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AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY

emerging ceramics & glass technology

MARCH 2018

Fusion cast refractories:

Roles of containment

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 contents March 2018 • Vol. 97 No.2

feature articles departments

21 Fusion cast refractories: Roles Letter to the editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
cover story

of containment News & Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Refractory linings in glass furnaces are a critical Spotlight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
component of glass-based applications, including
Research Briefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
encapsulation of nuclear waste through vitrification.
Careful design of these lining materials can ensure safe
and long-lasting methods of nuclear waste storage.
by Kevin Selkregg
columns
Business and Market View . . . 10
World Materials Research Institutes
29 Forum addresses global materials
science challenges
Radioactive waste management technologies
and services projected to reach $21.3 billion
by 2020
Collaboration and cooperation in materials R&D of by Nikos Thomopoulos
leading international laboratories enhances rapid
employment of new ceramic and glass material
technology solutions and products. IMFORMED insights . . . . . . . . 20
by Nicholas Barbosa, Stephen Freiman, and 2018: Year of the Dog likely to live up to
Michael Fasolka its name for Chinese mineral consumers
by Mike O’Driscoll
30 Micromilling
application note

of uniform nanoparticles
for space applications Deciphering the Discipline . . . 48
Fritsch micromills have enhanced one NASA lab’s ability Glassy hillforts: Geoscience or materials
to develop optimized ceramic nanoparticulate materials science? Past or future?
for demanding research projects, including energy
storage and thermoelectric device applications. by Mostafa Ahmadzadeh

by Curtis W. Hill and Lee Allen

meetings
32 National Science Foundation awards in
the Ceramics Program starting in 2017
EAM 2018 recap. . . . . . . . . . . 39
ICACC18 recap. . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
In FY 2017, the NSF Ceramics Program recommended GOMD 2018. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
support for 19 awards, 13 supplemental awards, two
workshops/conferences, and cofunding of a Solid-State Clay 2018. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
and Materials Research project.
MCARE 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
by Lynnette D. Madsen

34 Ceramics Expo—A significant meeting of resources

New Products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
minds, materials, machines, and markets
Ceramics Expo—May 1–3, 2018, at the I-X Center in Calendar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Cleveland, Ohio—champions an industry that continues Classified Advertising . . . . . . . 45
to make its mark in the enrichment of an
array of engineering, manufacturing, scientific, Display Ad Index. . . . . . . . . . . 47
and research communities.

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 AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
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March 2018 • Vol. 97 No.2
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introducing...
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the bulletin archive online!

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The American Ceramic Society is excited to announce that
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Officers
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With more than 1,100 fully searchable and downloable
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American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramics community, and provides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic
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2 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2

letter to the editor

Dear Editor,
The title of the article “Special benefits of bauxite for a stable porcelain microstructure…”, (J. Liebermann, ACerS Bulletin, 96 [7])
is misleading because it implies that porcelain is intrinsically unstable in service. This implication is false and could be detrimen-
tal to the porcelain insulator industry. Porcelain has been the industry standard for electrical power insulation for over 100 years
and there are well-documented examples of insulators that have been in continuous service for over 50 years.
There are several issues that challenge the legitimacy of this article:
• Liebermann’s assertion that crack extension from embedded quartz particles in porcelain is the cause of strength
reduction is unsupported. The microstructures he presents are over-etched accentuating quartz-matrix cracking
(and the magnification differences cause additional confusion). Evidence for microcrack growth is not presented and
has never appeared in the literature—likely because it does not exist. A cursory review of residual stress conditions
would demonstrate that crack extension is not expected.1
• Liebermann misused Ref. 5 to support his argument and changed the figure captions (Figs. 3 & 4 in both articles).
Fig. 3 is data from a single manufacturer (not “various producers” as indicated in his text) and the data in Fig. 4 is
from several manufacturers from the same study (not “alumina porcelain,” as indicated—see Table 1). His conclu-
sions are also inconsistent with the results presented in Fig. 4:
o Manufacturer “C” in Liebermann (“D” in Ref. 5 and in Fig. 3) extrapolates to ~50-year service lifetime; and
o “A” and “B” extrapolate to over 100 years.
o A service lifetime of 50–100 years is certainly “stable.” Frese and Pohlmann concluded that their results
confirmed the assumption of long service life and reliability. (The incorporation of bauxite to fix porcelain is
unnecessary.)
• What causes the reported decrease in strength with time? Any hypothesis must be able to explain the differences
between manufacturers and the strength distribution broadening. Degradation due to thermal cycling is impossible as
the quartz inversion temperature is >500K above ambient. Ultrasonic velocity results (Ref. 5) stated no discernable dif-
ferences between the insulators removed from service. This indicates no significant changes in the bulk microstructure.
There is one plausible scenario: The glaze chemistry, and thus the chemical durability and resistance to weathering, differed
between manufacturers when the insulators were produced (1964–1966—the “new” data in Fig. 3). Glaze weathering would
account for a decrease in strength and a broadening of the distribution, by the migration of the fracture origin from the body to
the glaze. Small differences in glaze thickness—the new “critical” flaw—broadens the strength distribution.
This seemingly innocent but ill-informed article could severely damage the electrical porcelain industry by the suggestion of poor
performance and instability. It is understood that there is no peer review process, but poor science cannot be justified. How to
address these potential issues in the future likely requires an open discussion.

Reference: Table 1. Average tensile failure force (in kN) for five insulator manufac-
turers reported to be of at least 20 specimens (300 test specimens in
R. W. Davidge, Mechanical Behaviour of Ceramics,
1
total). Standard deviations were not provided. (Liebermann renumbered
Cambridge University Press, Figs. 6.8a & 6.8c, page 87, 1979.
the datasets in Fig. 4, omitting Manufacturer “C”.) Extracted from Ref.
5 in Liebermann. (Thanks for H. Giesche for assistance in translation.) .
Manufacturer New 20 years 35 years Translated Comments
William M. Carty, Ph.D. (Original German text)
John F. McMahon Professor A 242.9 220.6 224.7 Pure alumina
Chair of Ceramic Engineering and Glass Engineering Science (reine Tonerde)
New York State College of Ceramics at Alfred University B 180.5 167.1 176.3 Quartz porcelain w/aluminosilicate
(Quarzp. mit Tonerdeanteil)
C 184.5 186.0 217.5 Pure alumina (reine Tonerde)
D 182.9 161.0 150.0 Alumina with quartz
(Tonerde mit Quartzanteil)
E 183.0 178.0 158.7 Pure quartz porcelain
(reines Quartzporzellan)

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 3

author response

Dear Editor,
Prof. Carty imputes a statement that was not made and would not be correct, if made. Nowhere in the article is there any
hint that the alumina porcelain currently used in high-voltage engineering would be unsuitable, not matching the demands of
application. On the contrary, in the introduction it was emphasized that with the transition from quartz to alumina porcelain a
material was developed, which from the viewpoint of its initial and long-term strength guarantees the performance of high-volt-
age insulators on a new level, as required in use.
However, this does not rule out the option to purposefully improve the material. It was the only goal and result of the work
done to provide such a technical and economical optimization of this material type by use of bauxite, as alumina carrier.
The options of optimization were demonstrated and proved.
The first of these options consists of further improvement of the body microstructure to reduce the microstructure stresses.
They occur in all ceramic materials with a multiphase microstructure containing crystalline and vitreous phases that differ in
their coefficient of expansion. Additional external
mechanical and thermal loads can increase the micro-
structure stresses, leading to microstructure damage—
The
products
by growth of microcracks, especially. This in turn may
result in losses of strength. These phenomena quite
American undoubtedly appear in ceramics.
Ceramic Quartz particles are characterized by expansion values
EDUCATIONAL COURSES . . .
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differ from the other phases. Therefore, in particular,
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REFERENCE strength values. This gives a mechanical guarantee for

RESOURCES their good performance in high-voltage insulation.
ISBN: 978-1-57498-352-4

Introduction Table of Contents About ACerS Other Refractory Resources Tips for Using CD

This does not mean, however, that no improvement

of mechanical properties can be achieved by further
Best of the Bulletin

REFRACTORY
CERAMICS purposeful reduction of the portion of free quartz
ENGINEERED . . . PLUS MORE
CERAMICS
CURRENT STATUS AND
crystals in the microstructure.
FUTURE PROSPECTS
emerging ceramics & glass technology
EDITED BY
TATSUKI OHJI • MRITYUNJAY SINGH
As shown by the data of Fig. 3, the use of bauxite
as alumina carrier may perhaps be a way to achieve
Go to www.wiley.com/ PHASE
go/ceramics to view this goal.
all books titles in the
ACerS-Wiley series Furthermore, it was proved that the use of bauxite
Online can give benefits for the firing process and a more
Online e
Online economical utilization of raw materials.
lin
On
Thus, it will meet the intention of the paper that
from mechanical and economical points of view it
seems possible to still improve the properties of alu-
mina porcelain by the purposeful use of bauxite.

USB This was the sole goal and result of the work done.
For more information Final note—see also “History of high-alumina electri-
and pricing visit cal Insulators,” M. Hartmann, Am.Cer. Soc. Bulletin,
ceramics.org/products April 2014.

