01 - Prelim Module

Module Purposive Communication
COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES AND ETHICS
What is Communication?
Communication is derived from a Latin word ―communis‖ which means common.

Communicating becomes essential in the human civilization on exchanging of
information, sharing thoughts, and expressing oneself. Also, it becomes the catalyst for
the people in the society to unite in decision making, and fostering good relationships
and profound respect to one another. Meanwhile, it is already known that the vital role
of communication is the transmission of message to other person, but how does
communication take place?
The process of communications happens between a sender and the receiver. The
message is encoded by the sender and decoded by the receiver channeling through
various medium. Most commonly, communication takes in face-to-face interaction,
however, as the world becomes more advanced, our means of communications
changes. Whilst the traditional modes of communication remain the same, various
communication modes arose and became not just the trend but become essential in
exchanging information. Communication mode refers to the channel through which one
expresses his/her communicative intent; it is the medium through which one conveys
his/her thoughts. Moreover, views or feeling can be communicated through face-to-face
interaction, video or audio. Thus, the development of various channel for
communication using the Ethernet and Information and Communication Technology
allow us transfer the message faster and convenient. Needless to say, the transmission
of the information is also interrupted by many barriers of communication thus, affecting
and hindering the understanding of both parties due to noise and other subconscious
nonverbal cues. More often or not, nonverbal signals trigger the process of
communication.
Communication is the act of giving, receiving, and sharing information – in other

words, talking or writing, and listening or reading. Good communicators listen carefully,
speak or write clearly, and respect different opinions.
Strong communication skills can help kids interact both face-to-face and in the online
world. Texting, chatting, and posting responsibly depends on understanding how words
and images affect others. You can help kids develop their communication abilities by
teaching them to use social media responsibly, modeling positive communication, and
watching movies and TV shows that emphasize the value of healthy communication.
1 Page
Types of Communication
A. Verbal Communication
 It is a form of transmitting messages using word symbols in representing ideas

and objects which comes in two forms – oral and written. It includes a face to
face interaction with another person, speaking to someone on the phone,
participating in meetings, delivering speeches in programs and giving lectures or
presentations in conferences.
Classifications of Verbal Communication
1. Intrapersonal Communication
 This form of communication is extremely private and restricted to us. It

includes the silent conversations we have with ourselves, wherein we juggle
roles between the sender and receiver who are processing our thoughts and
actions. This process of communication when analyzed can either be conveyed
verbally to someone or stay confined as thoughts.
2. Interpersonal Communication
 This form of communication takes place between two individuals and is thus a
one-on-one conversation. Here, the two individuals involved will swap their roles
of sender and receiver in order to communicate in a clearer manner.
3. Small Group Communication
 This type of communication can take place only when there are more than two
people involved. Here the number of people will be small enough to allow each
participant to interact and converse with the rest. Press conferences, board
meetings, and team meetings are examples of group communication. Unless a
specific issue is being discussed, small group discussions can become chaotic and
difficult to interpret by everybody. This lag in understanding information
completely can result in miscommunication.
4. Public Communication
 This type of communication takes place when one individual addresses a large
gathering of people. Election campaigns and public speeches are example of this
type of communication. In such cases, there is usually a single sender of
information and several receivers who are being addressed.
2 Page
Here are a few steps you can take to develop your verbal communication
skills:
 Use a strong, confident speaking voice. Especially when presenting information

to a few or a group of people, be sure to use a strong voice so that everyone can
easily hear you. Be confident when speaking so that your ideas are clear and
easy for others to understand.
 Use active listening. The other side of using verbal communication is intently
listening to and hearing others. Active listening skills are key when conducting a
meeting, presentation or even when participating in a one-on-one conversation.
Doing so will help you grow as a communicator.
 Avoid filler words. It can be tempting, especially during a presentation, to use
filler words such as ―um,‖ ―like,‖ ―so‖ or ―yeah.‖ While it might feel natural after
completing a sentence or pausing to collect your thoughts, it can also be
distracting for your audience. Try presenting to a trusted friend or colleague who
can call attention to the times you use filler words. Try to replace them by taking
a breath when you are tempted to use them.
B. Non-Verbal Communication
 It is a form of communication which refers to the sending of messages to

another person using signs, gestures, facial expressions and means other than
the spoken and written language.
Two Categories of Non-Verbal Communication
a. Non-verbal messages produced by the body
b. Non-verbal messages produced by the broad setting such as time, space and silence
Functions of Non-Verbal Communication
a. It is used to repeat the verbal message.
Example – Point in an object while saying it.
b. It is often used to accent a verbal message.
Example – verbal tone indicates the actual meaning of the words.
c. It often complements the verbal message but also may contradict.
3 Page
Examples – A nod reinforces a positive message among Americans and Filipinos. A wink
or a frown may contradict a positive message.
d. It regulates interactions
Example – Hand gestures may signal a person to speak or not.
e. It may substitute for the verbal message, especially if it is blocked by noise or

interruption.
Example – Touch to mean comfort or encouragement A thumbs-up gesture indicating

approval
Here are a few steps you can take to develop your nonverbal communication
skills:
• Notice how your emotions feel physically. Throughout the day, as you experience a
range of emotions (anything from energized, bored, happy or frustrated), try to identify
where you feel that emotion within your body. For example, if you‘re feeling anxious,
you might notice that your stomach feels tight. Developing self-awareness around how
your emotions affect your body can give you greater mastery over your external
presentation.
• Be intentional about your nonverbal communications. Make an effort to display

positive body language when you feel alert, open and positive about your surroundings.
You can also use body language to support your verbal communication if you feel
confused or anxious about information, like using a furrowed brow. Use body language
alongside verbal communication such as asking follow up questions or pulling the
presenter aside to give feedback.
• Mimic nonverbal communications you find effective. If you find certain facial
expressions or body language beneficial to a certain setting, use it as a guide when
improving your own nonverbal communications. For example, if you see that when
someone nods their head it communicates approval and positive feedback efficiently,
use it in your next meeting when you have the same feelings.
4 Page
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Communication is to the organization as blood is to the body. The success of all the
functions of management depends upon the effective communication. In this case, the
process and elements should be put in consideration in order to communicate
effectively. The communication process is a simple to complex process depending on
the situation. The elements should also be present in order to successfully make a
successful communication process.
The communication process refers to a series of actions or steps taken in order to

successfully communicate. It involves several components such as the sender of the
communication, the actual message being sent, the encoding of the message, the
receiver and the decoding of the message.
Communication Process
SENDER
ENCODING
FEEDBACK
MESSAGE
CHANNEL NOISE
RECEIVER
DECODING
5 Page
Eight Major Elements of Communication Process
1. Sender - The sender or the communicator is the person who initiates the
conversation and has conceptualized the idea that he intends to convey it to others.
2. Encoding - The sender begins with the encoding process wherein he uses certain
words or non-verbal methods such as symbols, signs, body gestures, etc. to translate
the information into a message. The sender‘s knowledge, skills, perception,
background, competencies, etc. has a great impact on the success of the message.
3. Message - Once the encoding is finished, the sender gets the message that he
intends to convey. The message can be written, oral, symbolic or non-verbal such as
body gestures, silence, sighs, sounds, etc. or any other signal that triggers the response
of a receiver.
4. Communication Channel - The Sender chooses the medium through which he

wants to convey his message to the recipient. It must be selected carefully in order to
make the message effective and correctly interpreted by the recipient. The choice of
medium depends on the interpersonal relationships between the sender and the
receiver and also on the urgency of the message being sent. Oral, virtual, written,
sound, gesture, etc. are some of the commonly used communication mediums.
5. Receiver - The receiver is the person for whom the message is intended or
targeted. He tries to comprehend it in the best possible manner such that the
communication objective is attained. The degree to which the receiver decodes the
message depends on his knowledge of the subject matter, experience, trust and
relationship with the sender.
6. Decoding - Here, the receiver interprets the sender‘s message and tries to
understand it in the best possible manner. An effective communication occurs only if
the receiver understands the message in exactly the same way as it was intended by
the sender.
7. Feedback - The Feedback is the final step of the process that ensures the receiver
has received the message and interpreted it correctly as it was intended by the sender.
It increases the effectiveness of the communication as it permits the sender to know
the efficacy of his message. The response of the receiver can be verbal or non-verbal.
8. Noise - A form of distortion, barrier or obstacle that occurs in an of the oral

communication process.
6 Page
PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION
Since communication is a two-way process, it is significant that you know the principles
to be observed to make it effective. For both oral and written communication, one
should be able to apply the following principles:
7 C’S
1. Complete – The message must contain all facts needed for desired reaction.
2. Clarity – There must be clarity in terms of thought and expression.
3. Concise – The message must be to the point and all unnecessary words must be
eliminated.
4. Courtesy – One must communicate in a friendly and polite manner.
5. Correct – All facts, words, language, information of the message must be accurate.
6. Concrete – The message to be communicated must be specific and not vague.
7. Consideration – One must understand the emotions and sentiments of the receiver.
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL COMMUNICATION
1. Be clear with your purpose. You should know by heart your objective in
communicating.
2. Be complete with the message you deliver. Make sure that your claims are supported
by facts and essential information.
3. Be concise. You do not need to be verbose or wordy with your statements. Brevity in
a speech is a must.
4. Be natural with your delivery. Punctuate important words with the appropriate
gestures and movements. Exude a certain degree of confidence even if you do not feel
confident enough.
5. Be specific and timely with your feedback. Inputs are most helpful when provided on
time.
7 Page
ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION
Ethics is defined as a set of rules or guidelines; these are theories as to which is right or
wrong. In communication, ethics is considerable important because it would likely guide
everyone to effective communication. Theses ethical principles are universal in the
sense that all people should consider these things because of their vitality in the
communication process and effectiveness.
Communication ethics emphasizes that morals influence the behavior of an individual,

