Earth and Life Science

Quarter 2 – Module 28:

The Process of Evolution

CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 28

Earth and Life Science – Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 28: The Process of Evolution
First Edition, 2020

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Earth and Life Science
Quarter 2 – Module 28:
The Process of Evolution
Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear

learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities,
questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you
to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you
step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in

each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module
or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each
activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are
also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on
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If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in

answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher
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Thank you.

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the process of evolution. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module covers:

• Lesson 1 – The Process of Evolution

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Explain the process of evolution;
2. Identify some scientists who contributed to the historical developments of
evolutionary thoughts;
3. Compare Lamarckian and Darwinian Evolution;

What I Know

Directions. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. What refers to the change in the gene pool of population due to chance?
A. bottleneck effect
B. founder effect
C. gene flow
D. genetic drift

2. Which of the following happens when a small population of organisms

separates from the larger group to invade a new area?
A. bottleneck effect
B. founder effect
C. gene flow
D. genetic drift

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 28
3. What refers to any movement of genes from one population to another?
A. gene flow
B. genetic shuffling
C. genetic variation
D. mutation

4. Who is the Father of Evolution?

A. Alfred Russel Wallace
B. Carolus Linnaeus
C. Charles Darwin
D. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

5. Who proposed the theory of use and disuse?

A. ALFRED Russel Wallace
B. Carolus Linnaeus
C. Charles Darwin
D. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

6. Who believed that when populations grow geometrically, resources

slowly increase leading to competition?
A. Alfred Russel Wallace
B. Carolus Linnaeus
C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
D. Thomas Malthus

7. Who is the Father of Taxonomy?

A. Alfred Russel Wallace
B. Carolus Linnaeus
C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
D.Thomas Malthus

8. According to his theory of evolution, organisms change during their

lifetime to survive then pass these changes to their offspring. Who is
the scientist credited for this theory?
A. Carolus Linnaeus
B. Charles Darwin
C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
D. Thomas Malthus

9. Who proposed the theory that involves natural selection?

A. Carolus Linnaeus
B. Charles Darwin
C. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
D. Thomas Malthus

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 28
10. Which of the following is also called migration?
A. gene flow
B. genetic shuffling
C. genetic variation
D. mutation

11. Differences among individuals of a species are referred to?

A. adaptation
B. fitness
C. natural selection
D.natural variation

12. Which of the following refers to a change over time in the characteristics of a
species?
A. evolution
B. gradualism
C. migration
D. mutation

13. Each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time
and as a result species today look different from their ancestors. Which theory
describes this phenomenon?
A. Theory of Descent with Modification
B. Theory of Modification
C. Theory of Natural Selection
D. Theory of Survival

14. Which of the following explains the difference in survival of individuals that
reproduce in a particular environment?
A. evolution
B. gene flow
C. gradualism
D. natural selection

15. Which of the following occurs when there is a change in genetic makeup of
organism?
A. gene flow
B. genetic drift
C. mutation
D. natural selection

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 28
 Lesson

28 The Process of Evolution

Charles Darwin formulated the theory of evolution by natural selection in

his book “On the Origin of Species” in 1859. It refers to a change over time and the
process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

What’s In

Activity 1

Inside the clouds, write your own thoughts about evolution.

What’s New

There were scientists who contributed to the historical developments of

evolutionary thoughts.

Activity 2 The Who?

Identify the scientists who contributed to the historical developments of
evolutionary thoughts by arranging the letters inside the box.

A H M U T L S
1._____________________________________Believed that populations grow geometrically
while resources slowly increase or not at all, leading to competition
A N D W R I
2. _____________________________________Thought the idea of descent modification
N I L E N A S U
3. _____________________________________ Father of Taxonomy

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 28
 W L E L C A A
4. _____________________________________ Realized that species evolved because fittest
individuals survived and reproduced passing their advantageous characters
A A C R L K M
5. _____________________________________ Proposed the Theory of Inheritance of
Acquired Traits and Theory of Use and Disuse

What is It

Mechanisms of Evolutionary Changes

Mechanisms of evolutionary changes include genetic drift, migration or gene
flow, mutation, natural selection and nonrandom mating.
Genetic drift is a change in the gene pool of a population due to chance.
Examples of genetic drift are bottleneck effect and founder effect. Bottleneck effect
takes place when population decreases due to various environmental factors such
as fires, earthquakes and floods. The founder effect happens when a small
population of organisms separates from the larger group to invade a new area.
Gene flow is described as the movement of genes from one population to
another. When this happens, there is a tendency to increase the gene diversity in
the populations.
Mutation occurs when there is a change in the genetic makeup caused by
environmental stressors. This process expands diversity of organisms.
Natural selection explains the difference in survival of individual and
reproduce in a particular environment.
Nonrandom mating increases the frequency of animal with desirable traits.
It causes evolution because it intrudes the natural pool of gene variations.

Activity 3

Complete the concept map

MECHANISMS
OF
EVOLUTIONARY
CHANGES

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 28
 What’s More

Lamarckian vs. Darwinian Evolution

According to Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution, organisms change during their

lifetime to survive then pass these changes to their offspring. On the other hand,
Darwin’s theory involves natural selection and struggle for existence. When an
organism is fit and can adapt to its environment, it has a better chance to survive
and more chance to reproduce.

Activity 4
Compare Lamarckian vs. Darwinian Evolution through illustration. You may
use different animals of your interest.

What I Have Learned

Activity 5

Complete the sentences.