Johannes Liebermann
Lichtenfels, Germany

4 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2

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 news & trends
President’s executive order
could mean less dependence on
critical mineral imports
The United States Geological Survey

Credit: Peggy Greb; United States Department of Agriculture

recently identified 23 minerals, includ-
ing rare earths, that are essential to the
U.S. economy and national security and
have the potential to pose a supply risk
to the U.S. A quick look at highlights
from ACerS Bulletin’s recent annual com-
modity summary indicates that eight
minerals related to the ceramic and glass
industries are on the USGS list—and
Examples of rare-earth oxides: (clockwise from top center) praseodymium, cerium,
none are produced in the U.S., with the lanthanum, neodymium, samarium, and gadolinium.
exception of lithium.
But there may be some light at Donald Trump signed an executive critical minerals, which constitutes a
the end of the mineral mine tunnel. order to “reduce the nation’s vulner- strategic vulnerability for the security
Just before Christmas, U.S. President ability to disruptions in the supply of and prosperity of the United States,”

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 7

 news & trends
according to section 3 of the execu- CES 2018 unveils latest tech to One of the biggest trends on the 2018
tive order. the world, from voice assist show floor was, not surprisingly, that
“The United States must not remain nearly everything is connected—whether
reliant on foreign competitors like toilets to ceramic 3-D printers the insole of your shoe, your ukele, or
Russia and China for the critical min- In mid-January, some of the world’s nearly any aspect of your home. Any
erals needed to keep our economy most innovative, influential, and task that can be automated probably
strong and our country safe,” Trump forward-thinking technology companies already is, and nearly anything that you
said in a statement reported in The showcased their latest developments at would want—or not want—to connect to
Washington Post. the Consumer Electronics Show 2018 in voice assistance probably does. And that
The executive order has four initiatives: Las Vegas, Nevada. includes your toilet.
• Identifying new sources of critical With more than 180,000 attendees Of course, ceramic and glass materi-
materials; and 4,000+ exhibitors, CES is one of the als were pervasively present in the tech
• Increasing supply chain activity—start- largest tech shows in the world—which on the CES 2018 show floor, although
ing with exploration and mining to the also means it is a prime place for com- most companies were not focused on the
end result of reprocessing and recycling; panies to unveil their newest concepts, materials themselves.
• Ensuring that miners and produc- gadgets, devices, ideas, and prototypes to There were exceptions, however,
ers have access to advanced geological try to wow consumers. including Kwambio, a company that
and topographical data for the U.S.; and As far at tech goes, CES has it all—from specializes in 3-D printing user-designed
• Streamlining leasing and permit totally useful to completely impractical, ceramic products. Kwambio just devel-
processes to accelerate exploration, produc- from low tech to extravagantly engineered, oped their own in-house 3-D printer,
tion, processing, reprocessing, recycling, from affordable to exorbitant, from real called Ceramo One, after several years of
and refining of critical minerals in the U.S. science to pseudoscience, from startups to development. Kwambio says its binder
China currently leads the world in the multimillion-dollar corporations. jet ceramic printer serves the arts, design,
production of 20 out of the 23 critical
minerals identified in the USGS list—
and that includes rare earth production.
“It is time for the U.S. to take a lead-
ing position,” Interior Secretary Ryan
Zinke says in The Washington Post article,
referring to the production of minerals.
“And it’s not that we don’t have the
minerals in the U.S. It’s likely we do.”

Credit: ACerS
The president asked the secretar-
ies of several departments to provide
Startups unveiled their electronics innovations to the world at Eureka Park at the
a strategy for reducing U.S. reliance Consumer Electronics Show 2018 in Las Vegas, Nev.
on critical materials, which includes
assessing progress toward developing
recycling and reprocessing technologies Business news
and creating technological alternatives DOE announces funding for new saint-gobain.com)…FutureWeld and
to critical minerals. HPC4Manufacturing industry projects Frontier Techni-Kote Industries announce
Although the federal government (www.energy.gov)…Ghana president merger (www.frontiergroupco.com)…
wants to do everything it can to inaugurates $77M ceramics factory (www. Allied Mineral Products to own and supply
increase production of critical minerals businessghana.com)…Bricklaying robotics select Graftech refractory products (www.
in the U.S., there may be hurdles to
technology set to change the construction alliedmineral.com)…Chemetall becomes
overcome—including limited availability
industry (https://particle.scitech.org.au)… BASF’s new global brand for innovative
of domestic reserves of a few miner-
Boom in ceramic units in India puts pricing surface treatment technologies (www.
als, according to commodities reporter
William Clarke of Industrial Minerals. under pressure (https://timesofindia. basf-coatings.com)…American Concrete
And Mountain Pass, the last U.S.- indiatimes.com)…3M enforces patent Institute releases 2018 collection of codes,
owned rare earth mine, purchased by a rights in metal mesh conductor technology specifications, and practices (www.
Chinese consortium last year, still has used in touch screens (http://news.3m. concrete.org)…AGC Glass North America
not reopened. n com)…Saint-Gobain takes leading position to expand operations in Tennessee
in Middle East insulation market (www. (www.agcglass.com) n

8 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2

 Credit: Gillie Rhodes; Flickr CC BY-NC 2.0
aerospace, energy, healthcare, and defense and oxygen sensor businesses
industries through its ability to additively obsolete,” Takio Kojima, senior
manufacture a variety of ceramic materi- general manager of engineering
als for both printed objects and industrial and R&D at NGK Spark Plug,
molds. The company is now accepting pre- says in the Reuters story. “Our
orders for Ceramo One, which will ship expertise is in advanced ceram- NGK, a leading producer of spark plugs, recently
in the summertime. n ics, and so we have decided to announced that it will now focus on solid-state bat-
pursue all solid-state batteries.” tery technology instead of spark plugs.
NGK says it is working on “makes the electrolyte easier to process
Major spark plug maker plans a solid oxide-based ceramic electrolyte into larger, thin layers which are com-
to shift focus towards solid- battery technology that can be scaled up pressed, making them easier to stack with
state batteries into larger formats that would support anodes and cathodes.”
NGK Spark Plugs, the Japanese com- electric vehicles. “It’s because of the addition of that
pany that leads the global spark plug “It’s relatively easy to work in small- material that we’re able to process layers
market, is turning its focus away from er sizes, but when you get to larger using compression (rather than sinter-
spark plugs and instead concentrating its sizes it gets very difficult to assemble ing) to make a bigger, oxide-based battery
efforts to develop solid-state batteries for each layer because it’s difficult to cell,” Hikosaka explains in the story.
electric vehicles, according to a recent make each layer the same thickness,” So far, NGK says it has made a bat-
Reuters article. Hideaki Hikosaka, a member of NGK tery cell that is 10 cm x 10 cm, but the
“We realized that it was inevitable that Spark Plug’s solid state battery R&D company is still developing ways to boost
the industry would at some point shift team, says in the article. the battery’s energy density to sufficiently
from the internal combustion engine So NGK has engineered an additional enhance performance, with a target of hav-
to battery electric vehicles, and that ulti- material into the battery to offset those ing a more powerful, lighter, competitively
mately this could make our spark plug problems. The undisclosed material price battery within the next few years. n

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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 9

 business and market view
A regular column featuring excerpts from BCC Research reports on industry sectors involving the
ceramic and glass industry.

Radioactive waste management technologies and services projected

to reach $21.3 billion by 2020
By Nikos Thomopoulos
known methods for radioactive waste converts contaminated soil to stable glass