group, or organization thereby affecting their communication. For instance, given the
unethical communication practice of a certain company of concealing the non-
remittance of deducted premiums from employees‗ salaries to the SSS or the Social
Security System (or GSIS or Government Service Insurance System in the case of
government offices), the company‗s accountability to its employees is undoubtedly
affected. Compare this situation with that of an organization that observes ethical
practice and remits the employees‗ monthly contributions to the SSS or GSIS regularly.
It is important to note that one‗s behavior should be regulated by honesty, decency,
truthfulness, sincerity, and moral uprightness.
When we communicate, we ask ourselves how harmful or helpful our words and our
ways are. This applies the ethics of communication.
1. Ethical Communicators are Respectful of Their Audience. Communication is a two-

way process. The communicator must consider the audience ideas and feelings during
the interaction.
2. Ethical Communicators Consider the Consequences of their Communication. Every

communicator must bear in mind that the ultimate aim of communication is to promote
the common good. Communication must be set in a way that conflict is reduced or
eliminated.
3. Ethical Communicators Respect the Truth. A great deal of the ethics of

communication involves a respect for truth. Indeed, as one has put it, the assumption
of truth undergirds the very concept of communication itself: "an inherent end of
speech is the communication of belief" (Kupfer 118). If we cannot trust the other party,
we cannot accurately judge how to respond. If we cannot accurately judge how to
respond, then our communication becomes increasingly ineffective.
4. Ethical Communicators Use Information Properly. Communicators have the

responsibility to give and acquire adequate and accurate information. As an ethical
8 Page
communicator, a respect for truth means being informed on a topic before posing as
any kind of authority on the subject. We also need to consider the accuracy of the
information and the accuracy with which we use it. When we communicate, we expect
people to react in some way to what we say and do. When we use inaccurate
information to influence others, we cause difficulty for them and for ourselves.
5. Ethical Communicators Do Not Falsify Information. Worse than the distortion of

information is falsifying information. Failing to find information useful to our goals, we
make it up. This is a form of cheating; therefore, it should by all means be avoided.
6. Ethical Communicators Respect the Rights of Others to information. A respect for

truth and an ethical consideration of others also means respecting the rights of others
in regard to information and access to information. Collecting information is an integral
part of the research process, but stealing information is theft, taking something that
does not belong to us. Beyond the personal act of theft, stealing information is
unethical because it prevents other people from securing information and unnecessarily
makes their lives more difficult.
9 Page
COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION
Globalization has affected us in many ways. Airfare has become cheaper, and one can
travel internationally more than one could in the past. Many Filipinos have decided to
work or live abroad, with some of them migrating to other countries. The free trade of
goods and services all over the world has brought multinational companies and foreign
investors to our shores. Because of all these factors, it is imperative to be aware of the
differences between our culture and the rest of the world‘s cultures.
Because of the advent of the Internet, the world seems to be shrinking continually. One
can communicate internationally in a matter of seconds, whether one is sending an
email, chatting in social media, or sending a text message. One can read about
different cultures, and have access to films, academic papers, and the like from
countries around the world, and vice versa. Given this increasingly shrinking world, one
should know the difference between the kind of English that we write and speak, and
the kind of Englishness that exist outside of the Philippines.
As technology advances, the world is getting smaller. Today we are able to

communicate with people across the globe at the touch of a button. While globalization,
or communication between nations beyond their borders, is an old concept, with the
onset of new technology globalization is affecting the ways we communicate and learn
in fascinating ways. We are expanding our understanding of fellowship and as we
become more connected, we are deepening our educational experiences. The rise in the
use of the internet in particular has been incredibly instrumental in improving the ways
in which we connect with one another.
10 Page
The Effects of Globalization on Global Communication
Increased Business Opportunities
 Many companies today hire employees that are located in other countries. Using
communication vehicles such as video calling make it simple to converse with
colleagues across the globe, almost making it feel as if they are in the same
room. Technology also makes it easier to connect with suppliers and customers
all over the world, and to streamline relationship through improved ordering,
shipment tracking and so on. With this kind of communication technology, many
businesses are able to take advantage of opportunities in different countries or
cities, improving the economic outlook on a global level.
Fewer Cultural Barriers
 Many people perceive culture to be the root of communication challenges. When

people from two different cultures try to exchange information, the way they
speak, their body language or their mannerisms can be interpreted differently by
the other person. The way people approach problems and how they participate
in communities is all influenced by culture. Globalization has made it possible, for
example, for someone in Japan to understand how someone in the U.S. goes
about their day. With television and movies, cultural barriers are becoming less
prevalent. Being able to communicate effectively and frequently with colleagues
or friends across the planet helps people understand each other‗s cultures a little
better.
Creation of a Global Village
 You‗ve likely heard of the phrase "global village," coined by theorist Marshall
McLuhan. Affected both by globalization and global communication, the global
village is created when distance and isolation no longer matter because people
are connected by technology. Wide-spread telephone and internet access have
been life-changing for many people across the world, especially those in
developing countries. Many are now enrolling in universities across the world
without having to leave their desk chair. Virtual assistant jobs are becoming
commonplace, where employees from developing countries work with companies
in North America or Europe, providing administrative support and other business
services that can easily be conducted over the phone or via the internet.
11 Page
Cultural Issues Affecting Communication
1. Language
 There are billions of people in the world who do not understand English or
cannot communicate in English properly. Not speaking properly can cause
various misunderstandings and be a barrier to communication. Different cultures
have developed their own language as a part of their heritage. People are
comfortable communicating in their own language whereas have to work hard to
learn new languages.
2. Signs and Symbols (Semantics)
 Non-verbal communication cannot be relied upon in communication between

people from different cultures as that is also different like language. A sign,
symbols and gestures varies in different cultures. For example, the sign ―thumbs
up‖ is taken as a sign of approval and wishing luck in most of the cultures but is
taken as an insult in Bangladesh. Similarly, the ―V‖ hand gesture with palm faced
outside or inside means victory and peace in US, but back of hand facing
someone showing the sign is taken as insulting in many cultures.
3. Stereotypes and Prejudices
 Stereotyping is the process of creating a picture of a whole culture,

overgeneralizing all people belonging to the same culture as having similar
characteristics and categorizing people accordingly. It is a belief about a certain
group and is mostly negative. Stereotyping can be done on the basis of many
things like nationality, gender, race, religion, ethnicity, age, etc. For example,
Asian students are stereotyped to be good at Math which is a positive
stereotype. But, there is also cultural stereotype of all people following a
particular religion as being violent like Islam and is negative stereotyping.
Negative stereotyping creates prejudices as it provokes judgmental attitudes.
People look at those cultures as evil and treat the people following the religion
wickedly. Media is a tool of mass communication which promotes stereotypes
and prejudices and creates more communication barriers.
12 Page
4. Behavior and Beliefs
 Cultural differences causes behavior and personality differences like body

language, thinking, communication, manners, norms, etc. which leads to
miscommunication. For example, in some cultures eye contact is important
whereas in some it is rude and disrespectful. Culture also sets a specific norms
which dictates behavior as they have guidelines for accepted behavior. It
explains what is right and wrong. Every action is influenced by culture like
ambitions, careers, interests, values, etc. Beliefs are also another cause for
cultural barrier.
13 Page
LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS
Multiculturalism refers to the presence of people with several cultures in a specific

setting. It is the coexistence of diverse cultures, where culture includes racial, religious,
or cultural groups and is manifested in customary behaviors, cultural assumptions and
values, patterns of thinking, and communicative styles.
The world today is characterized by ever growing compacts resulting in communication

between people with different linguistic and cultural background. One of the most
common forms of global communication is an email. A person in one country types a
message and clicks the send button. The message is then encoded into packets which
are sent across the internet to the recipient. In another country, the receiver logs in
and decodes the message by opening the email, and retrieves the message.
Global communication becomes more complicated when there are multiple recipients
from different cultures with different languages all receiving the same message, as well
as when there are more layers added to the channel. For example, if a world leader
makes a speech broadcast across the globe, people from one region may rejoice at the
news, while others may find it offensive. In this case, the channel itself can involve
many different layers, as translators, news, editors and commentators each interpret
the message differently before passing it on to the intended audiences.
LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION
 It is the way on how we communicate to other. By using our own languages and
an English language, we can make a conversation locally or globally. The main
purpose of this is to have an idea on how can we apply what we learned from
them for ourselves and for our community. It can also be the way for our
country to have sufficient knowledge to make it more outstanding.
Local Communication
 Is being able to communicate with the members of your local area. It can either
be in your local language (mother tongue), or a common language that you
speak within your country.
14 Page
Global Communication
 Is the term used to describe ways to connect, share, relate and mobilize across
geographic, politic, economic, social and cultural divides. It redefines soft and
hard power as well as information power of diplomacy in ways not considered by
traditional theories of international relations.
The difference between Multicultural, Intercultural and Cross-Cultural

Communication
Multicultural
 Refers to a society that contains several cultural and ethnic groups. People live
alongside one another, but each cultural group does not necessarily have
engaging interaction with each other.
Intercultural
 Describes communities in which there is a deep understanding and respect for all
cultures.
Cross- Cultural
 Deals with the comparison of different cultures. Cross-cultural communication,

differences are understood and acknowledged, and can bring about individual
change, but not collective transformations.
COMMUNICATING ACROSS CULTURES
 Communicating across cultures is challenging. Each culture has set rules that its
members take for granted. Few of us are aware of our own cultural biases
because cultural imprinting is begun at a very early age. And while some of
culture‗s knowledge, rules, beliefs, values, phobias, and anxieties are taught
explicitly, most of the information is absorbed subconsciously. The challenge for
multinational communication has never been greater. Worldwide business
organizations have discovered that intercultural communication is a subject
importance not just because of increased globalization, but also because their
domestic workforce is growing more and more diverse.
15 Page
VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE
According to an article written by Gleaner, we have five language registers: formal,

casual, intimate, frozen and consultative. These registers can be use depending on the
situation and people we encounter. It is essential to use appropriate varieties and
registers of language in certain communication context because in different situations
and people call for different registers. It shows the level of formality and informality of
the language used. When we use appropriate varieties and register of language we‗re
showing respect, interest, comfortableness and professionalism.
However, we have different approach in language register when it comes to face-to-

