Our Lady of Fatima University

College of Art and Sciences

Mathematics and Physics Department

GENERAL MATH

BY: BE – STEM 11-4

 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Art and Sciences
Mathematics and Physics Department

Concept of Function
Function is one of the core concepts in Mathematics. Corresponds to exactly one element of the
second set or range.
Relation defined as a relationship between sets of information usually represented by ordered pairs.
The first value or elements of the ordered pairs called domain which represents all components of
x. The second elements called Range represent all components of y.
Evaluating Function:
1 1 1
C. F ( ) = 3( )2+ ( )2-5+4
2 2 2
1. F (x) = 5x2-3
1 1 1 1
A. F (0) = 5(0)2-3 F ( ) = 3( )+( )- +4
2 8 4 2
F (0) = 3 1 3 1 1 4
F( )= + - +
2 8 4 2 1

B. F (-1) = 5(-1)2-3 1 3+2−4+32

F( )=
2 8
F (-1) = 2
1 38 1
F( )= or 4
2 8 8
C. F (1) = 5(1)2-3
F (1) = 2 3. F(x) = x2+2
A. F (-x) = (-x)2+2
2. F (x) = 3x2+ x2-x+4 F (-x) = x+2
A. F (5) = 3(5)2+ (5)2-5+4
F (5) = 375+ 25-5+4 B. F(x+1) = (x+1)2+2
F (5) = 399 F(x+1) = x2+2x+1+2
F(x+1) = x2+2x+3
B. F (-3) = 3(-3)2+ (-3)2-5+4
F (-3) = -81+9-3+4
F (-3) = -71
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Even Function if f(x) = f(-x)

Odd Function if f(-x) = f(x)
A F(x) = 3x2+5
F(-x) = 3(-x)2+5 A F(x) = 17x3-10x
F(-x) = 3x2+5 F(-x) = 17(-x) 3-10(-x)
F(-x) = -17x3+10x
B F(x) = x102-4x98
F(-x) = (-x)102-4(-x)98 B F(x) = x99+7x95
F(x) = x102-4x98 F(-x) = (-x)99+7(-x)95
F(-x) = -x99+7x95
C f(x) = 14x4+x2+3
f(-x) = 14(-x)4+(-x)2+3 C F(x) = -31x3-15x9
f(-x) = 14x4+x2+3 F(x) = -31(-x)3-15(-x)9
F(x) = 31x3+15x9
3 2 4
D F(x) = x-
17 5
3 4
F(-x) = (-x)2 -
17 5
3 2 4
F(-x) = x -
17 5
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(f-g)(x) = 3x+3

Operation of Function
 Addition f+g 3. (f·g)(x) = f(x)·g(x)
(f+g)(x) = f(x)+g(x) (f·g)(x) = (x2+3x+2)(x2-1)
(f·g)(x) = x4-x2+3x3-3x+2x2-2
 Subtraction f-g (f·g)(x) = x4+3x3+x2-3x-2
(f-g)(x) = f(x)-g(x)
 Multiplication f·g f f (x )
4. ( )(x) =
(f·g)(x) = f(x)·g(x) g g ( x)
f x2 +3 x +2
f ( )(x) =
 Division g x 2−1
g
f ( x +1)( x+2)
( )(x) =
f f (x ) g (x +1)( x −1)
( )(x) =
g g ( x) f x +2
( )(x) =
g (x−1)

Examples: Another Example:

Given: F(x) = x2+16x-36
Given: F(x) = x2+3x+2
G(x) = x+18
G(x) = x2-1
1. (f+g)(10) = (x2+16x-36)+(x+18)
(f+g)(x) = x2+17x-18
1. (f+g)(x) = f(x)+g(x)
(f+g)(x) = (10)2+17(10)-18
(f+g)(x)= (x2+3x+2)+( x2-1)
(f+g)(x) = 100+170-18
(f+g)(x) = 2x2+3x+1
(f+g)(10) = 270-18
(f+g)(10) = 252
2. (f-g)(x) = f(x)-g(x)
(f-g)(x)= (x2+3x+2)-( x2-1)
2 2
2. (f-g)(5) = (x2+16x-36)-(x+18)
(f-g)(x) = x +3x+2-x +1
(f-g)(x) = x2+16x-36-x-18
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(f-g)(x) = x2+15x-54 (FoG)(x) = x2+2x+1-4

