English For Everyone Business English Course Book Level 2 - Dorling Kindersley

Author
Victoria Boobyer is a freelance writer, presenter, and teacher trainer

with a background in English-language teaching and teacher
management. She has a keen interest in the use of graded readers
and the sound pedagogical use of technology in teaching.
Course consultant
Tim Bowen has taught English and trained teachers in more than 30
countries worldwide. He is the co-author of works on pronunciation
teaching and language-teaching methodology, and author of
numerous books for English-language teachers. He is currently
a freelance materials writer, editor, and translator. He is a member
of the Chartered Institute of Linguists.
Language consultant
Professor Susan Barduhn is an experienced English-language
teacher, teacher trainer, and author, who has contributed to
numerous publications. In addition to directing English-language
courses in at least four different continents, she has been President
of the International Association of Teachers of English as
a Foreign Language, and an adviser to the British Council
and the US State Department. She is currently a Professor
at the School for International Training in Vermont, USA.
ENGLISH
FO R E V E RYO N E
COURSE BOOK LEVEL
BUSINESS ENGLISH
Contents
Project Editors Lili Bryant, Laura Sandford
Art Editors Chrissy Barnard, Paul Drislane, Michelle Staples
Editor Ben Ffrancon Davies How the course works 8
Editorial Assistants Sarah Edwards, Helen Leech
Illustrators Edwood Burn, Michael Parkin, Gus Scott
Managing Editor Daniel Mills Introductions 12
Managing Art Editor Anna Hall New language Present simple and continuous
Audio Recording Manager Christine Stroyan
Jacket Designer Ira Sharma Vocabulary Etiquette for introductions
Jacket Editor Claire Gell
Managing Jacket Editor Saloni Singh New skill Introducing yourself and others
Jacket Design Development Manager Sophia MTT
Producer, Pre-production Andy Hilliard
Producer Mary Slater
Publisher Andrew Macintyre Getting to know colleagues 16
Art Director Karen Self
Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf
New language Past simple and past continuous
Vocabulary Sharing past experiences
DK India
Senior Managing Art Editor Arunesh Talapatra New skill Talking about past experiences
Senior Art Editor Chhaya Sajwan
Art Editors Meenal Goel, Roshni Kapur
Assistant Art Editor Rohit Dev Bhardwaj
Illustrators Manish Bhatt, Arun Pottirayil, Vocabulary 20
Sachin Tanwar, Mohd Zishan Departments and roles
Editorial Coordinator Priyanka Sharma
Pre-production Manager Balwant Singh
Senior DTP Designers Harish Aggarwal, Vishal Bhatia
DTP Designer Jaypal Chauhan Talking about changes 22
First published in Great Britain in 2017 by New language “Used to,” “be / get used to”
Dorling Kindersley Limited Vocabulary Small talk
80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL
New skill Talking about changes at work
Copyright © 2017 Dorling Kindersley Limited
A Penguin Random House Company
10 8 6 4 2 1 3 5 7 9
001–296905–Jan/2017 Delegating tasks 26
All rights reserved. New language Modal verbs for obligation
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted,
Vocabulary Delegation and politeness
in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, New skill Delegating tasks to colleagues
photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior
written permission of the copyright owner.
A CIP catalogue record for this book Vocabulary Money and finance 30
is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 978-0-2412-7514-6
Printed and bound in China Writing a report 32
A WORLD OF IDEAS: New language Past perfect and past simple

SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW Vocabulary Formal business English
www.dk.com New skill Writing reports
Making apologies 36 Describing a product 60
New language Present perfect continuous New language Adjective order
Vocabulary Apologies Vocabulary Opinion and fact adjectives
New skill Apologizing on the telephone New skill Describing a product
Vocabulary 40 Vocabulary 64
Communication technology Marketing and advertising
Making plans by email 42 Marketing a product 66

New language Email language New language Adjectives and adverbs
Vocabulary Meetings and workshops Vocabulary Descriptive adjectives
New skill Making plans New skill Modifying descriptions of products
Keeping clients informed 44 Advertising and branding 70

New language Continuous tenses New language Intensifiers
Vocabulary Arrangements and schedules Vocabulary “Enough,” too,” “so,” and “such”
New skill Keeping clients informed New skill Adding emphasis to descriptions
Informal communication 48 Advice and suggestions 74

New language Phrasal verbs New language Modal verbs for advice
Vocabulary Arrangements and plans Vocabulary Workplace pressures
New skill Keeping co-workers informed New skill Giving advice
Vocabulary Production 52 Vocabulary 78

Management, leadership, and skills
Describing a process 54
New language The passive voice Talking about abilities 80
Vocabulary Processes and manufacturing New language Modal verbs for abilities
New skill Discussing how things are done Vocabulary Workplace skills
New skill Describing abilities
Comparing and contrasting 84 Vocabulary 116
New language Discourse markers Industries and professional attributes
Vocabulary Teamwork and team building
New skill Expressing your ideas Job descriptions 118
New language Articles
Planning events 88
Vocabulary Job descriptions and applications
New skill Describing a job
New language Verb patterns
Vocabulary Corporate entertainment
New skill Talking about business events Applying for a job 122
New language Dependent prepositions
Vocabulary Meetings 94
Vocabulary Cover-letter vocabulary
New skill Writing a cover letter
What people said 96

New language Reported speech Job interviews 126
Vocabulary Meetings New language Relative clauses

New skill Reporting what someone said Vocabulary Job interviews
New skill Describing your achievements in detail
What people asked 102

New language Reported questions Vocabulary Business idioms 132
Vocabulary “Have,” “make,” “get,” “do”

New skill Reporting what someone asked Working relationships 134
New language Three-word phrasal verbs
Reporting quantities 106
Vocabulary Social media
New skill Social networking
New language “Few,” “little,” and “all”
Vocabulary Meetings
New skill Talking about quantity Career outcomes 138
New language Modal verbs for possibility
Checking information 110
Vocabulary Career development
New skill Talking about the future
New language Subject questions, question tags
Vocabulary Polite checks and echo questions
New skill Checking information Vocabulary 142
Office and presentation equipment
Structuring a presentation 144 Discussing conditions 168
New language Signposting language New language Conditionals
Vocabulary Presentation equipment Vocabulary Negotiating and bargaining
New skill Structuring a presentation New skill Discussing possibilities
Developing an argument 148 Discussing problems 174

New language Useful presentation language New language Third conditional
Vocabulary Presentations Vocabulary Workplace mistakes
New skill Developing an argument New skill Talking about past mistakes
Pitching a product 152

New language Comparatives and superlatives Answers 178
Vocabulary Product marketing
Index 190
New skill Comparing products
Talking about facts and figures 156

New language Collocations
Vocabulary Business trends
New skill Describing facts and figures
Plans and suggestions 160

New language Indirect questions
Vocabulary Business negotiations
New skill Negotiating politely
Emphasizing your opinion 166

New language Discourse markers for emphasis
Vocabulary Workplace disagreement
New skill Emphasizing your opinion
How the course works
English for Everyone is designed for people who want to teach Job interviews REWRITE THE SENTENCES, CORRECTING THE ERRORS
themselves the English language. The Business English edition In a job interview, it is important to describe your
achievements in a specific and detailed way. You can
use relative clauses to do this.
New language Relative clauses
Vocabulary Job interviews
New skill Describing your achievements in detail
covers essential English phrases and constructions for a wide

CROSS OUT THE INCORRECT WORDS IN EACH SENTENCE
range of common business scenarios. Unlike other courses,

English for Everyone uses images and LISTEN TO THE AUDIO, THEN NUMBER THE PICTURES IN THE ORDER
THEY ARE DESCRIBED
Job interviews
graphics in all its learning and practice,
MATCH THE BEGINNINGS OF THE SENTENCES TO THE CORRECT ENDINGS
In a job interview, it is important to describe your New language Relative clauses
achievements in a specific and detailed way. You Vocabulary Job interviews
can use relative clauses to do this. New skill Describing your achievements in detail
to help you understand and remember KEY LANGUAGE DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Defining relative clauses give essential
information that helps to identify a person
or thing. Here, the defining relative clause
as easily as possible. The best way to learn

gives essential information about a thing.
MAIN CLAUSE DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE
is to work through the book in order,

CROSS
110 OUT THE INCORRECT WORDS IN EACH SENTENCE 111
In defining relative clauses, this is
the relative pronoun for things.
PRACTICE BOOK
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Here, the defining relative clause gives

essential information about people.
making full use of the audio available on MAIN CLAUSE DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE
the website and app. Turn to the practice

This relative pronoun is
used for people.
The defining relative clause can also

go in the middle of the main clause.
book at the end of each unit to reinforce MAIN CLAUSE DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE RETURN TO MAIN CLAUSE
your learning with additional exercises. 126
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127
25/08/2016 16:55
COURSE BOOK
Modules Each unit is broken down

Unit number The book is divided Learning points Every unit into modules, which should be done
into units. The unit number helps begins with a summary of in order. You can take a break from
you keep track of your progress. the key learning points. learning after completing any module.
Advice and suggestions FILL IN THE GAPS USING THE PHRASES IN THE PANEL
English uses modal verbs such as “could,” “should,” and New language Modal verbs for advice
“must” for advice or suggestions. They can be used to Vocabulary Workplace pressures
help co-workers in difficult or stressful situations. New skill Giving advice
KEY LANGUAGE GIVING ADVICE

Strong advice.
English uses “could,” “should,” and “must”
Suggestion or Very strong
to vary the strength of advice given. advice.
gentle advice.
Language learning REWRITE THE SENTENCES, LISTEN TO THE AUDIO AND

Modules with colored CORRECTING THE ERRORS MARK WHETHER KATE ADVISES
GIORGOS TO DO THE ACTIVITY IN
backgrounds teach EACH PICTURE
new language points. FURTHER EXAMPLES GIVING ADVICE
Study these carefully “Ought to” also expresses Use “not” after modal
before moving on to strong advice. verbs to form negatives.
the exercises. Yes

No
Yes
No
MATCH THE SITUATIONS TO THE CORRECT ADVICE
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
74 Yes 75
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Audio support Most Exercises Modules

modules are supported with white backgrounds
FREE AUDIO by audio recordings to help
you improve your speaking
contain exercises that help
you practice your new
website and app and listening skills. skills to reinforce learning.
www.dkefe.com
8
Language modules
New language is shown in the context of common business scenarios. Each
learning module introduces appropriate English for a particular situation,
as well as general points of English language to improve your overall fluency.
Module number Every module

is identified with a unique number, Module heading The teaching
so you can track your progress and topic appears here, along with
easily locate any related audio. a brief introduction.
KEY LANGUAGE THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Graphic guide Clear, simple visuals help
The present perfect continuous describes an ongoing situation in the past that often
affects the present moment. You can use it to offer explanations for problems. to explain the meaning of new language
forms, and show you business situations
in which you might expect to use them.
Sample language New language points

The situation usually
are introduced in common business
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
affects the present
moment or recent past.
contexts. Colored highlights make
new constructions easy to spot, and
annotations explain them.
FURTHER EXAMPLES THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Add “not” or its short form after “have” or “has” to form the negative.
Supporting audio This symbol

indicates that the model sentences
featured in the module are available
In questions, the subject sits between “have” or “has” and “been.”
as audio recordings.
HOW TO FORM THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Formation guide Visual guides
SUBJECT “HAS / HAVE” BEEN VERB + “-ING” REST OF SENTENCE
break down English grammar into its
simplest parts, showing you how to
recreate even complex formations.
Use “has” or “have,” “Been” stays the same Add “-ing” to the
depending on the subject. for all subjects. main verb.
38
Vocabulary
Vocabulary Throughout the book,
MONEY AND FINANCE
036-039_EFE_Business_B2_Making_Apologies_Unit8.indd 38 25/08/2016 16:39
vocabulary modules list the most

common and useful English words
and phrases for business, with visual
cues to help you remember them.
Write-on lines You are

encouraged to write your own
translations of English words to
create your own reference pages.
30
030-031_VOCAB-_MONEY_AND_FINANCE_UNIT6.indd 30 05/09/2016 12:22
9
Practice modules REWRITE THE ZERO CONDITIONAL SENTENCES, PUTTING THE WORDS IN
THE CORRECT ORDER
Each learning point is followed by GRAMMAR VOCABULARY

Apply new language rules Cement your understanding
carefully graded exercises that help to fix
in different contexts. of key vocabulary.
new language in your memory. Working
through the exercises will help you READING SPEAKING
remember what you have learned and Examine target language Compare your spoken English
become more fluent. Every exercise is in real-life English contexts. to model audio recordings.
introduced with a symbol to indicate LISTENING
which skill is being practiced. Test your understanding
of spoken English.
MATCH THE SENTENCES TO THE CORRECT RESPONSES
Module number Every module is Exercise instruction Every

identified with a unique number, exercise is introduced with a
so you can easily locate answers brief instruction, telling you
and related audio. what you need to do.
FILL IN THE GAPS BY PUTTING THE VERBS IN THE CORRECT TENSES TO

FORM FIRST CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Sample answer The first question of

each exercise is answered for you, to
help make the task easy to understand.
Keeping clients informed
Use the present continuous to inform clients about LISTEN TO THE AUDIO,
New language Continuous tenses CROSS OUT THE INCORRECT
current situations and future arrangements. Continuous VocabularyTHEN NUMBER
Arrangements THE PHRASES
and schedules WORD IN EACH SENTENCE, THEN
tenses can also soften questions and requests. IN THE
New skill Keeping ORDER
clients informedYOU HEAR THEM SAY THE SENTENCES OUT LOUD
KEY LANGUAGE THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

English uses the present continuous to
Use “still” to emphasize that
describe what’s happening right now.
a situation is ongoing.
171
Ethan takes a phone call
Supporting graphics Space for writing You are from a customer who
Visual cues are given

168-173_296905_discussing_conditions_unit43.indd 171
encouraged to write your wants to complain
25/08/2016 16:55
about an order she
to help you understand answers in the book for has placed.
the exercises. future reference.
English also uses the present continuous to talk Use the present continuous with a future time
about arrangements for a fixed time in the future. marker to talk about future arrangements.
Speaking exercise
This symbol indicates that you should
Listening exercise This symbol
say your answers out loud, then
indicates that you should listen to
compare them to model recordings
an audio track in order to answer
included in your audio files.
the questions in the exercise.
37
LISTEN TO THE AUDIO AND MARK WHETHER THE ACTIVITY IN EACH

PICTURE TAKES PLACE IN THE PRESENT OR THE FUTURE
036-039_EFE_Business_B2_Making_Apologies_Unit8.indd 37
Supporting audio This symbol shows 25/08/2016 16:39
that the answers to the exercise are

available as audio tracks. Listen to
them after completing the exercise.
Future Present
Future
Present
Present Future
Present Future Future

44 Present
044-047_EFE_Business_B2_Keeping_clients_informed_unit11.indd 44 25/08/2016 16:39
10
Audio
English for Everyone features extensive supporting audio materials.
You are encouraged to use them as much as you can, to improve
your understanding of spoken English, and to make your own
accent and pronunciation more natural. Each file can be played,
paused, and repeated as often as you like, until you are confident
you understand what has been said.
LISTENING EXERCISES
This symbol indicates that you should
listen to an audio track in order to
answer the questions in the exercise.
FREE AUDIO
SUPPORTING AUDIO
This symbol indicates that extra audio website and app
material is available for you to listen www.dkefe.com
to after completing the module.
Track your progress

READ THE ARTICLE AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
The course is designed to make it easy to monitor your progress, Answers Find the
with regular summary and review modules. Answers are provided answers to every
for every exercise, so you can see how well you have understood exercise printed at
the back of the book.
each teaching point.
Checklists Every unit ends with a

checklist, where you can check off
the new skills you have learned.
Exercise numbers
Match these numbers
CHECKLIST to the unique identifier
Modal verbs for obligation Delegation and politeness Delegating tasks to colleagues at the top-left corner
of each exercise.
REVIEW THE ENGLISH YOU HAVE LEARNED IN UNITS 1–5
NEW LANGUAGE SAMPLE SENTENCE UNIT
INTRODUCING YOURSELF AND Check boxes Use these boxes

OTHERS
Review modules At the end of a to mark the skills you feel
THE PAST SIMPLE AND THE PAST
group of units, you will find a more
CONTINUOUS FOR PAST EXPERIENCES comfortable with. Go back and
detailed
CHECKLIST
THE PAST
review module, summarizing
TENSE FOR POLITENESS
review anything you feel you
the language you have
Modal verbs for obligation
learned.
Delegation and politeness
need to practice further.
Delegating tasks to colleagues
TALKING ABOUT THE RECENT PAST
WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Audio This symbol
REVIEW
TALKING ABOUTTHE ENGLISH
CHANGES WITH YOU HAVE LEARNED IN UNITS 1–5 indicates that the
“USED TO” AND “BE / GET USED TO”
NEW LANGUAGE SAMPLE SENTENCE UNIT answers can also
DELEGATING
INTRODUCING
OTHERS
TASKS WITH MODALS
YOURSELF AND be listened to.
THE PAST SIMPLE AND THE PAST 29
CONTINUOUS FOR PAST EXPERIENCES
THE PAST TENSE FOR POLITENESS

026-029_296905_Tasks_B2_unit5.indd 29 26/08/2016 11:00

WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
TALKING ABOUT CHANGES WITH

DELEGATING TASKS WITH MODALS
29
11
026-029_296905_Tasks_B2_unit5.indd 29 26/08/2016 11:00
Introductions
When you first join a company, there are many phrases New language Present simple and continuous
that you can use to introduce yourself. Other people Vocabulary Etiquette for introductions
may also use a variety of phrases to introduce you. New skill Introducing yourself and others
KEY LANGUAGE INTRODUCING YOURSELF AND OTHERS

It is common to shake hands with new
colleagues and introduce yourself.
Use when you meet When you meet

someone you have someone you think you When you meet
heard about. may have met before. someone for the
first time.
It is polite to introduce people you know

but who do not know each other.
When you know both parties, introduce Say a polite

each one separately, saying both their names. response
when you are
introduced.
“How do you do?”
is quite formal.
12
MATCH THE BEGINNINGS OF THE INTRODUCTIONS TO THE CORRECT
ENDINGS
FILL IN THE GAPS USING LISTEN TO THE AUDIO AND

THE WORDS IN THE PANEL ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
Delegates at a conference are

introducing themselves.
13
KEY LANGUAGE THE PRESENT SIMPLE AND THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
The present simple is used to describe something that happens in general,
or is part of a routine. The present continuous describes something that is
happening right now, and will be continuing for a limited time.
Present simple is the same as the Present continuous is formed by adding

base form of the verb without “to.” “be” before the verb and “-ing” to the verb.
14
REWRITE THE SENTENCES, CORRECTING THE ERRORS
CROSS OUT THE INCORRECT WORDS IN EACH SENTENCE, THEN SAY THE
SENTENCES OUT LOUD
CHECKLIST
Present simple and continuous Etiquette for introductions Introducing yourself and others
15
Getting to know colleagues
Talking about your past work experience is a good way New language Past simple and past continuous
to get to know your colleagues. Past simple and past Vocabulary Sharing past experiences
continuous tenses are often used to do this. New skill Talking about past experiences
KEY LANGUAGE THE PAST SIMPLE AND THE PAST CONTINUOUS

Use the past simple to talk about a single, completed action in
the past, past habits, or a state that was true for a time in the past.
Many common verbs have
irregular past simple form.
Add “-ed” to most verbs to
form the past simple.
Use the past continuous to talk about ongoing actions

that were in progress at a certain time in the past.
HOW TO FORM THE PAST SIMPLE AND THE PAST CONTINUOUS

The past simple is usually formed by adding “-ed” to the base form of the verb. The past continuous
is formed by adding “was” or “were” in front of the verb, and “-ing” to the end of the verb.
SUBJECT PAST CONTINUOUS REST OF CLAUSE PAST SIMPLE
16
KEY LANGUAGE THE PAST TENSE MARK THE SENTENCES

FOR POLITENESS THAT ARE CORRECT
You may hear people ask questions about a present
situation in the past tense. This makes the question
more polite.
“Do” becomes “Did” to make
the question in past tense.
The past tense is also sometimes

used to make a polite request.
17
KEY LANGUAGE THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
The present perfect simple is used to talk about events in the
recent past that still have an effect on the present moment.
A specific date is
No date is specified, so the
given, so the past
present perfect is used.
simple is used.
HOW TO FORM THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

The present perfect simple is formed
with “have” and a past participle.
SUBJECT “HAVE / HAS” + PAST PARTICIPLE REST OF SENTENCE
FILL IN THE GAPS BY PUTTING THE VERBS IN THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
18
LISTEN TO THE AUDIO AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
Two colleagues are

discussing their past
experience.
SENTENCES OUT LOUD
CHECKLIST
Past simple and past continuous Sharing past experiences Talking about past experiences
19
Vocabulary
DEPARTMENTS
20
ROLES
DESCRIBING ROLES
21
Talking about changes
There are many ways to talk about changes at work New language “Used to,” “be / get used to”
in the past and present. Many of the phrases include Vocabulary Small talk
“used to,” which can have several different meanings. New skill Talking about changes at work
KEY LANGUAGE “USED TO,” “GET USED TO,” AND “BE USED TO”
“Used” with an infinitive describes
a regular habit or state in the past.
“To eat” is the infinitive
form of the verb.
“Get used to” describes the process

of becoming familiar with something. “Get used to” can be followed by a
noun or gerund.
“Be used to” describes being

“Be used to” can be followed
familiar with something. by a noun or gerund.
FURTHER EXAMPLES “USED TO,” “GET USED TO,” AND “BE USED TO”
In questions and negatives,
there is no “d” after “use.”
22
MARK THE SENTENCES LISTEN TO THE AUDIO, THEN
THAT ARE CORRECT NUMBER THE PICTURES IN THE
ORDER THEY ARE DESCRIBED
REWRITE THE SENTENCES, PUTTING THE WORDS IN THE CORRECT ORDER
23
MATCH THE PAIRS OF PHRASES THAT MEAN THE SAME THING
READ THE ARTICLE AND

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
24
MARK THE BEST REPLY CROSS OUT THE INCORRECT
TO EACH STATEMENT WORDS IN EACH SENTENCE, THEN
SAY THE SENTENCES OUT LOUD
CHECKLIST
“Used to,” “be / get used to” Small talk Talking about changes at work
25
Delegating tasks
When things get busy, you may want to delegate tasks New language Modal verbs for obligation
to colleagues. To do this, different modal verbs are used Vocabulary Delegation and politeness
in English to show the level of obligation. New skill Delegating tasks to colleagues
KEY LANGUAGE MODAL VERBS FOR OBLIGATION

Certain modal verbs can be used to say
that someone needs to do something.
“Need” acts like a modal verb here, expressing strong obligation.
“Don’t have to” means that there is

no obligation to do something.
“Must” is a direct, and sometimes impolite,

way to say something needs to be done.
“Must not” means that something is prohibited.
HOW TO FORM MODAL VERBS FOR OBLIGATION

“Must” does not change SUBJECT “MUST / HAVE TO” MAIN VERB REST OF SENTENCE
with the subject, but
“have to” becomes “has
to” in the third person
singular. Both are
followed by the base
form of the main verb.
26
MARK THE SENTENCES LISTEN TO THE AUDIO AND

THAT ARE CORRECT ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
A manager is
delegating tasks to an
employee at a firm.
27
KEY LANGUAGE POLITENESS REWRITE THE SENTENCES,
To maintain a friendly, polite atmosphere, PUTTING THE WORDS IN THE
you can use “we” instead of “you” to CORRECT ORDER
express obligation.
Other modal verbs can also be used

in business to delegate tasks politely.
“Would” is more formal

and is rarely used.
SENTENCES OUT LOUD
28
CHECKLIST
Modal verbs for obligation Delegation and politeness Delegating tasks to colleagues

INTRODUCING YOURSELF AND

OTHERS
THE PAST SIMPLE AND THE PAST

CONTINUOUS FOR PAST EXPERIENCES
THE PAST TENSE FOR POLITENESS

WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
TALKING ABOUT CHANGES WITH

DELEGATING TASKS WITH MODALS
29
Vocabulary
MONEY AND FINANCE
30
31
Writing a report
When writing a report, you may need to use different New language Past perfect and past simple
past tenses to show sequences of events. You may also Vocabulary Formal business English
need to use more formal phrasing. New skill Writing reports
KEY LANGUAGE PAST PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE

English uses the past perfect and the past simple together to
describe past events that occurred at different times. The past
simple describes the event that is closest to the time of speaking.
PAST PERFECT PAST SIMPLE
TWO MONTHS AGO ONE MONTH AGO
FURTHER EXAMPLES PAST PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE

Add “not” or its short form after
“had” to form negatives. Invert “had” and the subject to form questions.
HOW TO FORM THE PAST PERFECT

SUBJECT “HAD” PAST PARTICIPLE
“Had” does not change The past participle describes

with the subject. the event in the past.
32
FILL IN THE GAPS BY PUTTING THE VERBS IN THE PAST PERFECT OR
PAST SIMPLE
READ THE REPORT AND MARK

THE CORRECT SUMMARY
KEY LANGUAGE PROJECT REPORTS
Here are some examples of formal language
typically found in project reports.
Formal alternative to
“This report shows.” Formal alternative to “said.”
Use the infinitive with “to” to talk about purpose. Formal alternative to “first.”
Formal reports often use the passive voice. Formal alternative to “main.”
34
FILL IN THE GAPS USING THE WORDS IN THE PANEL
CHECKLIST
Past perfect and past simple Formal business English Writing reports
35
Making apologies
The present perfect continuous describes ongoing New language Present perfect continuous
situations in the past that may affect the present. It can Vocabulary Apologies
be used in apologies and to give reasons for problems. New skill Apologizing on the telephone
KEY LANGUAGE TELEPHONE APOLOGIES

English uses a variety of phrases for making apologies, offering
to investigate a problem, and offering explanations and solutions.
You can also say “so” or “really” instead

of “very” to make an apology stronger. Informal alternative Use this to reassure a customer
to “investigate.” that you will try to help.
Use this to politely ask for information. Use this to ask a customer to stay on the
phone while you investigate a problem.
Use the future with “will”

to offer compensation.
Many problems can

be explained by
talking about recent
ongoing situations.
36
MATCH THE SENTENCES TO THE CORRECT RESPONSES
LISTEN TO THE AUDIO, CROSS OUT THE INCORRECT

THEN NUMBER THE PHRASES WORD IN EACH SENTENCE, THEN
IN THE ORDER YOU HEAR THEM SAY THE SENTENCES OUT LOUD
Ethan takes a phone call

from a customer who
wants to complain
about an order she
has placed.
37
KEY LANGUAGE THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
The present perfect continuous describes an ongoing situation in the past that often
affects the present moment. You can use it to offer explanations for problems.
The situation usually

affects the present
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS moment or recent past.
FURTHER EXAMPLES THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Add “not” or its short form after “have” or “has” to form the negative.
In questions, the subject sits between “have” or “has” and “been.”
HOW TO FORM THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
SUBJECT “HAS / HAVE” BEEN VERB + “-ING” REST OF SENTENCE
Use “has” or “have,” “Been” stays the same Add “-ing” to the
depending on the subject. for all subjects. main verb.
38
FILL IN THE GAPS BY PUTTING THE VERBS IN THE PRESENT
PERFECT CONTINUOUS
READ THE EMAIL AND ANSWER

THE QUESTIONS
CHECKLIST
Present perfect continuous Apologies Apologizing on the telephone
39
Vocabulary
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
40
41
Making plans by email
English uses a variety of phrases to make and check New language Email language
plans with co-workers by email. It is important to Vocabulary Meetings and workshops
ensure that even informal messages are polite. New skill Making plans
KEY LANGUAGE EMAILS TO CO-WORKERS

In business emails, it is important to use polite and clear language to TIP
exchange information with co-workers. Emails to co-workers are Keep your style consistent.
For example, if you add a
often less formal than emails to clients or senior personnel.
comma after your greeting,
remember to add one
after your sign-off, too.
This is a neutral and

informal greeting.
“Dear” is more formal.
Neutral and informal

opening sentence.
Use the past simple

to make requests
more polite.
Set phrase for suggesting

times and dates.
You can also say

“Please find… attached.”
This means that Giorgio

can also read the email.
A more polite way of

saying “tell me.”
This is an
informal sign-off.
42
READ THE EMAIL AND MARK
THE CORRECT SUMMARY
CHECKLIST
Email language Meetings and workshops Making plans
43
Keeping clients informed
Use the present continuous to inform clients about New language Continuous tenses
current situations and future arrangements. Continuous Vocabulary Arrangements and schedules
tenses can also soften questions and requests. New skill Keeping clients informed
KEY LANGUAGE THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

English uses the present continuous to
Use “still” to emphasize that
describe what’s happening right now.
a situation is ongoing.
English also uses the present continuous to talk Use the present continuous with a future time
about arrangements for a fixed time in the future. marker to talk about future arrangements.
LISTEN TO THE AUDIO AND MARK WHETHER THE ACTIVITY IN EACH

PICTURE TAKES PLACE IN THE PRESENT OR THE FUTURE
Future Present
Future
Present
Present Future
Present Future Future

44 Present
READ THE EMAIL AND WRITE ANSWERS
TO THE QUESTIONS AS FULL SENTENCES
MATCH THE DEFINITIONS TO THE CORRECT VERBS
45
KEY LANGUAGE CONTINUOUS REWRITE THE HIGHLIGHTED
TENSES FOR POLITENESS PHRASES, CORRECTING
In correspondence with clients, English often uses THE ERRORS
continuous tenses to make requests more polite or
promises less specific.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
PAST CONTINUOUS
The past continuous is only

used for politeness here.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Use “will,” “be,” and the verb with

“-ing” to form the future continuous.
46
CHECKLIST
Continuous tenses Arrangements and schedules Keeping clients informed
47
Informal communication
Phrasal verbs have two or more parts. They are often New language Phrasal verbs
used in informal spoken and written English, in things Vocabulary Arrangements and plans
such as messages and requests to co-workers. New skill Keeping co-workers informed
KEY LANGUAGE PHRASAL VERBS

Phrasal verbs consist of a verb
followed by at least one particle.
Most particles in phrasal verbs
are prepositions, and the particle
Verb Particle
often changes the meaning of
the verb.
The particle often changes the meaning of the verb.
FURTHER EXAMPLES PHRASAL VERBS
48
LISTEN TO THE AUDIO, THEN NUMBER THE SENTENCES
IN THE ORDER YOU HEAR THEM
Nicky leaves a
telephone message
for her co-worker, Oscar.
READ THE EMAIL AND MATCH THE

PHRASAL VERBS TO THEIR DEFINITIONS
49
KEY LANGUAGE SEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS
With some phrasal verbs, the object of the sentence can The object can go
go before or after the particle. The meaning is the same. after the particle.
The object can come between the verb and the particle.
FURTHER EXAMPLES SEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS
REWRITE THE SENTENCES BY CHANGING THE POSITION OF THE PARTICLE
50
SAY THE SENTENCES OUT LOUD, FILLING IN THE GAPS USING THE WORDS
IN THE PANEL
CHECKLIST
Phrasal verbs Arrangements and plans Keeping co-workers informed

PAST PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE
PROJECT REPORTS
TELEPHONE APOLOGIES
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
EMAILS TO CO-WORKERS
CONTINUOUS TENSES
PHRASAL VERBS
51
Vocabulary
PRODUCTION
52
53
Describing a process
The passive voice can be useful when you need to New language The passive voice
describe how a process works. It emphasizes the Vocabulary Processes and manufacturing
action rather than the person or thing doing it. New skill Discussing how things are done
KEY LANGUAGE TALKING ABOUT PROCESSES WITH THE PASSIVE VOICE
The present simple

passive is formed using
“am / is / are” and the
past participle.
The present simple passive
describes current or routine events.
The present continuous

“am / is / are” plus “being”
and the past participle. The present continuous passive
describes ongoing actions.
The present perfect

“have / has” plus “been”
and the past participle.
The present perfect passive
describes past events that still
have an effect on the present.
The past simple

passive is formed
using “was / were”
The past simple passive describes a
single completed action in the past.
The past continuous

“was / were” plus “being”
The past continuous
passive describes ongoing
actions in the past. The past perfect passive describes events
that took place before another past event.
The past perfect
“had been” and the
past participle.
54
55
KEY LANGUAGE AGENTS IN THE PASSIVE VOICE
“By” can be used to show the person
or thing doing the action.
This active sentence emphasizes the

person doing the action (“our CEO”).
In the passive sentence, the action is

emphasized and “the launch” is the subject.
“By” is added to show the person doing the action,

while still emphasizing the action itself.
HOW TO FORM AGENTS IN THE PASSIVE VOICE

SUBJECT FORM OF “BE” PAST PARTICIPLE REST OF SENTENCE
“BY”
FILL IN THE GAPS USING THE PASSIVE PHRASES IN THE PANEL
56
REWRITE THE SENTENCES USING THE PASSIVE VOICE, USING “BY”
TO SHOW THE AGENT
LISTEN TO THE AUDIO, THEN NUMBER THE PICTURES IN THE ORDER

THEY ARE DESCRIBED
57
KEY LANGUAGE MODALS IN THE PASSIVE VOICE
Certain modals can be used as set phrases in
the passive voice to express ideas such as
possibility, ability, likelihood, and obligation.
MATCH THE ACTIVE SENTENCES TO THE

PASSIVE SENTENCES WITH THE SAME MEANING
58
SAY THE SENTENCES OUT LOUD, FILLING IN THE GAPS USING THE
WORDS IN THE PANEL
CHECKLIST
The passive voice Processes and manufacturing Discussing how things are done
59
Describing a product
When describing a product, you will usually use New language Adjective order
adjectives. You can use more that one adjective, Vocabulary Opinion and fact adjectives
but they must be in a particular order. New skill Describing a product
KEY LANGUAGE ADJECTIVE ORDER TIP

Don’t use more
The meaning of an adjective decides its than two or three
order in a sentence. Opinions come first, Fact adjectives also have their own adjectives in
followed by different types of facts. order, depending on their meaning. a sentence.
OPINION ADJECTIVE FACT ADJECTIVES NOUN
SIZE MATERIAL
KEY LANGUAGE ADJECTIVE ORDER IN DETAIL
OPINION SIZE AGE COLOR NATIONALITY MATERIAL NOUN
WRITE THE WORDS FROM THE PANEL IN THE CORRECT GROUPS
OPINION SIZE AGE COLOR NATIONALITY MATERIAL
60
LISTEN TO THE AUDIO AND MARK WHICH THINGS ARE DESCRIBED
61
KEY LANGUAGE SPECIFIC AND GENERAL OPINIONS
General opinion adjectives always come before specific ones. General opinion
adjectives can describe lots of different things. Specific opinion adjectives can
only usually describe a certain type of thing.
FACT
OPINION ADJECTIVES ADJECTIVE
“Nice” is a general opinion “Friendly” is a specific opinion

adjective. It can describe adjective. It usually only
lots of different things. describes people or animals.
CROSS OUT THE INCORRECT WORD IN EACH SENTENCE
62
READ THE ARTICLE AND SAY THE SENTENCES OUT
ANSWER THE QUESTIONS LOUD, FILLING IN THE GAPS
USING THE WORDS IN THE PANEL
CHECKLIST
Adjective order Fact and opinion adjectives Describing a product
63
Vocabulary
MARKETING AND ADVERTISING
64
65
Marketing a product
You can use a variety of adjectives and adverbs to describe New language Adjectives and adverbs
the key features when marketing a product or service. Vocabulary Descriptive adjectives
Not all adjectives can be modified in the same way. New skill Modifying descriptions of products
KEY LANGUAGE NON-GRADABLE ADJECTIVES

Most adjectives are known as “gradable”
adjectives. They can be modified with
grading adverbs, such as “slightly,” “very,”
and “extremely.” Non-gradable adjectives
cannot be modified in this way.
Non-gradable adjectives like
Gradable adjectives like “good” can
“fantastic” cannot be
be modified with grading adverbs
modified by grading adverbs.
like “extremely” and “very.”
FURTHER EXAMPLES NON-GRADABLE ADJECTIVES

Non-gradable adjectives fall
into three categories: extreme,
absolute, and classifying.
Extreme adjectives are Absolute adjectives like Classifying adjectives

stronger versions of gradable “unique” describe fixed are used to say that
adjectives. “Enormous” has qualities or states. something is of a
the sense of “extremely big.” specific class or type.
66
WRITE THE ADJECTIVES FROM THE PANEL IN THE CORRECT CATEGORIES
EXTREME ABSOLUTE CLASSIFYING

67
KEY LANGUAGE NON-GRADING ADVERBS
Some adverbs can be used to qualify non-gradable
adjectives. These are called “non-grading adverbs,”
and often mean “entirely” or “almost entirely.”
They cannot usually be used with gradable adjectives.
FURTHER EXAMPLES NON-GRADING ADVERBS
MARK THE SENTENCES THAT ARE CORRECT
68
KEY LANGUAGE “REALLY,” “FAIRLY,” AND “PRETTY” TIP
A few adverbs can be used with both gradable and non-gradable Note that “fairly”
can have a negative
adjectives. They are “really” (meaning “very much”), and “pretty”
connotation and so is not
and “fairly” (both meaning “quite a lot, but not very”). normally used to suggest
Gradable
something is very good
or necessary.
Non-gradable
Two marketing executives

are discussing products at
a trade fair.
CHECKLIST
Adjectives and adverbs Descriptive adjectives Modifying descriptions of products
69
Advertising and branding
When you want to tell people about your company, New language Intensifiers
product, or brand, intensifiers like “enough,” “too,” “so,” Vocabulary “Enough,” “too,” “so,” and “such”
and “such” can help communicate your point. New skill Adding emphasis to descriptions
KEY LANGUAGE “ENOUGH” AND “TOO”

“Enough” can be used after an adjective or
adverb to show that it’s the right degree.
Adjective + “enough” Adverb + “enough”
“Too” can be used before an adjective or

adverb to show that it’s more than enough.
“Too” + adjective “Too” + adverb
70
LISTEN TO THE AUDIO AND MARK WHICH THINGS ARE DESCRIBED

71
KEY LANGUAGE “SO” AND “SUCH” TIP
“Such” + “a / an” +
“Such” can be added before a noun to add emphasis. It can noun is more common
also be added before an adjective and noun combination. with extreme nouns such
as “success” rather than
neutral ones such as
“event.”
“Such” + “a / an” + noun “Such” + “a / an” + adjective + noun
“So” can be added before an adjective

or an adverb to add emphasis.
“So” + adjective “So” + adverb
72
CROSS OUT THE INCORRECT WORD IN EACH SENTENCE, THEN SAY THE
SENTENCES OUT LOUD
CHECKLIST
Intensifiers “Enough,” “too,” “so,” and “such” Adding emphasis to descriptions

DESCRIBING A PROCESS WITH

THE PASSIVE VOICE
DESCRIBING A PRODUCT WITH

CORRECT ADJECTIVE ORDER
SPECIFIC AND GENERAL OPINIONS
NON-GRADABLE ADJECTIVES AND

NON-GRADING ADVERBS
“ENOUGH” AND “TOO”
“SO” AND “SUCH” FOR EMPHASIS
73
Advice and suggestions
English uses modal verbs such as “could,” “should,” and New language Modal verbs for advice
“must” for advice or suggestions. They can be used to Vocabulary Workplace pressures
help co-workers in difficult or stressful situations. New skill Giving advice
KEY LANGUAGE GIVING ADVICE

Strong advice.
English uses “could,” “should,” and “must”
Suggestion or Very strong
to vary the strength of advice given. advice.
gentle advice.
FURTHER EXAMPLES GIVING ADVICE

“Ought to” also expresses Use “not” after modal
strong advice. verbs to form negatives.
MATCH THE SITUATIONS TO THE CORRECT ADVICE
74
FILL IN THE GAPS USING THE PHRASES IN THE PANEL
REWRITE THE SENTENCES, LISTEN TO THE AUDIO AND

CORRECTING THE ERRORS MARK WHETHER KATE ADVISES
GIORGOS TO DO THE ACTIVITY IN
EACH PICTURE
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes 75
KEY LANGUAGE MAKING SUGGESTIONS
Use “What about…?” with a gerund or “Why don’t
we…?” with a base verb to make suggestions.
HOW TO FORM SUGGESTIONS

“WHAT ABOUT” GERUND REST OF SENTENCE
“WHY DON’T WE” BASE VERB
FURTHER EXAMPLES MAKING SUGGESTIONS
USE THE CHART TO CREATE SIX CORRECT SENTENCES

AND SAY THEM OUT LOUD
76

CHECKLIST
Modal verbs for advice Workplace pressures Giving advice
77
Vocabulary
MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP
SKILLS AND ABILITIES
78
79
Talking about abilities
To talk about people’s skills, for example in a New language Modal verbs for abilities
performance review, you can use various modal Vocabulary Workplace skills
verbs to express present, past, and future ability. New skill Describing abilities
KEY LANGUAGE TALKING ABOUT PRESENT ABILITY

Use “can,” “can’t,” and “cannot” to talk about
people’s skills and abilities in the present.
FURTHER EXAMPLES TALKING ABOUT PRESENT ABILITY

Negative form of “can.”
English also uses “cannot.”
FILL IN THE GAPS USING “CAN” OR “CAN’T”
80
KEY LANGUAGE TALKING ABOUT PAST ABILITY
Use “could” to talk about abilities in the past.
The negative form is “couldn’t” or “could not.”
PAST NOW
PAST NOW
81
KEY LANGUAGE TALKING ABOUT FUTURE POTENTIAL
English uses “could” to talk about people’s future abilities
and potential. In this context, “could” can be followed by
most English verbs. Use “could” before most verbs to talk
about possible future situations.
You can also use “would” followed by “do,” “make,” or “be” to

talk about future potential. “Would” is stronger than “could,”
and suggests that something is more likely to happen.
Use “do” or “make” after “would”
to talk about future potential.
MARK WHETHER THE STATEMENTS REFER TO PAST OR FUTURE ABILITY
Past Future Past Future
82
Shona is having her

annual performance
review with her manager.
SENTENCES OUT LOUD
CHECKLIST
Modal verbs for abilities Workplace skills Describing abilities
83
Comparing and contrasting
In team discussions, discourse markers can ease the flow New language Discourse markers
of conversation. They can help link similar or contrasting Vocabulary Teamwork and team building
ideas, or connect an action to a result. New skill Expressing your ideas
KEY LANGUAGE EXPRESSING SIMILAR IDEAS

Some discourse markers link ideas
that are similar to each other.
KEY LANGUAGE EXPRESSING CONTRASTING IDEAS

Some discourse markers link contrasting ideas.
84
A team-building coach is giving

feedback on two teams’ performances.
85
KEY LANGUAGE TALKING ABOUT RESULTS
Some discourse markers
link an action or situation
with its result. Less formal discourse markers.
More formal discourse markers.
MATCH THE BEGINNINGS OF THE STATEMENTS TO THE

CORRECT ENDINGS
86
READ THE ARTICLE AND SAY THE SENTENCES OUT
ANSWER THE QUESTIONS LOUD, CORRECTING THE ERRORS
CHECKLIST
Discourse markers Teamwork and team building Expressing your ideas
87
Planning events
Many English verbs that are used to give opinions or talk New language Verb patterns
about plans, intentions, and arrangements are followed Vocabulary Corporate entertainment
by a gerund or an infinitive. New skill Talking about business events
KEY LANGUAGE VERBS AND GERUNDS / INFINITIVES

Some English verbs are followed by gerunds. Other verbs, often those that express plans
or intentions, are followed by an infinitive.
Verb Gerund Verb Infinitive
HOW TO FORM VERBS AND GERUNDS / INFINITIVES
START OF SENTENCE VERB GERUND REST OF SENTENCE
START OF SENTENCE VERB INFINITIVE REST OF SENTENCE
FURTHER EXAMPLES VERBS AND GERUNDS / INFINITIVES
88
READ THE ADVERTISEMENT

AND WRITE ANSWERS TO THE
QUESTIONS AS FULL SENTENCES
89
KEY LANGUAGE VERBS PLUS GERUND OR INFINITIVE (CHANGE IN MEANING)
Some verbs change their meaning depending
on the form of the verb that follows them.
FURTHER EXAMPLES VERBS PLUS GERUND OR INFINITIVE (CHANGE IN MEANING)

In general, the gerund is often used for an action that happens before,
or at the same time as, that of the main verb. The infinitive is used to
describe an action that happens after the main verb’s action.
VERB + GERUND VERB + INFINITIVE
90
Sunita and Darren are

arranging for some overseas
clients to visit their office.
USE THE CHART TO CREATE NINE CORRECT SENTENCES

AND SAY THEM OUT LOUD
91
KEY LANGUAGE VERB + OBJECT + INFINITIVE
Some verbs, particularly ones that express orders or
requests, can be followed by an object and another
verb in the infinitive.
Verb Object Infinitive
HOW TO FORM VERB + OBJECT + INFINITIVE

SUBJECT VERB OBJECT INFINITIVE REST OF SENTENCE
FURTHER EXAMPLES VERB + OBJECT + INFINITIVE
FILL IN THE GAPS USING THE PHRASES IN THE PANEL
92
REWRITE THE SENTENCES, PUTTING THE WORDS IN
THE CORRECT ORDER
CHECKLIST
Verb patterns Corporate entertainment Talking about business events

GIVING ADVICE
MAKING SUGGESTIONS
TALKING ABOUT ABILITIES
COMPARING AND CONTRASTING

IDEAS
VERBS WITH GERUNDS AND

INFINITIVES
VERB + OBJECT + INFINITIVE
93
Vocabulary
MEETINGS
94
95
What people said
When telling co-workers what someone else said, you New language Reported speech
can take what they said (direct speech) and rephrase it Vocabulary Meetings
accurately and clearly. This is called reported speech. New skill Reporting what someone said
KEY LANGUAGE REPORTED SPEECH

The main verb in reported speech is usually
“said.” The reported verb is usually in a
different tense from the direct speech.
Direct speech uses the

present simple.
“That” is usually added after Reported speech uses the past

“said” in reported speech. simple for the reported verb.
KEY LANGUAGE REPORTED SPEECH IN DIFFERENT TENSES

The tense used in reported speech is usually one
tense back in time from the tense in direct speech.
Past continuous replaces

present continuous.
Past perfect replaces
present perfect.
“Would” replaces “will.”
“Could” replaces “can.”
96
KEY LANGUAGE REPORTED SPEECH AND THE PAST SIMPLE
The past simple in direct
speech can either stay as
the past simple or change
to the past perfect in
reported speech. The
meaning is the same.
MATCH THE DIRECT SPEECH TO THE REPORTED SPEECH
REWRITE THE SENTENCES, PUTTING THEM INTO REPORTED SPEECH
97
KEY LANGUAGE TIME AND PLACE REFERENCES
If speech is reported
some time after it
was said, words used
to talk about times
and places may need
The time reference The time reference is
to change. is “yesterday” in “the day before” in
direct speech. reported speech.
FURTHER EXAMPLES TIME AND PLACE REFERENCES
LISTEN TO THE AUDIO, THEN NUMBER THE REPORTED SENTENCES

IN THE ORDER YOU HEAR THEM AS DIRECT SPEECH
98
KEY LANGUAGE OTHER CHANGES IN REPORTED SPEECH
In reported speech, pronouns may also need to be changed
to ensure they refer to the correct person or thing.
“These” is replaced by
the more distant “those.”
“This” is replaced by
the more distant “that.”
99
KEY LANGUAGE “TELL” IN REPORTED SPEECH
In reported speech, “tell” can also be used as the main verb. It must
be followed by an object, which shows who someone is talking to.
Unlike ”say,” “tell” must be

followed by an object.
KEY LANGUAGE REPORTING VERBS WITH “THAT”

“Say” and “tell” do not
give any information
about the speaker’s
manner. They can be
replaced with other
verbs that suggest the
speaker’s mood or
reason for speaking. “Admit” suggests a
confession on the part
of the speaker.
FURTHER EXAMPLES REPORTING VERBS WITH “THAT”
100
REPORT THE DIRECT SPEECH OUT LOUD, FILLING IN THE GAPS USING
THE WORDS IN THE PANEL
CHECKLIST
Reported speech Meetings Reporting what someone said
101
What people asked
You can use reported questions to tell someone what New language Reported questions
someone else has asked. Direct questions and reported Vocabulary “Have,” “make,” “get,” “do”
questions have different word orders. New skill Reporting what someone asked
KEY LANGUAGE REPORTED OPEN QUESTIONS

Direct open questions
are reported by
swapping the order
of the subject and
the verb, and changing
the tense of the verb.
HOW TO FORM REPORTED OPEN QUESTIONS

SUBJECT REPORTING VERB OBJEC T QUESTION WORD SUBJECT VERB
The main verb in reported The object can The subject comes before the The tense moves one tense
questions is usually “ask.” be left out. verb in reported questions. back from direct speech.
FURTHER EXAMPLES REPORTED OPEN QUESTIONS
An object can be included to say who was asked the original question.
When a question uses the verb “do,”

this is left out of reported questions.
102
Two co-workers, Krista

and Mandy, are
discussing a launch.
103
FILL IN THE GAPS USING THE WORDS IN THE PANEL TO CREATE

MORE COLLOCATIONS WITH “HAVE,” “MAKE,” “GET,” AND “DO”
104
KEY LANGUAGE REPORTED CLOSED QUESTIONS
If the answer to a question is “yes” or “no,” “if ”
or “whether” is used to report the question.
Reported question uses
Direct question. “if ” or “whether.”
The object after “asked” can be left out.
SAY THE SENTENCES OUT LOUD AS REPORTED QUESTIONS
CHECKLIST
Reported questions “Have,” “make,” “get,” “do” Reporting what someone asked
105
Reporting quantities
In presentations and reports, you may need to talk about New language “Few,” “little,” and “all”
how much of something there is. The words you can use Vocabulary Meetings
to do this depend on the thing you are describing. New skill Talking about quantity
KEY LANGUAGE “FEW” FOR SMALL NUMBERS

“Few” is used with plural countable nouns to “A few” is used with countable nouns
say that there are not many of something. to mean “some.” It emphasizes that the
It emphasizes how small the number is. number, though small, is enough.
“Few” can also be used as a “Very” can be used to stress that the
pronoun to mean “not many.” number of something is even smaller.
106
KEY LANGUAGE “LITTLE” FOR SMALL AMOUNTS
“Little” is used with uncountable nouns to say “A little” is used with uncountable nouns
that there is not much of something in UK to mean “some.” It emphasizes that the
English. It emphasizes how small the amount is. amount, though small, is enough.
Informally, “a (little)
“Little” can also be used as a bit of ” can be used
pronoun to mean “not much.” instead of “a little.”
SENTENCES OUT LOUD
107
KEY LANGUAGE “ALL” AS A PRONOUN
“All” can sometimes be used as
a pronoun to mean either
“everything” or “the only thing.”
108
MATCH THE PAIRS OF SENTENCES THAT MEAN THE SAME THING
A sales executive is
reporting to his manager
about the results from
the last quarter.
CHECKLIST
“Few,” “little,” and “all” Meetings Talking about quantity
109
Checking information
Sometimes you may need to clarify whether you have New language Subject questions, question tags
understood a point. There are a number of ways to Vocabulary Polite checks and echo questions
politely check information in conversation. New skill Checking information
KEY LANGUAGE SUBJECT QUESTIONS

In English, most
questions ask about The answer is the subject
the person or thing Question doesn’t use “did.” of the question.
receiving that action
(the object). If you
want to find out or
confirm who or what
did an action, you can
use subject questions.
FURTHER EXAMPLES SUBJECT QUESTIONS
HOW TO FORM SUBJECT QUESTIONS

“Who” (for people)
and “what” (for things) SUBJECT VERB OBJECT
are the most common
pronouns used in
subject questions.
There is no inversion
of word order in
subject questions.
110
REWRITE THE QUESTIONS, MARK THE BEST QUESTION
PUTTING THE WORDS IN THE FOR EACH SITUATION
CORRECT ORDER
111
KEY LANGUAGE QUESTION TAGS
Another way to check
information is by using
question tags. The STATEMENT QUESTION TAG
simplest question tags
use the verb “be” with
a pronoun matching the
subject of the sentence.
For statements with “I,” “aren’t I?” is used
in the negative question tag, not “amn’t I?”
For most verbs other
than “be,” a present PRESENT SIMPLE QUESTION TAG
simple statement is
followed by a question
tag with “do” or “does.”
A past simple PAST SIMPLE QUESTION TAG

statement
is followed by
a question tag
with “did.”
AUXILIARY MAIN
A statement with VERB QUESTION TAG
VERB
an auxiliary verb is
followed by a
question tag with
the same auxiliary.
Auxiliary verb Main verb Question tag
describes the action. uses the same
auxiliary verb.
Statements with
modal verbs such as MODAL VERB QUESTION TAG
“could,” “would,” and
“should” are followed
by question tags with
the same modal.
112
HOW TO FORM QUESTION TAGS
A positive statement is followed by a negative question tag,
and a negative statement is followed by a positive question tag.
POSITIVE STATEMENT NEGATIVE QUESTION TAG NEGATIVE STATEMENT POSITIVE QUESTION TAG
Verb is positive. Question tag uses Verb is negative. Question tag

negative form of verb. uses positive
form of verb.
MATCH THE BEGINNINGS OF THE SENTENCES TO THE CORRECT

QUESTION TAGS
FILL IN THE GAPS USING THE CORRECT QUESTION TAGS
113
VOCABULARY POLITE CHECKS AND ECHO QUESTIONS
There are also certain
set phrases you can
use to politely check
information.
Be careful not to say “What?” too

directly, as it can sound rude.
You can also repeat the important word or phrase you

want to check, or echo part or all of the sentence with
a question word or phrase at the end.
A sales assistant is
calling her manager to
check a few details and
confirm information.
114
SENTENCES OUT LOUD
CHECKLIST
Subject questions, question tags Polite checks and echo questions Checking information

REPORTED SPEECH
REPORTING VERBS
REPORTED QUESTIONS
“FEW,” “LITTLE,” AND “ALL”
CHECKING INFORMATION WITH SUBJECT

QUESTIONS AND QUESTION TAGS
POLITE CHECKS AND

ECHO QUESTIONS
115
Vocabulary
INDUSTRIES
116
PROFESSIONAL ATTRIBUTES
117
Job descriptions
English uses “a” or “an” in descriptions of jobs and New language Articles
to introduce new information. The zero article refers Vocabulary Job descriptions and applications
to general things, and “the” refers to specific things. New skill Describing a job
KEY LANGUAGE “A” AND “AN”

Use “a” or “an”
to introduce new
information. Use
“the” when the reader
or listener already
knows what you are Use “a” because this is the first
talking about. time “job” is mentioned. Use “an” before a vowel sound.
Use “the” because it is clear from the context that

this is the application form for the engineer job.
CROSS OUT THE INCORRECT LISTEN TO THE AUDIO, THEN

WORDS IN EACH SENTENCE NUMBER THE PICTURES IN THE
ORDER THEY ARE DESCRIBED
118
KEY LANGUAGE ZERO AND DEFINITE ARTICLES (PLURALS)
With plurals, English uses no article (zero article) to talk about things in
general. Use “the” (definite article) to talk about specific things.
General Specific
FURTHER EXAMPLES ZERO AND DEFINITE ARTICLES (PLURALS)
119
KEY LANGUAGE MORE USES OF THE ZERO ARTICLE
Use the zero article to talk about company names, place names
(including most countries and continents), and languages.
KEY LANGUAGE MORE USES OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

Use “the” to talk about specific roles and departments
within a company, and for international organizations.
120
REWRITE THE HIGHLIGHTED
PHRASES, CORRECTING THE ERRORS
SENTENCES OUT LOUD
CHECKLIST
Articles Job descriptions and applications Describing a job
121
Applying for a job
Cover letters for job applications should sound fluent New language Dependent prepositions
and confident. Using the correct prepositions after verbs, Vocabulary Cover-letter vocabulary
nouns, and adjectives can help you achieve this. New skill Writing a cover letter
KEY LANGUAGE DEPENDENT PREPOSITIONS

Some English words cannot be used on
their own. They need to be followed by “Apply” cannot be paired
with any other preposition
specific “dependent” prepositions. in this context.
FURTHER EXAMPLES DEPENDENT PREPOSITIONS
122
READ THE COVER LETTER AND
MATCH THE PHRASES THAT MEAN THE SAME
123
KEY LANGUAGE DEPENDENT PREPOSITIONS (CHANGE IN MEANING)
Some words can be paired with different dependent prepositions.
Their meaning changes depending on which preposition is used.
FURTHER EXAMPLES DEPENDENT PREPOSITIONS (CHANGE IN MEANING)
FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE CORRECT PREPOSITION
124
USING THE CLUES, WRITE THE READ THE COVER LETTER
WORDS FROM THE PANEL IN THE AND CROSS OUT THE
CORRECT PLACES ON THE GRID INCORRECT WORDS
ACROSS
DOWN
CHECKLIST
Dependent prepositions Cover-letter vocabulary Writing a cover letter
125
Job interviews
In a job interview, it is important to describe your New language Relative clauses
achievements in a specific and detailed way. You Vocabulary Job interviews
can use relative clauses to do this. New skill Describing your achievements in detail
KEY LANGUAGE DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Defining relative clauses give essential
information that helps to identify a person
or thing. Here, the defining relative clause
gives essential information about a thing.
In defining relative clauses, this is

the relative pronoun for things.
Here, the defining relative clause gives

essential information about people.
This relative pronoun is

used for people.
The defining relative clause can also

go in the middle of the main clause.
MAIN CLAUSE DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE RETURN TO MAIN CLAUSE
126
127
KEY LANGUAGE NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES TIP
Commas separate
Non-defining relative clauses
non-defining relative
give extra information about clauses from
situations, people, or things. main clauses.
MAIN CLAUSE NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE
Relative pronoun for situations in

non-defining relative clauses.
Non-defining relative
clauses can also go in the
middle of a sentence.
NON-DEFINING
MAIN CLAUSE RELATIVE CLAUSE RETURN TO MAIN CLAUSE
Relative pronoun for things in

non-defining relative clauses.
The relative pronoun for

people is “who” in non-
defining relative clauses.
NON-DEFINING
MAIN CLAUSE RELATIVE CLAUSE RETURN TO MAIN CLAUSE
Relative pronoun
for people.
128
LISTEN TO THE INTERVIEW, THEN NUMBER

THE SENTENCES IN THE ORDER YOU HEAR THEM
129
KEY LANGUAGE MORE RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Relative clauses can use other relative pronouns,
depending on the nouns they refer to.
Use “when” to refer to a time.
Use “where” to refer to a

place, industry, or sector.
Use “whose” to refer to a person, company, or department.
130
RESPOND OUT LOUD TO THE AUDIO, FILLING IN THE GAPS USING THE
PHRASES IN THE PANEL
CHECKLIST
Relative clauses Job interviews Describing your achievements in detail
131
Vocabulary
BUSINESS IDIOMS
132
133
Working relationships
Phrasal verbs are commonly used to talk about New language Three-word phrasal verbs
relationships with co-workers and clients. It is important Vocabulary Social media
to use the correct word order with phrasal verbs. New skill Social networking
KEY LANGUAGE THREE-WORD PHRASAL VERBS

Three-word phrasal verbs consist
of a verb and two particles.
The particles usually change VERB AND PARTICLES
the meaning of the verb.
FURTHER EXAMPLES THREE-WORD PHRASAL VERBS
MATCH THE DEFINITIONS TO THE PHRASAL VERBS
134
135
KEY LANGUAGE SEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS WITH PRONOUNS
Some phrasal verbs are separable, which means the particle does not have to sit
TIP
All three-word
immediately after the verb. If the object of the sentence with a separable phrasal phrasal verbs are
verb is a pronoun, it must go between the verb and the particle. inseparable.
FURTHER EXAMPLES SEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS WITH PRONOUNS
REWRITE THE SENTENCES USING OBJECT PRONOUNS
136
LISTEN TO THE AUDIO AND SAY THE SENTENCES OUT
ANSWER THE QUESTIONS LOUD, CORRECTING THE ERRORS
Leah and Tariq are
discussing how to
market their products
on social media.
CHECKLIST
Three-word phrasal verbs Social media Social networking
137
Career outcomes
To talk about possible future events, such as career New language Modal verbs for possibility
development and promotion, use “will,” “might,” and Vocabulary Career development
“won’t” to say how likely something is to happen. New skill Talking about the future
KEY LANGUAGE “WILL” AND “MIGHT”

Use “will” when something is certain or very likely to
happen. Use “might” for things that are possible.
FURTHER EXAMPLES “WILL,” “MIGHT,” AND “MAY”

This is an alternative to “might.”
This means something is This means something is

impossible or very unlikely. possible but not certain.
MATCH THE PAIRS OF SENTENCES
138
READ THE PERFORMANCE REVIEW AND

139
KEY LANGUAGE “DEFINITELY” AND “PROBABLY” TIP
“Definitely” and
Use “definitely” with “will” and “probably” are
“won’t” to talk about things placed after “will” in
that are certain, and “probably” a sentence, but
before “won’t.”
for things that are likely.
REWRITE THE SENTENCES, SAY THE SENTENCES OUT

CORRECTING THE ERRORS LOUD, PUTTING THE MODIFIER
IN THE CORRECT PLACE
140
LISTEN TO THE AUDIO AND MATCH THE IMAGES TO
THE CORRECT PHRASES
CHECKLIST
Modal verbs for possibility Career development Talking about the future

“A” AND “THE”
DEFINITE AND ZERO ARTICLES

FOR PLURALS
DEPENDENT PREPOSITIONS
RELATIVE CLAUSES
THREE-WORD PHRASAL VERBS
PHRASAL VERBS WITH PRONOUNS
TALKING ABOUT POSSIBILITIES
141
Vocabulary
OFFICE AND PRESENTATION EQUIPMENT
142
PRESENTING
DATA
143
Structuring a presentation
When you are presenting to an audience, it is important New language Signposting language
to structure your talk in a way that is clear and easy to Vocabulary Presentation equipment
understand. Certain set phrases can help you do this. New skill Structuring a presentation
KEY LANGUAGE SIGNPOSTING LANGUAGE

You can signal (or “signpost”) what you are going
to talk about with particular phrases. Using these
lets your audience know what to expect.
Giving the audience the Introducing the

format of the talk. topic of the talk. Ending one section.
Starting a new Summarizing the Asking the audience

section. content of the talk. for questions.
144
The owner of a café is

presenting proposals for
the future to the investors.
145
MATCH THE DEFINITIONS TO THE EQUIPMENT
SAY THE SENTENCES OUT LOUD, FILLING IN THE GAPS

WITH THE WORDS IN THE PANEL
146
LISTEN TO THE AUDIO, THEN NUMBER THE SENTENCES

IN THE ORDER YOU HEAR THEM
CHECKLIST
Signposting language Presentation equipment Structuring a presentation
147
Developing an argument
When you are giving a presentation, there are several New language Useful presentation language
key phrases you can use to develop your argument, and Vocabulary Presentations
make your audience aware of what is coming. New skill Developing an argument
KEY LANGUAGE GENERALIZING, MAKING EXCEPTIONS, AND FOCUSING

If you have specific figures, it may be useful to give them.
However, you may need to use more general terms if you
do not have the figures or you want to avoid repetition.
It is helpful to make it clear when you are

making a general point.
There are phrases you can use to

highlight exceptions to the general rule.
After making general statements, you may

want to focus on a particular area in detail.
WRITE THE PHRASES FROM THE PANEL IN THE CORRECT CATEGORIES
GENERALIZING EXCEPTIONS FOCUSING
148
A brand manager is talking

to an audience about a new
range of products.
149
KEY LANGUAGE GIVING EXAMPLES
When you have focused your argument, you may
want to give examples to explain your point.
“For instance” can go at the beginning, middle, or (less commonly) end of a sentence.
You can also say “As an illustration…” at the start of a sentence.
“Such as” comes in the middle of a sentence

before the noun it is illustrating.
KEY LANGUAGE COUNTERING THE GENERAL OPINION

These phrases tend to go at
To counter something the beginning of sentences.
that has been stated as,
or is understood as, the
general opinion there
are a number of set
phrases you can use.
READ THE ARTICLE AND ANSWER

THE QUESTIONS
150
WORDS IN THE PANEL
CHECKLIST
Useful presentation language Presentations Developing an argument
151
Pitching a product
When describing a product to a potential client, it New language Comparatives and superlatives
is useful to compare the product with competitors Vocabulary Product marketing
using comparative and superlative adjectives. New skill Comparing products
KEY LANGUAGE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES

Regular comparative
adjectives are formed
by adding “-er” to the
adjective. Regular
superlatives are formed by Comparative
adding “the” before and
“-est” after the adjective.
Superlative
For some two-syllable

adjectives, and all
adjectives with more than
two syllables, add “more”
before the adjective to
make the comparative,
and “the most” to make
the superlative.
FURTHER EXAMPLES COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES
152
LISTEN TO THE AUDIO AND MATCH THE PRODUCTS TO THE PHRASES

THAT DESCRIBE THEM
153
KEY LANGUAGE “AS… AS” COMPARISONS
English uses “as… as” with an
adjective to compare things
that are similar.
FURTHER EXAMPLES “AS… AS” COMPARISONS

Use “just as… as” to emphasize the Use “not as… as” to contrast
similarity between two things. things that are different.
154
READ THE ADVERTISEMENT AND ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
CROSS OUT THE INCORRECT WORDS IN EACH SENTENCE, THEN SAY

THE SENTENCES OUT LOUD
CHECKLIST
Comparatives and superlatives Product marketing Comparing products
155
Talking about facts and figures
When you are making a presentation or writing a New language Collocations
report, it is important to describe changes and Vocabulary Business trends
trends with precise language that sounds natural. New skill Describing facts and figures
KEY LANGUAGE DESCRIBING TRENDS WITH COLLOCATIONS

You can use a verb modified with an adverb to describe the speed or size of a change. TIP
Some of these pairings are collocations that sound “right” to fluent speakers. Collocations are often
formed of two words,
VERB ADVERB but can contain more.
Using them will make
you a more fluent
English speaker.
Some collocations to describe trends

are adjectives followed by a noun.
ADJECTIVE NOUN
156
LISTEN TO THE AUDIO, THEN NUMBER THE TRENDS IN THE ORDER
THEY ARE DESCRIBED
MATCH THE PAIRS OF SENTENCES THAT MEAN THE SAME THING
157
VOCABULARY DESCRIBING CROSS OUT THE INCORRECT
FIGURES USING PREPOSITIONS WORD IN EACH SENTENCE
READ THE REPORT AND ANSWER

THE QUESTIONS
158
SAY THE SENTENCES OUT LOUD, FILLING IN THE GAPS USING THE
WORDS IN THE PANEL
CHECKLIST
Collocations Business trends Describing facts and figures

STRUCTURING A PRESENTATION
GENERALIZING, MAKING
EXCEPTIONS, AND FOCUSING
GIVING EXAMPLES AND COUNTERING
PITCHING A PRODUCT WITH

COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
DESCRIBING TRENDS
DESCRIBING FIGURES USING

PREPOSITIONS
159
Plans and suggestions
English uses modal verbs to make suggestions, and New language Indirect questions
indirect questions or the passive voice to politely request Vocabulary Business negotiations
information or point out a mistake. New skill Negotiating politely
KEY LANGUAGE NEGOTIATION AND SUGGESTIONS

One way of making language for negotiation more polite
and indirect is to use modal verbs or the past continuous.
Use “Would you mind” with a

gerund to make polite requests. Use “could” with the base form
of a verb to make suggestions.
“Might” can also be used

to discuss conditions.
Polite alternative to
“Can you…?”
The past continuous is used

for politeness here. Use this to politely
agree to a suggestion.
160
MARK THE MOST POLITE LISTEN TO THE AUDIO AND
REPLY TO EACH STATEMENT ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
Kevin is negotiating
with Jamila, whose
catering company
might provide
refreshments
for an event.
161
KEY LANGUAGE INDIRECT QUESTIONS
Indirect questions start with a polite opening
phrase. Unlike with direct questions, the verb
sits after the subject in indirect questions. Indirect questions start with a polite opening phrase.
Direct questions and indirect questions

follow a different word order.
FURTHER EXAMPLES INDIRECT QUESTIONS

If the opening phrase is “Could you tell me,” the If the opening phrase is “I was wondering,” the
indirect question ends with a question mark. indirect question ends with a period (full stop).
Indirect questions leave

out the auxiliary verb “do.”
HOW TO FORM INDIRECT QUESTIONS
OPENING PHRASE QUESTION WORD SUBJECT VERB
You can also use In indirect questions, the verb follows the subject.
“I was wondering.”
162
SAY THE SENTENCES OUT LOUD, CORRECTING THE ERRORS
163
KEY LANGUAGE THE PASSIVE VOICE
In formal or written negotiations or complaints, you can use
the passive voice to be polite and avoid sounding too critical.
Complaints using the passive voice often

start with a polite opening phrase.
REWRITE THE SENTENCES USING THE PASSIVE VOICE
164
READ THE EMAIL AND ANSWER

THE QUESTIONS
CHECKLIST
Indirect questions Business negotiations Negotiating politely
165
Emphasizing your opinion
There are many English phrases for politely emphasizing New language Discourse markers for emphasis
your point of view. These are useful when you are Vocabulary Workplace disagreement
dealing with disagreement in the workplace. New skill Emphasizing your opinion
KEY LANGUAGE DISCOURSE MARKERS FOR EMPHASIS

There are a variety of
words and phrases
that you can use to
make your position
more emphatic
without being rude.
FURTHER EXAMPLES DISCOURSE MARKERS FOR EMPHASIS
166
LISTEN TO THE NEGOTIATION, THEN NUMBER THE
SENTENCES IN THE ORDER YOU HEAR THEM
WORDS IN THE PANEL
CHECKLIST
Discourse markers for emphasis Workplace disagreement Emphasizing your opinion
167
Discussing conditions
English often uses the first and second conditionals for New language Conditionals
negotiating with clients and co-workers, and the zero Vocabulary Negotiating and bargaining
conditional to talk about general truths. New skill Discussing possibilities
KEY LANGUAGE THE SECOND CONDITIONAL

The second conditional can be used to discuss contract details. It
describes the result of a possible (but uncertain or unlikely) action. Action
Result
FURTHER EXAMPLES THE SECOND CONDITIONAL
The “if ” clause can come in the middle The second conditional can use
of a second conditional sentence. “could” instead of “would.”
HOW TO FORM THE SECOND CONDITIONAL

Use the past simple to describe the hypothetical action, and
“would” with the base verb to describe the result of the action.
“IF” PAST SIMPLE OBJECT “WOULD” + BASE VERB OBJECT
The past simple describes Use “would” with the base verb to
the hypothetical action. describe the result of the action.
168
REWRITE THE SECOND CONDITIONAL SENTENCES, CORRECTING
THE ERRORS
LISTEN TO THE AUDIO AND COMPLETE THESE SECOND

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS CONDITIONAL SENTENCES,
SAYING THEM OUT LOUD
Diane is negotiating a better price

for her office supplies with Josef,
an office stationery salesman.
169
KEY LANGUAGE ZERO AND FIRST CONDITIONALS
THE ZERO CONDITIONAL
Use the zero conditional to talk about things that

are generally true. The present simple describes
the action and the result.
PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE
Action Result
THE FIRST CONDITIONAL
The first conditional uses the present simple

and the future with “will” to talk about the
likely results of things that might happen.
PRESENT SIMPLE FUTURE WITH “WILL”
Action Result
FURTHER EXAMPLES ZERO AND FIRST CONDITIONALS
Zero conditional sentences can Conditional sentences can

use “when” instead of “if.” start with the result clause.
170
REWRITE THE ZERO CONDITIONAL SENTENCES, PUTTING THE WORDS IN
THE CORRECT ORDER
FILL IN THE GAPS BY PUTTING THE VERBS IN THE CORRECT TENSES TO

FORM FIRST CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
171
KEY LANGUAGE ZERO, FIRST, AND SECOND CONDITIONALS OVERVIEW
ZERO CONDITIONAL
Use the zero conditional to talk about general

truths and things that always happen.
FIRST CONDITIONAL
Use the first conditional to talk about things

that are likely to happen.
SECOND CONDITIONAL
Use the second conditional to talk about things

that are unlikely to happen, but are still possible.
172
READ THE WEB PAGE AND WRITE ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS
AS FULL SENTENCES
CHECKLIST
Conditionals Negotiating and bargaining Discussing possibilities
173
Discussing problems
English uses the third conditional to talk about an unreal New language Third conditional
past, or events that did not happen. This is useful for Vocabulary Workplace mistakes
talking about workplace mistakes. New skill Talking about past mistakes
KEY LANGUAGE THE THIRD CONDITIONAL

In third conditional sentences, the
past perfect describes something
that did not happen, and the
“would” clause describes the
unreal result.
Past perfect Past participle
HOW TO FORM THE THIRD CONDITIONAL

“WOULD” + “HAVE” REST OF
“IF” PAST PERFECT REST OF CLAUSE
+ PAST PARTICIPLE SENTENCE
FURTHER EXAMPLES THE THIRD CONDITIONAL
Third conditional sentences The third conditional can

can start with the result. use the short form of “had.”
174
FILL IN THE GAPS BY PUTTING THE VERBS IN THE CORRECT FORMS TO
MAKE THIRD CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
LISTEN TO THE AUDIO AND MARK WHICH THINGS ACTUALLY HAPPENED
175
KEY LANGUAGE FIRST CONDITIONAL WITH “UNLESS”
You can use “unless” instead of “if…not” in
first conditional sentences. In sentences
with “unless,” the result only happens if
the action does not take place.
Result Action
FURTHER EXAMPLES FIRST CONDITIONAL WITH “UNLESS”
REWRITE THE SENTENCES USING “UNLESS”
176
READ THE REPORT AND
CHECKLIST
Third conditional Workplace mistakes Talking about past mistakes

INDIRECT QUESTIONS
THE PASSIVE VOICE FOR POLITENESS
EMPHASIZING YOUR OPINION
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL WITH “UNLESS”
177
Answers
178
179
1 Present 2 Future
3 Future 4 Present
Model Answers
180
OPINION: awesome, awful
SIZE: enormous, tiny
AGE: modern, out-dated
COLOR: green, red
NATIONALITY: Swiss, Indian
MATERIAL: wooden, fabric
EXTREME:
awful, fantastic, tiny, disgusting,
enormous
ABSOLUTE:
unique, impossible, right, perfect, wrong
CLASSIFYING:
organic, digital, industrial, electronic,
chemical
181
1 No 2 Yes 3 Yes 4 Yes
1 Future
2 Past
3 Future
4 Past
5 Future
182
Model Answers
Model Answers
183
Model Answers
184
185
186
GENERALIZING: on the whole, generally,
in general, by and large
EXCEPTIONS: except for, with the
exception of, aside from, excepting
FOCUSING: if we focus on, if we home in
on, concentrating on, focusing on
187
188
Model Answers
Note: All answers can also be written in

contracted form.
Note: All answers can also use the short

form of the future with “will.”
189
Index
clients 11, 34 “entertaining” 23
closed questions 26 “equally” 22
colleagues 2, 5, 10 equipment, in the workplace 36, 37
working relationships 34 “-er” word endings 39
Subjects are indexed by unit number. collocations 40 “-est” word endings 39
Entries in bold indicate the unit with the comma use, in emails 10 etiquette see polite English
most information. communication 9, 10 events planning 23
companies 3, 30 examples, giving, in presentations 38
comparative adjectives 39 exceptions, making 38
A
“a,” article 30
comparisons 22
complaints 8, 41
conditionals 43, 44
explanations 8, 14, 41
expressing ideas 22
extreme adjectives 17
abilities 20, 21 conferences 1
absolute adjectives 17 “consequently” 22
achievements 32
“actually” 38, 42
adjectives 15, 39, 40
contacts 43
continuous tenses 1, 2, 11, 14
contrasts 22
F
fact adjectives 15
for advertising and marketing 17, 18 conversational English 2, 4 facts, talking about 40
adverbs 17, 18, 40 see also spoken English “fairly” 17
advertising 16, 18 corporate entertainment 23 “fantastic” 17
advice 19 “could” 19, 21, 43 “few” 27
“afraid” 41 for polite requests 5, 8 figures, talking about 40
“all” 27 in passive voice 14 “fill out” 12
“also” 22 in polite English 41 finance 6
“although” 22 “could not” and “couldn’t” 21 first conditional 43
ambitions see careers countable nouns 27 focusing, in arguments 38
“an” 30 countering an opinion 38 “for instance” 38
apologies 8 cover letters 31 formal English 5, 22, 41
applications, job 30, 31 co-workers see colleagues in report writing 7
“apply” 31 “from” 40
arguments, developing 38 future tenses 11, 21
arrangements see plans
articles 30
“as... as” comparisons 39
D
defining relative clauses 32
future with “might” 35
future with “will” 8, 14, 35, 43
“attending” 11 definite article 30

“definitely” 35
delegation 5 G
B
bargaining see negotiation
departments 3, 30
dependent prepositions 31
descriptions, job 3, 30
generalizing 38
gerunds 19, 23
“get” 4, 26, 34
base form (verbs) 5, 19, 43 “did” 2 giving advice 19
“be” 4, 11 “didn’t he / she” 28 “good” 17
“been” 8 directions see signposting language gradable adjectives 17
“between” 40 direct questions 26 greetings 1
branding 18 disagreements, in the workplace 42
“by” 14, 40 discourse markers 22, 42
“do” 26
HI
C
“can”, “cannot,” and “can’t” 21 E
“had” 7, 44
“have” and “has” 2, 5, 8, 26
“heard about / from” 31
careers 32, 35 echo questions 28 “hello” 10
changes, talking about 4 “-ed” word endings 2 “hoping” 11, 41
changes in meaning 23, 31 emails 10 “however” 22, 38
checking information 28 emphasis 11, 18, 42 idioms 33
classifying adjectives 17 “enough” 18 “if ” 26, 43
190
indirect questions 41 networking 1, 34 “probably” 35
industries 29 “no” 26 problems, in the workplace 8, 44
infinitives 4, 23 non-defining relative clauses 32 processes, describing 14
informal English 10, 12, 22 non-gradable adjectives 17 production 13
“-ing” word endings 2, 8 non-grading adverbs 17 products 15, 17, 39
see also gerunds nouns 32, 40 professional attributes 29
“initial” 7 pronouns 25, 27
inseparable phrasal verbs 34
intensifiers 18
introductions 1
“investigate” 8
O
objects 23 Q
open questions 26 quantities 27
opinions 15, 38, 42 questions 2, 4, 7
JL
jobs
organization structures 3
“ought to” 19
for advice 19
in presentations 37
open and closed questions 26
applications 30, 31 question tags 28
careers 32, 35
descriptions 3, 30
interviews 32
P
“pardon” 28
reported questions 26
subject 28
languages 30 particles 34
“little” 27
“looking” 34
passive voice 7, 14, 41
past continuous 2, 11, 14
past experiences 2
R
“really” 17
past participle 14 relationships, in the workplace 34
M
“make” 26
past perfect 7, 14, 44
past simple 2, 7, 43
passive 14
relative clauses 32
relative pronouns 32
repeating what was said 25, 26
management 20 reported speech in 25 repetition, for checking information 28
manufacturing 14 past tense 2, 21, 44 reported quantities 27
marketing 16, 17, 39 reported speech in 25 reported questions 26
“may” and “may not” 35 phone calls 8 reported speech 25
meaning, changes in 23, 31 phrasal verbs 12, 34 “reported to” 31
“meet,” “met,” and “meeting” 1, 23 pitching products 39 reports, writing 7
meetings 24, 25, 27 place names 30 “results” 22
“might” 35, 41 place references 25 “review” 7
mistakes 41, 44 plans 10, 11, 12, 41 “rise in / of ” 31
see also problems, in the workplace planning events 23 roles, descriptions of 3
modal verbs 5, 19, 21 plural forms 27, 30 routines 14
for possibility 35 polite English 2, 5, 11 “run out” 12
in passive voice 14 checking information 28
see also “could”; “would” in negotiation 41
money 6
“more” 39
“most” 39
introductions 1
possibilities 43
potential 21
S
“say” and “said” 25
“must” 5, 14, 19 prepositions 12, 31, 40 schedules 11
presentations 36, 37, 38 second conditional 43
present continuous 1, 11, 14 separable phrasal verbs 12, 34
N
names, company 30
present perfect 2, 8, 14
“presents” 7
present simple 1, 14, 43
“should” 19
sign-offs, in emails 10
signposting language 37
natural speech 40 present tense 21, 25 similarities see comparisons
negatives 4, 5, 39 pressure, in the workplace 19 singular forms 30
modal verbs 19 “pretty” 17 skills 20, 21
question tags 28 previous jobs 32 small talk see conversational English
negotiation 41, 43 “principle” 7 “so” 18
191
social media 34
“sorry” 8
see also apologies
UV
uncountable nouns 27
“work” and “worked” 2, 31
working relationships 34
“would” 5, 21, 43
spoken English 12, 21 “unless” 44 “would you mind” 41
“states” 7 “used to” 4 written English 12, 41
subject questions 28 verbs 26, 40, 41 cover letters 31
“such” 18 infinitives 4, 23 reports 7
suggestions 19, 41 patterns 23
superlative adjectives 39 phrasal verbs 12, 34
see also gerunds; “-ing” word endings
YZ
T
team building 22 W
“yes” 26
zero article 30
zero conditional 43
technology 9 “we” 5
telephone calls 8 “what” 28
“tell” 25 “what about” 19
“that” 25, 32 “when” 32, 43
“the” 30 “where” 32
third conditional 44 “whether” 26
three-word phrasal verbs 34 “which” 32
time markers 11, 25 “who” 28, 32
“to” 4, 23 “whose” 32
“too” 18, 22 “will,” future with 8, 14, 35, 43
“trained in” 31 “wondering” 11, 41
trends 40 word order 7, 12, 15, 26
Acknowledgments
The publisher would like to thank: Elizabeth Wise for indexing; Jo Kent for DK would like to thank the following
Amy Child, Dominic Clifford, Devika additional text; Scarlett O’Hara, Georgina for their kind permission to use
Khosla, and Priyansha Tuli for design Palffy, and Helen Ridge for proofreading; their photographs:
assistance; Dominic Clifford and Hansa Christine Stroyan for project 71 Fotolia: Maksym Dykha (bottom right).
Babra for additional illustrations; Sam management; ID Audio for audio 150 Alamy: MBI (bottom right).
Atkinson, Vineetha Mokkil, Antara recording and production; David Almond, All other images are copyright DK.
Moitra, Margaret Parrish, Nisha Shaw, Gillian Reid, and Jacqueline Street- For more information, please visit
and Rohan Sinha for editorial assistance; Elkayam for production assistance. www.dkimages.com.
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Victoria Boobyer is a freelance writer, presenter, and teacher trainer

Printed and bound in China Writing a report 32

A WORLD OF IDEAS: New language Past perfect and past simple

Making plans by email 42 Marketing a product 66

Keeping clients informed 44 Advertising and branding 70

Informal communication 48 Advice and suggestions 74

Vocabulary Production 52 Vocabulary 78

What people said 96

Vocabulary Meetings New language Relative clauses

What people asked 102

Vocabulary “Have,” “make,” “get,” “do”

Developing an argument 148 Discussing problems 174

Pitching a product 152

Talking about facts and figures 156

Plans and suggestions 160

Emphasizing your opinion 166

covers essential English phrases and constructions for a wide

range of common business scenarios. Unlike other courses,

as easily as possible. The best way to learn

MAIN CLAUSE DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE

is to work through the book in order,

Here, the defining relative clause gives

the website and app. Turn to the practice

The defining relative clause can also

your learning with additional exercises. 126

126-131_EFE_Business_B2_talking_about_your_experiences_unit32.indd 126 25/08/2016 16:55 126-131_EFE_Business_B2_talking_about_your_experiences_unit32.indd 127

Modules Each unit is broken down

KEY LANGUAGE GIVING ADVICE

Language learning REWRITE THE SENTENCES, LISTEN TO THE AUDIO AND

before moving on to strong advice. verbs to form negatives.

the exercises. Yes

MATCH THE SITUATIONS TO THE CORRECT ADVICE

074-077_EFE_Business_B2_Advice_and_suggestions_unit19.indd 74 25/08/2016 16:40 074-077_EFE_Business_B2_Advice_and_suggestions_unit19.indd 75 25/08/2016 16:40

Audio support Most Exercises Modules

Module number Every module

KEY LANGUAGE THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Sample language New language points

FURTHER EXAMPLES THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Supporting audio This symbol

HOW TO FORM THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

vocabulary modules list the most

Write-on lines You are

030-031_VOCAB-_MONEY_AND_FINANCE_UNIT6.indd 30 05/09/2016 12:22

Each learning point is followed by GRAMMAR VOCABULARY

Module number Every module is Exercise instruction Every

FILL IN THE GAPS BY PUTTING THE VERBS IN THE CORRECT TENSES TO

Sample answer The first question of

KEY LANGUAGE THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Visual cues are given

LISTEN TO THE AUDIO AND MARK WHETHER THE ACTIVITY IN EACH

that the answers to the exercise are

Present Future Future

044-047_EFE_Business_B2_Keeping_clients_informed_unit11.indd 44 25/08/2016 16:39

Track your progress

Checklists Every unit ends with a

INTRODUCING YOURSELF AND Check boxes Use these boxes

THE PAST TENSE FOR POLITENESS

TALKING ABOUT THE RECENT PAST