face conversation and in written mode. We characterized face-to-face conversation as
multi-modality because we can use different registers and we considered the status,
position or the way of living of the person we‗re communicating with in order to know
when and where to use or drop the formality. While in writing a paper we commonly
use the formal register since the construction of sentences, correction of grammar and
appropriate using of words really matter.
Register
Varieties also called ―Lect‖ a specific form of language or language cluster. This may
include Languages, Dialects, registers, styles or other forms of language, as well as
―Standard Variety‖
Types of Registers
1. Static Register
 This style of communications RARELY or NEVER changes. It is ―frozen‖ in time

and content. e.g. the Pledge of Allegiance, the Lord‘s Prayer, the Preamble to the
US Constitution, the Alma Mater, a bibliographic reference, laws.
2. Formal/Academic Register
 This language is used in formal settings and is one-way in nature. This use of
language usually follows a commonly accepted format. It is usually impersonal
and formal. A common format for this register is speeches. e.g. sermons,
rhetorical statements and questions, speeches, pronouncements made by
judges, announcements.
16 Page
3. Consultative Register
 This is a standard form of communications. Users engage in a mutually

accepted structure of communications. It is formal and societal expectations
accompany the users of this speech. It is professional discourse. e.g. when
strangers meet, communications between a superior and a subordinate, doctor &
patient, lawyer & client, lawyer & judge, teacher & student, counselor & client,
4. Casual Register
 This is informal language used by peers and friends. Slang, vulgarities and
colloquialisms are normal. This is ―group‖ language. One must be member to
engage in this register. e.g. buddies, teammates, chats and emails, and blogs,
and letters to friends.
5. Intimate Register
 This communication is private. It is reserved for close family members or

intimate people. e.g. husband & wife, boyfriend & girlfriend, siblings, parent &
children.
CHARACTERISTICS OF WRITTEN LANGUAGE
1. Permanence — means when students write something they already set in their
mind have to finish in one session. They don‘t think that they can edit or revised their
written to be better because students think their written would be permanence. In this
case teachers perhaps notice for all of students that they just write everything come in
their mind and they can edit it to finish their written.
2. Production time — this part is crucial issue for me. In this part students think
about the deadline. The possibility case in here is students just only focus on the
deadline not for the content of their written. As the result, their written will not maximal
and they cannot or elaborate their written. Again this is also job for teacher to push
students think about the process of learning rather than the result.
3. Distance — have a relationship with the audience anticipation. Before students start
to write, they have to know who will be read their written. If they write for teenager it
also influences the word, phrases and sentences that will use.
17 Page
4. Orthography — this part is talk about the technical of appearance. After writer
consider about the word, phrase and sentence that they will use students also consider
about the font, size and also the picture. All appearance have to connect with the topic
and target of the reader.
5. Complexity — this is talk about the sentence whether students use simple
sentence, combine or complex sentence. We as a teacher will know the students‘
progress of learning. And for the academic writing, students should provide reference.
6. Vocabulary — talk about word richness. We (teacher) can see what a new
vocabulary that they already acquired.
7. Formality — this is complex conventions for academic writing (describe, explain,

compare, criticize, argue, etc). If the writer create academic writing it means the
product have to formal. Because of that the language that they use have to formal and
polite. The font or size have to consistent with the guideline that they use (APA stlye,
MLA etc)
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE
WRITTEN
 Tends to be more complex and intricate than speech with longer sentences and
many subordinate clauses. The punctuation and layout of written text also have
no spoken equivalent
 Usually permanent and written texts cannot usually be changed once they have
been printed/written out.
 Written text can communicate across time and space for as long as the particular
language and writing system is still understand.
 Writers can make use of punctuation, headings, layouts, colors and other
graphical effects in their written texts.
 Some grammatical constructions are only used in writing as are some kinds of
vocabulary such as some complex chemical and legal terms.
SPOKEN
 tends to be full of repetitions, incomplete sentences, corrections and

interruptions with the exception of formal speeches and other scripted forms of
speech such as news reports and scripts for plays and films
18 Page
 Usually transient unless recorded and speakers can correct themselves and
change their utterances as they go along.
 Speech is usually used for immediate interactions.
 Speech can use timing, tone, volume and tremble to add emotional context.
 Some types of vocabulary are used only or mainly speech. These includes slang
expressions, and tags like y‘know, like, etc.
THE FIVE MOST COMMON LANGUAGE REGISTER IN WRITING
1. Formal language register - Is appropriate for professional writing and letters to a

boss or stranger.
 Cannot instead of can‗t
 Have not instead of haven‗t
 Will not instead of won‗t
Example: business letters, announcement, professional emails, some essay, letters

complaint.
2. Informal language register - Is conversational and appropriate when writing to

friends and people you very well.
 They‗ve been fighting all day
 He‗s very busy
 We feel that the target in unrealistic
 I planned many different
Example: short notes diaries and journals
3. Neutral language register - Is non-emotional and sticks to facts. It is most

appropriate for technical writing.
19 Page
EVALUATING MESSAGES AND/ OR IMAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF TEXT

REFLECTING DIFFERENT CULTURES
WHAT IS A MESSAGE?
 In rhetorical and communication studies, a message is defined as information

conveyed by words (in speech or writing), and/or other signs and symbols. A
message (verbal or nonverbal, or both) is the content of the communication
process. The originator of the message in the communication process is the
sender. The sender conveys the message to a receiver.
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE MESSAGE?
 Most media messages serve at least one of three purposes—to educate, to

entertain, or to persuade—and some fulfill all three at once. A blog post, for
example, may entertain its readers but also share some news or promote a
cause or product. Always think about the purpose of a media message before
taking it at face value. Also analyze purpose before sending your own media
messages.
 To Educate or Inform
 To Entertain
 To Persuade
HOW IS THE MESSAGE CONVEYED BY THE TEXT AND/ OR IMAGE?
 We can also convey a message or information, which means that you

communicate it to someone directly or indirectly through your words or actions.
In law, the word ‗convey‘ means to transfer or pass property to someone. A
picture is a great way to convey your message quickly to an audience without
them reading through a lot of text. Shareability: Images can be easily shared by
other people, which means your story will be seen be a larger audience. You
could even link the image back to an article you want your target audience to
read.
WHO IS THE TARGET AUDIENCE OF THE MESSAGE?
 The target audience of the message is the receiver. When you take in a
message, your values, life experience, and culture all plays a role in how you
perceive it.
20 Page
 In media, the target audience refers to the person or group for whom a message
is created. Some messages, like personal email or thank-you notes, target just
one person. Others are meant for larger audiences. Mainstream media producers
in particular want to reach as many people as possible, because larger audiences
are more attractive to advertisers.
WHAT OTHER WAYS OF PRESENTING THE MESSAGE ARE THERE?
As a presenter, you want to make an impact on your audience. After all, you spent a lot
of time working on your slides and your speech, hoping to get everything perfect. To
make your presentation memorable enough for your audience will take some work. But
if you‘re willing to put in the time and the effort to master these techniques:
1. Know your audience
2. Do your research
3. Be authentic and real
4. Be a likable presenter
5. Make a promise in your introduction
6. Focus on one key theme
7. Tell a story
8. Choose the right words
9. Break the ice- Presenters who know how to break the ice can keep their
audience engaged far longer than those who don‘t. Usually, the most common
approach is by using humor.
10. End your presentation strongly- The final tip in this post is to make sure you end
your presentation on a strong note. The conclusion is the last step to make your
message memorable. Don‘t waste it, make it count!
21 Page
COMMUNICATION AIDS AND STRATEGIES USING TOOLS OF TECHNOLOGY
We now live in a world where communicating to different kinds of people from different
places has become possible in just a click of button. Technology, specifically your
access to the internet, has allowed you to connect to individuals or groups who are
miles away from you. Such power in your hands also entails great responsibility. You
are responsible in understanding and learning more about the cultural differences
between and among cultures in order for you to communicate effectively to anyone
regardless of his or her culture or social background.
Technology has taken over the world in these past decades. Its rapid development has
made a huge impact on each aspect of life — and, yes, communication. But how huge
is its impact in communication?
What is a Communication Aid?
 A communication aid helps an individual to communicate more effectively with

people around them.
 Communication aids are also referred to as AAC devices. AAC refers to
Augmentative and Alternative Communication, which is defined as,
… a huge range of techniques which support or replace spoken communication.
These include gesture, signing, symbols, word boards, communication boards
and books, as well as Voice Output Communication Aids (VOCAs).
There are two main types of AAC system: Unaided Communication and Aided
Communication.
 Unaided communication does not use additional equipment. Body language,

gesture, vocalization, signing are typically used.
 Aided communication uses equipment, but this ranges from low-tech to high-
tech methods, with pictures and symbols often used instead of, or together with
words and with alternative hardware options available to provide access. Whilst a
low-tech method of communication like a simple, laminated communication book
to carry around with a few pages of pictures or symbols would be a
communication aid, the term ‗device‘ would only describe a more high-tech
solution. An electronic communication aid can be a dedicated device built for that
job, which does nothing else, or it can be standard computer running specialist
22 Page
communication aid software as well – this includes Apple tablets which are
increasingly being used to help people communicate.
Types of Communication Aids
There are four major types of communication aids:
1. Comprehensive Expressive Aids
 They aim to meet most of a person‘s communication needs throughout the

day. Alphabet boards, communication boards and books with a wide range of
messages represented by letters, words, photos and/or symbols are some of the
most common in this type.
2. Targeted Expressive Aids
 They are designed for specific situations when specific message sets are
needed, such as community request cards, or object symbols to allow a person
to make basic requests.
3. Visual Supports
 They assist you in helping you make sense of your day, remember events or
help with completion of tasks. Many people with complex communication needs
have difficulty with memory and understanding abstract information.
4. Supports for Communication Partners
 They provide details about an individual with complex communication needs,

their means of communication and other routine related information that assist a
communication partner to consistently support them throughout the day.
Benefits of Communication Aids
 Improves speaking and learning ability

 Provides a better understanding of letters and words
 Helps improve diction and the ability to pronounce words
 Gives confidence to an individual when they speak
23 Page
What Are Communication Strategies?
 Communication is the exchange of information between a sender and a receiver.