(f-g)(5) = 52+15(5)-54 (FoG)(x) = x2+2x-3
(f-g)(5) = 25+75-54
(f-g)(5) = 46

2. (FoH)(x) = F(H(x))
3. (f·g)(-1) = (x2+16x-36)(x+18)
(f·g)(x) = x3+18x2+16x2+288x-36x-648 (FoH)(x) = (x+2)2-4
(f·g)(x) = x3+34x2+252x-648
(FoH)(x) = x2+4x+4-4
(f·g)(-1) = (-1)3+34(-1)2+252(-1) -648
(f·g)(-1) = -1+34-252-648 (FoH)(x) = x2+4x
(f·g)(-1) = -867

4. (g – f)(3)
g(x) = x+18 f(x)= x2+16x-36 3. (GoH)(x) = G(H(x))
(g –f)(x) = (x+18) – (x2+16x-36) (GoH)(x) = (x+2)+1
(g –f)(x) = x+18- x2+16x-36 (GoH)(x) = x+3
(g –f)(x) = -x2-15x+54
(g – f)(3) = -(3)2-15(3)+54
(g – f)(3) = -9-45+54
(g – f)(3) = -54+54 4. (HoH)(x) = H(H(x))
(g – f)(3) = 0 (HoH)(x) = (x+2)+2
(HoH)(x) = x+4

Composition of function
F o G = F(g(x)) 5. (GoGoG)(2) = G(G(G(x)))
2
Given: F = x -4 (GoGoG)(x) = (x+1)(x+1)(x+1)
G(x) = x+1 (GoGoG)(x) = x+3
H(x) = x+2 (GoGoG)(2) = 2+3
(GoGoG)(2) = 5
1. (FoG)(x) = F(G(x))
(FoG)(x) = (x+1)2-4
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Rational Equation In rational equation, Least Common Denominator or LCD is taken into
consideration. Then, multiply them both sides of the equation to simplify the equation. Find the
values of the variable and look for extraneous root which will be the value that causes the
equation to be undefined.
17x-27=0
Example: 17 x 27
=
17 17
27 10
3 x x−1 x SS: x= or 1
1. - = 17 17
4 3 12
LCD: 12
2 3
3 x x−1 x 3. =
12( - - =0)12 x+5 2 x +9
4 3 12
LCD: (x+5) (2x+9)
3(3x)-4(x-1)-1(x) = 0
2 3
9x-4x+4 = 0 (x+5)(2x+9)( - =0)(x+5)(2x+9)
x+5 2 x +9
4x+4 = 0
2(2x+9)-3(x+5)=0
4 x −4
= 4x+18-3x-15=0
4 4
SS: x=-3
SS: x = -1
Extraneous roots: -5 and -9/2
x+5=0 2x+9=0
x+ 4 −3 x+7
2. - =0
5 2 2 x −9
x= -5 =
2 2
LCD: 10
−9
x+ 4 −3 x+7 x=
10( - = 0)10 2
5 2
12 x+3 2x
2(x+4)-5(-3x+7)=0 4. 2 = –
x −1 x−1 x+1
2x+8+15x-35=0
LCD: (x-1) (x+1)
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12 x+3 2 x x2-6x+9=0
(x-1)(x+1)( - - =0)
( x−1 ) (x+1) x−1 x+1
(x-3)(x-3)=0
12-(x+3)(x+1)+2x(x-1)=0
x-3=0 SS: x=3
2 2
12-(x +4x+3)+2x -2x=0
Extraneous root: 1
2 2
12-x -4x-3+2x -2x=0 x-1=0 x+1=0
x=1 x= -1

2 x +9 17 2 x 42
5. · =
3 1 2 2
2x+9=51 SS: x=21
2x=51-9

x x-3=0 x=0
6. · x2-9=0
x+3
x=3
x (x +3)( x+ 3)
· =0 SS: x=0 or x=3
x+3 2
Extraneous roots: -3
x( x +3)
2( = 0)
2 x+3=0 x=-3
x(x-3)=0

