Fundamental of Computer
Fundamental of Computer
Introduction:- Computer comes from the word “Compute” which means to calculator.
Definition of Computer:- Computer is a digital electronic machine. Which accept data
process it and gives information as a output.
Computer is a machine that perform task or calculator according to set of your
instruction.
C - Common
O - Operating
M - Machine
P - Particular/Process
U - Use of
T - Technical/Trade
E - Education
R - Research/Resource
History of Computer
Mechanical Era Electrical Era
They discover the year form of beads and were country machine called abacus. It is use
to performed addition and multification of the value.
Napeer Bones Calculator:- (X,÷ , Jermany) In 1614 this machine was developed it could
performed multification and division of value.
Pascal Adding Machine (+,-,1642 , Franch) Sir bleise pascal French mathmetical invented
a machine in 1642 call4ed pascal adding machine . IT could adding computer adding and
subtraction.
Lebnize Calculator:- Gottfriend liebnize are jeerman mathemation mader a new
machine improving upon the pascal machine IN 1671.
This perform multiplication and division along with the square root.
Baggage Difference Engine:- Charles Babbage a professor of math developed new
machine in 1822 called “Babbage Difference Engine”.
Babbage Analitical Engine:- In the year 1833 charles Babbage develop a new calculating
device called “Analitical Engine”.
The structure of Analitical Engine was very much semiler with today computer like it
have input unit output unit processing unit storage unit.
Computer Generation:-
Computer gereration means change in the hardware and the computer designing technology
change and new technology introduce it bring the generation of computer.
Example:- IBM 70-90 , IBM 70-94 , IBM 70-80 , IBM 70-70 , IBM 70-72 , IBM 70-74 , IBM
70-30 , IBM 70-10 , IBM 14-10 , IBM 14-40 , IBM 19-20, IBM 16-30 UNIVAC 3 RD ,
UNIAC 1007, UNIAC SOLID STATE, DC-POP-I , DC-PDP-6, DC-PDP-8 , CDC6600, CDC7600,
CDC3600, CDC 1604, CDC160.
3rd Generation:- In the third generation computer replaces the transistor with IC known
as chip. IC was invented by “Jack Kelly” at texas instrument on 12th Sept 1958.
IC is a thin slice of extremely selicon crystal . A simgal IC has many transistor register and
capsister.
Example:- PDP-8 , PDP-11 , ICI-2900 , IBM-360, IBM-370 , HONEY WELL-200.
Ich- International cpmputer.
4th Generation :- In this generation computer were designed by using LSI (Large Scale
Intergratation) and VLSI (Vocy Large Scale Intergration ) technology. In the 4 th
generation computer “Micro processor technology” were used 1st microprocessor made
in 1971 named INTEL 4004.
Example:- IBM 4341,DC10 , STAR 1000 , PUP ii APPLE ii.
PUP- Potentially Unwanted Programe.
5th Generation:- Fifth generation computer based on “Artificial Intellengence” are still in
development in this generation computer in programming well be based on PROLOG
(Programming Language) 5th generation computer can understand the natural language
like Hindi English……………………………..
After understand the language they will replaced.
Types of Computer
Digital Computer Analog Computer Hybrid Computer
Digital Computer:-Digital computer is a type of computer. It work digit(0,1) . It work
on discontinuous data.
1. Micro Computer:- Micro computer is a type of the digital computer. Micro
computer are the smallest computer.
It is also called PC In this computer only one person can work at a time. “Due to use
of Microsoft processor it is called micro computer”.
Example:- Laptop , desktop , tablet , Notebook , Mobile phone etc.
2. Mini Computer:- Mini computer is a type of digital computer. This computer are
begger in size as micro computer on a singal computer many person can work at a
time because it have many terminal.
3. Main Frame Computer:- Main frame computer is a type of digital computer .
mainframe computer refer to as a big icon. Mainframe computer is used by large
organization for critical application bulk data processing.
Such as census industry and consumer statics big industry mainframe computer use
today in every decate sence in inception.