It used to be that you only had to worry about the way you communicated face-
to-face or on paper. Technology has changed this completely. It is important for
people to take into account every aspect of how they are relaying information.
This is where communication strategies come into play. Communication
strategies are the blueprints for how this information will be exchanged.
Types of Communication Strategies
Communication strategies can be verbal, nonverbal, or visual. Integrating all the

strategies together will allow you to see the most success. This allows a business to
meet employee needs and increase workplace knowledge.
 Verbal communication strategies can be broken down into the two

categories of written and oral communication. Written strategies consist of
avenues such as e-mail, text, and chat. Examples that fall into the oral category
are phone calls, video chats, and face-to-face conversation.
 Nonverbal communication strategies consist of mostly visual cues, such as

body language, facial expressions, physical distance between communicators, or
the tone of your voice. These cues are typically not intended. However, it is
important to realize the message you are sending. Otherwise, you may be saying
one thing, yet the receiver is hearing another.
 Visual communication strategies can be seen through signs, web pages, and
illustrations. These strategies are used in the workplace to draw attention and
provide documentation. Human resources is required to post certain visuals
throughout the workplace to comply with safety laws.
Using Tools of Technology
Multimedia is content that uses a combination of different content forms such as text,
audio, images, animations, video and interactive content. Multimedia contrasts with
media that use only rudimentary computer displays such as text-only or traditional
forms of printed or hand-produced material.
 A transparency, also known variously as a view foil, foil, or view graph, is a

thin sheet of transparent flexible material, typically cellulose acetate, onto which
24 Page
figures can be drawn. These are then placed on an overhead projector for
display to an audience. Many companies and small organizations use a system of
projectors and transparencies in meetings and other groupings of people, though
this system is being largely replaced by video projectors and interactive
whiteboards.
 Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback,

broadcasting, and display of moving visual media.
 Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical, mechanical, electronic, or

digital inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing,
instrumental music, or sound effects.
Communication for Various Purposes to Obtain, Provide, and Disseminate

Information to Persuade and Argue.
Some of best practices in communication for various purposes
1. Learn to listen
 Active listening is the basis of all good communication: If you aren‘t paying
attention to what others are saying, there‘s no way you‘ll be able to respond
effectively. Focus on what your conversation partner is saying, and if necessary,
repeat it mentally to make sure you understand the points they‘re making.
2. Pay attention to body language
 Pay attention to your conversation partner‘s body language: Are they fidgeting
or standing still? Yawning or smiling? Pay attention to your own body language
as well—if your words exude confidence, but your body language expresses
nervousness, your conversation partner will pick up on that. It‘s important both
to read others‘ body language, and to pay attention to your own stance.
3. Observe how others communicate in different contexts
 It‘s important to understand your audience. If you‘re giving a presentation at

work, study how others do it (or watch videos of famous lectures by academics,
business people, or professionals in your field). If you‘re nervous about how to
act at a networking event or party, take cues from the people around you.
25 Page
4. Don’t be afraid of a bit of silence
 Occasional lapses in conversation are natural, so don‘t sweat it if conversation

lags. Plus, letting pauses occur naturally is a good way to make sure you‘re not
interrupting anyone‘s train of thought.
5. Use action verbs and confident language
 Even if you‘re not feeling confident, you can still sound confident. One good
trick is avoiding filler words like ―um‖ and ―uh‖ by slowing down your speech a
bit. Another is using strong action verbs—use your resume for fodder and stick
to descriptive verbs like ―evaluate,‖ ―manage,‖ and ―advise.‖
6. Ask questions
 Ask clarifying questions: It‘ll ensure you understand what your conversation
partner is saying and show that you‘re paying attention.
7. Find common ground, even in an argument
 Finding a shared interest or opinion with your conversation partner is always a

great strategy—it‘ll make the conversation more enjoyable for both of you as
well as show your conversation partner that you‘ve got something in common.
But finding common ground in an argument can be just as important. If you
disagree with someone, try to find a related point that you do agree with—it‘ll
show you‘re trying to understand their point of view.
8. Be prepared and know what you’re talking about
 Knowing your subject matter will put you at ease and make it easier to
communicate your ideas to others. If you‘re preparing for a job interview, make
sure you are familiar with the position and the company; if you‘re giving a
presentation, know your stuff!
9. If you want to subtly change the subject, find a verbal bridge
 We all occasionally end up in a conversation that‘s not going in a direction we

like. Finding a polite way to change the subject can be tough, but one good trick
is finding a ―bridge.‖ This can mean finding a topic somewhere in between the
current one and the one you‘re interested in or involve using a more general
phrase that will help you shift the topic. For instance, phrases like ―Yes, but,‖
26 Page
―What I can tell you is,‖ or ―The important thing to remember is,‖ all let you
subtly shift the focus.
10. Find the best way to frame your story
 Whether you‘re giving a lecture or telling your friend a funny story, it‘s
important to figure out how to frame it to make it interesting and engaging.
Identify your hook (What makes your story interesting? Why would others care
about it?) and pick a framing device: Are you taking your listener on a journey?
Explaining a theory? Or making an argument for something? It‘s important to
clearly define early on where your story is going.
11. Relax
 Though it‘s important to be self-aware during an important or stressful

conversation, ultimately one of the most effective communication strategies is
just relaxing, and acting like you would normally—while, of course, remaining
professional.
Communication to Obtain Information
Communication to Provide and Disseminate Information
The effectiveness of a given dissemination strategy depends on factors such as the

characteristics of the innovation, the target audience, and the information channel. The
strategy that works well for transmitting general information to the masses may be
inappropriate for communicating specific research findings to policy makers. The
strategy that works well for diffusing technological innovations among organizations
may not be compatible with dissemination strategies linked to the development of third
world countries. Strategies designed for reaching one minority group may not fit well
with another minority group. Getting the proper fit among the innovation, information
channel, purpose, and target audience is important. While the prosumer approach will
help facilitate the dissemination process in ways not possible under the old paradigm,
understanding channels for communication and how these are changing is essential to
effective utilization efforts under either paradigm.
Characteristics of communication channels worthy of note, according to Rogers

(1986:21), are: message flow, source knowledge of the audience, segmentation,
27 Page
degree of interactivity, feedback, synchronicity, socio emotional vs. task-related

content, nonverbal, control of the communication flow, and privacy afforded.
He charted these characteristics across face-to-face interpersonal communication,

interactive (machine assisted interpersonal) communication, and mass media.
I. Mass media
 Mass communication includes electronic and print media. Electronic media

includes radio, television, teletext, videotext, and satellite telecommunications.
Print media encompasses books, newspapers, magazines, newsletters, and
comics. Historically, as each new media entered the scene, owners of existing
forms of mass communication reassessed the futures of their respective media.
 The advantages and disadvantages of each form of mass communication

provide guidance for selecting the best medium to fit the intended audience and
the dissemination purpose.
A. Effectiveness areas of electronic media
Radio
 Radios with their great flexibility and adaptability wake us up, inform us, and
entertain us. Hiebert and others (1988:173) say that radio has become more
individualized and personalized. Talk show hosts communicate directly to each
listener and caller. No longer is radio the medium that unites family members at
night. Each family member now listens to differing stations at differing locations
and at differing times of the day.
 Individualization of the radio is in keeping with the megatrends identified by

Naisbitt and Aburdene.
Television
 To reach the most numbers of people with general information, television is the
logical, though most expensive, choice. Television is in more than 98 percent of
the American homes. It appeals to more than one of the five senses and has
become the dominant leisure activity. Television "is society's mass entertainer,
mass informer, mass persuader, and mass educator" (Ibid, 215).
28 Page
Teletext & Videotext
 (Hiebert et al, 1988:200-201; Rogers, 1986:45-50) Teletext permits individuals

to select textual and graphic information available through standard broadcasting
signals. They access this information by using keypads or decoders connected to
television sets. The information providers insert digital data into lines of
television referred to as vertical blanking intervals. Users select pages of
information from up to 400 potential frames of information and wait from ten to
twenty-five seconds for the desired frame to appear. Because advertising
supports teletext, the service is virtually free to anyone who buys a decoder.
Video cassettes/discs
 Videocassette recorders (VCRs) have become integral to home entertainment.

More than 40 percent of all American households have VCRs. Users average six
hours a week for recording and more for playing (Heibert et al, 1988:202).
Videodiscs are also becoming more prominent and are marketed much like
records or books. Corporate videos are emerging as a major communication
medium (Ibid, 215).
In the educational arena interactive video has come more and more to the forefront.
Interactive video provides a way to be with knowledge as well as provides knowledge
itself. It encourages individual autonomy and shows respect for individual pacing of
knowledge acquisition. This instructional mode of information giving further
individualizes information access and use.
B. Effectiveness areas of print media
Newspapers
 Although newspapers are no longer the fastest medium for carrying the bulletins
and headlines of the day, they still provide the best display and in depth
coverage of events and news (Ibid, 70-72). Hiebert and others (1988) say there
has been an increase in readers at the same time there has been a decrease in
the number of newspapers. Roberts & Maccoby (1985), on the other hand, cite
studies that indicate a decrease in readership especially among younger adults
who do not have the newspaper-reading habit and are less likely to develop it as
they grow older. They even offer references and explanations for why there is a
decrease. Factors they cite include decline in home ownership, increase in single-
29 Page
person households, increase of women in the labor force, fractionation of the

city, and changes in amounts of available time.
Magazines and Journals
 Unlike newspapers with daily deadlines, magazines have time to look more
closely at issues for analysis and interpretation. They can follow the flow of
events over time through a series on a given topic in subsequent editions of the
magazine. "Surveys of magazine readers' actions suggest that readers tend to
take more action as a result of their reading than is taken by consumers of other
media" (Hiebert et al, 1988:92).
Newsletters
 Newsletters, generally free of ads, provide a more personal mode of

communication. These more timely, modest styled, vehicles of communication
appeal to all strata of society and varied forms of literacy. There are more than
4,000 commercial newsletters and thousands of subsidized newsletters
published. The latter may be used to promote or persuade or provide
communication within an organization or a group. Congressional members use
newsletters to keep in touch with their constituencies. Professional associations,
church groups, factory workers, fraternal organizations, alumni, labor units, etc.
also use newsletters to communicate with their members (Ibid, 100). While the
newsletter is inexpensive and simple to produce, its longevity depends on its
content appeal to its targeted audience. "Many newsletters have short lifetimes
and make only a fleeting impression" (Ibid, 100). A typical newsletter publishing
company is Phillips Publishing of Washington, D.C. They now publish 20
newsletters.
Books
 Books are more permanent but less timely than other print media. They are
more personal and more respected. They have a higher rate of reusability
(Ibid,38-39). While books at one point in history were written for a more literate
or elite audience, today's books, especially the "how-to" ones appeal to the less
literate. No longer does a person need to be a "reader" to appreciate and use a
book's contents. As a tool for disseminating information about new research or
technology, books contribute to the enlightenment models of utilization or the
spread effect. Production schedules, display practices, and marketability factor
into decisions on whether to communicate new research via books.
30 Page
Comics
 Comic strips and comic books are still other print vehicles for communicating.
While not the typical research dissemination mode, their potential may have
been under-assessed.
 More than 100 comic book companies publish 300 titles and sell in excess of 250
million copies annually (Ibid, 98).
Persuasion and Persuasive Communication
 The term persuasion means to force into something