Rational Inequality A rational inequality uses < , > , < , > for function of x or f(x) where f is a
rational equation to determine the solution set of rational inequality, transfer all terms in one side
using rules in solving equation to make the other side equal to zero. Then, follow the procedure
in solving rational equation.
x+4= 0
Example: x= -4
SS: (-4, +∞)
1
A. >0
x+ 4
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5 x+5 - + + +
B. ≥0
x−5 F(x) - + - +
SS: (-∞, -5) ∪ (-3, 3)
x-5 =0
x= 5
x −7
SS: [5, +∞) F. ≥0
x ²−4
x−7
>0
(x +2)( x−2)
x-7=0 x+2=0 x-2=0
6 x=7 x=-2 x=2
C. <0
x−8
-∞ -5 2 7 +∞
x-8=0
x-7 - - - +
x=8 X+2 - + + +
x-2 - - + +
SS: (-∞, 8)
F(x) - + - +
SS: [-2, 2] ∪ [7, +∞)

6
D. 2 <0
x −4 x +2
G. >0
x 2−4 = 0 x ²+ 8 x −20
x+2
√ x2 = √ 4 (x +10)(x−2)
>0
x=+2
x+2=0 x+10=0 x-2=0
SS: (-∞, - 2 ]
x=-2 x=-10 x=2
x ²−9
E. <0
x +5
(x+3)(x-3) /x+5 < 0 -∞ -10 -2 2 +∞

x+3=0 x-3=0 x+5=0 x+2 - - + +

X+10 - + + +
x=-3 x=3 x=-5 x-2 - - - +
F(x) - + - +
-∞ -5 -3 3 +∞
SS: (-10, 2) ∪ (2, +∞)
x+3 - - + +
x-3 - - - +
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8 x 106
= x =-8 x=9
8 8
10 2
H. <
x+ 8 x−9 2
x=13 or 13 ¼
8
LCD: (x+8) (x-9)
-∞ -8 9 13 ¼ +∞
10 2
(x+8) (x-9) ( - < 0)
x+ 8 x−9 8x-106 - - - +
x+8 - + + +
10(x−9)−2( x+8)
<0 x-9 - - + +
(x+ 8)(x −9) F(x) - - +
10 x−90−2 x−16 SS: (-∞, -8) ∪ (9, 13 ¼)
<0
(x+ 8)( x−9)
8 x+ 106
<0
(x +8)( x−9)
8x-106=0 x+8=0 x-9=0

2 2 x−2
I. >
x+1 x ²+2 x
4x+2=0 x+1=0 x²+2x=0
LCD= (x+1) (x²+2x)
4x 2
= x=-1 x(x+2)=0
2 2 x−2 4 4
(x+1)(x²+2x)( - >0)
x+1 x ²+2 x
x= ½ x=0 x=-2
2(x ²+ 2 x )−(2 x−2)( x+ 1)
>0 -∞ -2 -1 -½ 0 +∞
( x +1)(x ²+2 x)
4x+2 - - - + +
2 x ²+ 4 x−(2 x ²+2 x −2 x−2)
>0 x+1 - - + + +
(x +1)(x ²+2 x) x - - - - +
2 x ²+ 4 x−2 x ²+2 x+2 - + + + +
>0 F(x) + - + - +
( x+1)(x ²+2 x)
SS: (-∞, -2) ∪ (-1, -½) ∪ (0, +∞)
4 x +2
>0
(x +1)(x ²+2 x)
Rational Function it is a function w/c is the ratio of polynomial function

Example:
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x +4 x
1. Given: F(x) = (f·g)(x)=
x ²−16 (x−4)²
x +4 x
F(x) = (f·g)(x)=
(x +4 )( x−4) x ²−8 x−16
1
F(x) =
x−4
x
G(x) = D. (f/g)(x)= f(x)/g(x)
x−4
1
x−4
(f/g)(x)=
A. (f+g)(x)= f(x)+g(x) x
x−4
LCD: x-4
1 x−4
1 x (f/g)(x)= *
(f+g)(x)= + x−4 x
x−4 x−4
1
1+ x (f/g)(x)=
(f+g)(x)= x
x−4

x
2. Given: F(x) =
x ²+14 x−49
x
F(x) =
B. (f-g)(x)= f(x)-g(x) (x +7)( x+ 7)