M
treatment, accounted for the third larg- and crystalline solids, was expected to
acroeconomic and est share of the market at $2.4 billion reach $98.5 million by the end of 2015
statistical data (12.8%). The projection for this market (Table 2). An estimated CAGR of 2.6%
share segment is to remain almost con- will bring the value of this market to
from various organizations stant until the end of 2020. about $112 million by the end of 2020.
estimate that total radioac- Chemical treatment, decontamina-
tive waste produced in 2015 tion and decommissioning, and thermal About the author
destruction and encapsulation technolo- Nikos Thomopoulos is a project analyst
reached around 42.4 million gies together accounted for more than for BCC Research. Contact Thomopoulos
cubic meters. Quantities are 40% of the global market sales for 2015. at [email protected].
Size reduction technologies and remedia-
expected to continue their tion technologies, although offering high Resource
positive growth rate at a pro- efficiency, account for 13.4% of global N. Thomopoulos, “Radioactive waste
jected five-year compound market sales for 2015. management: Global markets” BCC
Remediation technologies for Research Report ENV029A, August
annual growth rate (CAGR) radioactive waste treatment include 2015. www.bccresearch.com. n
of 3.4%, reaching 50 million six main categories of technologies:
in-situ and ex-situ biologi-
cubic meters by the end of cal treatment, in-situ and
year 2020. ex-situ thermal technology Table 1. Global market for radioactive waste management by type
of technology, through 2020 ($ millions)
The global market for radioactive treatment, and finally in-
waste management technologies and situ and ex-situ physical Type of technology 2015 2020 CAGR%
services was worth an estimated $18.8 and chemical treatment 2015–2020
billion in 2015. This figure is expected technologies. The global Transportation and disposal services 3,199.0 3,683.0 2.9
to continue rising up to nearly $21.3 remediation technology Physical treatment 2,996.0 3,455.0 2.9
billion by the end of 2020 at a projected industry reached almost Containment and storage 2,406.0 2,742.0 2.6
CAGR of 2.5%. $1.2 billion in 2015. Chemical treatment 2,226.0 2,504.0 2.4
The global radioactive waste market is From 2015 through Decontamination and decommissioning 2,053.0 2,321.0 2.5
segmented on the basis of technologies 2020, the remediation Thermal destruction 1,821.0 2,014.0 2.0
and services, including transportation technology market is Stabilization and encapsulation 1,593.0 1,775.0 2.2
and disposal services, remediation, con- expected to see a mod- Size reduction 1,307.0 1,446.0 2.0
tainment, size reduction, decontamina- erate growth of 2.4% Remediation technologies 1,195.0 1,345.0 2.4
tion and decommissioning services, CAGR, reaching $1.3 bil- Total 18,796.0 21,285.0 2.5
stabilization and encapsulation technolo- lion in 2020, because this
gies, and physical, chemical, and thermal type of technology will continue to be
technologies. Transportation and dispos- used for radioactive waste treatment
al technologies dominate the market at mainly in Europe and North America
Table 2. Global market for radioactive waste
almost $3.2 billion, or 17% of total sales due to low cost of operational and
in-situ thermal treatment technologies through
in 2015, and is projected to increase at a environmental protection. 2020 ($ millions)
CAGR of 2.9% through 2020 (Table 1). In-situ thermal treatment is the third
Type of technology 2015 2020 CAGR%
Physical treatment technologies largest market of remediation technolo-
2015–2020
accounted for the second largest share gies used for radioactive waste treatment.
Thermally enhanced soil
of the market in 2015 at almost $3.0 Two main technologies are grouped vapor extraction 129.5 146.0 2.4
billion (16%) due to simplicity of opera- under the in-situ thermal treatment clas- In-situ vitrification 98.5 112.0 2.6
tion and low investment and operational sification: thermally enhanced soil vapor Total 228.0 258.0 2.5
cost. Containment and storage tech- extraction and vitrification. The global
nologies, including traditional and well- market for in-situ vitrification, which

10 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2

 acers spotlight
Society and Division news

St. Louis Section/RCD 54th Symposium hotel March 20, 2018

5:00 p.m. Kickoff Event – 99 Hops House, Hollywood Casino
reservation deadline is March 1
March 21, 2018
“Refractories for the Cement, Glass, and Minerals 7:15 a.m. Registration and coffee
Manufacturing Industry,” is the theme of the 54th Annual 8 a.m. Welcome and introductions
St. Louis Section vice chairman
Symposium on Refractories, sponsored by ACerS St. Louis Chris Perry, Christy Refractories
Section and the Refractory Ceramics Division, which is set Refractory Ceramics Division chair
for March 21–22 at the Hilton St. Louis Airport Hotel in Matt Lambert, Allied Mineral Products
Co-program coordinators
St. Louis, Mo. A kickoff event—a night of food, drinks and Andrew Domann, Bucher Emhart Glass
games—will be held at the 99 Hops House at the Hollywood Steven Ashlock, Kyanite Mining Corporation
8:15 a.m. Morning technical sessions
Casino on March 20. Program cochairs are Andrew Domann
1 p.m. Afternoon sessions and presentation of the T.J. Planje St. Louis
(Bucher Emhart Glass) and Steven Ashlock (Kyanite Mining Refractories Award to Nancy E. Bunt, Kerneos Aluminate Technologies
Corporation). 4:45 p.m. RCD annual members meeting
You can book your hotel room at a special rate of $111 5 – 7 p.m. Exposition and cocktail hour
(March 19–23) by mentioning the group code “SCS.” Call 7 p.m. Dinner
(314) 426-5500 or visit http://bit.ly/54thRCDHotel to make a March 22, 2018
reservation before March 1, 2018. 6:30 a.m. Refractory Ceramics Division breakfast meeting
8:15 a.m. Morning technical sessions
For details about the event, visit http://bit.
Noon Questions and discussion
ly/54thRCDSymposium. Questions? Contact Patty Smith,
12:30 p.m. St. Louis Section officer business meeting n
[email protected] or (573) 341-6265.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 11

 acers spotlight

Society and Division news (continued)

Theodore J. Planje Award Petrucci appointed director of Lawson appointed general

Nancy Bunt, senior market business development manager of Edward Orton Jr.
manager and global mar- EBL Products Inc. has Ceramic Foundation
keting manager of Kerneos appointed Russell Mark Lawson replaces
Aluminate Technologies, a Petrucci director of busi- Gary Childress as gener-
Division of Imerys, will ness development. His 34 al manager of the
receive the 2018 Theodore years of experience Edward Orton Jr.
Bunt J. Planje–St. Louis includes design and man- Ceramic Foundation as
Refractories Award. Bunt has held several Petrucci ufacturing of A-scan and Childress retires.
leadership roles in ACerS Refractory B-scan transducers for Lawson Lawson brings more
Ceramics Division, including chair. She medical imaging and than 20 years of senior
served on ACerS nominating committee industrial NDT applications, as well as management experience
and the Corporate Environmental growing new global business opportuni- with Elkay Manufacturing, Trigon
Achievement Awards committee. n ties for several leading industry piezoma- International, and Tervis.
terials manufacturers and suppliers.
Amine named to Web of Science
Western New York Section Paranthaman elected Fellow of Highly Cited List
chapter meeting is March 1 National Academy of Inventors Khalil Amine, materials sci-
ACerS Western New York Section's The National Academy entist at the U.S.
first meeting of 2018 is scheduled for of Inventors elected Department of Energy’s
Thursday March 1, 2:45–7:00 p.m. ACerS Fellow and Argonne National
at the Innovation Center at Praxair Corporate Fellow Laboratory, has been
Technology Center, Tonawanda, N.Y. researcher at Oak Ridge named to the Web of
The meeting includes two presentations, National Laboratory Amine Science’s Highly Cited List
Paranthaman Parans Paranthaman,
an infrastructure tour, and buffet din- of 2017, ranking in the top one percent of
ner. RSVP for the meeting by emailing Fellow. The honor recognizes individu- his peers by citations and subject area. n
Victoria Willard, [email protected] als for outstanding inventions that have
before February 21. n made a significant impact on society.
In memoriam
Names in the news Carlos Frick
Joseph E. Neely
Day presented with lifetime David Griffith Wirth Jr.
achievement award Some detailed obituaries can also be found on the ACerS website, www.ceramics.org/in-memoriam.
Marquis Who’s Who presented
ACerS past president and Distinguished
Life Member Delbert Edwin Day with Awards and deadlines
the Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime
Achievement Award. The
Congrats to winners of best student oral presentations and best
award recognizes individ-
uals for leadership quali- student posters of EAM 2018!
ties, outstanding achieve- Poster competition mations and field-induced behavior in ferro-
ments, career success, First place electric nanoparticles, Krishna Chaitanya
and noteworthy accom- Pitike, University of Connecticut
Freeze casting of LAGP for 3D textured
plishments. Day is
Day solid-state structured electrolytes, William Third place
Curators' Professor
Huddleston, Case Western Reserve Mesoscale modeling of stress induced
Emeritus of Materials Science and
University band-gap attenuation in ZnO nanow-
Engineering at Missouri University of
Second place ires, Lukasz Kuna, University of
Science and Technology and cofounder
Shape and size dependent phase transfor- Connecticut
of Mo-Sci Corporation.

12 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2

Awards and deadlines (continued)
Oral presentation competition
First place Member spotlight
The influence of electrode geometry on the average and local electri- ACerS Fellow continues to learn at age 100
cal responses of electroceramics, Richard Veazey, University of
By Faye Oney
Sheffield
ACerS Fellow Ralph Rose may have reached a
Second place milestone birthday, but that has not slowed down
Understanding electrochemical and structural behaviors of irradia- his memory or curtailed his desire to continue his
tion induced defects in TiO2, Kassiopeia Smith, Boise State education. He recently turned 100 years old and
University was happy to talk about his career, achievements,
Third place and especially his time at ACerS.
Rose Rose entered Ohio State University during
Exploring the rich defect chemistry of amorphous carbon using a
combination of experiments and theory, Wesley Surta, Oregon the Depression, and was required to complete four years of
State University n ROTC. His interests and strengths lied in physics, chemistry,
and math, so he enrolled in the engineering college, initially
without a specific major.
Basic Science GEMS Awards deadline is March 15 After exploring job opportunities, Rose chose ceramic engi-
Sponsored by ACerS Basic Science Division, the annual neering. “We all had to take an introductory course, which was
Graduate Excellence in Materials Science (GEMS) Awards rec- a synopsis of what engineering consisted of,” Rose recalls. “I was
ognize outstanding achievements of up to 10 graduate students interested in chemical engineering.” But before he decided to
in materials science and engineering. The award is open to choose that path, he researched the job market for chemical engi-
graduate students making oral presentations in any symposium neering graduates.
at MS&T18. If interested, visit matscitech.org and submit your
paper by March 15, 2018. n
R R
Starbar and Moly-D elements
Three awards have May 15 deadline are made in the U.S.A.
Three prestigious Division awards have a May 15, 2018
nomination deadline. Award eligibility for each can be found with a focus on providing
at ceramics.org/awards. the highest quality heating elements
Glass & Optical Materials: Alfred R. Cooper Scholars and service to the global market.
Award
This award recognizes undergraduate students who have
demonstrated excellence in research, engineering, and/or
study in glass science or technology. The recipient receives a
plaque, $500, and free MS&T registration.
Electronics: Edward C. Henry Award
This annual award is recognizes an outstanding paper
reporting original work in the Journal of the American Ceramic
Society or the ACerS Bulletin during the previous calendar
year on a subject related to electronic ceramics. The author(s)
receive a plaque and $500 (split between authors).
Electronics: Lewis C. Hoffman Scholarship
This $2,000 tuition award encourages academic interest and
excellence among undergraduate students in the area of ceram- I2R -- Over 50 years of service and reliability
ics/materials science and engineering. The 2018 essay topic is I Squared R Element Co., Inc.
"Tailoring Material Properties through Defect Engineering for Akron, NY Phone: (716)542-5511