 The art of persuasion is the art of finding the best available means of moving a
specific audience in a specific situation to a specific decision
 Persuasive communication has one core purpose; to get the readers to support,
believe, and act in favor of presenter
Designing Persuasive Communications
1. First, establish communication objective.
 Promote Image
 Create Awareness
 Message Retention
 Stimulate Action
2. Second, choose media strategy
 Consumer profile - specific media consumers read or watch

 Which media does your target audience listen to or read?
 Audience profile - descriptions of audiences that listen to/watch specific media
3. Third, decide on message strategy
 Issues to be considered (words vs. Pictures, vividness, repetition, semantics)

 Goal of the message strategy is to be persuasive relative to the communications
objective
Language
 It‘s very important to use language that fits the audience and the purpose you
want to achieve
31 Page
 Inappropriate language uses can damage your credibility, undermine your

argument, or alienate your audience
 The following sums up the aspect of language (levels of formality, in-group
jargon, slang and idiomatic expressions, deceitful language and euphemisms and
biased language)
Levels of formality
 The level of formality should be determined by the expectations of your audience

and your purpose
 Formal (To unknown Audience)
 Semi-formal (To well-known individual or audience)
 Informal(incorrect)
 Distinguish between formal and semi-formal depending on purpose
Group Jargon
 Jargon or specialized language used by small groups of like-minded individuals

A. Avoid using in-group jargon in general audience without explanations
B. Use group-specific jargon; if you want to address in group audience
 Not using the jargon when it is expected by your audience can
A. Signal to the audience that you are not a member of that group
B. Mean you have not mastered the group‘s terminology
C. Can damage your credibility
D. Interfere with your purpose in presentation
Slang and Idiomatic Expressions
 Avoid using slang or idiomatic expressions (pull someone‘s leg or spill the beans
and something smells fishy)
 These words make one sound informal and hence, less credible
Deceitful Language and Euphemisms
 Avoid using any language whose purpose is deceitful (seems to mislead or cheat)
 Euphemisms are terms that attempt to cover up that which is wrong, unethical
taboo or harsh
 Language can also be deceitful if it is overly complex or confusing
32 Page
 Confusing language is deliberately created and is used to downplay the truth or

to evade responsibility
Stereotypes and Biased Language
 Avoid language that is stereotypical or biased in any way

 Biased language occurs with gender, can also offend groups of people based on
sexual orientation, ethnicity, interest or race
 Stereotyped language - Stereotyped language assumes a stereotype about a
group of people
 Non-sexist language - non sexist, non-biased way is both ethically sound and
effective
 Uses-generic - humankind instead of mankind
 Occupation - firefighter instead of fireman
Processes to Persuade by Communication
There are four kinds of processes that determine the extent to which a person will be
persuaded by a communication.
1. Attention - one must first get the intended audience to listen what one has to say
2. Comprehension - the intended audience must understand the argument or

message presented
3. Acceptance - the intended audience must accept the arguments or conclusions

presented in the communication; this acceptance is based on the rewards presented in
the message
4. Retention - the message must be remembered, have staying in power.
Variables for Persuasive Communication
1. Source - what characteristics of the speaker affect persuasive impact
2. Communication - what aspects of message will have the most impact?
3. Audience - how persuadable are the individuals in the audience?
4. Audience reactions - what aspects of the source of communication elicit counter

arguing reactions in the audience?
33 Page
The Persuader
 There will be more opinion change in the desired direction if the communicator
has high credibility
 The credibility of the persuader is less of factor in opinion change later on than it
is immediately after exposure
 A communicator‘s effectiveness is increased if he/she initially expresses some
views that are also held by the audience
 What an audience thinks of a persuader may directly influence their thinking
about the message
 Communicator characteristics, irrelevant to the topic of the message can
influence acceptance of its conclusion
How to Present the Issues
 Present one side of the argument when the audience is generally friendly
 Present both sides of the argument when the audience starts disagreeing with
you
 When opposite views are presented one after another, the one presented last
will probably be more effective.
34 Page
COMMUNICATION FOR WORK PURPOSES
‗‗No matter what job you have in life, your success will be determined 5% by your
academic credentials, 15% by your professional experience and 80% by your
communication skills.‘‘
-Anonymous
In today‘s competitive world, effective communication skills is one of the major

determinants of a successful and lasting career of a professional or even of an
entrepreneur. It is the foundation in which robust careers and strong companies are
built. In this lesson, you will be introduced to be basic concepts of effective
communication that can lead to workplace success. Are you ready?
Benefits of Effective Communication in the Workplace
1. Communication mitigates conflict
 Good communication can resolve—and even avoid—conflict. After all, who

actually likes tension at work? Effective communication based on active listening
has the power to prevent miscommunications and handle differences of opinion
with civility and respect. Learning how to communicate with people in a way that
they understand and connect with is a superpower like no other.
2. It improves public relations
 Effective communication isn‘t just for your team. Internal communications are
essential, but businesses must also interact with external agents (whether that‘s
a formal sponsorship agreement, reaching out to the public on social media, or
answering incoming calls). Effective communication helps organizations connect
with their clients, sponsors, and any other external bodies. Customers who feel
listened to and valued by an organization are more likely to stick around.
Likewise, businesses with loyal customers gain a reputation for credibility and
superior customer service.
3. Communication fuels innovation
 Communication goes hand in hand with growth and innovation. Why? Because
great communication reduces the amount of time wasted. Employees don‘t have
uncertainties over what they need to do, when, or how they need to do it,
35 Page
meaning projects run smoothly. Plus, when employees have the confidence to
communicate ideas freely, both amongst each other and with senior
management, creativity thrives and innovation is born. Not only is that great for
the company, but it contributes to employee morale and retention as a result.
4. Communication builds existing skills
 Without an open line of communication, even the best talent can become
lethargic, unmotivated, and disengaged. When managers and senior staff are
good communicators themselves, they can expect to bring out each individual‘s
best skills. Don‘t lose your best minds over poor communication. By employing
active listening with your employees, you‘ll get to know their unique talents and
give them opportunities that will help them thrive.
5. It increases job satisfaction and loyalty
 When employees, managers, and senior leadership are engaged rather than
estranged, something magical happens. Suddenly businesses experience a surge
in employee engagement. Strong communication leads to heightened satisfaction
and loyalty as a result. Instead of browsing for their next job on LinkedIn, your
employees will be singing your praises.
Ways to Effectively Communicate in the Workplace
1. Communicate face-to-face whenever possible
Companies have been relying on email as a primary method of communication for the
past several years. Electronic communication can have a detrimental effect on any type
of relationship, especially relationships with co-workers. How many times have you sent
an email to a co-worker or superior that was misconstrued? Even if you had good
intentions, electronic communication is often misinterpreted. Since the majority of
meaning during a conversation comes from nonverbal gestures and facial expressions,
it is easier to decipher the meaning behind what a person says when communicating
face-to-face. When gestures and smiles are taken out of the equation, recipients can
get the wrong idea – especially if the person isn‘t the most articulate writer. To improve
workplace communication, pick up the phone every once in a while, or pay a visit your
co-worker when you have something important to say.
36 Page
2. Provide clear information
Workplace communication involves passing information from one person to the other. If
you do not communicate clearly and accurately, it can cause confusion instead of
clarity. Plan your communication to ensure that you are passing along the correct
information and the right amount so those you are communicating with understand
what you are saying. Avoid emails written in haste and always plan what you want to
say before speaking to avoid miscommunication.
3. Combine verbal and nonverbal communication
If you want to become a more effective communicator, you need to understand the
importance of nonverbal communication. Be mindful that your verbal and nonverbal
messages are in agreement. If you are trying to convey approval of something your co-
worker has said, for example, ensure that your nonverbal gestures complement your
words. Positive nonverbal feedback, such as head-nodding when the other person is
talking accompanied by open body posture help the conversation flow more smoothly.
4. Don’t just hear – listen
Listening is an important communication skill that many people do not possess. Most
conflict is a result of poor listening. In order to share information with another person,
you have to hear what is being communicated. If you‘re thinking about your next
meeting or planning tonight‘s dinner during the conversation, you‘re not paying
attention. To learn how to listen well, paraphrase what was said to show that you are
listening and to verify accuracy. This will reduce the likelihood of conflict and will help
you become a more effective communicator. Another way to learn how to listen better
is to pretend there is going to be a quiz at the end of the discussion. Try to keep a
mental checklist of all of the important points the person makes.
5. Ask questions
Asking questions not only shows you were listening, but also confirms that you
understood the other person. You can also use questions to gather additional
information and help you understand the conversation. Make sure your questions relate
specifically to what is being said. Don‘t change the subject by asking questions about a
totally different topic.
37 Page
6. Handle conflicts with diplomacy
If you feel someone misunderstood something you communicated, talk to him or her
about it as soon as possible. Doing so can prevent unnecessary resentment and loss of
productivity. To prevent a small misunderstanding from turning into major crises,
handle it right away. When handling a conflict, respond with an open-mind and refrain
from personal attacks. Ask questions and listen carefully to the responses so you can
understand where the other person is coming from. Doing so will help you reach a
resolution that is acceptable to everyone.
7. Refrain from gossip
If your co-workers have a habit of gossiping about others in the office, simply listen and
smile, and get back to work. Gossiping gives people a negative impression of you and
can cause problems down the line. Gossip also gets in the way of effective workplace
communication because it has a negative impact on relationships with co-workers. You
will earn the respect of your co-workers if you refrain from engaging in gossip and you
will be viewed with more credibility.
8. Avoid being personal with your co-workers
Be aware of disclosing too much personal information to the people you work with. Aim
to be friendly, yet professional. If you become too personal with co-workers, you‘ll risk
the likelihood of being perceived as less credible when communicating about something
important. Controlling your emotions is also very important. Your co-workers don‘t need
to witness your hysteria over an argument with your significant other; behaving this
way will give them a negative impression and cause them to avoid talking to you.
9. Avoid discussing controversial topics
Try to keep the topic of conversation in the workplace neutral. Refrain from discussing
politics or other controversial topics in the office to prevent offending anyone. While it‘s
a great idea to talk to the people you work with and get to know them, it‘s best to
avoid controversial subjects.
10. Offer positive feedback
If your co-worker performs a task well, tell him or her. Providing positive feedback is a
great way to improve workplace communication. It also helps people view you more
favorably and encourages open communication. Having a positive attitude in general at
38 Page
work will open the door for effective communication prompting people to respond more
favorably to you.
COMMUNICATION FOR EMPLOYMENT
This lesson is divided into three sub-lessons: writing resumes, writing cover letters
and building interview skills. All three are essential in your future job search and, of
course, in building your dream careers. You will begin with one of the most important
writing tasks in your entire career-writing a resume.
The employer communicates with the job-seeker or prospective talents about the
vacancies, company culture, perks and benefits and security, etc. Employers use
creative means to attract and retain the best talents.
• The prospective candidates communicate with the employer about their interest and
willingness to work with through different mediums.
• Employment communication is the viable way or ways through which the jobseeker
persuades the employer to hire him/her by demonstrating that his/her knowledge,
expertise and skills satisfy the job requirements in the best possible manner.
• Looking for a job is not a single event; it is a process. The job seeker has to invest
time and energy in the job process.
• It is not as difficult as it appears to land on a good job even in the midst of tough
competitions.
• Another fact that needs attention here is that it is not necessarily the ‗most talented‘
who bags the prize (here, ‗job‘), rather someone who has excellent job search skills and
of course, he who performs adequately.
An aspirant for a job has to pass through various stages to get the job. The stages are
as follows.
Know Your Potentials
 The jobseeker must know his/her potential or resources and assess them
thoroughly. In this way, he/she can plan the strategy for going through the
process of job searching.
39 Page
Recognize Potential Employer
 The jobseekers need to choose the field(s) to perform and excel in. If he has the
required competence for banking sector, he may choose the employer (any of
the existing banks) who can meet his expectations as a job holder.
Applying for the Job
 At this stage the jobseeker needs to be sincere in preparing the curriculum vitae,
resume or bio-data.
Interviewing; participating in Group Discussion
 At this stage, the jobseeker reaches the final round of his job search. Successful
completion of this stage lands him/her in the job.
Curriculum Vitae Resume & Biodata
In this section, we will learn about curriculum vitae, resume and biodata and the
differences (if any) exist between them.
Curriculum vitae resume or bio-data are authentic and brief account of a person‘s
education, qualifications, previous engagements, other skills typically sent with a job
application.
Curriculum Vitae (CV)
 The phrase ‗curriculum vitae‘, of Latin origin, means ‗course of life‘. It provides a
detailed account of the applicant covering every skill, all the jobs and positions
held, degrees, professional affiliations he/she has acquired, in proper sequence.
 The CV is an in-depth and structured information about professional experience
and qualification of a person. It is more elaborate than a Resume.
 Like Resume, a CV is a list of relevant information of a person seeking
employment. Considering the length of the subject-matter, the CV may extend to
three-four pages depending on the age, experience and achievements of a
person.
Components of a Good CV
 As the CV acts as an identity card for an applicant‘s entry into his/her chosen
job, it should have the following details.
40 Page
Personal Details
 Personal details contain address, email, phone number, marital status,

