GATE 2020

Instrumentation
Engineering
Questions and Solutions
of afternoon session

Date of Exam : 1/2/2020

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

SECTION A : GENERAL APTITUDE

Q.1 P, Q, R and S are to be uniquely coded using α and β. If P is coded as αα and Q
as αβ, then R and S, respectively, can be coded as _____.
(a) βα and αβ (b) αβ and ββ
(c) βα and ββ (d) ββ and αα

Ans. (c)
Given: Code of P = αα ; Code of Q = αβ
Then, Code of R = βα
and Code of S = ββ
End of Solution

Q.2 I do not think you know the case well enough to opinions. Having said that, I agree
with your other point. What does the phrase “having said that” means in the given text?
(a) contrary to what I have said (b) in addition to what I have said
(c) as opposed to what I have said (d) despite what I have said

Ans. (b)
End of Solution

Q.3 He is known for his unscrupulous ways. He always sheds ____ tears to deceive people.
(a) fox (b) fox’s
(c) crocodile’s (d) crocodile

Ans. (c)

End of Solution

Q.4 Select the word that fits the analogy:

Build : Building :: Grow : _____
(a) Grown (b) Grew
(c) Growed (d) Growth

Ans. (d)

End of Solution

Q.5 Crowd funding deals with mobilization of funds for a project from a large number of
people, who would be willing to invest smaller amounts through web-based platforms
in the project.
Based on the above paragraph, which of the following is correct about crowd funding?
(a) Funds raised through unwilling contributions on web-based platforms.
(b) Funds raised through coerced contributions on web-based platforms.
(c) Funds raised through large contributions on web-based platforms.
(d) Funds raised through voluntary contributions on web-based platforms.

Ans. (d)
End of Solution

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Q.6 The bar graph shows the data of students who appeared and passed in an examination
for four schools P, Q, R and S. The average of success rates (in percentage) of these
four schools is ____.
Performance of Schools P, Q, R and S
800
Appeared Passed
700
700

Number of students
600
600
500
500 455
400
400
330
300 280
240
200

100

School P School Q School R School S

(a) 58.8% (b) 58.5%

(c) 59.0% (d) 59.3%

Ans. (c)
Total no. of passed students
Total no. of students
Average percentage of passing students = × 100
4
280 330 455 240
+ + +
500 600 700 400 × 100
=
4
0.56 + 0.55 + 0.65 + 0.60
= × 100 = 59%
4
End of Solution

Q.7 Define [x] as the greatest integer less than or equal to x, for each x ∈ (– ∞, ∞). If
y = [x] then area under y for x ∈ [1, 4] is _____.
(a) 4 (b) 1
(c) 6 (d) 3

Ans. (c)

2
3
1 2
1

1 2 3 4

Area = 1 × 1 + 1 × 2 + 1 × 3
=1 + 2 + 3 = 6
End of Solution

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Q.8 Jofra Archer, the England fast bowler, is _____ than accurate.
(a) more faster (b) faster
(c) less fast (d) more fast

Ans. (c)
End of Solution

Q.9 The sum of the first n terms in the sequence 8, 88, 888, 8888, ...... is _____.

80 ( n ) 8 81 ( n ) 9
(a) 10 − 1 − n (b) 10 − 1 + n
81 9 80 8

81 ( n ) 9 80 ( n ) 8
(c) 10 − 1 − n (d) 10 − 1 + n
80 8 81 9

Ans. (a)
Put n = 1 in all options.
80  1  8 80 8 72
10 − 1 − [1] = − = =8
81  9 9 9 9

End of Solution

Q.10 Select the graph that schematically represents BOTH y = xm and y = x1/m properly in
the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, for integer values of m, where m > 1.
y y

1 1
x1/m

xm xm
(a) (b)
x1/m
x x
0 1 0 1

y y

1 1

x1/m xm
(c) (d)
xm
x1/m
x x
0 1 0 1

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Ans. (c)
y = xm and y = x1/m
for m = 2 in 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
y = x2 and y = x
∴ graphs are shown as
y

x1/m

xm
x
0 1

End of Solution

SECTION B : TECHNICAL

Vx
Q.1 Assume that the opamp in the circuit shown is ideal. The value of I (in kΩ) is _____.
x

8 kΩ

Ix

+
Vx
–

1 kΩ 2 kΩ

Ans. (–4)
8 kΩ

Ix
Vx
V0

1 kΩ

2 kΩ

V+ = V–
V0 × 1
Vx =
1+ 2
⇒ V0 = 3Vx ...(1)
Vx − V0 Vx − 3Vx −Vx
Ix = = =
8 8 4
Vx
⇒ I x = –4 kΩ

End of Solution

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

C(s) 1
Q.2 The closed loop transfer function of a control system is given by = . For the
R(s) s + 1
input r(t) = sin t, the steady state response c(t) is _____.
1 1  π
(a) cost (b) sin  t + 
2 2  4
1  π
(c) 1 (d) sin  t − 
2  4 

Ans. (d)

1
Transfer function = = G (s )
s +1

1 1
G(jω) = j ω + 1 = ∠− tan−1 ω
ω +1
2

Input = 1sin((1)t + 0°)

A ω φ1

Output = B sin (ωt + φ2)

1 1
where B = A G(j ω) = 1× =
1+ 1 2
and φ2 = φ1 + ∠G(jω) = – tan–1 1 = – 45°

1  π
∴ Steady state o/p = sin  t − 
2  4

End of Solution

∞
Q.3 Consider the signal x(t) = e–| t | . Let X ( j ω ) = ∫ x(t )e− jωtdt be the Fourier transform of
−∞

x(t). The value of X(j0) is _____.