53
Electronic Ceramics." Fax: (716)542-2100
Visit www.ceramics.org/awards for nomination forms. 1964 - 2017 Email: [email protected]
Contact Erica Zimmerman at [email protected] with
any questions. n www.isquaredrelement.com

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 13

 acers spotlight

Member spotlight (continued)

“I found out that not all of the chemi- He was married for 72 years until his Diamond Partners
cal engineering graduates had been placed wife Ruth passed away in 2013. They ALTEO Gardanne
in jobs,” he says. “So I checked out ceram- have five children, seven grandchildren, Harrop Industries
ics, and found out that by September after and five great grandchildren. Today, Morgan Advanced Materials
[the previous] graduation year, everyone Rose lives outside of Harrisburg, Pa.,
Mo-Sci Corp.
had a job. So I went into ceramics without where his favorite pastime is listening
National Center for Manufacturing
knowing much about it.” to nonfiction books on tape. “I’ve been
Sciences
Rose remembers there were only three reading about astrophysics, medicine,
Saint-Gobain
professors in the entire department. “In and archaeology,” he says jokingly. “I’m
those days they educated us to be engi- getting my Ph.D. at the age of 100!” SCHOTT North America Inc.
neers working in small ceramic compa- Rose reflects on his life and career Superior Technical Ceramics
nies, where there would be one engineer with fond memories, knowing it has Sapphire Partners
on staff,” he explains. been one of hard work, family love, II-VI Optical Systems
After serving in WWII from 1942– striving for education and the American Central Glass & Ceramic Research
1945, Rose’s first professional job was dream, service to his community, and Institute
as a research engineer for Battelle in professional achievement. CeramTec GmbH
Columbus, Ohio, working on sponsored “All of the jobs I held amounted to CoorsTek
research projects for commercial compa- problem-solving jobs,” he says. “I found Kyocera
nies. Since then he’s held several jobs, it to be a very interesting career.” n McDanel Advanced Ceramic
but he says his most rewarding was at Technologies
H.K. Porter and Company, where he
New Corporate Partner program Specialty Glass Inc.
was involved in helping to build a plant Trans-Tech
that extracted magnesia from seawater. enjoys successful first year
Unimin
“Process design of the plant and products ACerS Corporate Partner program,
Zircar Ceramics n
was the job I enjoyed the most,” he says. launched in January 2017, completed its
first successful year. The new program,
ACerS involvement included pro- designed to increase member company Welcome receptions introduce
moting abstracts engagement and exposure in Society new members to ACerS
Wanting to get more involved in activities, provides added value in three
ACerS Member Services Committee
his field, Rose joined ACerS in 1940 key areas: marketing and business devel-
introduced new receptions at EAM 2018
as a student, and was a member of the opment, professional development, and
and ICACC18 to welcome new ACerS
Refractories Division. During his time technical resources. Rather than a mem-
members at each conference. More than
at Battelle, he became chairman of the bership dues structure based on staff size,
30 new members gathered at EAM 2018
Central Ohio Section. When he moved the new program is based on each compa-
for afternoon refreshments and dessert,
to Philadelphia for a new job, he became ny’s desired level of engagement. “One of
while more than 150 were welcomed at
chairman of the Philadelphia Section. our goals is to build stronger partnerships
ICACC18 with complimentary bever-
Although he attended national meet- with member companies,” director of
ages and appetizers following Monday’s
ings on a regular basis, he enjoyed being membership Kevin Thompson explains.
technical sessions. The receptions gave
more involved in the local sections. “The response has been very positive. We
new members the opportunity to meet
Rose even worked as a paid employee thank all our partners who made the tran-
and network with one another while
for ACerS between 1946–1951, putting sition from the old program.”
learning about ACerS and the many
together a column in the ACerS Bulletin Three levels of corporate partnership benefits of membership. “This was a big
to promote abstracts. “The purpose include Corporate Partner, Sapphire hit,” Member Services Committee chair
was to give members information on Partner, and Diamond Partner. Following Kristin Breder exclaimed. “We sched-
abstracts from technical presentations are Diamond and Sapphire partners, uled it for just one hour, but people
in local and national meetings,” he with a complete corporate partner roster stayed for more than 1.5 hours because
explains. “I wanted to bring attention to on ACerS website, including contact they were having so much fun meeting
the various projects in different fields.” information and company description. and mingling with other new members.”
Rose holds several patents, including To learn more about ACerS Corporate Based on their successful debut, new
one for development of a glass polish- Partnership program, visit http://bit.ly/ member receptions will be a part of
ing compound and one for a method CorpPartnership. future conferences. n
of metal cladding for basic refractories.

14 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2

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President's Council of Student Advisors. Materials data were
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Other Supplies for Material Processing and Characterization
demonstration. ACerS Next Top Demo is a virtual competition
organized by ACerS President’s Council of Student Advisors to
help educate the public while advertising the community out-
Http://www.advaluetech.com
reach that you and your university/group already perform. Visit Tel: 1-520-514-1100, Fax: 1-520-747-4024
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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 15

 acers spotlight

(Credit all images: ACerS)

Winter Workshop at ICACC18 featured ceramics experts, career development, and networking

Student Winter Workshop 2018

Ceramic and glass students from around the world had an opportu- Another session featured speakers and activities on professional
nity to learn, share knowledge, hone professional development skills, development. Ceramics career panelists, ranging from academia to
and network at ACerS Winter Workshop at ICACC18, January 19–23 industry, led interactive discussions on career paths taken by suc-
at the Hilton Daytona Beach Oceanfront Resort in Daytona Beach, Fla. cessful members of the ceramics field.
This year, the European Ceramic Society (ECerS) provided 16 travel Participants also enjoyed a tour of the Kennedy Space Center.
grants for international students. A total of 52 students participated Winter Workshop participants could attend all ICACC events, which
in the event. showcased cutting-edge research and product developments in all
The Winter Workshop featured experts on the topics of: aspects of ceramics.
• Advanced ceramics—Victoria Blair, Army Research Lab; The Winter Workshop was made possible through the support of the
• Armor ceramics—Lionel Vargas-Gonzalez, Army Research Lab; Ceramic and Glass Industry Foundation, ACerS President’s Council of
• Bioceramics—Marta Cerruti, McGill University; and Student Advisors, Young Professionals Network, and ECerS.
• Ceramic coatings—Bryan Harder, NASA Glenn Research Center Mark your calendars for next year’s Winter Workshop, held
Clive Randall of Penn State University delivered a special presenta- in conjunction with ICACC19 at Daytona Beach, Fla., January
tion, “Humanitarian materials engineering.” 27–31, 2019. n

Winter Workshop participants enjoyed a tour of Kennedy Networking with fellow ceramic and glass students is a big part
Space Center. of Winter Workshop.

16 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2

 research briefs ENGINEERED SOLUTIONS
FOR POWDER COMPACTION
Gasbarre | PTX-Pentronix | Simac
Rethinking optical fiber glasses and what it will
take to pump more data into our phones GASBARRE ELECTRIC
Light is a $7.5 trillion industry driven largely by demand for PRESSES
Precision & Efficiency with
information transmission and storage, with an estimated con- a Light Footprint
tribution of $19 billion from the United States-based photon-
ics industry in 2014.
Statistica reports that in 2015, for the first time, the number
of cell-phone-only American households exceeded the number
of homes with landlines. The trend of trading landlines for wire-
less phones shows no sign of stopping.
HYDRAULIC PRESSES
However, growing market demand for wireless service and Simple to Complex Parts,
faster transmission of more data is bumping up against the Intuitive & Flexible Setup
limits of the material properties of optical fibers.
“Present fiber-based communication and high-energy laser
systems are limited in the level of optical power that can be
propagated,” says Clemson professor John Ballato in the MONOSTATIC AND
DENSOMATIC
introduction of a new paper. Limitations in power scaling— ISOSTATIC PRESSES
pushing more light/data through a fiber—arise from optical Featuring Dry Bag Pressing
phenomena such as stimulated Brillouin scattering, stimulated
Raman scattering, transverse mode instabilities, nonlinear 590 Division Street | DuBois, PA 15801
refractive index, and other phenomena related to wave mixing. 814.371.3015 | [email protected]
www.gasbarre.com

Where old fashioned

values meet modern
Credit: Clemson University

day engineering.

