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Protection of AC Generators and Motors

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Abhishek Prasad
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68 views22 pages

Protection of AC Generators and Motors

Uploaded by

Abhishek Prasad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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44.1. Introduction 11.2. Generator F; 1418. Overvoltage Protection 11.6, Ovamnesy bt 11.11. Bearing Overheating Protection 11.12, cx 14.1, INTRODUCTION The modem electric power system consists of several elements such as generators, transformers, station bus-bats, uansmission lines and other associated equipment. It is imperative to protect these cements frou different types of faults, which are likely to ‘occur sooner or later. The protective relays discussed in chapters 9 and 10 can be advantageously used to detect the improper behaviour of any clement of the power system and initiate comective measures. Protection of generators isthe most complex and elaborate because of following reasons: 1. Generator is a costly equipment and one of the major links ina power system. 2. Generator is not a single equipiment but is associated with the unit transformers, auxiliary transformer. station bus- bars, excitation system, prime mover, vollage regulating, equipment, cooling system ete. The protection of generator, is therefore, to be coordinated with the associated equipment. sy 3.1 The generator capacity has sharply risen in recent ¥ fom 30 MW to 300 MW wid che result hat ee aed ‘single machine may cause overloading ofthe ass machines in the system and eventual system insti) 0! ‘The basic function of protection applied to gené by rapid therefore, to reduce the outage period to 2 minimum Dy Tt discriminative clearance of faults. Unlike other *PPir opening a breaker to isolate the faulty generator U *ufficent to prevent further damage, since the BERIT i, “Continue to supply power to a stator winding that field excitation is suppressed. It is, therefore Protection of Ac Generators and Motors . Protection Against Motoring 11, t Unbslanced Loads 11.10. Protection Againet Vibration Protection 11.18. Types of Protection for Generate ag il eackup Protection 11:13, Dre Connected Genser 11.8. Negative Sequence Protection of Generators. Agana Rotor Fault Protection Settinge 11.15. Protection of AC Motors. the field is opened, fuel supply to the prime mover is stopped ‘and sometimes braking application also becomes imperative. ‘While selecting the scheme for generator protection, the protection of the complcte unit and the stability ofthe system ue to disturbance in the generator should be considered in addition to the protection of the generator itself. ‘The type of protection used for a particular motor depends on the switchgear employed for its control (starting. stopping, speed variation etc.). In general two basic protections are provided for every motor which are (i) thermal overland protection and (i) short-circuit protection. 441.2. GENERATOR FAULTS Generator faults can be considered under the following heads 1. Stator Winding Fanlts. Such faults occur mainly due to the insulation failure of the stator coils. The main types of stator winding faults are (i) phase-to-earth faults (i) phase-to- phase faults and (iti) inter-turn faults involving turns of the same phase winding. ‘The stator winding faults are the most dangerous and are likely to cause considerable damage to the expensive ‘machinery. 50 automatic protection is absolutely necessary to clear such faults in the shortest possible time in order to minimise the extent of damage. -ip-phase faults and phase inter-turn faults are less commun ia usually develop into an earth fault Imer-tuen faults are more difficult to be detected. ‘The effect of earth fault in the stator is two fold: which welds laminations together, ‘on subsequent use. (@ Arcing 10 core, Causing eddy current hot spots EO SSltt—‘“OS SM a 234. Repairs ( considerable money and time. in) Severe heating in the conducturs (Oe insulation with possible fie breaks. Cire the rotor ‘or Rotor Circuit Faults. Faults in arth faults (conductor-to-earth faults) oF ‘severe mechanical and SS 9 this vundition involve expenditure of damaging them and 2, Field Wine cireuit may be either e inter-turn faults, which are caused by thermal stresses. The ficld system is normally not grounded (i.e. remains isolated from the earth) and, therefore, a single fault between field winding and rotor body due to insulation breakdown does not give rise to any fault current. However, a second earth fault will short-circuit some part of the rotor winding and may thereby develop an unsymmetrical field system, giving unbalanced force on the rotor. This ean cause severe vibration of the rotor with possible damage to the bearings. Thus a single carth fault can be tolerated for a while but it should not be allowed to continue. Rotor earth fault protection is provided in case of large generators. ‘Owing to a fault, there may be an unbalance in the three- phase stator currents. According to the theory of symmetrical ‘components, unbalance three-phase currents have a negative sequence component, which rotates at synchennous speed in a direction opposite to the direction of rotation of rotor. So double frequency currents are induced in the rotor This causes overheating of rotor and possible damage to the rotor. Unbalanced currents may also cause severe vibration, but the overheating problem is more acute. Rotor temperature indicuiors are used with large generators for detecting rotor overheating due to unbalanced loading of generator. Rotor open-circuit faults, though rare, can cause arcing and thus result on serious conditions. Reduced excitation may occur due to open circuit or short circuit in the field or exciter circuits or a fault in automatic voltage regulator. When a generator luses its field excitation it speeds up slightly and continues to run as an induction ‘generator deriving excitation from the system and supplying power at a leading power factor. A fall in voltage will also ‘occur due to loss to excitation which may result in loss ot synchronism and system stability. There is also the possibility of overheating of the rotor due to induced currents in the rotor ‘and damper windings. This can be avoided by using a tripping ‘scheme which is so arranged that opening of field circuit breaker canses the tripping of generator unit breaker. <3. Abnormal Operating Conditions. The abnormal operating conditions that are likely to occur in a generator are: (i) failure of prime mover (turbine) resulting in operation of the generator as a synchronous motor (ii) failure of field Gili) unbalanced loading and subsequent heating of generator (iv) overloading (») overvoltage at generator terminals (vi) averspeed (vit) ventilation failure and (vii) current leakage in the body of the generator. 