Ans. (2)

2





x(t) = e–| t | 



X(j ω) =
1+ ω 2
By using area under frequency domain property,
Area of x(t) = X(j 0)
⇒ X(j 0) = Area of x(t)
∞
= ∫−∞ x(t )dt
0 ∞ −t
∫−∞ e dt + ∫0 e
t
= dt = 1 + 1 = 2

End of Solution

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Q.4 A sinusoid of 10 kHz is sampled at 15 k samples/s. The resulting signal is passed

through an ideal low pass filter (LPF) with cut-off frequency of 25 kHz. The maximum
frequency component at the output of the LPF (in kHz) is _____.

Ans. (25)
Given signal is sinusoidal signal having frequency ⇒ 10 kHz
X(f )

–10 K 0 10 K f
Given, f s = 15 kHz
∞

Xs(f ) = fs ∑ X (f − nfs )
n = −∞

LPF having
COF = 25 kHz

–40 k –25 k –20 k –10 k –5 k 5k 10 k 20 k 25 k 40 k

After passing through Ideal LPF having Cut-off frequency = 25 km

frequencies present at filter output are → 5 k, 10 k, 20 k, 25 k, .....
Max frequency present at filter output → 25 kHz
Method : 2
Given, fm = 10 kHz
After sampling, frequencies present will be → ± fm ± nfs : n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ....
i.e. ± 10 k, ± 10 k ± 15 k, ± 10 k ± 30 k, .....
After passing through ideal LPF having Cut-off frequency = 25 kHz, heighest free
component present at filter output = 25 kHz.
End of Solution

1 + 0.2s
Q.5 A phase lead network has the transfer function G (s ) = . The angular frequency
1 + 0.05s
at which the maximum phase shift for the network occurs is _____.
(a) 20 rad/s (b) 200 rad/s
(c) 100 rad/s (d) 10 rad/s

Ans. (d)
1 + 0.2s
G(s) =
1 + 0.05s
Z=5
P = 20
ωn = Z .P = 10 rad/s
End of Solution

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Q.6 The capacitance Cx of a capacitive type sensor is (1000 x) pF, where x is the input to the
sensor. As shown in the figure, the sensor is excited by a violate 10 sin (100 πt) V. The
other terminal of the sensor is tied to the input of a high input impedance amplifier through
a shielded cable, with shield connected to ground. The cable capacitance is 100 pF.
The peak of the voltage VA at the input of the amplifier when x = 0.1 (in volts) is _____.
Cx
Amplifier
(high input impedance)
VA
Shielded
10 sin (100 πt) cable
volts

Ans. (5)
The capacitance of the capacitive sensor
Cx = (1000x) Pf
x value is = 0.1
Cx = (1000 × 0.1) Pf = 100 Pf
Cable capacitance = 100 Pf
Electrical equivalent of given measurement system.

Cx
Amplifier
(High Input
Vi(t) 10 sin (100πt ) V Ccable VA Impedance)

As the amplifier has high input impedance there is no loading effect.

1
So, Peak value of VA = Vi ×
j ωCcable
1 1
+
j ωCcable j ωCx
Cx 100 × 10−12
= 10 × = 10 × = 5 V
Cx + Ccable (100 + 100) × 10−12
End of Solution

Q.7 Given f(A, B, C, D) = Σm(0, 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11) + Σd(3, 7, 14, 15) is a Boolean function,
where m represents min-term and d represents don’t-cares. The minimal sum of products
expression for f is _____.
(a) f = B + C (b) f = AB + CB

(c) f = D + A (d) f = AB + CD

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Ans. (a)
f(A, B, C, D) = Σm(0, 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11) + Σd(3, 7, 14, 15)
CD
AB 00 01 11 10
00 1 1 x 1

01 x 1

11 x x C+B

10 1 1 1 1

f = B+C

End of Solution

Q.8 A set of linear equations is given in the form Ax = b, where A is a 2 × 4 matrix with
real number entries and b ≠ 0. Will it be possible to solve for x and obtain a unique
solution by multiplying both left and right sides of the equation by AT (the super script
T denotes the transpose and inverting the matrix ATA? Answer is _____.
(a) Yes, can obtain a unique solution provided the matrix A is will conditioned.
(b) Yes, it is always possible to get a unique solution for any 2 × 4 matrix A.
(c) Yes, can obtain a unique solution provided the matrix ATA is well conditional.
(d) No, it is not possible to get a unique solution for any 2 × 4 matrix A.

Ans. (c)
Given set of linear equations
A2× 4 x4 ×1 = b2× 1
Multiply AT on both sides
We get, (ATA)4 ×4 x4× 1 = AT4× 2b2 ×1
⇒ (ATA)4 ×4 x4× 1 = (ATb)4× 1
it is system of 4 equations in 4 unknowns but it can have a unique solution only if
|ATA| ≠ 0
End of Solution

1
Q.9 Let f ( x) =
z +a
,a > 0 . The value of the integral ∫ f (x)d x over a circle C with centre

(–a, 0) and radius R > 0 evaluated in the anti-clockwise direction is _____.

(a) 0 (b) 2πi
(c) – 2πi (d) 4πi

Ans. (b)
1
Given f (z) = , a > 0 and singularity of f (z) is z = –a
z +a
1
∫ f (z )dz = ∫ z + a dz, where ‘c’ : |z + a| = R
c c

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

singularity (z = –a) lies inside ‘c’

∴ By Cauchy integral formula
1
∫ z − (−a) dz = 2πi(1) = 2πi
c

End of Solution

 1 n = 0,1,2,3,.....
Q.10 Consider the Signal x[n] = sin (2πn) u[n], where u[n] = 
0 otherwise

The period of this signal x[n] is

(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 2 (d) 1

Ans. (d)
x(n) = sin 2πn.u(n)
For n= 0, x(0) =0
n= 1, x(1) = sin 2π = 0
n= 2, x(2) = sin 4π = 0
Thus, x(n) = {.... 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, .....}
↑
Hence, Time-period is 1.
End of Solution

Q.11 Assuming ideal opamps, the output voltage at V1 in the figure shown (in volts) is _____.
1 kΩ