LCD: x-4 3
G(x) =
x+7
1−x x
(f-g)(x)= -
x−4 x−4
1−x A (f+g)(x)= f(x)+g(x)
(f-g)(x)=
x−4
LCD: (x+7) (x+7)
x +3( x +7)
(f+g)(x) =
C. (f·g)(x)= f(x)g(x) (x +7)( x+ 7)
1 x x+ 3 x +21
(f·g)(x)= ( )( ) (f+g)(x) =
x−4 x−4 (x +7)( x+ 7)
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4 x+ 21 x +3 9
(f+g)(x) = (f·g)(x)= *
x ²+14 x−49 x−4 (x−4)(x +3)
9
(f·g)(x)=
(x−4)²

f f (x )
D ( )(x)=
g g ( x)
x +3
f x−4
( )(x)=
g 9
( x−4)(x +3)
f x +3 (x−4)( x +3)
B. (g-f)(x)= g(x)-f(x) ( )(x)= *
g x−4 9
LCD: (x+7) (x+7) f x ²+ 6 x −9
( )(x)=
3 x g 9
(g-f(x)= -
x+7 (x +7)( x+ 7)
3(x +7)−x
(g-f(x)=
(x +7)( x+ 7)
2 x +21
(g-f)(x)=
x ²+14 x−49

C. (f·g)(x)= f(x)g(x)

Inverse Function if the function f is one to one with domain X and range Y, Then its inverse
function, denoted f1, has domain X and range Y and it is defined by; F-1 (y) = x if and only
f(x)=y for any y in B In the previous example if R=f(T) where resistance is a function of
temperature, then T=f1 (R) temperature is the inverse of function of resistance. It is read as “f-
inverse of R”.

One to One 12x1-3 =2x2-3 x1=x2

A F(x) =12x-3 12x1 =2x2
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x+3 Verifying Inverse

F-1(x) =
12
x+3 f--1 (x) =12x-3
B F(x) =
4
x+3 x+3
f( ) =12( )-3
x1 +3 x2 +3 x+3 12 12
= F(x) =
4 4 4
=x+3-5
x1+3=x2+3 x+3
Y= =x
4
x1=x2
y+ 3
x=
4
y+ 3
4( )4
4
x+3
4x=y+3 f--1 (x) =
C F(x) =3x+20/4 4

3 x +20 3 x 2 +20 F-1(x) =4x-3 (4 x−3)+3

4( 1 = )4 =
4 4 4

3x1+20 =3x2+20 3 x +20 =x

F(x) =
4
x1=x2
3 x +20
Y=
4
3 y+ 20
4(x= )4
4
4x =3y+20 3 x +20
3 y 4 x−20 f--1 (x) =
= 4
Inverse Function 3 3
4 x−20 4 x−20
F(x) =12x-3 Y= F-1(x) = =3( 3 )+20
3
y=12x-3 4 x−20 4
3 =x
x=12y-3

Exponential Function 2-3 = 1/23

*Laws of Exponent 22/3 = √3 22
20 = 0 21 = 2
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23 – exponent = 8 – argument Evaluate the function

Base 1. F(x) = 4x

Exponential Equation
a. F(2) = 42
1. 5 x - 25 = 52x = 16
x-25 = 2x
-25 = 2x-x b. F(-3) = 4-3
X = -25 1
=
43
2. 33x+5 = 326
1
3x+5 = 26 =
64
3x = 26-5
c. F(1) = 41
3 x 21
= =4
3 3
1
X=7 d. F( ) = √ 4
2
3. 813x = 37x-12
=2
4(3x) 7x-12
3 =3
12x = 7x-12
2. F(x) = 3x+1
12x-7x = -12
a. F(-1) = 3-1+1
5x 12
=- =30
5 5
=1
12 2
X = - or -2
5 5 b. F(0) = 30+1
= 31
=3
1 c. F(2) = 32+1
x
4. 4 =
64 = 33 = 27
1 1. F(x) = 3x
4x =
43
X F(x)
4x = 4-3 -1 1/3
X = -3 0 1
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1 3

2. F(x) = 2x F(x) = 2x+1 f(x) = 2x-1

X F(x) X F(x) X F(x)

-1 ½ -1 1 -1 ¼

0 1 0 2 0 ½

1 2 1 4 1 1

3. F(x) = 2x F(x) = 2-x F(x) = -2x

X F(x) X F(x) X F(x)

-1 ½ -1 2 -1 -½

0 1 0 1 0 -1

1 2 1 ½ 1 -2

Logarithmic Function
- Logarithm is an exponent
- The common logarithm has a base of 10.
Logarithm Form
Log a y – argument = x – exponent
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Base 32 = 32
Equivalent form Log3 32 == 2
Log to expo 1
6. 10-2 =
100
1. Log7 49= 2
1
72 = 49 Log = -2
100
1
2. Log2 = -3
8
1 Properties of logarithmic
-3
2 =
8 1. Loga 1= 0 since a0 = 1
3. Log1/2 8 = 3 2. Loga a = 1 sonce a1 =a
1 3. Loga ax and alogax = x inverse property
( )-3 = 8
2
4. Loga x = loga y, then x=y one – to – one
1
4. Log25 5 = Example:
2
1
1. Log 1 = x
(25¿ 2 = 5
2. Log 10 = x
√ 25 = 5 3. Log2 x =4
5. Log 100 = 2 24 = x
102 = 100 X = 16
4. Log5 x2 = 4
Expo to Log
√ 54 =√ x 2
1. 132 = 169
52 = x
Log13 169 = 2
X = 25
3
2. √ 125 = 25 1
5. Log3 =x
1 9
Log125 25 =
2 1 1
3x = 3x =
1 9 32
3. = 4-2 Log4 4-2 = -2
6
3x = 3-2 X = -2
4. ¿ = y-7
log 1 y−7=x
3
Simple Interest

5. 9 = 32 Definition of terms
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Principal (P) = is the amount borrowed P = Php 55,000 R = 25% or 0.25 T = 5 years
Interest (I) = Payment for the use of money
I = Prt
Rate of Interest (r) = Interest rate per period I = (Php 55,000)(0.25)(5)
(expressed in percent or fraction) I = Php 68,750
F=P+I
Maturity Amount (Final Amount) = F = 55,000 + 68,750
Principal plus the Interest F = Php 123,750

3. Find the Interest loan Php 3,000,000 for

Formula 6 months with 12%
Simple interest = principal x interest x time P = 3,000,000 R = 12% or 0.12 T = 6 months

I = Prt I = Prt
Final Amount = Principal + Simple interest I = (3,000,000)(0.12)(6)
I = Php 2,160,000
F=P+I F=P+I
F = 3,000,000 + 2,160,000
F = Php 5,160,000
Ex.
4. P = Php 22,000 R= ? T = 4 months
10
1. P = Php 5,000 R = 10% - R = - I = 5,280 F =?
100
R=0.10 T= 10 years
I Prt
=
Pt Pt
I = Prt
I = (5,000)(0.10)(10) I 5,280
r= x 100 r = x 100
I = Php 5,000 Pt 22,000(4 )
F=P+I 5,280
F = Php 5,000 + Php 5,000 r= x 100
88,000
F = Php 10,000 r = 0.06 x 100 r = 6 %
F=P+I
F = 22,000 + 5,280
F = 27,280

2. Find the interest loan Php 55,000 for

5 years with 25% interest
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5. P = Php 10,000 R = 19% or 0.19 T = ?

I = 3,800 F= ?
I Prt 2. March 11, 2016 – Nov. 26, 2016
= Approx.
Pr Pr
I YEAR MONTH DAY
t= 2016 11 26
Pr
3,800 3,800 2016 3 11
t= t= 0 8M 15D
10,000(0.19) 1,900
t = 2 years
F=P+I 8 months = 240 days
F = 10,000 + 3,800 = 15 days
F = 13,800 = 255 days
Exact
March (31-11) = 20 days
April = 30 days
Approximate and Actual Time May = 31 days
(Ordinary (360days)) (Exact (365days))
June = 30 days
July = 31 days
Approx. Aug. = 31 days
1. September 23, 2010 – December 25, 2012 Sept. = 30 days
YEAR MONTH DAY Oct. = 31 days
2012 12 25 Nov. = 26 days
2010 9 23 = 260 days
2 3 2
2 years = 720 days 3. Jan. 7, 2016 – July 3, 2016
3 months = 90 days Approx.
2 Days = 2 YEAR MONTH DAY
812 days 2016 7 6
33
Exact 2016 1 7
0 5M 26D
2 years = 730 days
Sept (30 -23) = 7 days
5Months = 150 days
Oct. = 31 days
Nov. = 30 days = 26 days
Dec. = 25 days = 176 days
= 93 days Exact
Jan (31-7) = 24 days
2 years = 730 days Feb = 28 days
93 days March = 31 days
= 823 days April = 30 days
May = 31 days
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June = 30 days 2 months = 60 days

July = 31 days = 177 days = 21 days = 441 days
4. Oct. 5, 2016 – Feb. 2, 2017 Exact
Approx. 1 year = 365 days
YEAR MONTH DAY Dec (31-24) = 7 days
Jan = 31 days
2017 21 32
2016 105 Feb = 28 days
March = 15 days
81 Days
YEAR MONTH DAY 1 year = 365 days
20172016 13 32 = 81 days
2016 105 446 days
3 M 27 D

3 Months = 90 days Ordinary and exact Interest

= 27 days
117 days I = Prt I = Prt
Where: Where:
Exact # of days # of days
t= t=
Oct (31 – 5) = 26 days 360 365
Nov = 30 days
Dec = 31 days Banker’s Rule/Method: Used
Jan = 31 days ordinary Interest w/ approximate time
Feb = 2 days
120 Days P = php 65,000 r = 5% or 0.05
February 26, 2014 – December 7, 2016
5. Dec. 24, 2015 – March 15, 2017
Approx. Approx.
YEAR MONTH DAY YEAR MONTH DAY
2017 2016
3 2
45 2016 1211 7 + 30
2015 12 24 2014 2 26
0 8M 15D 2Y 9M 11D
2Y = 720 days
YEAR MONTH DAY 9M = 270 days
2016 14 45 11 days
2015 12 24 1001 days
1 2M 21D

1 year = 360 days

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College of Art and Sciences
Mathematics and Physics Department

Actual
Feb (28 – 26) = 2
March = 31
April = 30 Compound Interest
May = 31
r n
June = 30 F= P (1+ ¿ MV
m
July = 31
r −n
Aug = 31 P= F (1+ ¿ PV
m
Sept. = 30 2Y = 720 days
log( f ÷ P)
Oct. = 31 284 days
t= r
Nov. = 30 1014 days m log( ¿1+ )¿
m
Dec = 7
n f
284 days
√
r = m ( −1 ¿
p
m= period/s per year
a. Ordinary Interest with approximate time
# of days n = (m * t)
I = Pr( ¿ Nominal rate: Annual rate
360
1001 Effective rate: non – annual rate
I = (php 65,000)(0.05)( )
360
I = Php 9,036.805556 1. Find the Present value of php 49,158.60
due in 5 years at an interest rate of 10%
b. Ordinary interest with actual time per year compounded quarterly.
1014 Given: P= ? F= php 49,158.60 t= 5 years
I = (php 65,000)(0.05) ( ) r = 10 % or 0.10 m= 4 n= 20
360
I =Php 9,154.166667 r −n
P= F (1+ ¿
m
c. Exact Interest with approximate time 0.10 −20
P= php 49,158.60 (1+ ¿
# of days 4
I = Pr( ¿ P= php 30,000.06517
365
1001
I = (php 65,000)(0.05)( ) 2. How much amount of total interest
365
I = Php 8,913.013699 payable on principal sum of php 20,000
at 7% rate of interest for the total period
d. Exact Interest with actual time of 4 years with half yearly compounding
1014 frequency or period.
I = (php 65,000)(0.05) ( ) Given: F= ? P= php 20,000 r = 7% or 0.07
365
I = php 9,028.767123 t= 4 years m= 2 n= 8
 Our Lady of Fatima University
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r n 5. Annuity Uncertain- Annuity in indefinite

F= P (1+ ¿
m duration. The annuity payment depends on
0.07 8 certain events or situations.
F= php 20,000 (1+ ¿
2 6. Perpetuity- annuity that has a beginning
F= php 26,336.18074 and continues indefinitely.
7. Simple Annuity- The number of
compounding period (m) per year is equal
to the number of annuity per year.
8. General Annuity- The number of
compounding periods per year is not equal
to the number of annuity per year.
3. If you deposit php5000 into an account 9. Ordinary Annuity- Annuity that is
paying 6% annual interest compounded received at the beginning of the period.
monthly. How long until there is php 8000 10. Annuity Due- Annuity that is
in the account? received at the beginning of the period.
Given: t= ? P= php 5000 F= php 8000 11. Deferred Annuity- Annuity that the first
r= 6% or 0.06 m= 12 payment is made after a certain period or
log ( f ÷ P) interval of time.
t= r 12. Payment Interval- It is the duration of
m log( ¿1+ )¿ time between payments in an annuity.
m
log (8000 ÷5000) 13. Terms of the Annuity- It is the duration
t= of time between payments from the beginning
0.06
12 log (¿ 1+ )¿ and at the end of the term.
12
14. Future Value of an Annuity- It is the sum of
t = 7.86
all periodic payment at the end of the term.
15. Present Value of an Annuity- It is the sum
ANNUITY of required payment at the start of the annuity.

1. Annuity- A sequence of periodic equal STOCKS AND BONDS

payment at a regular interval.
2. Payment Interval- Periodic time between 1. Stocks- Are called shares that a company sold
payments. to an individual or company.
3. Period (m)- Is the same with the terms or 2. Par or Face Value- The amount which the
mode of payments of the compound bond is bought.
interest, where monthly (m=12), quarterly 3. Preferred Stock- The investor has the first
(m= 4) semi-annually (m=2) and annually right over the common shareholders to the
(m= 1) dividends and assets.
4. Annuity Certain- Annuity indefinite 4. Common Stock- The investor has the voting
duration it has beginning and end on a rights and shares straightly in the business.
definite date.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Art and Sciences
Mathematics and Physics Department

5. Stocks Certificate- Serve as proof of

ownership indicating the number of shares of19. Current Yield=
stocks he/she owns. Annual Dividend per share
6. Stockholder- The buyer of the stock. Current price per share
7. Bond- is a written promise to pay a sum of
money together with the interest on the 20. Price – earnings ratio=
specified date.
Current price per share
8. Premium- Stock or bonds bought at the face or
Annual dividend per share
par value and later sold at higher price than the
par value.
9. Discount- If it is bought at lower value. 21. Par or Face Value- Value of the bond
10. Dividend- Company’s profit that is distributed assigned to the bondholder.
to the shareholders.
11. Shareholders- Person who owns a share of 22. Redemption Value- The repayment of
stocks. the face value of the issuer to the
bondholder

12. Par Value- Amount of value per share 23. Coupon- The bond interest payment to
stated in the company’s charter printed in the bondholder
the stock or bond certificate.
24. Bond Rate- Interest rate of the
13. Dividend in arrears- Unpaid dividends bond
at the end of the period and accumulates
from the period to period. 25. Yield Rate- Rate of the return on the
maturity of the bond
14. Dividend per share- The amount of
dividends the shareholder received on per 26. By ordinary Simple Annuity
share-basis (Present Value)
1−(1+i)
15. Common Dividend per share=
total Dividend
P PV =C[ i ]
27. By Compound Interest Formula
No . common of shares PC = RV (1+i¿−n

16. Total Prepared Dividend= AMORTIZATION

No. of shares x Dividend per shares
1. Consumer Loan- Is a loan intended for
17. Total Common Dividend= personal, individual or families.
Total Dividend – Total preferred Dividend 2. Business Loan- Is a loan intended for
business purposes. As same with other
18. Preferred Dividend per shares= loans, it involves debt which will be repaid
Par value x Rate with interest.
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Art and Sciences
Mathematics and Physics Department

3. Amortization- Is defined as combined has 30,000 shares of preferred stock that

payment of principal and interest in pays php 10.00 per share and 60,00 shares
sequence of equal instalment payment overof common stock. Find the dividends due
a period of time. to the shareholders for preferred stocks and
dividend per share of common stock.
Given:
Total dividend – php 5,000,000
Total Preferred stocks – php 30,000 x php 10
= php 300,000
Common stocks – php 60,000
Total common stocks = Total D. – TPS
= 5,000,000 – 300,000
= 4,700,000
Total dividend per share common stocks
Total common stock
=
share common stock
4,700,000
=
60,000
Total dividend per share of common stock
Stocks & Bonds Problems
= php 78.33
1. A corporation sold 3,000 shares of
common stock to stockholders. The
company declared a dividend of
php 60,000 at the end of year. How much
dividends per share of common stocks? 3. If JFC airlines is currently selling at php 5,000
Given: per share. The earnings per share is php 250.
What is the current yield of the stock?
Common share of stocks – php
Given:
3,000
Annual dividend per share = php 250
Total – php 60,000
Current price per share = php 5,000
Dividends per share of common
ADpS
stock - ? Current yield =
CPpS
Dividend per share of common stocks:
250
Total D = x 100
5,000
CSoS
Current yield = 5%
6000
= = php 20
3000
4. If the price share of RGA travel and tourist is
php 5,500 with annual dividend per share of
2. The board of director declared a
php 70, compute for the price – earning ratio.
dividend of php 5,000,000 the company
Given:
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Art and Sciences
Mathematics and Physics Department