14.3. STATOR PROTECTION Different types of statur faults, which are likely to occur, have ready been discussed in the previous Art. The earth fault ee current is usually limited by the resistance of neutray = ae When the fuult current is less than 20 A. not burning of the iron core will occur if the machine go within some seconds. The repair work then among feplacement of the damaged coil without restacking gt Taminations. If, however, the earthing tesistor ig | pass a much larger earth fault Curent (areater thang ¥ pevere burning of testator core will take place, 4 festacking of laminations. Even witha high speed eat differential protection severe damage may be caused opi! ‘he large time constant of the field circuit and the egges Jong time required to completely SUPPFeSS te fied fur jg case of high earth fault currents itis therefore normal pgs. fo install a circuit breaker in the neutral of the genera, order to reduce the total fault clearance time. Circulating current biased differential protection prog, the earth fault protection but the sensitivity of such a prageyy | for earth fault depends upon the resistance in neutral to eyg | ‘connection and the position of earth fault in the winding ‘A separate and sensitive earth fault protection is para necessary for generators with resistance earthing. The uccurrence of short circuiting between the ssa windings is quite rare because the insulation in a slot betsex coils of different phases is.gf Icast twice as thick as te insulation between one coil and the iron core. However. apie to-earth fault may result in a phase-wo-phase fault within te slots. Ifa phase-to-phase fault should occur, this is mos ike to occur at the end connections of the stator winding Le, | severe arcing with high temperatures, melting of copper at risk of fire if the insulation is not made of fire-resisat rnoninflammable material. In this case there will be no dame to the core laminations. and the repair work will therefor. | limited to replacement of damaged coils and mechanical p=® of the end structure. | Circulating current biased differential protecie | provides adequate and speedy protection. against phat | phase faults in the generator zone. | Short circuits betwecn the turn of one coil may oot | case the stator winding makes use of multitum cus. S* | faults may develop duc ty incoming current surges with257 wave-front that may causes a high voltage (ud ) sco turns at the cntrance of the stator winding. “” protection and overcurrent protection does not sense #2, turn faults. Stator inter-turn fault protection i provided. 118.1. Differential Protection For Gener ‘The most common system employed forthe POSEN ao windings against earth faults and phase-to-phast 90 oe use of circulating current principle. Im this © ge S io! wo Protection. currents at the two ends of the a are compared. Under normal operating conditions currents ae equa but may difer onthe czar" the protected section. The difference of the i. \s SRR uitions # made t0 HOW through the rela ey then closes ts contacts and mage Ming the differentiat Ts rand thus isolate the “ as cer 10 WFP a . Protected sectic it CON mas current ech a protection is called a Mere-Prieg nprom the MES the circu SGN owe he ey ym. Such a protective scheme is very eel ating ?. ret se ve faults and faults between phases, TY effective for Fig. 11.2. Merz-Price Protection With Relay Being Connected ‘Adjacent To One Set of CTs [Now assume that there isan earth fault on phase R doe to breakdown of insulation to earth, as dimond Pe mW ‘The currents in the secondaries ofthe two CTs in phase R will become unequal and the difference of the two curremts Wi Fig. ILL. Merz Price Protection With Relay Being Connected in "10 through the corresponding relay coil and the circuit the Midpoints of Two Sets of CTs breaker will get tripped. ‘The schematic arrangement of differential protection Ii ier 1s a sont ctrcult Geeween the Exo pases ¥ ed By) scheme for a 3-phase generator is illustrated in Fig. 11.1. There 9 illustrated in Fig. 11.2, it will cause fault current to flow ‘ae two sets of identical CTs, each set is mounted on either through two phases, as illustrated tn the figure. The currents in side of the stator phase windings. ‘The secondaries of these the secondaries of the two CT's in each affected phase will ‘arent wansformer sets are connected in star and their ends become unequal and the differential current will flow through areconnosted through pilot wires. The relay coils ar connected the operating coils of the relays connecied in these phases. in sar the neutral point being connected to the current The relay then closes st contacts to inp the cireit breaker. taasformer common neutral and the outer ends onetoeach of 44.3.9. Modified Differential Protection For pe tee pilot wires. The relays are connected coe Generators ‘potential points of the three pilot wires so tht the burden ne . . oxeach CT isthe same. ‘The equipotential points ofthe pilot Tt a genes pael ie ces of car ak comes Wires would naturally be located at the centre of these wires ST Met Tt sible to own fd 8 the relays are located midway as iMustrated in SUE of a star-connected aus cyst ae ee ‘With the protection schemes dizcussed above. When an earth However, it 1s always convenient tv locate the relay COiIS sts pcours near the neutral point, it will result in only a small jacemt to CTs ie aia Tircuit breaker. This can BC gayi current because ofthe small en of sho creed po ‘complished by inserting balancing resistances in series with sion of the winding. This current, which is fuer ea aby Pilot wires to make equipotential points located near ME the resistance of the neural ae may not — einai brcaker, as illustrated in Fig. 11-2 These esses to operate, he magnitude of te oo eee ‘sully adjustable in order to obtain the exact balan: ypon the vale : resistance The relay ss ji yn scheme are the relay en 8s ys employed in this protectio! . ive ge of “protecting 80 0 Eenerally of tlectromagnetic ype ‘and are arranged £0 Makers of pre Se ee rf seek “hat faut inthe 20 0 15 COU operation ag faults are expected to Declescd % per cent ofthe MS peut poi cant

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