nationality, date and place of birth and also addition of social media account if it
is used in a professional way
Educational Qualifications
 This contains the qualifications in a chronological order with authentic data.
Work Experience
 This includes specific applicable experience in relation to the job as opposed to

generalities.
Skill Summary
 This includes a brief bulleted list of the relevant skills and experience that the
applicant possesses. Adding this section can capture the attention of the
recruiter who spends a few seconds to read the CV. Here, computer skills should
be prioritized.
Knowledge of Languages
 This includes the applicant‘s proficiency (both spoken and writing abilities) in
languages.
Interests and Other Activities
 The interests and activities include hobbies, interests and other relevant topics
about the applicant pertinent to the context.
A. WRITING RESUME
How Does A Resume Work?
Resume, a French word, means ‗summary‘. In fact, a Resume contains a summary of

the applicant‘s education, professional skills, previous jobs and personal interests.
However, a Resume doesn‘t usually list out all the education and professional
qualification, but only highlights specific skills.
41 Page
• It aims at presenting a personalized document that must be fully groomed using

applicant‘s effective writing skill.
• It should be precise and factual where each sentence needs to be authentic and not
blown up beyond the value.
Advantages of A Well-written Resume
Following are the advantages of a well-written resume −
• It is the first tangible contact with the applicant‘s prospective employer; hence, it is
essential to keep up the ‗first impression last long‘ feeling. Here, the employer carries
out a preliminary examination about whether the applicant qualifies for The job or not.
• Though Resume or CV may not be sole basis for hiring deserving candidate, it could
be a reason for their early rejection. An unattractive Resume eliminates the applicant‘s
chance of applying the job in question.
• The Resume or CV should be designed and drafted in ways that attract the fleeting
eyes of the employer who usually spends a little time on each resume. A recruiter
screens hundreds of job application for even a few vacancies.
• It provides the opportunity to highlight unique skills
Do’s and Don’ts in Preparing CV or Resume
In this section, we will learn about the Do‘s and Don‘ts that need to be considered while
preparing a CV or Resume –
 Contain your CV or Resume within a reasonable length.

 CV should be true and factual.
 On the first page, enough personal details should be provided for potential
employer to contact you easily.
 Choose a format that highlights key skills, key competencies, key achievements
or key attributes.
 Your employment background should begin with your current job and work
backwards.
 List all relevant qualifications.
 Do not include negative or irrelevant information.
 Include details of training or skills development events attended.
42 Page
 Use a very good quality paper.

 Do not use a type size less than 11pt.
 Do not be tempted to shrink the font or reduce the margins to get more
information in.
 Use good font face like Times New Roman or Arial
 Don‘t allow any spelling or grammatical error in any way
 Use bulleted paragraphs. This will save space and make the CV more effective.
 Emphasize achievements that are recent and are most relevant for the position
for which the candidate is applying.
 Do explain all significant breaks in your career or education. Recruiters hate
unexplained gaps.
 While submitting a resume, it must be accompanied with a cover letter to make
the readers aware of what is being send, and how can it be beneficial to the
readers.
 Include references if possible in a resume. If giving references, use three to five.
 Include at least one lecturer, and at least one employer.
 To stress upon the key points in a resume, put them in appropriate headings, list
them vertically, and provide details.
 Do not include pages of obscure testimonials, references, newspaper cuttings
and brochures.
 Proofread the draft to avoid mistakes and typographic errors.
B. APPLICATION LETTER
What Is a Job Application Letter?
A job application letter, also known as Covering letter, is sent attached with the
applicant‘s Resume or CV. The letter represents the documents attached with the
application. It provides a brief account of the applicant‘s interest in the job in question.
Effective application letter explains well the reasons for the applicant‘s interest in the
specific organization and the job he/she is applying for.
The application letter communicates to the employer about the position the applicant is
applying for, and what makes him/her the most suitable candidate, why he/should be
selected for an interview etc.
Tips for Effective Job Application Letter
 Always attach a covering letter, even if, it is not asked for.

 Use formal letter format
43 Page
 Provide concrete evidence of your proven skills with recent instances to make
you a preferred candidate for the job
 Be concise and stick to most essential points
 Be sincere and honest in expressing yourself
 Edit thoroughly before you send the document
Components of a Good Job Application Letter
Following are the different components of a job application letter –
 Applicant‘s present address

 Date
 Employer‘s address
 Salutation: Begin the letter with ‗Dear Mr. / Mrs. Last name‘; in case, the last
name is not known, simply, write ‗Dear HR Manager‘
 Body of the letter
 First Paragraph that explains the reasons for writing and job the applicant is
applying for.
 Second Paragraph, where the applicant mentions his/her skills and experiences
that are good fit for the job. It also explains what the applicant has to offer the
employer.
 Last paragraph contains thank you to the addressee and a couple of line as to
how the applicant will follow up
 Signature − End the letter with a polite closing, such as ‗Sincerely‘ or ‗Regards‘
and your signature.
C. JOB INTERVIEW
Job Interview
The lexical meaning of Job Interview is a formal meeting at which someone is asked
questions in order to find out if they are suitable for a post of employment. It is one of
the most globally recognized and popularly used devices for employee selection. Even
if, a job interview is a challenging experience for the applicant and a time consuming
exercise for the employer, it plays a pivotal role in determining whether the interviewer
(employer) and the interviewee will make an effective match. However, a candidate
44 Page
appearing for an interview is suggested to get through the screening test based upon
his/her job application letter and CV.
Importance of Job Interview
Apart from being one of the most popular devices for employee selection, job interview
is important for many reasons.
 Interview is where a candidate can make a favorable impression.