1. ______________________ refers to a change over time.
2. ______________________ is the Father of Evolution.
3. ______________________ is considered the Father of Taxonomy.
4. Thomas Malthus believed that populations grow geometrically while
resources slowly increase leading to __________________.
5. _________________________ proposed the Theory of Use and Disuse.
6. _________________________ explains the difference in survival of
individuals and how they reproduce in a particular environment.
7. Gene flow is the movement of ____________ from one population to
another.
8. _________________ occurs when there is a change in the genetic makeup
caused by environmental stressors.
9. The _________________________ happens when a small population of
organisms separates from the larger group to invade a new area.
10. __________________ takes place when population decreases due to
various environmental factors such as fires, earthquakes and floods.

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 28
 What I Can Do

Activity 6
Look at the picture below. This illustrates the evolution of phone. Describe
each stage and tell the changes that occur in every phase.

Original graphic by Karen Hancock, LC student graphic artist – “The Evolution of the Phone”.

____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 7
Arrange the following pictures from ancient to modern based on your
understanding about the Theory of Evolution. (Use numbers 1 to 5)

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 28
 Assessment

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Refers to a change over time

a. evolution
b. gradualism
c. migration
d. mutation

2. Each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time
and as a result species today look different from their ancestors
A. Theory of Descent with Modification
B. Theory of Modification
C. Theory of Natural Selection
D. Theory of Survival

3. Explains the difference in survival of individuals and how they reproduce in a

particular environment
a. evolution
b. gene flow
c. gradualism
d. natural selection

4. Takes place when population decreases due to various environmental factors

such as fires, earthquakes and floods
a. bottleneck effect
b. founder effect
c. genetic flow
d. natural selection

5. The process the movement of genes from one population to another

a. evolution
b. gene flow
c. gradualism
d. natural selection

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 28
6. Which of the following is considered as mechanisms of change?
a. genetic drift
b. migration
c. natural selection
d. a, b and c

7. Changes in the DNA

a. gene flow
b. genetic shuffling
c. genetic variation
d. mutation

8. This is also called migration

a. gene flow
b. genetic shuffling
c. genetic variation
d. mutation

9. Differences among individuals of a s species are referred to as __________.

a. adaptation
b. fitness
c. natural selection
d. natural variation

10. Father of Evolution

a. Alfred Russel Wallace
b. Carolus Linnaeus
c. Charles Darwin
d. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

11. Proposed the Theory of Use and Disuse.

a. Alfred Russel Wallace
b. Carolus Linnaeus
c. Charles Darwin
d. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

12. Believed that populations grow geometrically while resources slowly

increase leading to competition
a. Alfred Russel Wallace
b. Carolus Linnaeus
c. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
d. Thomas Malthus

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 28
13. Father of Taxonomy
a. Alfred Russel Wallace
b. Carolus Linnaeus
c. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
d. Thomas Malthus

14. According to his Theory of Evolution, organisms change during their

lifetime to survive then pass these changes to their offspring
a. Carolus Linnaeus
b. Charles Darwin
c. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
d. Thomas Malthus

15. His theory involves natural selection

a. Carolus Linnaeus
b. Charles Darwin
c. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
d. Thomas Malthus

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 28
 Additional Activities

Activity 8

Match column A with the label in column B. Draw a line from column A with
the corresponding answer in column B.
A B

A. There was a variety of

1. neck lengths of giraffes.

B. Small-necked and
medium-necked giraffes
2. cannot reach the food so
they die.

3. C. Small-necked
giraffe cannot reach
the food so it dies.

D. Long-necked giraffe
4. survived and pass the
traits to its offspring.

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 28
CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 28
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Additional What I Can Do What can I do
Activity Activity 6 Activity 5
Activity 8 First stage – Human 1. evolution
used cans with strings 2. Charles Darwin
1. C to pass the message. 3. taxonomy
2. D Second stage – Human 4. competition
3. A developed wired 5. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
4. B telephone. 6. natural selection
Third stage – Human 7. genes
used wireless 8. mutation
telephone.
What can I do 9. founder effect
Fourth stage – People
10. bottleneck effect
Activity 7 able to see the caller’s
image using
1. 2 smartphones
2. 4
3. 5
4. 3
5. 1 What is It What's New
Activity 3 Activity 2
What's More genetic drift 1. MALTHUS
mutation 2. DARWIN
Activity 4 3. LINNAEUS
gene flow
4. WALLACE
Sample illustration of natural selection 5. LAMARCK
Lamarck and Darwin’s nonrandom mating
theory of evolution
What I Know What's in Assessment
.
1. D 9. B Activity 1 1. A 9. D
2. B 10. A 2. A 10. C
3. A 11. D 1. fossil records 3. D 11. D
4. C 12. A 2. comparative anatomy 4. A 12. D
5. D 13. A 3.comparative 5. B 13. B
6. D 14. D embryology 6. D 14. C
7. B 15. C 4.comparative 7. D 15. B
8. C biochemistry 8. A
5. molecular biology
Answer Key
References

Miller, K. R. & Levine, J. (2004). Prentice Hall: Biology. New Jersey, Pearson
Education Inc.
Salandanan, G.G., Faltado, R.E., & Lopez, M.B. (2016). Earth and Life
Sciences for Senior High School. Quezon City, Lorimar Publishing,
Inc.
Sia, S. & Cortez, L. (2016). Science in Today’s World for Senior High School

Hancock, K. (2015, March 24). The Evolution of the Phone. Retrieved from
http://thelcbridge.com/the-evolution-of-the-phone/

https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary

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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 28
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CO_Q2_Earth and Life Science (SHS)_ Module 28