A mainframe computer used to processor the large and huge amount of data in
“Peta Byte” it control thousand of user if very large and expensive.
4. Super Computer:- Super omputer id a type of digital computer . They are
generally used for compare scetify application involving. Complace
calculator and large value of data can be process only by super computer
with fast speed and large memory.
For Example:- PARAM 10000 , PRITHWI ………………….etc.
Analog Computer:- Analog computer is a type of computer its work or signal.
It work on continouse data . It is used in calculating temperature seek etc.
Hybrid Computer:- Hybrid computer is the combination of digital and analog
computer its work on both digital and signal.
Advantage of Computer:-
Speed
Accuracy
Memory
Vesality
Reality
Speed:- Computer are very much faster as “Human Being” .A computer
can perform only task in a mean than that a man take ,many days to
perform manual. A modern computer can excute “Million of Instruction”
in a second.
Accuracy:- A computer can product 100% accurate result there is no
chance of error in the computer result. If some problem occurred. It
means you are using a poor quality software.
Memory:- A computer can store the storage capacity of computer is very
high.
Realibility:- A Computer is more realible as compare to another machine.
The data storage on computer never last without any reason . We can got
any time the result from computer.
Component of Computer:-
Hardware Software
P - Processing Device
2. Language Tranlatter
Compiler
Interpreter
Assembler
3. Utilities Programe
Hardware:- Those physical component which we can see and touch and also we can
assemble and dissemble is known as hardware. “In a hardware IOP cycle available.
I – Input
P – Processing
O – Output
Input Device:- Input device is a peace of computer hardware equipment.
“Those device which we can enter data into the computer is known as input
device”.
For Example:- Mouse, Keyboard, Scanner, Joystick, Webcam, camera,
Touchpad , Electronic White Board, BCR, OMR, MICR, OCR etc.
1. Mouse:-Mouse is also an input device. 1st mouse was develop by “Douglus C
Angalebart” In 1963-1964. It is also an pointing device . It held by “One
Hand” and more access a flate software.
“It have two or three button. It is guided by arrow shine on the spring called
pointer.
Work of Mouse
Click
Double Click
Right Click
Drag
Select
Types of Mouse:-
Optical Mouse
Wireless Mouse
Mechanical Mouse
Trackball Mouse
2. Keyboard:- Keyboard is also an input device. 1St keyboard was developed by
“Christophe Lathem Sholes” in 1875. Used for enter the data into the computer.
Keyboard is just like a typewriter.\
“ It have number or row of key on processing the key data into the
computer.”
1. Alphanumeric Key
2. Punctuation Key
3. Special Key
1. Alphanumeric Key:- In a alphanumeric alpha means “A to Z” and numeric
means “0 to 9”.
2. Punctuation Key:- The mathmetical operator available on the keyboard is
called punctuation key.
Like As:- + , - ,÷ , ”, = , { } , [ ] , ,< > , $ , ( ) etc.
3. Special Key:- special key used on special situation many types of special key.
Arrow Key:- In a keyboard there are 4 arrow key
Up arrow
Down Arrow
Left Arrow
Right Arrow
Num Lock :- Num lock stand for “Number Lock”. Num lock is used for enable
or disable the number.
Function Key:- In a keyboard there are 12 function available from “F1 to
F12”. It is used in short cut key.
Caps Lock:- If you want to write the letter in capital then we can use caps
lock.
Ctrl Key:- Ctrl stand for “Control”. It is used in selection and create short cut
key.
Alt Key:- Alt stand for “Alter”. It is also used in short cut key.
Prtscr Key:- Prtscr stand for the “Print Screen”. It is used to print the screen.
(Screen Shot)
ESC key:- ESC stand for the : Esc key”. It is used for end the current task.
Shift Key:- Shift key is also known as “Selection” key and if you want to write
capitalize each word then we can use shift key.
Spacebar:- If you want to define the space between two text then we can use
spacebar. Backspace - (Right to left) Remove
Delete - (Left to Right) Delete
Tab Key:- If you want to change the box and give the same space between
two text then we can use tab key.