Current price per share = php 5,500 bond that yields 7% interest compound
Annual dividend per share = php 70 semi-annually.
CPpC Given:
Price – earning ratio =
ADpS br
FaV = php 12000 b=
5,500 m
=
70 br = 12% or 0.12 b= 0.06
Price earning ratio = php 78.57 m=2 C= FaV . b
t= 20 C= 720
5. Find the price of bond valued at php 20,000 y
n= 40 i=
with interest 10% payable quarterly and m
compounded will be redeemed in 10 years. y = 7% or 0.07 i= 0.035
Solve for the price of bond that yield 12% RVr= 120% or 1.2
quarterly redeemable at par. 1-(1+i ¿−n
Given:
br
Ppv = [
C
i ]
FaV = php 20,000 b = 1-(1+0.035¿−40
br = 10% or 0.10
m
b = 0.025
= 720 [ 0.035 ]
m=4 c = FaV . b Ppv = php 15375.65208
t = 10 years c = 500 Rv= RVr . FaV
y = 14400
n = 40 i= Pc= Rv(1+i¿−n
m
y = 12% or 0.12 i = 0.03 Pc= 14400(1+0.035¿−40
Pc= php 3637.043542
1-(1+i ¿−n
Ppv = C [ i ] P= Ppv+Pc
P= php 15375.65208+php 3637.043548
1-(1+0.03¿−40
= 500 [ 0.03 ] P= php 19012.69562

Ppv = php 11,557.38599

Pc = Rv(1+i¿−n
Pc = 20000(1+0.03¿−40
Pc = 6,131.136815
P = Ppv + Pc
P = php 17,688.52281 LOGIC

6. A php 12,000 bond with interest at 12% Rules:

converted semi-annually is redeemable at Conjunction (˄) = T+T=T other than that all
120% in 20 years. Find the coupon are F
payment, redemption value and price of Disjunction (˅) = F+F=F other than that all
are T
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Art and Sciences
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Exclusive Disjunction ( ˅ ) = T+T=F, F+F=F 6. I will travel the world if and only if I have
Conditional (→) = T+F=F, other than that all money (p↔q)
are T
a. Negation (¬∨ ¿
1. The shoes is black (p) 1. The shoes is not black
2. Ms. Ang has short hair (q) 2. Ms. Ang doesn’t have a short hair
3. Evan is pretty and she is good in English
(p˄q) b. Conjunction (˄) = T+T=T other than that all
4. I love drawing or playing with my classmates are F
(p˅q) 3. (p˄q)
5. If I will work hard then, I will earned a lot
(p→q)

C. Disjuntion (˅) = F+F=F other than that all are T P P

p q r p˅q p˅r q˅r p˅r q˅p p→q p ˄r

T T T T T T F F T T
T T F T T T T F T F
T F T T T T F T F T
T F F T T F T T F F
F T T T T T T T T F
F T F T F T F T T F
F F T F T T T F T F
F F F F F F F F T F

D. Conditional (→) = T+F=F, other than that all are T

r q p q p→q p → q (p→q) ˅ ( p → q ¿
T T F F T T T
T F F T F T Tp q p q p˄q p˄ p˄
F T T F T F T q
T T F F T F F
F F T T T T T
T F F T F T F
Tautology F T T F F F F
D. Conditional F F T T F F T
-If I work hard, then I will earned a lot
Converse: q → p
-If I will earned a lot, then I will work hard
Inverse: p → q
 Our Lady of Fatima University
College of Art and Sciences
Mathematics and Physics Department

-If I will not work hard, then I will not earned a lot
Contrapositive: q → p
-If I will not earned a lot then, I will not work hard
Biconditional: p↔q
-I will work hard if and only if I will earned a lot
p q p q p˄ q p ˅q p˅ q p→q (p ˄ q ) → ( ( p→q) ˅
p ˅ q) [ ( p ˄ q)→( p ˅q )
T T F F F T F T T T
T F F T T F T T F T
F T T F F T T T T T
F F T T F T F F T T
Tautology