1 kΩ 3 kΩ 5 kΩ

1 kΩ

V1

3V 2V

Ans. (7)
1 KΩ

B 3 KΩ

1 KΩ 5 KΩ
1 KΩ A
V1
3V 2V

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

VA = 3 V; VB = 2 V
KCL at Node A:

0 − 3 V1 − 3 2 − 3
+ + =0
1 1 1
⇒ V1 = 7 V
End of Solution

Q.12 Consider the recursive equation X n +1 = X n – h ( F ( X n ) – X n ), with initial condition

X0 = 1 and h > 0 being a very small valued scalar. This recursion numerically solves
the ordinary differential equation _____.
(a) X = –F(X), X(0) = 1 (b) X = F(X), X(0) = 1
(c) X = F(X) + X, X(0) = 1 (d) X = –F(X) + X, X(0) = 1

Ans. (d)
Given recursive equation xn + 1 = xn – h[F(xn) – xn]
can be written at xn + 1 = xn + h[xn – F (xn)]
Clearly it is Euler forward numerical solution for the differential equation.
dx
= x – F (x)
dt
End of Solution

Q.13 Three 400 Ω resistors are connected in delta and powered by a 400 V (rms), 50 Hz,
balanced, symmetrical R-Y-B sequence, three-phase three-wire mains. The rms value of
the line current (in amperes, rounded off to one decimal place) is _____.

Ans. (1.7)

400 Ω 400 Ω
400 V

400 Ω
VPh 400
IPh = = = 1A
RPh 400

ILine = 3 IPh = 3 × 1 = 1.732 A

End of Solution

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Q.14 The Boolean operation performed by the following circuit at the output O is _____.

4:1
I0
MUX
I1
O
I2
I3

S1 S0
MSB LSB

(a) O = S0 i S1 (b) O = S1 i S0

(c) O = S1 + S0 (d) O = S1 ⊕ S0

Ans. (d)
0
0
1 1
1 O
2
3
0

S1 S0

O = S1S0 . 0 + S1S0 .1+ S1S0 .1+ S1S0 .0

= S1S0 + S1S0 = S1 ⊕ S0

End of Solution

Q.15 A Q meter is best suited for the measurement of the _____.

(a) Quality factor of a capacitance. (b) Distributed capacitance of a coil.
(c) Turns-ratio of a transformer (d) Quality factor of piezoelectric sensor.

Ans. (b)
End of Solution

Q.16 If the diodes in the circuit shown are ideal and the breakdown voltage Vz of the Zener
diode is 5 V, the power dissipated in the 100 Ω resistor (in watts) is _____.
50 Ω 100 Ω

Diode

10 sin (100 πt) Zener 5V

VZ
volts diode

(a) 225/100 (b) 1

(c) 0 (d) 25/100

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Ans. (c)
50 Ω Vx 100 Ω

Vi 5V

Let both diodes be OFF ⇒ Vx = 5 V

If Vi < 5 V then both diodes are OFF
∴ current through 100 Ω remains zero.
If Vi > 5 V then normal diode becomes ON and zener diode undergoes breakdown.

50 Ω 100 Ω

Vi 5V 5V
(>5V)

Now also current through 100 Ω is zero. Hence power dissipation in 100 Ω resistor is
zero.
End of Solution

Q.17 If I is the current flowing through a Hall effect sensor and B is the magnetic flux density
perpendicular to the direction of the current (in the plane of the Hall effect sensor), the
Hall voltage generated is _____.
(a) Directly proportional to both I and B
(b) Inversely proportional to I and directly proportional to B
(c) Directly proportional to I and inversely proportional to B
(d) Inversely proportional to both I and B

Ans. (a)
The Hall voltage developed across the Hall sensor is given by
IB
VH = KH
t
1
So, VH ∝ I; VH ∝ B; VH ∝
t
End of Solution

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Q.18 A 200 mV full-scale dual-slope analog to digital converter (DS-ADC) has a reference
voltage of 100 mV. The first integration time is set as 100 ms. The DS-ADC is operated
in the continuous conversion mode. The conversion time of the DS-ADC for an input
voltage of 123.4 mV (in ms, rounded off to one decimal place) is _____.

Ans. (223.4)
Dual Slope ADC
Reference voltage, Vr = 100 mV
For VA = 123.4 mV

VA 123.4
Deintegration time = × integration time = × 100 ms
Vr 100

So,Total conversion time = 100 ms + 123.4 ms = 223.4 ms

End of Solution

Q.19 A player throws a ball at a basket kept at distance. The probability that the ball falls
into the basket in a single attempt is 0.1. The player attempts to throw the ball twice.
Considering each attempt to be independent, the probability that this player puts the
ball into the basket only in the second attempt (rounded of to two decimal places)
is _____.

Ans. (0.09)
Given, the probability that the ball faces into the basket in a single attept = 0.1
i.e., probability that the base does not fall into basket = 1 – 0.1 = 0.9
Given each attempt is independent.
∴ Probability that the ball falls into basket only in second attempt
= P(does not fall) × P(falls)
= 0.9 × 0.1 = 0.09
End of Solution

Q.20 The Boolean expression for the shaded regions as shown in the figure is _____.

A B

(a) ( A + B) i ( A + B) (b) ( A + B) i ( A + B)

(c) ( A + B ) i ( A + B) (d) ( A + B) i ( A + B)

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Ans. (d)

A B

A but not B B but not A

(AB ) (A• B )

f = AB + AB

f = ( A + B ) . ( A + B)

End of Solution

Q.21 The unit vectors along the mutually perpendicular x, y and z axes are iˆ, jˆ and kˆ
 
respectively. Consider the plane z = 0 and two vector a and b on that plane such
   
that a ≠ αb for any scalar α. A vector perpendicular to both a and b is _____.

(a) iˆ − jˆ (b) − jˆ

(c) k̂ (d) iˆ

Ans. (c)

Given z = 0 and a ≠ α b

So, it is clear that both a, b are ine xy-plane.

∴ The vector perpendicular to both a,b will be in the direction of z-axis.

End of Solution

Q.22 In the circuit shown below, the safe maximum value for the current I is _____.

100 Ω, 1 W

VB 2 Ω, 0.5 W

1 Ω, 0.25 W

(a) 0.5 A (b) 0.1 A

(c) 1.0 A (d) 0.05 A

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Ans. (b)

P
Maximum current for 100 Ω, 1 W; I = = 0.1 A
R

0.5
Maximum current for 2 Ω, 0.5 W; I = = 0.5 A
2

Maximum current for 1 Ω, 0.25 W; I = 0.25 = 0.5 A

The safe maximum value of current I which can flow through series resistances is 0.1
A.
End of Solution

Q.23 A differentiator has a transfer function whose

(a) magnitude decreases linearly with frequency
(b) magnitude remains constant
(c) phase increase linearly with frequency
(d) magnitude increases linearly with frequency

Ans. (d)

d x(t )
y(t) =
dt
Taking Fourier Transform
Y(ω) = jω X(ω)

Y (ω )
⇒ H(ω) = = jω
X (ω )
⇒ |H(ω)| = ω
∠H(ω) = 90°
Magnitude increases linaerly and phase is constant.
End of Solution

Q.24 Two 100 Ω resistors having tolerance 3% and 4% are connected in series. The effective
tolerance of the series combination (in %, rounded off to one decimal place) is _____.

Ans. (3.5)
Given, R1 = 100 Ω ± 3%
R2 = 100 Ω ± 4%
R = R1 + R2 = 100 + 100 = 200 Ω

δR1
Here, × 100 = 3
R1

100 × 3
δR1 = = 3 Ω
100

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

δR 2
× 100 = 4
R2

100 × 4
δR2 = = 4 Ω
100
We know, δR = δR1 + δR2 = 3 + 4 = 7 Ω

δR 7
∴ % ∈r in R = × 100 = × 100 = 3.5%
R 200

End of Solution

Q.25 A second order system has closed loop poles located as s = –3 ± j4. The time t at
which the maximum value of the step response occurs (in seconds, rounded off to two
decimal places) is _____.

Ans. (0.78)

Given, Poles = – 3 ± j4 = ξωn ± ωn 1− ξ2

So, ωn 1− ξ2 = 4
π
and since tp = = 0.78
ωn 1 − ξ2

End of Solution

Q.26 Consider two identical bags B1 and B2 each containing 10 balls of identical shapes and
sizes. Bag B1 contains 7 Red and 3 Green balls, while bag B2 contains 3 Red and 7
Green balls. A bag is picked at random and a ball is drawn from it, which was found
to be Red. The probability that the Red ball came from bag B1 (rounded off to one decimal
place) is _____.

Ans. (0.7)
Red/B1
B1

Red
B2
Red/B2

1
P(B1) =
2
1
P(B2) =
2
 Red  7
P
 B1 
=
10

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 Detailed Solutions of
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Date of Test : 01-02-2020

 Red  3
P
 B2 
=
10
By Baye’s Theorem
 B1  P (B1 ∩ Red)
P   =
Red P (Red)
 Red
P (B1) .P 
 B1 
=
 Red  Red
P (B1) . P   + P (B2 ) P 
 1 
B  B1 

1 7
×
= 2 10
1 7  1 3 
 ×  +  × 
2 10 2 10
7
20 7
= = = 0.7
1 10
2

End of Solution

Q.27 Consider the following state variable equations :

x2 (t ) = x2 (t )

x2 (t ) = – 6x1(t) – 5x2(t)

The initial conditions are x1(0) = 0 and x2(0) = 1. At t = 1 second, the value of x2(1)
(rounded off to two decimal places) is _____.

Ans. (–0.12)
x1 (t ) = x2(t)

S x1 (s ) − x1 (0 ) 0 = x2(s)

x2 (s)
∴ x1(s) =
s

x2 (t ) = –6x1(t) – 5x2(t)

Sx2(s) – x2(0) = –6x1(s) – 5x2(s)

6 x2 (s )
Sx2(s) – 1 = − − 5 x2 (s)
s

 6 
x2(s)  s + + 5 = 1
 s 

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

s
x2(s) =
s 2 + 5s + 6

−2 3
x2(s) = +
s+2 s+3
x2(t) = –2e–2t + 3e–3t
∴ x2(1) = –2e–2 + 3e–3
= – 0.12
End of Solution

Q.28 A metallic strain gauge of resistance Rx with a gauge factor of 2 is bonded to a structure
made of a metal with modulus of elasticity of 200 GN/m2. The value of Rx is 1 kΩ when
no stress is applied. Rx is a part of a quarter bridge with three identical fixed resistors
of 1 kΩ each. The bridge is excited from a DC voltage of 4 V. The structure is subjected
to a stress of 100 MN/m2. Magnitude of the output of the bridge (in mV, rounded off
to two decimal places) is _____.

Ans. (1)
Given, The initial resistance of strain gauge (Rx) is
Rx = 1 kΩ
Youngs Modulus of Elasticity (E) = 200 × 109 N/m2
Applied stress = 100 × 106 N/m2
Quarter bridge configuration

1 kΩ 1 kΩ

+ –
4V VS VOB

Rx 1 kΩ

Output voltage of quarter bridge for small strain

VS ∆R x
VOB = 4 × R
x

∆Rx = RxGf ∈
(Rx = No load resistance; Gf = Gauge factor; ∈ = Applied strain)
VS 4  Stress 
VOB = × Gf ∈ = ×2× 
4 4  Youngs Modulus 
100 × 106
= 2× = 1 × 10 −3 V = 1 mV
200 × 109
End of Solution

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 Detailed Solutions of
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Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Q.29 The rms value of the phasor current I in the circuit shown (in amperes) is _____.
100 Ω

100 mH
2 100 cos (1000 t)
volts
10 µF

I
Ans. (1)
R = 100 Ω
XL = ωL = 100 Ω

1
XC = = 100 Ω
ωC
Z = 100 + j(100 – 100)
|Z | = 100 Ω

I=
Vrms
=
( 2 × 100 ) 2
⇒ 1A
z 100
End of Solution

Q.30 Assuming that the opamp used in the circuit shown is ideal, the reading of the 1 Hz
bandwidth, permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC) type voltmeter (in volts) is _____.
10 kΩ

20 kΩ

V/M
Volt meter
2π sin(5000 πt)
volts

Ans. (1)
10 kΩ

D1 D2

20 kΩ

V/M
Volt meter
2π sin(5000 πt)
volts

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Case-1: For +ve half cycle

V0 = –ve as opamp is inverting
D1 is FB and D2 is RB.
From the concept of virtual ground
V0 = 0 Vi

Case-2 : For –ve half cycle

V0 = +ve π 2π
D1 is RB and D2 is FB.

10
∴ V0 = − ( −2 π ) × = +π
20
Here V0 is the peak voltage
π
From the waveform
As a PMMC reads the average value 0
π 2π

VP π
∴ Vavg = = = 1 V
π π

End of Solution

Q.31 A 1000/1 A, 5 VA, UPF bar-primary measuring current transformer has 1000 secondary
turns. The current transformer exhibits a ratio error of – 0.1% and a phase error of 3.438
minutes when the primary current is 1000 A. At this operating condition, the rms value
of the magnetization current of the current transformer (in amperes, rounded off to two
decimal places) is _____.

Ans. (1.00)
In a current transformer we know that the phase angle error

180 Im
β=
π n Is

3.438
Here β = 3.438 mins = deg
60
n = 1000
Is = 1

3.438 180 Im
∴ = ×
60 π 1000 × 1

3.438 × 1000 × π
Im =
60 × 180

108.0079
= = 1.00 A
108

End of Solution

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 Detailed Solutions of
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Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Q.32 Consider the function f(x, y) = x2 + y2. The minimum value of the function attains on
the line x + y = 1 (rounded off to two decimal places) is _____.

Ans. (0.5)
f (x, y) = x2 + y2 with respect to line x + y = 1
from constraint x + y = 1 ⇒ y = 1 – x
Then f (x, y) = x2 + (1 – x)2
= x2 + 1 + x2 – 2x
f (x, y) = φ(x) = 2x2 – 2x + 1 to be minimum
find stationary point
φ′(x) = 4x – 2 = 0
⇒ x = 1/2
1 1
Then, y = 1 – x = 1− =
2 2
 1 1
∴ stationary point is  , 
2 2
and φ′′(x) = 4 > 0

 1 1
⇒ f (x, y) is minimum at point  , 
2 2

Hence, minimum value of f (x, y) = x2 + y2

2 2
 1  1 1 1 1
=   +  = + =
 2  2 4 4 2

End of Solution

 1 −1 0 
Q.33 Consider the matrix M =  1 −2 1 . One of the eigen vectors of M is
 
0 −1 1

 −1   1
   
(a)  1  (b)  1 
 −1   1 
 1  1
   
(c)  −1  (d)  1 
 1   −1 

Ans. (b)
∵ C1 + C2 + C3 = 0 ⇒ λ=0
We know that, MX = λX
⇒ MX = 0
 1 −1 0  x  0
 1 −2 1 y  = 0
    
0 −1 1  z  0

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 Detailed Solutions of
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Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Consider two equations

x – y – 0⋅z = 0
x – 2y + z = 0
x y z
Solving = = =K
−1 −1 −1
 x 1
y  
⇒   = K1 1
 z  1

1

Hence one of the eigen vector is 1
1

End of Solution

Q.34 The address lines A9 .... A2 of a 10 bit, 1.023 V full-scale digital to analog converter
(DAC) is connected to the data lines D7 to D0 of an 8-bit microprocessor, with A1 and
A0 of the DAC grounded. Now, D7 .... D0 is changed from 1010 1010 to 1010 1011. The
corresponding change in the output of the DAC (in mV, rounded off to one decimal places)
is _____.

Ans. (4)
VFS = 1.023 10 bit DAC
A9 D7

10 bit µP
DAC

A2 D0
A1 A0

1010101000 = initial input of DAC

1010101100 = changed input of DAC
0000000100 = change in input

Output voltage of DAC,

VFS
VDAC = × (Decimal equivalent of binary input)
210
−1
Change in output of DAC for corresponding input change in

1.023
∆VDAC = × 4 = 4 mV
1023

End of Solution

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Q.35 I1, I2 and I3 in the figure below are mesh currents. The correct set of mesh equations
for these currents, in matrix form, is _____.
V2

I2 1Ω

1Ω 1Ω

I1 I3
V1 2Ω V3

 1 −1 −2  I1   V1  −3 −1 −2  I1   V1

(a)  −1 2 −1  I 2  = V  (b)  −1 3 −1  I 2  =  V 
    2     2
 −2 −1 3  I 3  V3   −2 −1 3  I 3   −V3 

 3 −1 −2  I1   V1  3 −1 −2  I1   V1

(c)  −1 3 −1  I 2  =  V  (d)  −1 3 −1  I 2  = V 
    2     2
 −2 −1 3  I 3   −V3   −2 −1 −3  I 3  V3 

Ans. (c)
From inspection
3I1 – I2 – 2I3 = V1 ...(1)
–I1 + 3I2 – I3 = V2 ...(2)
–2I1 – I2 + 3I3 = –V3 ...(3)

 3 −1 −2  I1   V1 

 −1 3 −1  I 
   2 =  2 
V 
 −2 −1 3   I 3   −V3 

End of Solution

Q.36 Consider the finite sequence X = (1, 1, 1). The Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT)
of X is given as (x(0), x(1), x(2)). The value of x(2) is _____.

Ans. (0)

2π
1 N −1 j Kn
x(n) = ∑
N K =0
X (K ) e N

2π
1 2 j Kn
= ∑ X (K ) e 3
[∵ X(K) = {X(0), X(1), X(2)} = {1,1,1}]
3 K =0

1 
2π 4π 8π 
1 2 j Kn j j
= ∑e
3 K =0
3 =
3
1+ e 3 +e 3 

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

4π 4π
j j
 j 4π −j
4π  3  4π 
e 3 + 1 + e 3  = e
e 3
= 1+ 2cos 
3 3  3

4π
j
e  3
 1 
= 1+ 2  −   = 0
3   2 

End of Solution

2 (s + 1)
Q.37 The loop transfer function of negative feedback system is G(s)H(s) = . The phase
s2
margin of the system (in degrees, rounded off to one decimal place) is _____.

Ans. (65.5)

2 (s + 1)
G(s)H(s) =
s2
ωgc = 2.2
PM = 180° + [–180° + tan–1 (ωgc)] = 65.5°
End of Solution

Q.38 The real power drawn by a balanced load connected to a 400 V, 50 Hz, balanced,
symmetrical 3-phase, 3-wire, RYB sequence main is measured using the two-wattmeter
method. Wattmeter W1 is connected in the R line and wattmeter W2 is connected in the
1
B line. The line current is measured as A. If the wattmeter W1 reads zero, the reading
3
on W1 (in watts) is _____.

Ans. (200)
In a 2 wattmeter method is one of the wattmeter reads ’0’ then φ = 60° and the second
wattmeter indicates the total power consumed by the load
and

3
∴ P = P1 + P2 = V I
2 PH PH

1
As IPH = IL =
3

400
VPH =
3
3 400 1 400
∴ P= × × =
2 3 3 2 = 200 watts
End of Solution

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Q.39 In the circuit shown, the rms value of the voltage across the 100 Ω, resistor (in volts)
_____.
R

400 V 300 Ω 100 Ω

Balanced
Symmetrical
RYB 300 Ω 300 Ω
Mains
Y
B

Ans. (115.47)

300 Ω 100 Ω

300 Ω 300 Ω

R = 300 || 100
R = 75 Ω

I1 75 Ω
400 ∠0°

300 Ω 300 Ω

I2

400 ∠–120°

Apply KVL in each loop

375 I1 – 300 I2 = 400∠0° ...(1)
–300 I1 + 600 I2 = 400∠–120° ...(2)
Solving (1) and (2), I1 = 1.5396 ∠–30°
V= 75 × I1 ⇒ 115.47∠–30°
The voltage across 100 Ω resistor is 115.47 V.
End of Solution

1
Q.40 The loop transfer function of a negative feedback system is G(s)H(s) = . The
s (s − 2 )
Nyquist plot for the above system _____.
(a) does not encircle (–1 + j0) point
(b) encircles (–1 + j0) point once in the clockwise direction
(c) encircles (–1 + j0) point twice in the counterclockwise direction
(d) encircles (–1 + j0) point once in the counterclockwise direction

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Ans. (b)

1
G(s)H(s) =
s (s − 2 )

–1 0

From Nyquist plot

N = –1
P=1
∴ Nyquist plot encircles (–1, 0) once in clockwise direction.
End of Solution

1 n = 0 1 n = 0,3,6,9,.....
Q.41 Let g[n] =  and h[n] =  . Consider
0 n = ±1, ± 2, ± 3,..... 0 otherwise

y[n] = h[n] ⊗ g[n], where ⊗ denotes the convolution operator. The value of y[2] is _____.

Ans. (0)
g(n) = {...., 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, ....} = δ(n)
h(n) = {1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, .....}
Now, y(n) = g(n) ∗ h(n) = δ(n) ∗ h(n) = h(n)
Therefore, y(2) = h(2) = 0
End of Solution

dx
Q.42 Consider the differential equation = sin (x), with the initial condition x(0) = 0. The
dt
solution to this ordinary differential equation is _____.
(a) x(t) = 0 (b) x(t) = sin (t)
(c) x(t) = sin (t) – cos (t) (d) x(t) = cos (t)

Ans. (a)
dx
= sin (x)
dt
Using Variable Seperable Method:
Variable
dx
∫ sin x = ∫ dt
log[cosec x – cot x] = t + c

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

cosec x – cot x = et + c

1 − cos x
= et + c
sin x
x
tan = et + c
2
x
= tan–1[et + c]
2
Put t = 0, x = 0
0 = tan–1[e0 + c]
⇒ c = –∞
x
∴ solution is = tan–1[et – ∞]
2
but as t ≥ 0 and finite
x
We get, = tan–1[e–∞]
2
x
= 0 ⇒ x(t ) = 0
2
End of Solution

Q.43 The loop transfer function of a negative feedback system is given by

K
G (s ) H (s ) = , where K > 0. The value of K at the breakaway point of the
s (s + 2 )(s + 6 )
root locus for the above system (rounded off to one decimal place) is _____.

Ans. (5)

K
G(s)H(s) =
s (s + 2 )(s + 6)
Breakaway point = –0.9

K
∴ =1
s (s + 2 )(s + 6)

S = –0.9
∴ K=5
End of Solution

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 Detailed Solutions of
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Q.44 The system shown in figure (a) has a time response y(t) to an input r(t) = 10 u(t) as
shown in figure (b), u(t) being the unit step input. Both K, τ are positive. The gain K
of the system is _____.

K y
r
τs + 1

Fig. (a)
y(t)
8

0 t
Fig. (b)

Ans. (4)

K
CLTF =
τs + 1 + K

K 8
DC gain = =
1 + K 10
∴ K=4
End of Solution

Q.45 The circuit shown uses ideal opamp powered from a supply VCC = 5 V. If the charge
qp generated by the piezoelectric sensor is of the form qp = 0.1 sin (10000 πt) µC, the
peak detector output after 10 cycles of qp (in volts, rounded off to one decimal place)
is _____.
100 nF

VCC = 5 V
PD
Peak
10 pF 100 pF detector
qp

(1/2)VCC = 2.5 V

Ans. (3.5)
The potential at V+ = V– = 2.5 V
because of virtual ground current drawn by opamp is 0 from qp
So, peak dectector output Vp(t) = 2.5 – Vc(t)

1
2.5 – Vp(t) = qp (t )
C

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 Detailed Solutions of
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Date of Test : 01-02-2020

× 0.1sin (104 πt ) × 10 −6
1
2.5 – Vp(t) =
100 × 10 −9
2.5 – Vp(t) = sin (104 πt)
∴ Vp(t) = 2.5 – sin (104 πt)
Vp(t)

3.5

1.5

Vp(t) = 3.5 V
After 10 cycles, peak value detected by peak detector should be 3.5 Volts.
End of Solution

Q.46 As shown in figure, a slab of finite thickness t with refractive index n2 = 1.5, has air
(n1 = 1) above and below it. Light of free space wavelength 600 mm is incident normally
from air as shown. For a destructive interference to be observed at R, the minimum value
of thickness of the slab t (in nm) is _____.

I R
n1 = 1

t n2 = 1.5

n1 = 1

Ans. (300)
Given; Wavelength (λ) = 600 nm;
Refractive index of air (N1) = 1
Refractive Index of slab (N2) = 1.5
Thickness of slab = t mm
Path difference of light ray in given setup is
PD = (N2 – N1) × t
for the minimum thickness to be found, central destructive fringe should be observed.
So, PD = (2n + 1)l/2
2 × (N2 – N1) × t = l/2 (∵ n = 0)
2 × (1.5 – 1) × t = l/2
t = l/2
t = 600/2 = 300 nm
End of Solution

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 Detailed Solutions of
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Q.47 In the Maxwell-Wien bridge shown, the detector D reads zero when C1 = 100 nF and
R1 = 100 kΩ. The Q factor of the coil is _____.

R1
R2

C1
√2 cos(1000t) V D

Rx
R4

Lx

Ans. (10)
Given, C1 = 100 nF
R1 = 100 kΩ
ω = 1000
In the above circuit @ balance
Qn = ωC1R1
= 1000 × 100 × 10–9 × 100 × 103
= 10
End of Solution

Q.48 A 6 21 digit timer-counter is set in the ‘time period’ mode of operation and the range
is set as ‘ns’. For an input signal, the timer-counter displays 1000000. With the same
input signal, the timer-counter is changed to ‘frequency’ mode of operation and the range
is set as ‘Hz’. The display will show the number _____.

Ans. (0 0 0 1 0 0 0 )

6 21 digital voltmeter time period

1 0 0 0 0 0 0
106 105 104 10 10 10 100
3 2 1

106ns = 10–3 sec

1
Frequency Hz = 1000 Hz
10 −3
0001000
End of Solution

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Q.49 Two T-flip flops are interconnected as shown in the figure. The present state of the flip
flops are : A = 1, B = 1. The input x is given as 1, 0, 1 in the next three clock cycles.
The decimal equivalent of (ABy)2 with A being the MSB and y being the LSB, after the
3rd clock cycle is _____.
x
TA A
y

clk

TB B

clk

clk

Ans. (7)

TA = X . B A+ = X . B ⊕ A

TB = X B+ = X ⊕ B Y = A + B

X A B A+ B+ y
1 1 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 1
So (ABy)2 = (111)2 = 7
End of Solution

Q.50 The mutual inductances between the primary coil and the secondary coils of a linear
variable differential transformer (LVDT) shown in the figure are M1 and M2. Assume that
the self-inductances L S1 and L S2 remain constant and are independent of x. When
x = 0, M1 = M2 = M0. When x is in the range ± 10 mm, M1 and M2 change linearly
with x. At x = +10 mm or –10 mm, the change in the magnitude of M1 and M2 is 0.25
M0. For a particular displacement x = D, the voltage across the detector becomes zero
when |V2| = 1.25 |V1|. The value of D (in mm, rounded off to one decimal place) is _____.
Core

V1 = Vs1∠0
Ls1

Detector LP

Ls2 V2 = Vs2∠180°

+x
0

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Ans. (10)
Given that,
Self-inductances Ls1 and Ls2 remain constant and are independent of x.
At x = 0, M1 = M2 = M0
M1 and M2 change linearly with x. This means
M1 = M0 + k1x
M2 = M0 + k2x
at x = + 10 mm
M1 = M0 + k1 × 10 × 10–3
M2 = M0 + k2 × 10 × 10–3
M1 – M2 = (k1 – k2) × 10 × 10–3 = 0.25 M0
(k1 – k2) = 25 M0 ...(i)
Core

V1 = Vs1∠0
Ls1

Detector LP

Ls2 V2 = Vs2∠180°

+x
0

Voltage across the detector (VD) = Volteage develpped across the primary coil (IP)
VD = VLP
Voltage develped across the primarycoil depends on the primary current and current
in the secondary coils.

d ip d is d is
So, VD = VLP = LP + M1 1 − M2 2 ...(ii)
dt dt dt
(∵ is1 and is2 are out of phase)
Accroding to the given information detector output voltage (VD) = 0 at x = D and there
can’t be any primary current (ip)
So, equation (ii) can be written as

d is1 d is2
M1 − M2 =0 ...(iii)
dt dt
From the diagram, voltages across secodnary coils can be written as
d is1
V1 = Ls1
dt
d is2
V2 = Ls2
dt
as Ls1 , Ls2 are not changing and initial voltages across both should be zero.

So, Ls1 = Ls2 = Ls

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 Detailed Solutions of
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Date of Test : 01-02-2020

d is1 d is2
V1 = Ls and V2 = Ls ... (iv)
dt dt
Consider equation (iii) xLs

d is1 d is2
Then, M1 Ls − M2 Ls = 0
dt dt
M 1 V1 – M 2 V2 = 0 ...(v)
at x = D
M1 = M0 + k1D
M2 = M0 + k2D
V2 = 1.25 V1
From equation (v)
(M0 + k1D)V1 – (M0 + k2D) × 1.25V1 = 0
(k1 – k2)D = 0.25 M0

0.25M 0 0.25M 0
D = k − k = 25M = 10 × 10–3 (From eq.(i))
1 2 0

D = 10 mm
End of Solution

Q.51 If the opamps in the circuit shown are ideal and Vx = 0.5 mV, the steady state value
of V0 (in volts, rounded off to two decimal places) is _____.
100 nF

20 kΩ

V0
Vx

99.9 kΩ
100 Ω 100 Ω

Ans. (0.50)
100 nF

20 kΩ
+ A1
V Vo A2
1
– V0
Vx +

+
99.9 kΩ
100 Ω Vy 100 Ω
–

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Given: Vx = 0.5 mV
For op-amp A1: V– = 0
V + = – Vx + Vy
−3 Vo × 0.1
V + = −0.5 × 10 + = (–0.5 + Vo) × 10–3 V
0.1 + 99.1
Let Vo = 0 at t = 0 ⇒ V + = –0.5 mV
⇒ Output of A1 should be –Vsat
Op-amp A2 is integrator
1 −1
Vo = − ∫
RC t
Vo1 dt =
20 × 103 × 10−7 ∫t
−Vsat dt

Vo = 500 × Vsat × t
If t ↑ then Vo ↑ ⇒ Vy ↑ ⇒ V + ↓
If Vy becomes +0.5 mV, then

Vo
Vy =
1000
⇒ Vo = 1000 Vy = 0.5 V
If Vy becomes slightly greater than 0.5 mV then V + becomes slightly positive. Hence
Vo1 becomes +Vsat.
⇒ Vo = –500 × Vsat × t
i.e. Vo should becomes a negative ramp.
As Vo ↓ ⇒ Vy ↓ ⇒ V + ↓
If Vy again becomes 0.5 mV or slightly less then V + becomes negative.
⇒ Vo becomes –Vsat and Vo comes back to 0.5 V.
1

Thus output Vo is forced to remain constant at 0.5 V.

End of Solution

Q.52 A straight line drawn on an x-y plane intercepts the x-axis at –0.5 and the y-axis at 1.
The equation that describes this line is _____.
(a) y = x – 0.5 (b) y = 2x + 1
(c) y = 0.5x – 1 (d) y = – 0.5x + 1
Ans. (b)
1
Given line x-intercept is − and y-intercept is 1
2
x y
Then the line equation is + =1
1 1
−
2
⇒ –2x + y = 1
⇒ y = 2x + 1
End of Solution

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Q.53 A circuit consisting of capacitors, DC voltage source and an amplifier having a voltage
gain G = – 5 is shown in the figure. The effective capacitance across the nodes A and
B (in µF, rounded off to one decimal place) is _____.
2 µF

7 µF 4 µF
Gain, G

A
Vs 3 µF
B

Ans. (14.86)
Apply Miller’s theorem to C = 2 µF
7 µF 4 µF
A
G
Cn
Vs 3 µF Cm

Cm = C(1 + AV) = 2 × (1 + 5) = 12 µF
Disable VS

7 µF 4 µF
A

3 µF 12 µF

B
10 µF
10 × 4
CAB = + 12 = 14.86 µF
10 + 4
End of Solution

Q.54 Assume the diodes in the circuit shown are ideal. The current Ix flowing through the
3 kΩ resistor (in mA, rounded off to one decimal place) is _____.

2 kΩ 15 V
12 V
Ix 3 kΩ
10 V
6V
2 kΩ 5V

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Ans. (1.8)
D1
D4 2 kΩ 15 V
12 V D2
3 kΩ
10 V
Ix
6V
D5 2 kΩ 5V
D3

D1, D2, D3 are in common cathode connection. Only D1 can conduct D2 and D3 remain
OFF. Let D4, D5 be ON.
D4 2 kΩ
12 V D1
3 kΩ
Vx 15 V
Ix
6V
D5 2 kΩ

KCL at Vx Node:
Ix = I4 + I5

15 − Vx Vx − 12 Vx − 6 2Vx − 18
= + =
3 2 2 2

15 − Vx
= Vx – 9 ⇒ Vx = 10.5 V
3
∵ Vx < 12 V ⇒ D4 must be OFF
2 kΩ 3 kΩ
6V 15 V
Ix
D5 D1

15 − 6
Ix = = 1.8 mA
2+3

End of Solution

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 Detailed Solutions of
GATE 2020 : Instrumentation Engg.
Date of Test : 01-02-2020

Q.55 A laser beam of 10 mm beam diameter is focused onto an optical fibre using a thin
biconvex lens as shown in the figure. The refractive index of the lens is 1.5. The refractive
indices of the core and cladding of the fibre are 1.55 and 1.54 respectively. The minimum
value of the focal length of the lens to attain the maximum coupling to the fibre (in mm,
rounded off to one decimal place) is _____.

lens

core
cladding
fibre
10 mm

Ans. (28)
Given, the diameter of Laser beam = 10 mm
Refractive index of lens = 1.5
Refractive index of core (n1) = 1.55
Refractive index of cladding (n2) = 1.54

f : focal length
5 mm
θA
10 mm
f

−1  NA 
Acceptance angle (θa) = sin  N 
 m
(NA → Numerical aperture; Nm → Surrounding medium (air))

 NA 
sin−1 
 n 
θA =
0

 n2 − n2   (1.55)2 − (1.54)2 
θA = sin−1  1 2 
= sin−1  
 n0  

1 

 
θ A = sin–1(0.1757839) = 10.124°

5 mm
from the figure, tan θA =
f
5 mm 5 mm
f = = = 28 mm
tan θ A tan(10.124°)

End of Solution

„„„„

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