author proposes to identify the coefficient k from tests in pure traction and compression and pure
alternate torsion on a thin tube [9], [10]. In order not to introduce skew, the two kinds of tests must be
realized on the same type of test-tube. Before presenting the formula which defines k we let us
introduce the following notations:
ν : Poisson's ratio, (is generally worth 0,3 for our materials);
νp : coefficient of incompressibility of plastic strains (is worth 0,5 in [9] and [10]);
E : Elasticity modulus of Young;
G : Elastic shear modulus;
Nf : Many cycles to the fracture.
Contrary to the two preceding criteria this one can treat the cases where there remains elastoplastic
zones in structure. The coefficient k is defined by the following relation:
[ ]
'
f b c
2N f 'f 2N f
o o
n'
G k ' 0, 002
k= −1 ,
'f b
b ' c 'f 2N f
1 2N f 1 p f 2N f
E
'
where terms: f b o 'f c o 'f b ' f c , k ' and n ' are defined by the means of tests.
Tests in pure traction and compression
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the tests in pure traction and compression make it
possible to identify the coefficients: σ
' '
f b f c , k ' and n ' .
∆ε ∆σ
∆εe 2 2
2 ε
∆ε p
2
∆σ ∆ε p
2 ∆εe σ′f (2Nf ) b 2 c
=E ε′f (2Nf )
σ′f 2 ε′f
b c
2Nf 2Nf
'
f b c
a= = 2N f 'f 2N f
2 E
The curves opposite use
∆σ scales Log-Log.
2
∆σ ∆ε p n′
k′ = k′
2 2
n′ n′
σ y = k′ ( 0,002)
∆ε p
2
1
Tests in pure alternate torsion
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the tests in pure alternate torsion make it possible to
identify the coefficients: τ
' '
f
bo f
co .
∆γ ∆τ
∆γe 2
2
2 γ
∆ γp
2
∆τ
2 ∆γe τ′f (2Nf )b o
=
τ′f 2 G
bo
2Nf
γa = ∆ γ = τ′f (2Nf )b+ γ′f (2Nf )c
o o
f
'
b c
2 G a = = 2n f ' f 2N f
0 0
2 G
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7 Choice of the axes of projection
With regard to the projection of the end of the vector cission we propose two options:
•a projection on an axis,
•a projection on two axes.
The axis of option 1 is in the same way given that the first axis of option 2. The second axis of option 2
is orthogonal with the first axis of this option.
7.1 Projection on an axis
We place ourselves in a plane of norm n given where each point represents the position of the point
of the vector shears at one time, for more details to see the reference [bib6]. In this plane we build the
smallest frame who contains all the points at every moment representing the end of the vector cission.
The two diagonals of the frame enable us to define two axes: axis 1 corresponds at the segment AC ,
and centers it 2 corresponds at the segment DB , cf [Figure 7.1].
v Secteur Secteur
1A 2 B
u
axe2
Secteur Secteur
A B
1 2
axe2 P4 O
P1 O P5
axe1
P3 axe1 P2
D C D C
Secteur Secteur Secteur Secteur
4 3
Figure 7.1-a 4 Figure 37.1-b
Figure 7.1: Definition of the axes of projection
We choose a priori the axis of projection among axes 1 and 2 because the diagonal of the frame is
larger than the large side of the frame what has as a virtue to dilate a little the projected points. In
addition the loadings which interest us are of thermal origin with the result that the points representing
the evolution of the point of the vector cission, in the planes of norm n , are generally aligned on an
axis, as we show it on the figure [Figure 6.1-a].
Sectors 1,2,3 and 4 are built same way as in the reference [bib6]. Only the points which are in these
sectors are projected orthogonally on axes 1 and 2.
We define the axis of projection as being the axis on which the distance between two projected points
is largest.
For example, on [Figure 7.1-a] the axis of projection is axis 1 since the length of the segment P 3 P 4 is
higher than the length of the segment P 1 P 2 . This definition of the axis of projection makes it possible
to make sure that the axis of projection retained will make it possible to give an account of the largest
amplitude of shears projected.
According to the presence or absence of points in sectors 1,2,3 and 4 the determination of the axis of
projection can be immediate, it is then not necessary to implement the procedure of selection
described above. For more details the reader will be able to refer to appendix 1.
A second axis is necessary to distinguish the case where the points representing the point of the vector
cission are aligned on an axis of the case where these points describe a circle.
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7.2 Construction of the second centers
the second axis of projection is orthogonal with the initial axis of projection and it passes by the point
O.