Enter Key:- If you want to change the line then we can use enter key.
3 BCR:- BCR stand for the Bar Code Reader. BCR is also can input device. It can
print out the details of the product or long information about the product
into a data base. BCR decode the data content in the bar code and send the
data into a computer.
4. OMR:- OMR stand for Optical Mark Reader. OMR is the process of capturing
human mark data from document from such as serve and task. They are
used to read question wise choice examination paper in the from of line or
sheded area. “It also an input device”.
5. MICR:- MICR stand for “Magnetic Ink Character Raeder / Recognition”. It is
also an input device. MICR known in short as MICR code.
MICR is a character recognition technology used mainly by the banking
industry to stream line the processing and clearness of check and other
document.
6. Scanner:- Scanner is also an input device. It scan the data an electronic
machine that can look at record or send image or electronic information. A
Scanner is a device that optically scan image , Printed text hand writing it an
object and converted it to a digital image.
“It may hard copy to soft copy”.
3. MU:-MU stand for “Memory Unit”. Memory is a space were we can store our
data.
D RAM S RAM
P ROM DVD
EDO DRAM
EEP ROM
Floppy Disk
SD DRAM
Pendrive
DDR DRAM
DDR1 / PC1
DDR2
DDR3
DDR4
SG RAM
VD RAM
RD RAM
Primary Memory:- Primary memory is also known as internal memory. A
primary memory where from CPU access the data directly called primary
memory.”Primary memory is also known as main memoey”.
Types of Primary Memory:-There are two types of primary memory.
RAM (Read Only Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory)
RAM:- RAM stand for “Read Access Memory”. When trhe elecrric power is
on data stand on RAM and when computer switch off all the data from RAM
well be loss.
“It is also called temporary memory. In a RAM we can read and write the
data. It is also called “Volatile Memory”.
Types of RAM:- There are two types of RAM.
D RAM
S RAM
D RAM:- D RAM stand for “Dynamic Random Access Memory”. DRAM
is a type of RAM. A RAM whose cells are implemented using capacitor.
A DRAM gradually lost its data unless it is priodecally refresh. It omly
store the just “2 Mili Second”.
Types of DRAM:- There are 7 types of DRAM.
FPM DRAM
EDO DRAM
SD DRAM
DDR DRAM
R DRAM
VD RAM
SG RAM
FPM DRAM:- FMP DRAM stand for “ Fast Page Mode DRAM”. It is
30 pin RAM and 72 pin RAM. IT can store. It comes in size 256kb ,
1MB , 2MB , 4MB , 8MB , 16MB, …………………etc.
EDO DRAM:- EDO DRAM stand for “ Extended Data Out DRAM”. It
has 144 pin RAM. It is used in CIMM slot. It can store 1MB , 2 MB , 4
MB ,8 MB, 16MB , 32MB , 64MB , 128MB.
SD DRAM:- SD DRAM stand for “Synchronous DRAM. It is 168 pin
RAM. It is very fast data accessing RAM used in DIMM slot. Its comes in
size 32MB , 128MB , 256MB.
DDR DRAM:- DDR DRAM stand for “Double Data Rate DRAM”. DDR
DRAM much faster access than previous RAM. It has 184 pin RAM and
240 Pin RAM. It is used in DIMM slot.
Types of D RAM:- There are 4 types of DRAM
(i) DDR1 / PC1
(ii) DDR2 / PC2
(iii) DDR3 / PC3
(iv) DDR4 / PC4
R DRAM:- R DRAM stand for “Ram bus DRAM. It is divided into
three part have pin but 2end have pin less. Its comes is 64 MB ,128 MB, 1GB
, ……etc. It is used in RIMM slot.
V DRAM:-VDRAM stand for “Video DRAM”. It store the image that
is display on the computer screen.
SG DRAM:- SG DRAM stand for “Scchronious Graphics DRAM”. This
type of memory used in a “AGP” Acclerated Graphics Port.
S RAM:- S Ram stand for “Static Random Access Memory”. It is a type of
RAM. A RAM whose cells are implemented using flip- flop SRAM is a type of
semiconductor memory. Its store the data as long as the power supply on. Its
lost the data when power supply off.
Cache Memory:- Cache memory abberiabuited as cache. Cache memory is
an externally soft memory. Fast memory type that act as a buffer between.
“RAM and CPU”. It hold frequently request data and instruction. Show that
they are immediately availevel to the CPU where needed.
Cache memory is used to reduced the average time to access data from the
main memory.” Cache memory is very fast and small memory. That is
between CPU and RAM (Main Memory).
Types of Cache Memory:- There are three types of cache memory.
L1 (Level1)
L2 (Level2)
L3 (Level3)
L1 (Level1):- L1 stand for “Level1”. It is build in microprocessor. It is the
fast cache in the computer. It is also called primary or internal cache. Its
comes in size 8KB to 64 KB.
L2 (Level2):- It is also found in microprocessor. Its comes size 64 KB to 2
Mb.
L3 (Level3):- L3 stand for “Level3”. L3 cache memory is place between
CPU and RAM. It size in 2MB to 8 MB.
ROM:- Rom stand for “Read Only Memory”. As the name suggested this
memory can only read the data nothing can be written in this memory. It is
also called “Non Volatile” memory means the dta store in ROM never can be
erased either power is on or off.
Types of ROM:- There are three types of ROM.
P ROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
EP ROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
EEP ROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
P ROM:- P Rom stand for “Programmable ROM”. It one time
programmable ROM. If is the best example of ROM. Its data only be
can read.
EP ROM:- EP ROM stand for Erasable Programmable ROM. It
instruction can be delete exploring the flow of UV ( Ultra Violet) Rays.
EEP ROM:- EEP ROM stand for “Electronically Erasable Programmable
ROM”. EEP ROM can be erased a program though the application of
electrical charge.
Secondary Memory:- Secondary memory is a type of memory. Where from
CPU can not access data directly. It is store data permanently.
AS:- CD , DVD , Floppy Disk , Hard Disk , Pendrive.
CD:-CD stand for “Compact Disk”. It can store Audio, Video, Software
Image…….etc. It can store maximum 700 MB Data.
DVD:- DVD stand for “Digital Video / Versatile Disk”. It can store maximum
data 4.7 GB.
Structure of CD/DVD:- The structure of CD/ DVD is bell an spiral in this
spiral all the information are store CD prepared with the help of high power
laser beam. That the micro hole. The hole made by a laser are called “Pit”
denoted as “0” and land represented”1”.
Floppy Disk:- Floppy disk is simple none as floppy. 1st floppy disk create by
“Alan Shugart in 1967”. 1st floppy disk was 8 inch die meter and store data
underside out of 100 kb. It is an external storage device. It is a magnetic
round disk include in plastic jacket.
Type of Floppy Disk:- There are three types of floppy disk.
8 Inch
5.25 ( ) Inch
3.5 ( ) Inch
8 Inch:- It can store 100 kb to 200 kb data.
5.25 Inch:- It can store 1.22 mb data.
3.5 Inch:- It can store 1.44 mb data. It is called standard floppy disk.
Hard Disk:- 1st hard disk is made by “IBM” team lead “Ray Johnson”.
It is secondary storage device store permanently. It can store
much more data compare to an other device.
A hard disk is a multiple disk pack system. A hard disk consists or more
platters to which data is written using a magnetic field. It is also called
“Magnetic Disk”.
A hard disk is a multiple disk pack system. Hard disk memory store
information one or more circular plates called platters. Which are
continuously spinning. Information is store in band called track and track is
divided into many part called sector.
Pen Drive:- Pen drive is a secondary storage device that can used to store the
data permanently. It si very easy to used because it can be connected in any
USB port.
Out Put Device:- Output device is any pice of computer hardware
equipment. Which convert information into human readable form.
AS:- Monitor , Printer , Projector , Speaker , Plotter……………….etc.
VDU Monitor:- Monitor is also an output device. 1st monitor was developed
by “Allen B Mont” in 1920. It is similar to television comes in different size.
AS:- 9 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 17 , 19 , 21 , 32, etc.
It size measured in diagonal
Types of Monitor:- There are three types of computer:- (Old Technology)
1. Monochrome ( Color & Black)
2. Gray Scale ( Back & White)
3. Color Monitor ( Color) RGB
Types of Printer:
Types of Printer
Laser Printer
Drum Printer Chain Printer
Thermal Printer
1. Impact Printer:- Impact printer is a type of printer. Impact printer are those
pr inter which have a mechanical connection between print head and paper.
Types of Impact Printer:- There are three types of impact printer.
(i) Line Printer
(ii) Character Printer
(i) Line Printer:- Line printer is a type of impact printer. A line printer
print are line of text at a time printing speed is 300 to 3000 line per
minute.
1 .Application Software
2. System Software
1. System Software:- By system software a computer work. It is a set of one or
more program design to control the operation a computer system.
“System software is a type of computer program that is design to run a
computer hardware and application program”. System software inside device
driver OS saver utility and window system.
Types of System Software:-
Example:- MS DOS.
(B) Single User Multi Tasking:- Single user can perform multiple task
at a time.
(C ) Multi User Multi Tasking:- Multi user can perform multiple tasking
at a time.
Example:- Linux Window.
1. Manage the Computer:- Resource such as the processing unit memory disk
drive printer.
2. Establish a user interface.
3. Execute and provide service for application software.
Language Translator:- We known that computer can only understand 0,1.
A program written in HLL is Called as source code to convert the source code
into machine code translator are needed. A translator take a program written
in source language.
As:- Input and convert it into a program in target language as output.
Rule of Translator:- Translator of HLL program input into an equawailen
machine language program.
Types of Language Translator:- There are three types of language translator.
1. Compiler ( HLL to LLL)n one line (Check)
2. Interpreter ( HLL to LLL) line by Line (HTML)
3. Assembler ( Assembly) Machine Level
1. Compiler:- Compiler is a the translator which is used to convert program
in HLL to LLL. It translator the entire program and also report the error in
source program in contorted during the translation.
Error Message
(25)10 = (?)2
2 25
2 12 1
2 6 0
2 3 0
2 1 1
0 1
Ans:- (11001)2
2 34 2 68
2 17 0 2 34 0
2 8 1 2 17 0
2 4 0 2 8 1
2 2 0 2 4 0
2 1 0 2 2 0
2 0 1 2 1 0
2 0 1
Ans:- 100010 Ans:- (1000100)
(110)10 =(?)2 (152)10 = (?)2
2 110 2 152
2 55 0 2 76 0
2 27 1 2 38 0
2 13 1 2 19 0
2 6 1 2 9 1
2 3 0 2 4 1
2 1 1 2 2 0
2 0 1 2 1 0
2 0 1
Ans:- (1101110)2 Ans:- (10011000)2
ASCII Code:- ASCII stand for “American Standard Code for Information
Interchange”. ASCII pronounced ASCII is the most alphanumeric code used
to represent character like as “A , B ,C ………” etc number like as “0,1,2,3,4”
and symbol like as “@ , #, $ , * “. Etc.
This code allow to manufacture to standardize computer hardware such as
“Keyboard , Printer, Mouse, Video Display.”
ASCII code use either 7 or 8 bit for data representation. The 7 bit ASCII code
format can be represent (X6 X5 X4 X3 X2 X1 X0) There for X is either 0 or 1.
0 to 9 = 48 - 57
A to Z = 65 - 90
a to z = 97 - 122
EBCDIC:- EBCDIC code stand for “Extended Binary Coded decimal Interface
Code.” It is an either bit binary code for numeric and alphanumeric
character. It was develop and used by “IBM”.
PC Component:-