 It provides a great deal of value for the company and the candidates alike.
 It provides a chance to the employer to assess the candidate‘s personality and
expertise to determine if he/she would be a befitting person for the post for
which the interview is being conducted.
 It serves as a two-way medium for the exchange of information.
 The interviewer learns more about the candidate and the candidate in turn
comes to learn about the organization and the demands of the job.
 It provides a selling opportunity for the organization as well as the candidate.
 Job interview enables the employer or the organization to weed out unsuitable
candidates and select the most deserving ones for the job in question.
 The employer can analyze the communication skills of the candidate from the
interview.
 It is the only method of direct contact between the candidate and the employer.
 It gives the interviewer an opportunity to verify the information provided in the
Resume or the CV and explore and clarify any issue raised by the resume.
 It also enables the employer to obtain some information about the candidate
which might not be available otherwise like his/her future plans, perceptions
about some burning issues, etc.
 It provides the platform where the organization gives information about itself, its
policies and its culture and work environment and also the job of the candidate.
Types of Interview
• Face-to-face Interview − This is the most common form of job interview where
the interviewers physically meet the interviewees.
• Telephonic Interview − This takes place on cell phones, land lines.
• Sequential Interview − This is where the candidate is interviewed on a one to-one

basis by interviewers separately.
45 Page
• Direct Interview − This is where the candidates are obliged to answer a set
question paper assigned to them by the employer.
• Panel Interview − This is where three or more members of the hiring organization
sit and question the interviewee on current issues and other critical topics.
Before attending an interview, the candidate should know about the organization and
prepare some general questions often asked during the interview.
Popular Questions asked during an Interview
Following is a list of some popular questions asked during an interview –
 Tell us about yourself.

 How would you like to describe your strengths and weaknesses?
 Why should you like to work in our organization?
 Why should we hire you?
 What are your career objectives?
 What type of work do you enjoy most?
How to Crack the Interview?
Interview is the stage where there is invisible battle fought between the interviewer(s)
and the interviewee where one tries best to eliminate the other. The interviewer(s) tries
to eliminate some candidates as they have to choose a few best ones among the many.
The interviewee wants to obtain the job of his/her choice. It is not as tough as it
appears to successfully go through the interview. One can play skillfully in the interview
if he/she is well-aware of his/her actions and behaviors before and during the interview.
46 Page
COMMUNICATION FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES
Introduction to Academic Writing
Your academic success depends heavily on your ability to communicate-to fellow

researchers in your discipline, to instructors in your department, and perhaps even to
the public at large. Communicating well in an academic setting involves not only
following the basic rules that govern all good communication, but also adhering to the
particular norms of academic genres.
Students, professors, and researchers in every discipline use academic writing to

convey ideas, make arguments, and engage in scholarly conversation. Academic writing
is characterized by evidence-based arguments, precise word choice, logical
organization, and an impersonal tone. Though sometimes thought of as long-winded or
inaccessible, strong academic writing is quite the opposite: It informs, analyzes, and
persuades in a straightforward manner and enables the reader to engage critically in a
scholarly dialogue.
Examples of Academic Writing
Academic writing is, of course, any formal written work produced in an academic
setting. While academic writing comes in many forms, the following are some of the
most common.
Literary analysis: A literary analysis essay examines, evaluates, and makes an

argument about a literary work. As its name suggests, a literary analysis essay goes
beyond mere summarization. It requires careful close reading of one or multiple texts
and often focuses on a specific characteristic, theme, or motif.
Research paper: A research paper uses outside information to support a thesis or

make an argument. Research papers are written in all disciplines and may be
evaluative, analytical, or critical in nature. Common research sources include data,
primary sources (e.g., historical records), and secondary sources (e.g., peer-reviewed
scholarly articles). Writing a research paper involves synthesizing this external
information with your own ideas.
Dissertation: A dissertation (or thesis) is a document submitted at the conclusion of a

Ph.D. program. The dissertation is a book-length summarization of the doctoral
candidate‘s research.
47 Page
Academic papers may be done as a part of a class, in a program of study, or for

publication in an academic journal or scholarly book of articles around a theme, by
different authors.
Characteristics of Academic Writing
Most academic disciplines employ their own stylistic conventions. However, all academic
writing shares certain characteristics.
1. Clear and limited focus. The focus of an academic paper—the argument or research
question—is established early by the thesis statement. Every paragraph and sentence of
the paper connects back to that primary focus. While the paper may include
background or contextual information, all content serves the purpose of supporting the
thesis statement.
2. Logical structure. All academic writing follows a logical, straightforward structure. In

its simplest form, academic writing includes an introduction, body paragraphs, and a
conclusion. The introduction provides background information, lays out the scope and
direction of the essay, and states the thesis. The body paragraphs support the thesis
statement, with each body paragraph elaborating on one supporting point. The
conclusion refers back to the thesis, summarizes the main points, and highlights the
implications of the paper‘s findings. Each sentence and paragraph logically connects to
the next in order to present a clear argument.
3. Evidence-based arguments. Academic writing requires well-informed arguments.

Statements must be supported by evidence, whether from scholarly sources (as in a
research paper), results of a study or experiment, or quotations from a primary text (as
in a literary analysis essay). The use of evidence gives credibility to an argument.
4. Impersonal tone. The goal of academic writing is to convey a logical argument from
an objective standpoint. Academic writing avoids emotional, inflammatory, or otherwise
biased language. Whether you personally agree or disagree with an idea, it must be
presented accurately and objectively in your paper.
Most published papers also have abstracts: brief summaries of the most important
points of the paper. Abstracts appear in academic database search results so that
readers can quickly determine whether the paper is pertinent to their own research.
48 Page
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Academic writers from every field face similar challenges during the writing process.
You can improve your own academic writing by avoiding these common mistakes.
1. Wordiness. The goal of academic writing is to convey complex ideas in a clear,

concise manner. Don‘t muddy the meaning of your argument by using confusing
language. If you find yourself writing a sentence over 25 words long, try to divide it into
two or three separate sentences for improved readability.
2. A vague or missing thesis statement. The thesis statement is the single most
important sentence in any academic paper. Your thesis statement must be clear, and
each body paragraph needs to tie into that thesis.
3. Informal language. Academic writing is formal in tone and should not include
slang, idioms, or conversational language.
4. Description without analysis. Do not simply repeat the ideas or arguments from
your source materials. Rather, analyze those arguments and explain how they relate to
your point.
5. Not citing sources. Keep track of your source materials throughout the research
and writing process. Cite them consistently using one style manual (MLA, APA, or
Chicago Manual of Style, depending on the guidelines given to you at the outset of the
project). Any ideas that are not your own need to be cited, whether they're
paraphrased or quoted directly, to avoid plagiarism.
Writing to Describe and Narrate
The impulse to share stories is one of humankind‘s basic instincts. Narrative and
descriptive writing skills enable you to tell good stories in order to accomplish varied
purposes such as to entertain, to instruct or to help others in their understanding of
something, to spark one‘s imagination. The ability to describe something convincingly
will serve you, as a writer, well in any kind of writing situation. The most important
thing to remember is that your job as a writer is to show, not tell. It is, therefore,
important to equip yourself with the tools for effective and impactful narrative and
descriptive writing.
49 Page
Style models
As with other writing tasks, when you are asked to write descriptively, it is always best
to read other professional examples to use as 'style models', helping you to pick out
some key techniques or conventions of this style of writing.
Context - This is a piece of highly descriptive writing taken from the genre of a ghost
story, designed to be entertaining. It has a style we call gothic so is expected to be
quite dark in its style. It was first published in 1896 so some of the language will be
different from what we use today.
Audience - The original readers will have been educated adults who enjoy reading
ghost stories for entertainment.
Purpose - The purpose is mainly to entertain. As with all serious literature, the writer
might also have the purpose of exploring certain themes that might even promote a
particular moral viewpoint. As it is gothic in style, it will probably aim to scare us too.
Improving your writing
There are some effective ways to improve your descriptive sentences by adding extra
detail. The first is by adding adjectives.
Structuring your writing - The photograph method One method that can be used to
help with descriptive writing is to imagine you are looking at a photograph, almost as if
you are a swiveling camera aiming at parts of a scene to record what is there. You can
then home in on different parts of the scene.
WRITING TO NARRATE
Narration means the art of storytelling, and the purpose of narrative writing is to tell
stories. Any time you tell a story to a friend or family member about an event or
incident in your day, you engage in a form of narration. In addition, a narrative can be
factual or fictional.
The big distinction between factual and fictional narratives is based on a writer‘s
purpose. The writers of factual stories try to recount events as they actually happened,
but writers of fictional stories can depart from real people and events because the
writers‘ intents are not to retell a real-life event. Biographies and memoirs are examples
of factual stories, whereas novels and short stories are examples of fictional stories.
50 Page
Know Your Purpose
Because the line between fact and fiction can often blur, it is helpful to understand
what your purpose is from the beginning. Is it important that you recount history, either
your own or someone else‘s? Or does your interest lie in reshaping the world in your
own image—either how you would like to see it or how you imagine it could be? Your
answers will go a long way in shaping the stories you tell.
The Structure of a Narrative Essay
Major narrative events are most often conveyed in chronological order, the order in
which events unfold from first to last. Stories typically have a beginning, a middle, and
an end, and these events are typically organized by time.
Other basic components of a narrative are:
 Plot – The events as they unfold in sequence.