Since we know the coordinates of the points A B , C and D , to characterize the second axis
completely it is enough to determine the punctual coordinates M such as:
DB .
OM =0 if the initial axis is axis 1,
AC .
OM =0 if the initial axis is axis 2.
8 Projection of the shears
In this chapter we describe the process of projection on the initial axis, or first axis, and the second
axis. We point out that projection on these two axes is orthogonal.
8.1 Case where axis 1 is the initial axis
This case is represented on [Figure 8.1-a]. We place in the reference O ,u ,v ,n. The definitions of u
, v and n are given in the reference [bib6]. In the plane u ,v of norm
n the points A B C , D
and O have respectively, for coordinates U min , V max U max , V max U max ,V min , U min , V min
and U O ,V O .
Axe initial
A B
Pi
v
Second axe O
P u
Ps
M
D C
Appear 8.1-a: Projection if axis 1 is the initial axis
8.1.1 Determination of the second centers
Here to determine the second axis we solve the equation:
DB . OM =0 éq 8.1.1-1
where the coordinates U M , V M of the point M are the unknowns.
The equation [éq 8.1.1-1] is also written in the following form:
U max−U min U M −U O V max−V min V M −V O =0
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what leads to:
U max−U min
V M =V O − U −U
V max−V min M O
By giving a value of U M different from U O we let us obtain immediately V M .
8.1.2 Projection of an unspecified point on the initial axis
From a known P unspecified point, the first stage consists in calculating the punctual coordinates P '
such as:
' =0
. PP
DB
While proceeding like previously, we obtain the relation:
U max−U min
V P =V P
'
U −U
V max−V min P P
'
where V P' results from a value from U P' different from UP .
In the plane (u , v) the initial axis and the segment PP ' are lines closely connected respectively
described by =a i ubi and =a P ub P , therefore to know the coordinates of the point project on
the initial axis Pp we solve the equation:
a i ub i =a P ub P
where
ai =
V max −V min bi =
U max V min−U min V max
U max −U min U max−U min
V P −V P
'
bP =
U P ' V P −U P V P '
.
a P=
U P −U P
' U P '−U P
One obtains:
b p −b i
U P= i
a i −a p
a i b P −a P b i
V P=i
a i −a P
The projection of an unspecified point on the second axis is described in appendix 2.
8.2 Case where axis 2 is the initial axis
This case is represented on [Figure 8.2-a]. As previously, in the plane u
, v the points A B C,
D and O have respectively, for coordinates (U min ,Vmax ) (U max ,Vmax ) (U max ,Vmin ) , U min ,V min
and U 0, V 0 .
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Axe initial
A B
M
Ps
v
Second axe O
P u
Pi
D C
Appear 8.2-a: Projection if axis 2 is the initial axis
8.2.1 Determination of the second centers
Here to determine the second axis we solve the equation:
AC . OM =0 éq 8.2.1-1
where the coordinates U M , V M of the point M are the unknowns.
The equation [éq 8.2.1-1] is also written in the following form:
U max−U min U M−V O V max −V min V M−V O =0
what leads to:
U max−U min
V M =V O U −U
v max−V min M O
By giving a value of U M different from U O we let us obtain immediately VM .
8.2.2 Projection of an unspecified point on the initial axis
From a known P unspecified point, the first stage consists in calculating the punctual coordinates P '
such as:
. PP
AC '=0
While proceeding like previously, we obtain the relation:
U max−U min
V P '= V P U −U
V max−V min P ' P
where for a value of U P ' different from U P we let us calculate V P ' .
In the plane (u , v) the initial axis and the segment PP
' are lines closely connected respectively
described by =a i ubi and =a p ub p , therefore to know the coordinates of the point project on
the initial axis Pp we solve the equation:
a i ub i =a p ub p
where
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V max−V min U max V max−U min V min
a i =− b i=
U max−U min U max−U min
V P −V P
'
b p=
U P ' V p−U P V P '
.
a p=
U P −U P
' U P '−U P
One obtains:
b P −b i ai b P −a P b i
UP= VP= .
i
a i−a P i
a i−a P
The projection of an unspecified point on the second axis is described in appendix 2.
8.3 Definition of the modulus and directional sense of the axis of
projection
We propose to define the sign of the modulus of the point project compared to the initial axis. That is to
say the reference O , v , n in which the scission evolves. In this reference if the component
u,
U P of the point project is higher or equal to zero the sign of the modulus is positive, if not it is
i
negative. In short the modulus and the sign of the modulus of the point project are in the following way
defined:
P mod = OP i 2OP s2 si U P ≥0 ,i
P mod =− OP i OP s
2 2
si U P 0 . i
The definition of the modulus differentiates the loadings closely connected from the circular loadings. In
accordance with the experiment a circular loading will be regarded as being more damaging that a
loading refines [bib1].
9 Criteria formulates some
9.1 For the periodic loading
For the periodic loading, the computation of the damage is carried out only on the first complete
cycle. The first part of the monotonic history of the loading corresponding to the loading is not taken
into account because this one aims to impose a non-zero average loading. For the elastic behavior,
computation is carried out between the maximum value and the minimal value of the cycle
considered. For the elastoplastic behavior, computation is carried out between the first discharge
and the second discharge.
The list of quantities available is in the following table:
TYPE_CHARGE = “PERIODIQUE”, CRITERE = “FORMULE_CRITERE”
quantities available:
“DTAUMA”: half-amplitude of shears in maximum stress ( n*/2 )
“PHYDRM”: hydrostatic pressure ( P )
“NORMAX”: normal maximum stress as regards norm ( N max n* )
“NORMOY”: average normal stress on critical plane ( N moy n* )
“EPNMAX”: maximum normal strain on critical plane ( Nmax n* )
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“EPNMOY”: average normal strain on critical plane ( Nmoy n* )
p
“DEPSPE”: half-amplitude of equivalent plastic strain ( eq /2 )
p
eq
1
/2= maxt1 maxt2
2
2 p
3
t 1− p t 2 : p t 1 − p t 2
“EPSPR1”: half-amplitude of the first principal strain (with the taking into account of the sign)
1max−1min
2
“SIGNM1”: maximum normal stress on the level associated with 1
max t t . n1 t . n1 t
where n 1(t) is the normal vector of the plane associated with 1 .
“DENDIS”: density of dissipated energy ( W cy )
W cy= ∫ : ˙ p dt
cylce
where ˙ p the rate of the plastic strain represents.
“DENDIE”: density of energy of the elastic distortions ( W e )
W e = ∫ 〈 s : e˙e 〉 dt
cylce
where s the deviatoric part of the stress represents , e e represents the deviatoric part of the
stress e and 〈 x 〈 gives x if x≥0 and gives 0 if x< 0 .
“APHYDR”: half-amplitude of hydrostatic pressure ( Pa )
P −P min
P a = max
2
“MPHYDR”: average hydrostatic pressure ( Pm )
P −P min
P m= max
2
“DSIGEQ”: half-amplitude of equivalent stress ( eq /2 )
eq 1 3
= maxt1 maxt2 s t 1 −s t 2 : s t 1−s t 2
2 2 2
“SIGPR1”: half-amplitude of first principal stress (with the catch in sign)
1max − 1min
2
“EPSNM1”: normal maximum strain on the level associated with 1
max t t . n1 t . n1 t
n
where 1 t is the normal vector of the plane associated with 1 .
“INVA2S”: half-amplitude of the second invariant of strain ( J 2 )
1
J 2 = max t1 max t2
2
2
3
e t 1 −e t 2 :e t 1 −e t 2
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“DSITRE”: half-amplitude of half-forced Tresca ( Tresca Tresca
max − min /4 )
“DEPTRE”: half-amplitude of the half-strain Tresca ( Tresca Tresca
max − min /4 )
“EPSPAC”: plastic strain accumulated p
“RAYSPH”: the radius of the smallest sphere circumscribed with the way of loading within the
space of deviators of the stresses R . See the document [R7.04.01] for the definition of this
parameter.
1 D D
“AMPCIS”: amplitude of cission ( a = Max Max ∥ t − t ∥ )
2 0 ≤ t0 ≤ T 0 ≤ t1 ≤ T
1 0
By means of at least one of the first six quantities, one implicitly will build the criterion of standard “the
critical plane”. In this case there, one will find two planes different on which the shears are maximum.
It is noticed that the names of the quantities are identical to those used in the programming. The
operators used in the formula must be in conformity with the syntax of Python as indicated in the note
[U4.31.05].
It is noted that the equivalent quantity left for the periodic loading is under name “SIG1” as a result.
9.2 For the loading NON-periodical
the list of quantities available is in the following table:
TYPE_CHARGE = “NON-PERIODIQUE”, CRITERE = “FORMULE_CRITERE”
quantities available:
“TAUPR_1”: shearing stress projected of the first top of the under-cycle ( p1 n )
“TAUPR_2”: shearing stress projected of the second top of the under-cycle ( p2 n )
N 1 (n) )
“SIGN_1” : normal stress of the first top of the under-cycle (
“SIGN_2” : normal stress of the second top of the under-cycle ( N 2 (n) )
“PHYDR_1”: hydrostatic pressure of the first top of under-cycle
“PHYDR_2”: hydrostatic pressure of the second top of under-cycle
“EPSPR_1”: shears in strain projected of the first top of the under-cycle ( p1 n )
“EPSPR_2”: shears in strain projected of the second top of the under-cycle ( ip2 n )
“SIPR1_1”: first principal stress of the first top of the under-cycle ( 1 1 )
“SIPR1_2”: first principal stress of the second top of the under-cycle ( 1 2 )
“EPSN1_1”: normal strain on the level associated with 1 1 with the first top with under-cycle
“EPSN1_2”: normal strain on the level associated with 1 2 with the second top with under-
cycle
“ETPR1_1”: first principal total deflection of the first top of the under-cycle ( tot
1 1 )
“ETPR1_2”: first principal total deflection of the second top of the under-cycle ( tot
1 2 )
tot
“SITN1_1”: normal stress on the level associated with 1 1 with the first top with under-cycle
“SITN1_2”: normal stress on the level associated with tot
1 2 with the second top with under-
cycle
“EPPR1_1”: first principal plastic strain of the first top of the under-cycle ( 1p 1 )
“EPPR1_2”: first principal plastic strain of the second top of the under-cycle ( 1p 2 )
“SIPN1_1”: normal stress on the level associated with 1p 1 with the first top with under-cycle
“SIPN1_2”: normal stress on the level associated with 1p 2 with the second top with under-
cycle
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“SIGEQ_1”: equivalent stress of the first top of the under-cycle ( eq 1 )
“SIGEQ_2”: equivalent stress of the second top of the under-cycle ( eq 2 )
“ETEQ_1”: equivalent total deflection of the first top of the under-cycle ( tot
eq 1 )
“ETEQ_2”: equivalent total deflection of the second top of the under-cycle ( tot
eq 2 )
For the loading NON-periodical, after having extracted the elementary under-cycles with method
RAINFLOW, we calculate an elementary equivalent quantity by the formula of criterion for any
elementary under-cycle. It is noted that under cycle is represented by two stress states or strain, noted
by the first and the second tops of the under-cycle.
By means of the criterion in formula, one implicitly will build the criterion to determine the plane of the
maximum damage with a linear office plurality of the damage.
It is noted that the use of quantities “TAUPR_1” and “TAUPR_2” exclude that from “EPSPR_1” and
“EPSPR_2” because one can project either the shearing stress, or shears in strain. It is not possible
to project all these two parameters simultaneously.
It is noticed that the names of the quantities are identical to those used in the programming. The
operators used in the formula must respect the syntax of Python as indicated in the U4.31.05 note.
10 Quantity and components introduced into Code_Aster
10.1 Calculated by CALC_FATIGUE
the computed values are stored with Gauss points or the nodes according to the option selected.
Quantity FACY_R (Cyclic Fatigue) was introduced into the catalog of quantities. The components of the
field of this quantity, calculated by CALC_FATIGUE [U4.83.02] are described in the following tables.
For the periodic loading and the criteria of the type of maximum critical plane shears
DTAUM1 first value of the half amplitude max of the shears in component
critical VNM1X x normal vector with the critical plane related to component
plane
DTAUM1 VNM1Y y normal vector with the critical plane related to component
DTAUM1 VNM1Z z normal vector with the critical plane related to DTAUM1
SINMAX1 normal maximum stress with the critical plane corresponding to constraint
DTAUM1 SINMOY1 average norm with the critical plane corresponding to DTAUM1
EPNMAX1 normal maximum strain with the critical plane corresponding to DTAUM1
EPNMOY1 average maximum strain with the critical plane corresponding to DTAUM1
SIGEQ1 Equivalent stress within the meaning of the criterion selected corresponding with
DTAUM1
NBRUP1 many cycles before fracture (function SIGEQ1 and of a curve of Wöhler)
ENDO1 damage associated with NBRUP1 (ENDO1=1/NBRUP1)
DTAUM2 second value with the half amplitude max with the shears in component
critical VNM2X x normal vector with the critical plane related to component
plane
DTAUM2 VNM2Y y normal vector with the critical plane related to component
DTAUM2 VNM2Z z normal vector with the critical plane related to DTAUM2
SINMAX2 normal maximum stress with the critical plane corresponding to constraint
DTAUM2 SINMOY2 average norm with the critical plane corresponding to DTAUM2
EPNMAX2 normal maximum strain with the critical plane corresponding to DTAUM2
EPNMOY2 average maximum strain with the critical plane corresponding to DTAUM2
SIGEQ2 Equivalent stress within the meaning of the criterion selected corresponding with
DTAUM2
NBRUP2 many front cycles fracture (function of SIGEQ2 and a curve of Wöhler)
ENDO2 damage associates with NBRUP2 (ENDO2=1/NBRUP2)
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Table 5.5-1: Components specific to multiaxial cyclic fatigue for the periodic loading
For the loading NON-periodical and the criteria of the type of critical plane of maximum damage
VNM1X component x normal vector with the critical plane related to the damage component
max VNM1Y y normal vector with the critical plane related to the damage component
max VNM1Z z normal vector with the critical plane related to the damage max
ENDO1 damage associated with the block with component
loading VNM2X x normal vector with the critical plane related to the damage component
max VNM2Y y normal vector with the critical plane related to the damage component
max VNM2Z z normal vector with the critical plane related to the damage max
Table 5.5-2: Components specific to multiaxial cyclic fatigue for the loading NON-periodical
For the loading NON-periodical, if there exist only one critical plane of the maximum damage, VNM2X,
VNM2Y, VNM2Z are identical to the VNM1X, VNM1Y, VNM1Z. If several planes exist, one
emits an alarm and leaves the two foregrounds.
10.2 Calculated by POST_FATIGUE
the computed values are stored with Gauss points or the nodes according to the option selected. Quantity
FACY_R (Cyclic Fatigue) was introduced into the catalog of quantities. The components of the field of this
quantity, calculated by POST_FATIGUE [U4.83.01] are described in the following tables.
For the periodic loading and the criteria of the type of maximum critical plane shears
DTAUM1 first value of the half amplitude max of the shears in component
critical VNM1X x normal vector with the critical plane related to component
plane
DTAUM1 VNM1Y y normal vector with the critical plane related to component
DTAUM1 VNM1Z z normal vector with the critical plane related to DTAUM1
SINMAX normal maximum stress with the critical plane corresponding to constraint
DTAUM1 SINMOY average norm with the critical plane corresponding to DTAUM1
EPNMAX normal maximum strain with the critical plane corresponding to DTAUM1
EPNMOY average maximum strain with the critical plane corresponding to DTAUM1
SIGEQ Equivalent stress within the meaning of the criterion selected corresponding with
DTAUM1
NBRUP many cycles before fracture (function SIGEQ1 and of a curve of Wöhler)
DOMMAGE damage associated with NBRUP1 (ENDO1=1/NBRUP1)
VNM2X component x normal vector with the critical plane related to component
DTAUM2 VNM2Y y normal vector with the critical plane related to component
DTAUM2 VNM2Z z normal vector with the critical plane related to DTAUM2
Table 5.5-1: Components specific to multiaxial cyclic fatigue for the periodic loading
For the loading NON-periodical and the criteria of the type of critical plane of maximum damage
VNM1X component x normal vector with the critical plane related to the damage component
max VNM1Y y normal vector with the critical plane related to the damage component
max VNM1Z z normal vector with the critical plane related to the damage max
DOMMAGE damage associated with the block with component
loading VNM2X x normal vector with the critical plane related to the damage component
max VNM2Y y normal vector with the critical plane related to the damage component
max VNM2Z z normal vector with the critical plane related to the damage max
Table 5.5-2: Components specific to multiaxial cyclic fatigue for the loading NON-periodical
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11 Other criteria
11.1 Criterion VMIS_TRESCA
In this part we describe the option VMIS_TRESCA which makes it possible to calculate the maximum
variation, in the course of time, of a stress tensor according to the criteria of Von Mises and Tresca.
This computation can be carried out with the nodes or Gauss points according to the request of the
user.
We give below the algorithm which is programmed in Code_Aster.
Notations:
N : Many times T i : Tensor at time i
DIFF T : difference between two tensors
VAVMIS=0.0
VATRES =0.0
For i 1 with N −1
For j i1 with N
DIFF T =T i−T j
VMIS = Von-Put of DIFF T
TRES = Tresca de DIFF T
Si VMIS VAVMIS then
VAVMIS=VMIS
So TRES VATRES then
VATRES =TRES
11.2 Component of Code_Aster used
the computed field by CALC_FATIGUE has as components:
VAVMIS maximum Amplitude of variation of the criterion of maximum
Von VATRES Amplitude of variation of the criterion of Tresca
Mises
12 Conclusion
In this document we presented the criteria of MATAKE and DANG-VAN adapted to the office plurality
of damage under periodic and nonperiodic loading.
When the loading is periodic the criteria of MATAKE and DANG-VAN are tested by the cases tests
SSLV135a and SSLV135b. The cases tests SSLV135c and SSLV135d test these two criteria if the
loading is not periodical.
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The keywords which make it possible to use these two criteria are described in the document
[U4.83.02] devoted to command CALC_FATIGUE. One will be able to also consult the key word factor
CISA_PLAN_CRIT of the command DEFI_MATERIAU [U4.43.01].
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13 Bibliography
•TAHERI S.: Bibliography on fatigue with a large number of cycles, Notes K
•HI-74/94/086/0 DANG VAN., GRIVEAU B., MESSAGE O.: There is new multiaxial tires limit criterion:
theory and application. Biaxial and Multiaxial Tires, ED. Brown/Miller, 1989.
•MANDEL J., ZARKA J., HALPHEN B.: Adaptation of an elastoplastic structure with kinematic
hardening. Mechanical research communications, vol. 4 (5), 1977.
•CLEMENT J.C.: Study and optimization of a method of calculating of fatigue under multiaxial requests
of variable amplitude, Note HP-17/97/023/A, June 1997.
•TAHERI S.: The taking into account of a loading with variable amplitude for the computation of
damage of fatigue in the zones of mixtures – Project FATMAV, Note HT-64/04/011, December
2004.
•ANGLES J.; Multiaxial criteria of starting in fatigue with a large number of cycles, critical plane, DANG
VAN, Project FATMAV, Note HT-64/03/015/A.
•Estimate of the life duration in fatigue to a large number of cycles and oligocyclic, Manual of reference
of the Code_Aster, Document [R7.04.01].
•PAPADOPOULOS INTER-F; Polycyclic fatigue of metals, a new approach, Thesis presented to the
ENPC on December 18th, 1987.
•SOCIE D.F. and Multiaxial MARQUIS G.B. “Tires”, SAE International, 2000.
•FATEMI A. and SOCIE D.F. “A critical planes approach to multiaxial tires ramming including OUT-of-
phase loading”, Fract Tires. MATER Struct. Vol. 11, NO3, pp. 149-165, 1988
14 Description of the versions of the document
Version Author (S) Description of the modifications
Aster Organization (S)
8.4 J.ANGLE S initial Text
EDF-R&D/AMA
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Annexe 1
the various situations are summarized in [A1-1 Table]. In [A1-1 Table], “0” and “1” mean respectively that there
are no points and that there is at least a point in the indicated sectors.
Sector 1 Sector 3 Sector 2 Sector 4 Centers impossible
projection 0 0 0 0 Case.
0 0 0 1 impossible Case.
0 0 1 0 impossible Case.
0 0 1 1 Axis 1.
0 1 0 0 impossible Case.
0 1 0 1 Use of the procedure of selection.
0 1 1 0 Use of the procedure of selection.
0 1 1 1 Axis 1.
1 0 0 0 impossible Case.
1 0 0 1 Use of the procedure of selection.
1 0 1 0 Use of the procedure of selection.
1 0 1 1 Axis 1.
1 1 0 0 Axis 2.
1 1 0 1 Axis 2.
1 1 1 0 Axis 2.
1 1 1 1 Use of the procedure of selection.
A1-1 table: Summarized situations
the impossible cases result from the way in which are built the frame and the sectors. This construction makes
impossible the presence of points in no or only one sector.
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Annexe 2
The projection of an unspecified point on the second axis is quickly described in this appendix. From a known
P unspecified point, we calculate the punctual coordinates P′ such as:
O M . P P′ = 0
After simplification it comes the relation:
where a value of U P′ different from U P us gives VP′ .
In the plane (u , v) the second axis and the segment are lines closely connected respectively described by
v = a s u + bs and v = a P u + bP , therefore to know the coordinates of the point project on the second axis Pp
we solve the equation:
a s u + bs = a P u + bP
where
V M −V O U M V O−U O V M
a s= b s=
U M −U O U M −U O
V P −V P
' .
a P=
U P −U P
'
One obtains:
b P −b s
UP=
a s −a P
s
a b − aP bs
VPs = s P .
as − a p
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