Lesson 1 History of Computer

-- Four Generation of Computer

-History of Microprocessor

Four Generations of Computer

A. Pre- Mechanical Age -3000 B.C -1450 A. D
B. Mechanical Age -1450 -1840
C. Electro Mechanical Age- 1840 -1940
D. Electronics Age -1940 -PRESENT

A. Pre-Mechanical Age
3000 B.C.-1450 A.D.
Writing and Alphabets -Communications First Humans communicated only through speaking and simple
drawings known as Petroglyphs.

Example of Petroglyph
- Cave painting from Lascaux, France,
c.15,000-10,000 B.C
- Prehistoric Petroglyph imagery from Western U.S.

Many of these are pictographs -pictures or sketchers that visually resemble that which is depicted.

Ideographs or Geometric Signs (dots, squares ,etc.)with no apparent depicted object (Symbols to
represent ideas or concepts).

Pictographs were turned on their sides (2800 B. c)and then developed

-into actual cuneiform symbols (2500 B. C.)- As this clay tablet illustrates.

First development of signs corresponding to spoken sounds, instead of pictures ,to express words.
Starting in c. 3100 B.C; the Sumerians in Mesopotamia (Southern Iraq) devised cuneiform -the first true
written, language and the first real information system Pronounced “coo-nay -eh form”

A cuneiform table (c.2100 B. c ) listing expenditures of grain and animals.

Example of 2000 B.C; Phoenicians created symbols that expressed single syllables and consonants (the
first true alphabet ). The Greek later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels ; the Romans
gave the letters Laten names to create the alphabet we use today.

The First Numbering System Egyptian System, The number 1- 9 as vertical lines ,the number 10 as a U or
circle ,the number 1,000 as lotus blossom, The first numbering systems similar to those in use today
were invented between 100 and A.D by Hindus in India who created a nine -digit numbering system.

Around 875 A.D. the concept of zero was developed.

Paper and Pens- Input Technologies, Sumerian’s input technology was a stylus that could scratch marks
in wet clay , About 600 B.C. the Egyptians wrote on the papyrus plant. Around 100 A. D. the Chinese
made paper from rags on w/c modern -day papermaking is based .
Books and LIBRARIES -Output technologies ,religious leaders in Mesopotamia kept the earliest books ,
Around 600 B C the Greeks began to fold sheets of papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them together
.The Egyptians kept scrolls.

THE FIRST CALCULATOR ABACUS

The abacus was mans first recorded adding machine
An ancient computing device constructed of sliding beads on small wooden rodes ,strung on a wooden
frame .can be called as the first CALCULATOR.
Invented in Babylonia,

500 B C POPULARIZED in India.

ABACUS-The first calculator

B. THE MECHANICAL AGE :1450 1840

The first information explosion
Johann Gutenberg (Mainz, Germany ;c.1387 -14680) invented the movable metal -type printing process
in 1450.

The first general purpose computer s

Actually people who held the job title computer one who works with numbers.

1614; john Napier introduces logarithms :allow multiplication and division to be reduced to addition and
subtraction.
1617: John Napier employing an ancient numerical scheme known as the Arabian Lattice lays out a
special version of the multiplication tables on a set of four sided wooded rods. Allowing users to multiply
and divide large numbers and find square and cube roots

1623 : Wilhelm Shickard , a professor at the University of Tubingen, .Germany, invents at the first
mechanical calculator, it can work with six digits, and carries digits across columns .it works but never
makes it beyond the prototype stage.

1625:William Oughtred ( 1575 -1660)

invented the slide rule ; it is a mechanical analog computer consisting of at least two finely divided scale
s( rules) most often a fixed outer pair and movable inner one with a sliding window called the cursor.

SLIDE RULE
The slide Rule is used primarily for multiplication and division .and also for scientific “ functions such as
roots ,logarithms and trigonometry but does not generally perform addition or subtraction.
1642: Blaise Pascal,a mathematician, invented the mechanical calculation machine, Pascaline .

1671:Gottfried Leibniz, German mathematician, invented the machine called the stepped reckoner that
could multiply 5 digit and 12 digit numbers yielding up to 16 digit numbers .

1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard, develop an automatic loom that was controlled by punched card.

1820; Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar (1785- 1870) France developed an arithmometer,
a device that performed the same type of computations as Leibniz’s Stepped reckoner, but was more
reliable.
PUNCH CARD -is a piece of stiff paper that contains digital information represented by the presence or
absence of holes in predefined positions.
1821 – Charles Babbage, invented the first modern computer design: a stream powdered adding
machine called THE Difference Engine.
Babbage also invented the ‘’ Analytical engine a mechanical adding machine that took information from
punched cards to solve and print complex mathematical operations.

Babbage difference engine and analytical engine are regarded as the first thinking machines’’
They were easy to operate and produced solutions at the turn of a hand crank Babbage’s.inventions
‘’earned him the title Father of Computer.’’

Ada Augusta Lovelace(1815- 52 ) -wrote the first program for Babbage’s Analytical Engine, credited her
with being the First Computer Programmer. The programming language ADA is named in her honor.

C. The Electromechanical Age 1840-1940

The discovery of ways to harness electricity was the key advance made during this period. Knowledge
information could now be converted into electrical impulses

The Beginnings of Telecommunication:

Voltaic Battery = the first electric battery known as the voltaic pile, was invented in 1800 by Alessandro
Volta.
VOLTAIC PILES = consisted of a stack of alternating discs of zinc and copper or silver separated by felt
soaked in brine.
Telegraph= is a machine for transmitting and receiving messages over long distances.
Telephone and Radio
1876: Alexander Graham Bell. Developed .the first working telephone and transmitted his now famous
quotation Watson,come here .I want to see you . His telephone was introduced on a large scale at the
Philadelphia Centennial exposition in 1877.

1894: Gugliemo Marconi discovered that electrical waves travel through space and can produce an
effect far from the point at which they originated .
1852 :George Boole develops binary algebra . became bboolen algebra and became important in the
20th century when binary computers were developed.

ELECTROMECHANICAL COMPUTING
1853: Pehr and Edvard Scheutz, complete their Tabulating Machine, capable of processing fifteen-digit
numbers ,printing out results, and rounding off to eight digits.
1855 : Dorr Felt devises the comptometer, a key driven adding and subtracting calculator .
1899:felt’s Comptograph, containing a built in printer, is introduced.
1890: Herman Hollerith, the first person to successfully use punched cards -specifically for census taking
. punched card , adapted for use in early computer programmers with a new way to put information into
their machines .
Hollerith’s Successful use of punched cards in gathering and storing ,information made him the father of
information processing .
HE founded the tabulating Machine company , which later became the computer Tabulating recording
Company in 1921 his company went on to become the International Business Machines Corporation,
known today as IBM.
In 1893 :Millionaire, the first four function calculator, is invented by Otto Schweiger, a Swiss engineer.
1906 : The vacuum tube was developed by Lee De Forest . Vacuum Tubes : look similar to light bulbs
first major electrical part of a computer, replacing manual switches.

D. THE ELECTRONIC AGE (1941-PRESENT )

IN 1941 – KONRAD ZUSE BUILT THE FIRST PROGRAMMABLE COMPUTER CALLED Z3.
Z3-was the first computer designed to solved complex engineering equations, rather than basic
arithmetic problems.
HOWARD AIKEN-a student at a Harvard university built Mark 1. The first stored program computer.
JHON ATANASOFF AND CLIFFORD BERRY -completed the first all electronic computer called the ABC-
(Atanasoff- Berry Computer )in 1942.

FOUR GENERATIONS OF DIGITAL COMPUTING

First generation ( 1951-1958 )

-vacuum Tubes as their main logic elements.
-Computers had vacuum tubes, resistors,and welded metal joints.

SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS(1959-1963)

Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors as main logic element

THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS (1963-1974)

Integrated circuits replaced the individual transistor

FOURTH GENERATIONS COMPUTERS (1979 PRESENT)

Intel Corporation, designed the first tiny computer on a chip,it was called microprocessor.
MICROPROCESSOR -is an integrated circuit built on a tiny piece of silicon.
First generation - Second Generation -
Vacuum Tubes Transistors

HISTORY OF INTEL MICROPROSESSOR

1971:4004 Microprocessor
THE 4004 was intel’s first microprocessor. This breakthrough invention powered the Busicom calculator
and paved the way for embedding intelligence in inanimate objects as well as the personal computer.
1972 -800 Microprocessors
The 8080 became the brains of the first personal computer
1978 : 8086-8088 Microprocessors
A pivotal sale to IBM ‘s new personal computer division made the 8008 the brains of IBM’s new hit
product -the IBM PC.
1982:286 Microprocessors
the 286, also known as the 80286, was the first intel processor that could run all the software written for
its predecessor .this software compatibility remains a hallmark of intel’s family of microprocessor.
1985 :Intel 386 microprocessors the intel 386 microprocessor featured 275,000 transistors -more than
100 times as many as the original 4004.
1989 Intel 486 DX CPU Microprocessor
The 486 processor generation really meant you go from command -level computer into point and click
computing, the intel 486TM processor was the first to offer a built -in math coprocessor, w/c speeds up
computing because it offloads complex math functions from the central processor.

1993 -Pentium Processor

The Pentium processor allowed computers to more easily incorporate “real world” data such as speech,
sound, handwriting and photographic images
1997:Pentium ll processor is design specifically to processor video. Audio and graphics data efficiently.

1999: Pentium lll Processor

The Pentium lll processor features 70 new instructions -internet streaming SIMD extensions -that
dramatically enhance the performance of advanced imaging 3-D,streaming audio, video and speech
recognition applications.
2000: Pentium Processor lV
Users of Pentium 4 processor -based PC’s can create professional -quality movies communicate w/the
real time video and voice. Render 3D graphics in real time. Quickly encode music for MP3 players, and
connected to the internet.