 Characters – The people who inhabit the story and move it forward. Typically,
there are minor characters and main characters. The minor characters generally
play supporting roles to the main character, also known as the protagonist.
 Conflict – The primary problem or obstacle that unfolds in the plot that the
protagonist must solve or overcome by the end of the narrative. The way in
which the protagonist resolves the conflict of the plot results in the theme of the
narrative.
 Theme – The ultimate message the narrative is trying to express; it can be
either explicit or implicit.
Writing to Inform and Define
Informative essays come in various forms. They can define an abstract or commonly
disputed term, compare and contrast perspectives, analyze data or provide steps in
performing a complex task. The definition essay is the common of the informative essay
types. It aims to explain the meaning of a term or idea and support the definition with
clear examples of facts. Definition can be done by explaining a term‘s attributes,
functions, or structure. It can also be done by specifying what it does not mean, or by
comparing it with other members of the same class of words and emphasizing their
differences.
51 Page
WRITING TO INFORM
Writing to inform is about communicating information to your audience. Your

information should be factual, relevant and clear. One example of when you ‗write to
inform‘ is in a job application. You may be asked to write a personal statement
providing information on:
 your qualifications
 experience that makes you suitable for the role
 reasons why you would like the position.
One of the golden rules of writing to inform is contained in the acronym KISS (Keep It
Short and Simple). That means deciding what must go in and what might go in. Two
questions can help you decide whether any piece of information is a ‗must-go-in‘ or a
‗might-go-in‘.
 What am I trying to tell my reader? This question gets you to focus on why you
are writing in the first place.
 Will my reader understand what I am trying to say without this piece of
information?
If the answer to this question is ‗no‘, the information must go in. If the answer is
‗yes‘, you may or may not choose to include it.
WRITING TO DEFINE
Steps in writing to define
1. Choose a term you want to define and introduce it to your readers. This can be done
in several ways, but your main goal at the outset is to indicate the contents of your
paper clearly.
2. Use several sources (dictionaries or encyclopedias) to see how the term you have
chosen is usually defined. Then, think of a way to combine or merge them to give your
own, unique definition.
3. Present the term you‘ve chosen to your readers in the introductory part of your
paper.
4. In the main body paragraphs, provide your readers with information about the term.
52 Page
Along with your own description, you can point out some cases in which this term is
used, as well as historical information about its origins and the evolution of its use in
literature. Also, you can highlight any common mistakes in its definition.
5. Think of a couple of sound examples that will fully illustrate and explain your
definition.
WRITING TO ANALYZE
The skill to analyze or break down a concept into its parts is a constituent of problem-
solving and decision-making skills. It is essential in performing research and solving
complex problem because it allows you to examine the parts and their relationships to
form a coherent whole. Analysis can be valuable for making informed decisions based
on data and research. Writing an analysis helps effectively build support around a
particular idea. Knowing how to write one is a valuable skill for any career. In this
article, you will learn what an analysis is, why it's important and tips on how to write
one.
How to write an analysis
Writing an analysis requires a particular structure and key components to create a

compelling argument. The following steps can help you format and write your analysis:
 Choose your argument.

 Define your thesis.
 Write the introduction.
 Write the body paragraphs.
 Add a conclusion.
1. Choose your argument - The first step is to determine the argument you are
making. The topic you analyze should be specific so you can present a clear, focused
argument. This argument should take a strong stance so readers understand exactly
what your claim is.
Example: "Corporations should provide more work-from-home opportunities."
This statement specifically refers to work-from-home opportunities and takes a strong

stance on the topic.
53 Page
2. Define your thesis - Once you have your argument, you can begin crafting your
thesis statement. A thesis statement is normally one sentence that summarizes the
claims you make in your analysis. The claims should be narrow enough to fit the scope
of your argument. The thesis builds on the argument by providing specific claims which
you can back up with evidence in the body paragraphs of the analysis.
Example: "Corporations should provide more work-from-home opportunities because it

creates better work-life balance, increases productivity and improves staff retention."
3. Write the introduction - Your introduction is a guide for your reader to understand
what information you will discuss in the analysis and in what order. Introduce the topic
in broader terms in the first few sentences, then state your thesis.
Example: "Every year, more companies are adopting work-from-home days and seeing
incredible benefits. Studies have shown that this is one of the most desired job perks
for employees and one of the most advantageous for employers. Corporations should
provide more work from home opportunities because it creates better work-life balance,
increases productivity and improves staff retention."
4. Write the body paragraphs - Once you have your introduction, you now have a
guide for the rest of your analysis. Each component of your thesis statement should
have its own body paragraph and include evidence to validate each claim. Discuss one
argument per paragraph. Each paragraph will begin with a topic sentence that clearly
presents the specific argument you will discuss. Make sure you back up each claim with
evidence from a trustworthy source. You can use a journal, book or statistics from a
reputable online source. Cite your resources to give the proper credit.
5. Add a conclusion - The conclusion should include a rephrased version of your

thesis statement and reiterate your main arguments. Explain the larger implications of
your findings and answer any remaining questions your reader might have.
Example: "Working from home is shown to decrease employee stress, increase their
productivity and boost job satisfaction. Many employers understand these benefits and
have adopted more flexible working schedules. With satisfaction rates at their lowest in
the last two decades and job-related stress at its peak, it's important for more
companies to start considering the benefits of work-from-home days."
54 Page
Tips for writing an analysis
The following tips will help you write a reasonable and critical analysis:
 Be explicit.
 Be unbiased.
 Analyze all evidence.
 Make a mind map.
AVOIDING PLAGIARISM
Academic integrity is of utmost importance if you want to make a significant

contribution in research and scholarship. This constitutes careful examination and use
of credible sources of information and data. In this post-truth era where misinformation
and disinformation, you need critical eyes and mind to examine all information and data
presented to you.
Plagiarism means using someone else‘s words or ideas without properly crediting the
original author. Sometimes plagiarism involves deliberately stealing someone‘s work,
but often it happens accidentally, through carelessness or forgetfulness.
When you write an academic paper, you build upon the work of others and use various
sources for information and evidence. To avoid plagiarism, you need to correctly
incorporate these sources into your text.
Follow these four steps to ensure your paper is free from plagiarism:
1. Keep track of the sources you consult in your research.
2. Paraphrase or quote from your sources (and add your own ideas).
3. Credit the original author in an in-text citation and reference list.
4. Use a plagiarism checker before you submit.
Plagiarism can have serious consequences, so make sure to follow these steps for every
paper you write.
55 Page
REFERENCES:
Alata, Elen Joy (2019) Purposive Communication; Manila, REX
Ariola, Mariano M. (2018) Purposive Communication; Manila; Unlimited Books
Academichelp; Writing a definition essay [online] [accessed on August 22, 2021]

https://academichelp.net/academic-assignments/essay/write-definition-essay.html
Axelrod and Cooper, 1993, St. Martin‘s Press bitesize; Writing to describe [Online]
[Accessed on August 22, 2021]
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zpp4kqt/revision/4
Cerejo, Lyndon (2018) The Ethics of Persuasion [Online] [Accessed on August 21, 2021]
https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2018/06/ethics-of-persuasion/
Chand Smriti Elements of Communication Process [Online] [Accessed on August 21,

2021]
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/business-communication/7-major-elements-
ofcommunication-process/25815
Hamada, Irene Blanco (2019) Purposive Communication; Manila, REX
Kelvin TopSet; How to write the investigation Report [online] [Accessed on August 22,
2021]
https://kelvintopset.com/how-to-write-the-investigation-report/
Libraries; Strategies for gathering reliable information [Online] [Accessed on August 21,
2021]
https://open.lib.umn.edu/writingforsuccess/chapter/11-4-strategies-for-
gatheringreliable-information/
Lim, Joana Marie (2019) Purposive Communication; Manila, REX
Montano-Harmon, M. R. ―Developing English for Academic Purposes‖ California State

University, Fullerton.
Purposive Communication; PDFCOFFEE [Online] [Accessed on August 21, 2021]

https://pdfcoffee.com/unit-1-purposive-communication-pdf-free.html
56 Page
Robinson, Alan; 6 Types of Persuasion [Online] [Accessed on August 21, 2021]

https://classroom.synonym.com/6-types-persuasion-12004696.html
Suttle, Rick; Oral Presentation at the Workplace; Chron [Online] [Accessed on August
21, 2021]
https://smallbusiness.chron.com/oral-presentation-workplace-1710.html
ThoughtCo. An introduction to Academic Writing [Online] [Accessed on August 22,

2021]
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-academic-writing-1689052
Vicky; Communication: Meaning, purpose, importance and principles; [online]

[Accessed on August 21, 2021]
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/management/communication/communicationmeanin
g-purpose-importance-and-principles/60291
57 Page

01 - Prelim Module

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

01 - Prelim Module

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

01 - Prelim Module

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module Purposive Communication

COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES AND ETHICS

Communication is derived from a Latin word ―communis‖ which means common.

Communication is the act of giving, receiving, and sharing information – in other

 It is a form of transmitting messages using word symbols in representing ideas

Classifications of Verbal Communication

 This form of communication is extremely private and restricted to us. It

3. Small Group Communication

 Use a strong, confident speaking voice. Especially when presenting information

 It is a form of communication which refers to the sending of messages to

Two Categories of Non-Verbal Communication

a. Non-verbal messages produced by the body

Functions of Non-Verbal Communication

a. It is used to repeat the verbal message.

Example – Point in an object while saying it.

b. It is often used to accent a verbal message.

Example – verbal tone indicates the actual meaning of the words.

c. It often complements the verbal message but also may contradict.

Example – Hand gestures may signal a person to speak or not.

e. It may substitute for the verbal message, especially if it is blocked by noise or

Example – Touch to mean comfort or encouragement A thumbs-up gesture indicating

• Be intentional about your nonverbal communications. Make an effort to display

The communication process refers to a series of actions or steps taken in order to

Eight Major Elements of Communication Process

4. Communication Channel - The Sender chooses the medium through which he

8. Noise - A form of distortion, barrier or obstacle that occurs in an of the oral

2. Clarity – There must be clarity in terms of thought and expression.

4. Courtesy – One must communicate in a friendly and polite manner.

6. Concrete – The message to be communicated must be specific and not vague.

PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL COMMUNICATION

Communication ethics emphasizes that morals influence the behavior of an individual,

1. Ethical Communicators are Respectful of Their Audience. Communication is a two-

2. Ethical Communicators Consider the Consequences of their Communication. Every

3. Ethical Communicators Respect the Truth. A great deal of the ethics of

4. Ethical Communicators Use Information Properly. Communicators have the

5. Ethical Communicators Do Not Falsify Information. Worse than the distortion of

6. Ethical Communicators Respect the Rights of Others to information. A respect for

COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION

As technology advances, the world is getting smaller. Today we are able to

The Effects of Globalization on Global Communication

Increased Business Opportunities

Fewer Cultural Barriers

 Many people perceive culture to be the root of communication challenges. When

Creation of a Global Village

Cultural Issues Affecting Communication

2. Signs and Symbols (Semantics)

 Non-verbal communication cannot be relied upon in communication between

3. Stereotypes and Prejudices

 Stereotyping is the process of creating a picture of a whole culture,

4. Behavior and Beliefs

 Cultural differences causes behavior and personality differences like body

LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTINGS

Multiculturalism refers to the presence of people with several cultures in a specific

The world today is characterized by ever growing compacts resulting in communication

LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION

The difference between Multicultural, Intercultural and Cross-Cultural

 Deals with the comparison of different cultures. Cross-cultural communication,

COMMUNICATING ACROSS CULTURES

VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE