Introduction to the Philosophy of the human Person 09/13/21

 As early as 630 BCE

 THA-LES (Father of Western Philosophy) was already doing

philosophy. But did not know what the term Philosophia was first used by
Pythagoras and his followers around 531 BCE.

 Plato, Athens, Philosopher, and Mathematician.

WONDER to be filled with curiosity or doubt. A feeling of puzzlement or doubt.

WANDER VERB. Walk or move in a leisurely. An act or instance

of wandering. Verb. Roam-wandering-stroll.

What is Philosophy?

  The word philosophy is derived from the greek words based on its etymology
or origin is philo/philia (love) and sophy/Sophia (wisdom) and means “the love
of wisdom”

• MEANING OF PHILOSOPHY

  Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those

connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and
language. Philosophy is the rational attempt to formulate, understand, and
answer fundamental questions.

Philosophy= science that studies beings in their ultimate causes, reasons and
principles through the aid of human reason alone.

Being/beings= all things that exist: material or immaterial

Why we need to study philosophy?

1. The study of philosophy enables us to think carefully and clearly about

important issues.

2. In studying philosophy, we learn to take a step back from our everyday

thinking and to explore the deeper, bigger questions which underpins
our thought.
3. The focus in the study of philosophy is to learn not what to believe, but how
to think.

4. Studying philosophy sharpen your analytical abilities, enabling you to

identify and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses in any position.

5. It hones your ability to construct and articulate cogent arguments of

your own.

6. It prompts you to work across disciplinary boundaries and to think flexibly

and creatively about problems which do not present immediate solutions.

7. Because philosophy is an activity as much a body of knowledge, it also

develops your ability to think and work independently.

OBJECTIVES IN STUDYING PHILOSOPHY:

• Entails how to deal diversity and difference and choice.

• Adheres to more HOLISTIC or multidimensional (Pagkilala ang pagkakaiba

ng pangkabuuang pananaw mula sa pananaw ng mga bahagi lamang.)

• Know what is right and wrong in a concept of philosophers

• Respect each reasons and differences.

METAPHYSICS

• Metaphysics-the branch of philosophy that deals with the study of first

principles of things, nature, existence and reality.

Metaphysics came from Greek words meta which means beyond or after and
physika which means physical or nature.

metaphysics is the study of things beyond the physical; concepts or things

that cannot be experienced.

metaphysics is the foundation of philosophy

Aristotle said that metaphysics is the first philosophy

Epistemology
Epistemology- is a branch of philosophy that study knowledge and explores
the nature and limitations of knowledge.

Epistemology came from Greek words episteme which means knowledge and
logos which means study.

Epistemology is the study of the nature and scope of knowledge and

justified belief.

Basic questions in epistomology

What is knowledge?

How is knowledge acquired?

What do we know

What are the structures and limits of knowledge?

What makes justified beliefs justified?

Logic

Logic comes from the word logos which means science of correct thinking.

Logic is the study of the principles and criteria of a valid argument

Logic distinguish sound or good reasoning from unsound or bad reasoning.

Basic questions in logic

What is correct reasoning?

what distinguishes a good argument from a bad one?

how can we detect a fallacy in argument?

what are the criteria in determining the validity of an argument?

what are the types of logic?

Ethics
Ethics comes from the word ethos which means custom or habit.

Ethics is the morality of human actions

Ethics is how human persons ought to act and the search for a definition of a
right conduct and good life.

Ethics or theory is not equal to Morality or practice

Basic questions in ethics

What is a right conduct as that which causes the realization of the greatest
good?

how do we determine a good conduct?

What makes a right conduct right?

What is a good life and can we attain it?

What is the difference between human act and actions that are based
on instinct?

what do people think is right?

AESTHETICS

• Aesthetics- Sensori-Emotional Values Explores the nature of beauty, art, and

taste with the creation and appreciation of beauty.

• Aesthetics Questions: What is beauty? What is art? What is the value of

beauty and art? Who should judge what is beautiful or artistic? How should art
and beauty be judged?

POLITICS

• Politics- Political Philosophy Explores the relationship between citizens and

governments Liberty, Legal, Justice, Property, Ownership Citizen’s Rights
Sytem of Law

• Politics Questions: How should government be organized?

 What makes a government legitimate? 

Who decides who the leaders should be?

What laws are good and necessary?

 How should law be enforced?

  RELIGION

• Religion Philosophy of Religion Branch of philosopy concerned with

questions regarding religion Nature & Existence of God Theology Examination
of Religious Experience Analysis of Religious language and texts Relationship
between Religion and Science.

• Religion Questions: Does God Exist?

 What is God? 

What is the nature of the relationship between god and humans?

Is god active in the world? How?

 Is there life after death? 

What is the relationship between Religion and Ethics?

Religion and Science?

  SCIENCE

• Philosophy of Science-Science concerned with the assumptions,

foundations, methods, and implications of science. Empirical Verification
Inductive Logic Objectivity of the Observer.

Holistic thinking or perspective

-you are aware of the things that surrounds you not just what you see

-refers to a perspective that considers large-scale patterns in a system

-often described as looking at the big picture

Partian Thinking or perspective

-Asses on the specific aspects of a situation

-important component of analytical thinking

-individual focuses on a certain aspects of a problem in order to understand it

-it is the counterpart of holistic thinking because partial thinking only see one
side of the problem, it only looks at one part of situation while in holistic point
of view it looks at the problem as a whole and not only at one side.

ex: In onlince class what your teacher sees is what you only shows in front
of camera

ways of doing philosophy awakening the philosopher inside of you

Methods of philosophizing

Logic is centered in the analysis and construction of arguments

logic and critical thinking serve as paths, to freedom from half truth
and deceptions

Critical thinking is distinguishing facts and opinion or personal feeling

critical thinking helps us uncover unbiases and prejudice and be open to new
ideas not necessarily in agreement with previous thought

two types of reasoning

inductive reasoning- based from observation to make generalizations.

this reasoning is often applied in prediction, forecasting or behavior

Deductive reasoning- drawn conclusion from usually one broad judgement or

decision and one more specific assertion often an inference

Validity and soundness of an argument

syllogism- if the two premises are constructed logically, then the conclusion
must follow logically, and deductive argument is valid. this does not
necessarily mean that the conclusion is true or false
Validity- comes from a logical conclusion based on logically constructed
premises-reed 2010

Fallacy

fallacy is a defect in an argument other than its having the premises

Kinds of truths

1. empirical and rational- observation based on experience

2.Universal and relative- when you graduate in college you will be successful

3.analytical and synthetic- analytical does not extends knowledge while

synthetic extends knowledge

4.subjective and objective-preference of a person and factual judgement and

could be true

5.private and public-true to some institute or to some person

6.Necessary and contigent-necessary is true to all situation while contigent is

not true in all possible situation. for example using facemask is necessary
while using face shield is contigent

7.Priori and posteriori- priori is known before and posteriori is known after

8.certain and probable- deductive and inductive reasoning and certain if sure

9.Religions, scientific, and physical-disciplinal kinds of truth

Type of fallacy

Fallacy is defect in argument

premises is the part of the argument

1.Ad Misericordiam or appeal to pity- appeal to emotion

2.ad ignorantum or appeal to ignorance - whatever has not been proved false
must be true and vice versa

3.Equivocation- giving a particular word with a different meaning each time

4.Composition- something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of
some part of the whole

5.Division- One reasons logically that something true of a thing must also be
true of all-as a group

6. Ad hominem or against the person- attempts to link the validity of a premise

to a characteristic or belief of the person advocating the premise

7.Ad baculum or appeal to force- where force, or the threat of force is given as
a justification for a conclusion

8. Ad populum/ appeal to the people- if you drink alcohol or gin you will be
free from covid

9.Post Hoe or false cause- superstition beliefs on how things work

10. Hasty generalization or faulty generalization

11. Petitio principii or begging the question- is a logical fallacy that occurs
when you assume the truth of a claim that is yet proven