Clemson University professor John Ballato and former graduate

student Stephanie Morris (now a research scientist with Corning
Innovators
since
International) studying optical properties of a new type of opti-
cal fiber. 1946
Research News
Manufacturing porous silicon carbide For ALL of your
Researchers at Technische Universität Wien (Vienna, Austria) have diamond grinding
succeeded in developing a method for controlled manufacture of
porous silicon carbide. To demonstrate the potential of this new
needs
technology, the researchers integrated a special mirror that selectively
reflects different colors of light into a silicon carbide wafer by creating Contact us:
thin layers with different degrees of porosity. The technique makes it
possible to produce a complex structure of silicon carbide layers with (866) 451-3316
higher and lower levels of porosity, which is finally separated from http://www.green
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individual layers can be selected to reflect certain light wavelengths
particularly well, resulting in an integrated, color-selective mirror. For Come see us at IMTS: North Building, Level 3 Booth: 237207
more information, visit www.tuwien.ac.at. n

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 17

 research briefs

This collection of “nonlinearities” creates problems for opti- The sheer size of the optical fiber industry means change
cal engineers. Thus far, optical engineers have gotten around will be challenging and costly. But which change is more like-
these materials limitations by manipulating the signals or by ly—that the market will cease to demand more data transmis-
distributing light intensity across a larger cross-section to keep sion, or that industry will change to meet market demand?
intensity below the threshold that stimulates nonlinearities. The articles are all open-access in the International Journal
However, these tactics do not address the root cause of limi- of Applied Glass Science.
tations of silica-based optical fibers. Ballato and his team are • “A Unified Materials Approach to Mitigating Optical
taking a different approach—searching for new materials and Nonlinearities in Optical Fiber. I. Thermodynamics of Optical
processes to fabricate fibers with intrinsically low optical non- Scattering” (DOI: 10.1111/ijag.12327)
linearities. “A materials approach is arguably the more direct • “A Unified Materials Approach to Mitigating Optical
and efficient route since the interaction of the light with the Nonlinearities in Optical Fiber. II. A. Material Additivity Mod-
material is where the nonlinearities fundamentally originate,” els and Basic Glass Properties,” (DOI: 10.1111/ijag.12328)
he says in a new paper. • “A Unified Materials Approach to Mitigating Optical
The paper is the first of four new papers in an open-access Nonlinearities in Optical Fiber. II. B. The Optical Fiber,
“trilogy” by Ballato and collaborators on their work developing Material Additivity and the Nonlinear Coefficients,” (DOI:
a unified approach to mitigating optical nonlinearities in optical 10.1111/ijag.12329)
fibers. The four-article series communicates a trilogy of ideas. • “A Unified Materials Approach to Mitigating Optical
The first paper evaluates the nonlinearities problem by Nonlinearities in Optical Fiber. III. Canonical Examples and
describing thermodynamics of optical scattering. The second Materials Roadmap,” (DOI: 10.1111/ijag.12336) n
and third papers (part 2 of the trilogy) dive into glass science
and additivity models that determine properties and nonlinear-
ity. The fourth paper offers a path forward with examples and
Nanoindentation experiments reveal porous parti-
a materials roadmap. cle size matters for assembled material toughness
In the course of the trilogy, Ballato et al. conclude that Porous particles are important in a host of materials and
silica-based glasses still are the best materials for efficient opti- applications, including drug delivery, insulation, catalysis,
cal transmission. However, the compositional adjustments chromatography, filler materials, construction materials, and
needed are not compatible with traditional CVD preform pro- ceramics. But, despite their importance and potential applica-
cessing. Instead, the team proposes a “molten core” fabrication tions, the mechanical properties of such porous particles are
process, where a molten core glass surrounded by a clad glass often ignored.
are pulled directly into a fiber. Because the core is molten and Now, after collecting extensive data, researchers at Rice
quenches so quickly during fiber fabrication, compositions can University (Houston, Texas) can definitively say that, when it
result that are not feasible using conventional methods. comes to porous nanoparticles, size matters—and, in the pro-
“The papers are, perhaps not surprisingly, somewhat pro- cess, they have made some surprising discoveries about how
vocative. For our industry friends, where transitions to new size affects the materials’ intrinsic properties.
systems/methods is not feasible (or desired), we plan another Using uniformly porous calcium-silicate nanoparticles with
paper that is more tailored to your processes. That said, the diameters ranging 150–550 nm and pore sizes of 2–4 nm, the
trends discussed, even taken in small increments, could still scientists found that larger particles behave differently under
have beneficial impacts,” Ballato writes in an email. pressure than smaller ones. Using a nanoindenter, they tested

Research News
Structural disorder in oxide semiconductors Topological materials boost thermoelectric efficiency
A research team at Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology Researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, Mass.)
in South Korea has revealed the causes of structural disorder and defects of have discovered a way to increase the efficiency of thermoelectric devices
electrons due to fatigue accumulation occurring when oxide semiconductors threefold using “topological” materials with unique electronic properties.
are driven at high speed. The team found that asymmetric electron flow The researchers studied thermoelectric performance of tin telluride,
disturbance causes fatigue accumulation by applying two methods aiming to understand the effect of nanostructuring on its thermoelectric
simultaneously: a reliability evaluation method that injects AC signals similar performance by simulating the way electrons travel through the material.
to the signals applied in an integrated circuit in various frequencies and a The team found that the material’s ability to conduct electricity under a
method of evaluating the fatigue accumulation phenomenon in integrated temperature gradient is largely dependent on electron energy. With smaller
devices. The discovery is expected to help develop core technologies that grain sizes, higher-energy electrons contribute much more to the material’s
minimize errors in information processing and data transmission in all electrical conduction than lower-energy electrons, as they are less likely
electronic products. For more information, visit http://en.dgist.ac.kr. n to scatter against grain boundaries. This results in the ability to generate a
larger voltage difference. For more information, visit www.news.mit.edu. n

18 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2

 New Optical
Dilatometer Platform

Credit: Multiscale Materials Laboratory; Rice University

ODP 868
The only optical dilatometer featuring a multi-directional
optical bench with patented technologies for the most
accurate dilatometry, heating microscopy, and fleximetry.

Thin (left) and thick films made of porous nanoparticles of cal-

cium and silicate reacted differently under pressure as tested in
a Rice University lab.
how assembled films and compacted pellets of the various-
diameter nanoparticles held up under pressure.
The data, the result of more than 900 nanoindentation
experiments, shows that self-assembled films of larger calcium-
silicate nanoparticles are 120% tougher than those assembled For the complete characterization of raw materials, semi-
from smaller particles of the same composition and porousness. finished products, and process optimization
“This means that larger submicron calcium-silicate particles
are tougher and more flexible compared with smaller ones,
making them more damage-tolerant,” senior researcher Rouz-
beh Shahsavari says in a Rice University news release. www.tainstruments.com
Shahsavari completed the study with graduate student Sung
Hoon Hwang, who together also recently wrote an interesting
article about innovative concretes in the January/February
2018 issue of the ACerS Bulletin.
“Usually the common perception in nanomaterials is that
smaller is better (such as in metallic systems), but our resultsODP Bulletin ad.indd 1 12/12/17 11:20 AM
were the opposite,” Shahsavari explains in an email. “This new
knowledge can help to better create and use either individual
version of these particles, for example for drug delivery—or
their collected behavior, such as in self-healing applications
and bone-tissue engineering.”
In addition to size, however, the scientists also showed that
assembly of those nanoparticles matters, too.
The nanoparticle size effect they measured with self-assem-
bled films disappeared when the researchers tested compacted
samples of the nanoparticles, highlighting important intrinsic
differences depending on how a material is prepared—even
when it is prepared from the same starting nanomaterial. That
is an important point for ceramic materials, which are often
compacted from small porous particles.
“The results can be helpful in generalizing to any porous
particles materials where the relationship between three fac-
tors—particle size, pore size, and mechanical properties—are
often not intuitive but very important,” Shahsavari writes in
an email. “This interrelationship we found is akin to the role
of ‘structure–property’ design maps in metallic systems or
other material classes. Overall, what we found paves the path
for discovering composition–structure–property design maps
for porous inorganic materials and ceramics.”
The paper, published in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,
is “Intrinsic size effect in scaffolded porous calcium silicate
particles and mechanical behavior of their self-assembled
ensembles” (DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15803). n
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 19
 IMFORMED insights
A snapshot of ceramic and glass raw material markets and trends from a
Mike O’Driscoll
non-metallic minerals industry expert. Guest columnist

2018: Year of the There are three primary causes

for this extraordinary state of affairs,
Some fusion plants have reportedly
resumed production in January 2018,
Dog likely to live driven by the strategy of China’s
president Xi Jinpeng (who was recently
but the brown fused alumina shortage
is expected to last another two or three
up to its name for rebooted for another five years by the
October 2017 Congress). The situation
months at least.
Unlike past cycles of Chinese mineral
Chinese mineral evolved in early 2017 and climaxed
towards the year’s end: a countrywide
supply ups and downs, which were rela-
tively short-lived, this time is different—
consumers and robust program of anti-pollution
control on industrial plants; a ban on
forces impacting the mineral industry
are driven by the central government
normal provision of dynamite; and an and appear to have long-lasting intent.
across the board clean-up of illegal and January 2018 witnessed the implementa-
We are entering the Chinese New unlicensed operations. tion of a new environmental tax penaliz-
Year of 2018—the Year of the Dog—a The net effect has significantly hit ing plant emissions, a new cost input to
festival that officially lasts February 16– the mineral and ceramics industries, the complex and unpredictable anatomy
March 2, 2018. with plant closures (a few refractory of Chinese mineral pricing.
Many Chinese ceramic mineral con- mineral plants have reopened since End of year feedback suggested that
sumers in the West also hope that it will they met environmental standards, but perhaps by the end of the Chinese New
be a time to take stock and perhaps see there have been province-wide closures Year, or maybe mid-2018, some of the
what might be in store regarding China’s in Shanxi and Henan, which host most dust may settle and things can clear
mineral supply outlook for the rest of bauxite and alumina calcination and somewhat. However, others are bracing
the year. fusion plants) and reduced primary raw themselves for a long haul of short sup-
Since the mid-1980s, China has material availability owing to little or no ply and high prices through 2018 and
been the world’s dominant supplier of drilling and blasting at mines. In addi- into 2019.
a range of important ceramic, abrasive, tion, certain suppliers lacking correct Indeed, for western Chinese ceramic
and refractory minerals, such as bauxite, documents, licenses, and tax payments mineral consumers, the Year of the Dog
fused alumina, fluorspar, kaolin, graph- are facing business closure. may seem an apt description for the
ite, magnesia, refractory clays, silicon The upshot has been acute shortages next 12 months.
carbide, talc, and wollastonite. All that in supply and soaring prices for export
may be about to change. minerals, causing panic among traders About the author
The closing months of 2017 wit- and consumers. Mike O’Driscoll is director of
nessed an unprecedented period in As January 2018 came around, refrac- IMFORMED and has over 30 years of
Chinese mineral trade, particularly tory-grade brown fused alumina was experience in the industrial minerals busi-
regarding refractory and abrasive export pushing through $800/tonne free on ness. IMFORMED has conferences this
minerals—Chinese producers were strug- board (FOB), with abrasive grades priced year covering mineral recycling, magnesia,
gling to reassure customers that they at $850/tonne FOB. Calcined bauxite fluorspar, and China’s abrasives and
could maintain future supplies of grades 86–88% Al2O3 ranged $470–500+/ refractory minerals—see www.imformed.
in demand. tonne. Fused magnesia remained at com for more information. Contact
The problem remains that they can- >$1,000/tonne FOB. O’Driscoll at [email protected]. n
not—and even the few in a position to
continue supply for export markets were
having a challenging time trying to fix
prices into 2018. This is a nightmare for
western traders and consumers, whose
normal practice of fixing annual forward
contracts simply dissolved as 2017 wore
on. Few were lucky to get Q1 2018 con-
tracts concluded.

20 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2

 bulletin cover story

Fusion cast
refractories: T he role of glass in mod-
ern society is evident
everywhere—from windows and wine

Roles of bottles to car windshields and durable

device touchscreens.

containment
Industrial glass manufacturers require highly engi-
neered high-temperature furnaces to contain glass in its
molten state (3,000°F–3,200°F, or 1,600°C–1,800°C)
so that convections in the melter allow proper mixing
as well as melting of incoming raw batch materials.
After the refining process, in which dissolved gases are
allowed to escape, the glass has a chemical homogene-
ity ready for formation of the final article. This molten
glass must be contained by a refractory lining in the
furnace to allow safe operation over an extended time
period to economically and efficiently manufacture
high-quality glass products.

Evolution of glass furnace refractory linings

Toward the end of the 19th century, fireclay, a bond-
ed alumina refractory, was the glass furnace refractory
lining of choice. This progressed to a better quality of
fireclay, and later, the refractory lining package included
bonded silica brick, which easily dissolved but did not
affect glass quality. However, the furnace life of glass-
contact silica refractory was only 8–12 months.
Credit: Monofrax

In the early 20th century, sillimanite (Al2O3 ∙ SiO2)

and then mullite (3Al2O3 ∙ 2SiO2) found their way into
use as bonded refractory materials that performed better
than fireclay and silica bricks.1,2 Typically, these refractory
materials are pressed with binders to maintain geometry
and fired at high temperatures to create a bonding phase
for strength. These refractory bonded shapes typically have
a porosity (~10–15%) that will severely reduce corrosion
resistance in contact with a slag or glass at high tempera-
By Kevin Selkregg tures, not to mention high solubility of their components.
Enter the advent of a refractory manufactured by
fusing molten oxide powders at high temperatures
Refractory linings in glass furnaces are a critical component of glass-based (~3,800°–4,000°F). The process of fusion casting bypass-
applications, including encapsulation of nuclear waste through vitrification. es conventional bonding of refractory bodies mentioned
Careful design of these lining materials can ensure safe and long-lasting earlier by developing crystalline intergrowths capable
methods of nuclear waste storage. of exceptional corrosion resistance due to high density
of the body. The batch, after dry blending, is fed to an
electric arc furnace for fusion by energy released in arc-
resistance paths. The furnace melting the material tilts
to pour this liquid into molds designed for final applica-
tions.3 Monofrax LLC pioneered this technology in the
late 1930s with high-alumina fused cast refractory mate-
rials and, later, many compositional evolutions.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 21

Fusion cast refractories: Roles of containment
(A) (B)

Credit: Monofrax
(C)
Figure 1. (A) New AZS furnace lining during inspection before delivery and installation. (B) Corroded
AZS furnace lining after 6.5 years of service in a soda-lime glass furnace. (C) Close-up of a corroded AZS
furnace lining panel after 6.5 years of service in a soda-lime glass furnace.
After the Second World War, the Glass quality in soda-lime, borosilicate, materials in
refractory of choice for lining glass furnac- and high alumina–silica glass composi- the whole
es soon became a material called AZS, an tions is critical to achieve clarity and furnace, so
acronym for a composition consisting of strength because, without these proper- the term of
alumina, zirconia, and silica. Manufacture ties, the items of interest will fail in their the campaign
of fusion-cast AZS resulted in a refractory designed applications. This places high is not prema-
material with low porosity (~1%), high demand for quality refractories in contact turely inter-
density, and good corrosion resistance— with glass to not alter critical properties rupted due
critical factors to extend life of the glass of the glass by refractory defects and dis- to a single
furnace. The material increased furnace solved refractory components. The images refractory
life from ~18 months to 3–5 years, allow- in Figure 1 of corroded AZS fused cast region failure.
ing furnaces to operate at higher tempera- refractory lining are a revealing testament There are
tures and at greater throughput.1,2 to the erosion of refractory linings during many com-
Corrosion resistance of AZS results a glass furnace campaign. positional
from its low porosity and high density, as The final glass article, be it a bottle or varieties of
well as the presence of zirconia, a highly window, will actually have some trace of fusion-cast
insoluble phase. Even though the AZS the refractory components (e.g., ~0.07% refractories available beyond AZS,
refractory lining in contact with glass ZrO2) dissolved in its structure, although such as high zirconia, high alumina,
extends high-temperature glass furnace life at a level that does not affect required magnesium spinel, and chrome–mag-
dramatically over bonded refractory materi- glass clarity and strength. Refractory lin- nesium–aluminate castings. Monofrax
als, furnace life cannot continue indefi- ing in a typical glass furnace is designed LLC supplies several compositional
nitely. Corrosion and erosion of the lining to account for the types of corrosion groups (~12 currently) to diverse glass
will occur, eventually curtailing furnace encountered at molten glass contact manufacturing industries, including flat
operation until the lining is repaired or or by corrosive vapor species in non- glass, containers, fiberglass, and, more
replaced. Figure 1A shows a new AZS fur- glass contact regions at temperatures of recently, tough, thin glass touchscreen
nace lining before delivery and installation, ≥2,700°F (1,500°C). surfaces for electronic devices.
contrasted with a corroded AZS furnace The philosophy in glass furnace AZS fused cast materials such as
lining after 6.5 years of service in a soda- refractory design is to ensure corro- Monofrax CS-3 and CS-5 are typical
lime glass furnace in Figures 1B and 1C. sion equivalency of differing refractory glass contact and non-glass contact mate-

Capsule summary
CONTAINMENT DESIGN LONGEVITY
Disposal of nuclear waste is a complex As with industrial glass furnaces, refractory designs Nuclear applications have already generated
problem—one solution is vitrification, in which for nuclear waste vitrification melters call for a thousands of tons of nuclear waste, and that
glass is used as a containment medium to variety of refractories that corrode equivalently. amount will continue to increase. Although
stabilize radioactive waste. Refractory linings in the glass furnace are a operational challenges still exist in melters,
critical component of molten glass containment vitrification provides a proven method of
for glass articles. nuclear waste storage.

22 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2

rials, while high-alumina materials such as Monofrax M and radioactivity (low activity waste, or LAW), which has a differ-
H are used in lower temperature glass contact refiner and dis- ent disposal strategy. However, each facility treats LAW differ-
tributor regions. Chrome/alumina/magnesia-bearing materials, ently—Savannah River grouts LAW, while Hanford vitrifies it.
such as Monofrax K-3 and E, are often used in weir walls and Regardless of the means, nuclear waste must be reduced to a
throat cover blocks, which require the highest level of corro- solid form before disposal and must resist leaching.
sion resistance and can tolerate potential chrome coloration.
Vitrification
Clarity to containment The term vitrification connotes involvement of glass, which
On December 2, 1942, a team of 49 scientists, led by Enrico serves as a host medium to stabilize radioactive waste. Durability
Fermi, proved that a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction could is the top priority for containing radioactive waste for thousands
be initiated. Conducted under Stagg Field of the University of years. This contrasts with other applications, such as commer-
of Chicago, this experiment, called the Chicago Pile-1 reactor, cial glasses designed for optical clarity.
became the integral first step of the Manhattan Project to devel-
op the atomic bomb.4 Table 1. Soda-lime glass composition typical for flat glass and
In the midst of this dash to successfully create a controlled examples of vitrification melter glass chemistries
nuclear chain reaction, there is no known reference that any of Wt% Soda-limea HLWb WDVREF6c SRL-EAd LAWA24e AZ-101f
these scientists foresaw the immensity of the amount of nuclear SiO2 71.7 44.9 43.5 45.9 35.4 38.47
waste that harnessing such energy in weaponry and power gen-
Al2O3 1.85 5.1 5.4 3.4 12.4 7.84
eration would create.
However, as of January 2009, the amount of spent nuclear CaO 7.1 6.7 0.7 1.1 3.3 0.54
fuel from the 104 nuclear reactors operating within the United MgO 3.9 4.4 1 1.6 0.12
States alone reached 64,000 metric tons.5 In the U.S., defense Na2O 14.1 11.6 8.3 16.9 20.0 17.81
and weapon-related activities are another source of waste,
K2O 0.7 0.1 5 5.5 0.32
with the largest quantities created in the early days of nuclear
weapon development and testing. B2O3 12.3 14.5 11.3 6.1 7.63
The U.S. Department of Energy officially discontinued Li2O 2.2 4.1 4.3 1.9
reprocessing spent nuclear fuel in 1992, although the U.S. BaO 3.5 0.09
has generated 347,300 m3 of waste incidental to reprocess-
MnO 1.2 1.6 0.33
ing.6 Most of this liquid high-level waste (HLW) is stored in
underground tanks at the Hanford site in Richland, Wash., V2O5 1.5
and the Savannah River site in Aiken, S.C. Another portion of Fe2O3 0.1 3.4 12.2 10.8 6.0 17.5
HLW was calcined to a dry powder and is stored at the Idaho CeO2 1.9 0.19
National Laboratory in Idaho Falls, Idaho.
Cr2O3 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.16
Weapons-grade plutonium production stopped in the
1980s. However, the consequence of this material lingers on SO3 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.08
in the form of waste. The current emphasis of nuclear fission NiO 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.1 1.5
is electricity generation in the U.S., but not to the extent of its Sb2O5 0.5
role in other countries, such as Canada and China.
P2O5 1.3 1.7 0.31
In the public sector, developing uranium fuel to produce
power from nuclear plants generates different forms of waste ZrO2 1.4 0.6 3.0 3.97
(e.g., mine mill tailings, conversion, enrichment)—which all TiO2 0.9 0.8 0.03
will need disposal. Rod Ewing7 states that “…the complexity of ZnO 3.0 0.02
the nuclear waste disposal problem has delayed final choices of
La2O3 0.22
waste disposal sites in most countries that have nuclear waste
inventories. So much so that, there are, at present, no operat- Nd2O3 0.17
ing [geologic] nuclear waste repositories for spent nuclear fuel CdO 0.62
from commercial nuclear power plants or for HLW from the SnO2 0.1
reprocessing of spent fuel.”
CuO 0.04
Complexity in the disposal of nuclear waste is partially due to
the variety of waste compositions that ultimately drive the need Other 2.3
for different glass containment formulations. Waste contain- 99.85 99.5 99.9 99.4 99.6 100.0
ment plant designs are dictated by radioactive loads, which may a
Flat glass industrial furnace, Glaverbel S.A. Belgium.
b
China simulated HLW waste, Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center, Germany.18
require fully remote designs or permit a hands-on approach. At c
West Valley, NY.19
the Hanford and Savannah River sites, HLW is further sepa- d
Savannah River, EA Glass.19
rated into a smaller volume containing most of the radioactivity e
Hanford Low Activity Waste Vitrification Project, 2002.19
and a larger volume of contaminated liquid with much lower f
PNNL, glass for research scale melter test.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 23

Fusion cast refractories: Roles of containment
(A) (B)
(A)

Credit: Monofrax
Figure 2. (A) A melter box consisting of Monofrax K-3 during inspection before shipment to the Hanford site. (B) Low activity melter
unit containing K-3 melter box being readied for use at Hanford.
At Savannah River and Hanford sites, the chemistry of encapsulating glass in rification melters (~1,050°C–1,200°C)
radioactive waste is transitioned into a nuclear waste treatments is unique in are considerably lower than in
molten borosilicate glass through a vari- its ability to immobilize radionuclides. commercial soda-lime glass tanks
ety of steps involving a liquid slurry with Specific oxides determine various prop- (~1,500°C–1,600°C). Table 1 lists soda-
dry additives that form a blanket on the erties in soda-lime glass, such as melting lime glass compositions typical for flat
glass called a cold cap. The bottom por- point, mechanical properties, or color. glass, alongside some examples of vitrifi-
tion of this cold cap melts into a foamy For example, iron is incorporated at low cation melter glass chemistries.
glass and ultimately melts into the pool, levels (0.1–2.0% iron oxide) in soda-lime There are numerous critical compo-
which is poured into a robust stainless glass to reduce the effect of harmful UV nents of the vitrification melter used to
steel canister (~1–3 m high) and allowed rays for construction glass.8 heat glass to 1,050°C–1,150°C, not the
to cool, forming a solid matrix. Design of the glass composition nec- least of which is the refractory lining.
Containers are welded shut, ready for essary for nuclear waste encapsulation Monofrax has manufactured a chrome-
storage and final disposal. This encapsula- involves a complicated selection process bearing fused cast refractory designed for
tion in molten glass and solidification in with non-radioactive glass-forming addi- this lining for over 30 years, since the
final storage containers is called vitrifica- tives. These chemistries are tailored to beginning of the process of encapsulat-
tion and is a suitable and adequate pro- create a favorable viscosity–temperature ing nuclear wastes. In one instance at
cess for management of ILW and HLW. relation, meaning radionuclide volatili- Savannah River National Laboratory, the
Figure 2A shows a K-3 melter box in ties are not in play.9 In this case, boron designed life of this lining was estimated
the setup area at Monofrax with a similar has an important role in reducing glass to be 2–6 years.11 However, in actual
layout to soda-lime industrial glass tanks. viscosity at temperatures below radionu- practice at SRNL, the life of Melter #1
The melter box contains glass slurry as clide volatility temperatures of >1,200°C. was 8.5 years and Melter #2 was >14
nuclear waste is encapsulated within the Vitrification is a particularly attractive years, eventually shutting down due to
glass. This box is a portion of the larger immobilization route because the glassy mechanical failures that were not refrac-
unit at the Hanford site (Figure 2B). product has high chemical durability.10 tory related.12
Refractory design experience, phi- Borosilicate glass contains waste material
losophy, and technology for melting of through direct chemical incorporation Corrosion in soda-lime glass tanks
industrial commercial glasses (e.g., soda- into the glass structure (i.e., dissolution), Corrosion kinetics and byproducts
lime, borosilicate, and high-alumina although some studies also have evaluated of fused cast refractories in contact with
cover glasses) has been transferred in the feasibility of physically encapsulating soda-lime glasses of the container and
a similar fashion when designing the solid wastes. The durability of borosilicate flat glass industries are well known.
nuclear waste vitrification melter. In glass allows storage for thousands of years, AZS refractories have three microstruc-
this case, the design uses another prop- even under conditions of irradiation by tural components: zirconia dendrites, a
erty of glass. incorporated radioactive materials, which coprecipitate component of zirconia and
Unlike the clarity and strength neces- do not crystallize the oxide glass. corundum, and a high-alumina glass.
sary in soda-lime and borosilicate glass, The temperatures encountered in vit- When the AZS lining interacts with
molten glass, there is typically a corrosion
Types of nuclear waste reaction layer at glass contact that remains
HLW = High level waste—highly radioactive due to reprocessed nuclear fuel attached to the lining. Continued corro-
ILW = Intermediate level waste—requires shielding when handling sion takes place by erosion of this layer
LLW = Low level waste—contaminated by radioactive materials, but not inherently and, in some cases, may “peel” off, creat-
radioactive
ing some glass quality problems.

24 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2

 (A) Table 2. Chemistry of glass in the AZS glass phase, soda-lime
tank glass, and passivation layer
AZS Passivation Sodalime
Wt% glass phase layer tank glass
Al2O3 23.2 32.0 1.2
SiO2 68.0 46.0 74.0
CaO 0.2 3.3 10.0
Na2O 6.5 15.5 14.0
Fe2O3 0.3 0.1 0.0
K2O 0.3 0.0

G MgO 1.0 0.2

ZrO2 1.8 1.9
Total 100.0 100.0 99.5

compositions can have a variable impact on the refractory cor-

(B)
rosion rate. Care must be taken to not formulate glasses that
will be highly aggressive to the refractory.
Some of the most corrosion-resistant refractory materials
available contain chromium oxide as a major component (e.g.,
Monofrax K-3 and E). Since the beginning of vitrification of
nuclear waste, Monofrax K-3 chrome refractory has been a
refractory of choice for lining melters in the U.S. and, in later
years, Japan.
Chromium oxide is more insoluble than even zirconia in
most glasses, making it a desirable component of refractory lin-
ing. Potential coloration of the glass by chrome refractories is
a concern in soda-lime container and flatglass industries, but is
not an issue for nuclear waste glass.
Credit: Monofrax

What are the chemical and microstructural factors that

make a chrome refractory, such as Monofrax K-3, perform so
Figure 3. Electron micrographs of (A) virgin AZS and (B) well as the glass contact refractory liner in vitrification reactors?
corroded AZS.
As aforementioned, fused cast materials such as K-3 have
This thin reaction layer, often called the passivation layer low porosity and an interlocking, tight microstructure. The
("G" in Figures 3A and 3B) because it serves to “passivate” fur- typical microstructure of Monofrax K-3 is a binary phase
ther corrosion, is a byproduct of incongruent dissolution into assemblage primarily of an (Mg,Fe)O∙(AlCr)2O3 spinel, and an
the tank glass. Alumina in the coprecipitate alumina–zirconia R2O3 (Cr2O3-Al2O3 solid solution) phase, with minor glassy
component of AZS goes into solution at the glass–refractory phase and low level reduced iron as free metal at grain bound-
interface, creating a layer of highly aluminous glass with undis- aries. Further, the R2O3 phase is present as chemically inho-
solved zirconia (Figure 3 and Table 2). mogeneous cored grains, with relatively Cr2O3-rich centers and
Corrosion with soda-lime glass is not restricted to the imme- relatively Cr2O3-poor rims (Figure 4).
diate glass contact, however, as the glass phase component of When in contact with melter glass, Monofrax fused
AZS provides a pathway for diffusing alkali and alkaline earth cast chrome materials (K-3 and E) react with glass in an
species, such as potassium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium. incongruent fashion (as in AZS in contact with soda-lime
Alkalis are more rapid diffusers than alkaline earths, as observed glass), leaving a byproduct at the glass–refractory interface.
by Kasselouri et al.13 as well as others—potassium and sodium Magnesium and aluminum are the most soluble components
species migrate to deeper depths than magnesium and calcium. of K-3, generally leaving the most insoluble component, Cr2O3,
Consequently, alkalis such as potassium and sodium promote behind at the corrosion interface.
corrosion of the corundum primary phase at depths into the Monofrax K-3 in contact with waste glass simulant at the
AZS body beyond the immediate glass–refractory contact. SRNL melter was characterized after service in 1984.14 Nickel
and iron in the glass chemically behaved as a spinel former
Corrosion in vitrification melters at the interface to create a nickel–iron–chrome spinel layer,
Facilities active in vitrification of nuclear waste cannot somewhat metastable in the melter environment. This layer
afford failure of the melter due to refractory lining failure also inhibits further reaction at the interface by “passivating”
either by excessive corrosion or spalling. During the life of corrosion rate at the glass contact. This chromium-rich spinel
the melter, different glasses formulated due to differing waste “skin” containing nickel is thermodynamically more stable

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 25

Fusion cast refractories: Roles of containment

West Valley, NY case study

West Valley Demonstration Project in western New York
was a site for private reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel
as part of a program to make this a commercialized
enterprise in the 1960s.A
This business venture was set up under a private com-
pany called Nuclear Fuel Services Inc., with construc-
tion beginning in 1963 and completed in 1966. From
1966–1971, 640 metric tons of fuel from defense and
commercial power reactors were reprocessed, more than
half of which came from the Hanford nuclear reactor.
When operations at this facility halted in 1972 for
modifications to increase reprocessing capacity and
efficiency, the Atomic Energy Commission at the same
time established new regulations for reprocessing spent
nuclear fuel. These new regulations affected the West
Valley facility by dramatically increasing operational costs,
making it too costly to continue under its design.
Nuclear Fuel Services withdrew from this business in
1977 and turned it over to the state of New York to deal
with the site. Eventually it took an “act of Congress” in
1980 to create the West Valley Demonstration Project
(WVDP) Act to deal with what now became a “clean-up,”
rather than a business venture of reprocessing spent Schematic of West Valley
nuclear fuels. Demonstration Project melter.
Reprinted from: J.D. Vienna,
A key requirement and high priority of the WVDP Act was
“Nuclear waste vitrification in
solidification of HLW, because LLW could be dealt with by
the United States: Recent devel-
incorporation into grout and disposal at the Nevada Test
opments and future options,”
Site, which contains 20,000 71-gallon drums. The conse-
B
Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci., 1 (3),
quence of reprocessing 640 metric tons of fuel during its
309–321 (2010).
short business operation was to create 600,000 gallons
of liquid HLW. Higher-activity waste was mixed with a
borosilicate glass frit, melted, poured into 275 stainless
steel canisters, and solidified—i.e., vitrified—which continued during 1996–2002.
The melter, shaped like an inverted prism, was 6 feet deep and continuously received a water-
saturated feed slurry at a rate of 20 gallons/hour. Wastes and glass formers melted into the
glass pool, where they mixed by natural convection at 1,050ºC–1,150ºC, with a 2–3 day resi-
dence time before being transferred to stainless steel canisters. The melt was slowly poured into these ten-foot canisters over a period of 63 hours.
The lining in that melter cavity consisted of Monofrax K-3 fused cast chrome refractory—the first of many applications of Monofrax K-3 in vessels
vitrifying radioactive HLW. However, even though most of the lining consisted of K-3, other portions contained other Monofrax fused cast material.
Monofrax E (78% Cr2O3) composed two riser blocks of the overflow chambers because of its higher thermal conductivity to maintain a high glass
temperature in the externally heated riser. Non-glass contact regions of the plenum area of the melter cavity consisted of high-alumina Monofrax H
fused cast material because of its resistance to vapor corrosion and thermal shock.
Therefore Monofrax’s involvement in vitrification of ILW and HLW began in the mid-1980s—currently reflecting more than 30 years of refractory
experience in this application. During this period, additional facilities have adopted Monofrax K-3 in melters, including the following, some of which
are not yet operational.C
• Savannah River Site’s Defense Waste Processing Facility and the Duratek Duramelter 5000 unit M-Area facility in South Carolina
• HLW and LAW treatment melters in Hanford, Wash.
• Japan Nuclear Fuels Limited HLW melters in Rokkasho, Japan
A
D.E. Carl, J. Paul, J.M. Foran, R. Brooks, “West Valley Demonstration Project Vitrification Process Equipment Functional and Checkout Testing of Systems (FACTS),” West
Valley Nuclear Services Co., Contract No. DE-AC07-81NE 44139. September 30, 1990.
B
J.P. Curcio, C. Dayton, D. Garber, G. Gorsuch, “Process improvements result in schedule and cost savings for waste shipping campaign – 8456,” WM2008 Conference, Phoenix,
Ariz., February 24–28, 2008
C
C.M. Jantzen, K.J. Imrich, J.B. Pickett, K.G. Brown, “High chrome refractory characterization: Part II. Accumulation of spinel corrosion deposits in radioactive waste glass melt-
ers,” Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci., 6 (2), 158–171 (2015). ■

26 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2

 Table 3. Phase compositions present in the glass–K-3
interface at the bottom of the melter
Wt% 1 2 3 4 5
MgO 10.3 6.4 2.5
FeO 18.2 19.3
Fe2O3 39.6 65.7
Al2O3 44.1 81.5 41.4 15.1 1.0
Cr2O3 27.4 18.5 26.5 25.0 4.1
NiO 6.4 16.9 28.7

MnO 1.0 0.5
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

with this melter consisted of eleven weeks at temperatures of

1,050°C–1,150°C to observe the behavior of crystals precipi-
Credit: Monofrax
tating out of the melt, which potentially can clog the outlet
feeder to the holding cylinder.
Glass used in the test was a high nickel–iron–borosilicate
Figure 4. Electron micrograph of Monofrax K-3 showing
(Mg,Fe)O•(AlCr)2O3 spinel phase and the R2O3 (Cr2O3-Al2O3
glass (see Table 1) that resulted from a feed of the simulant
solid solution) phase. The R2O3 phase is present as chemi- liquid slurry mixed with glass formers (referred to as AZ-101
cally inhomogeneous cored grains. simulant). The scanning electron image in Figure 5 is from the
glass–K-3 interface bottom of the melter, revealing secondary
phase formation at the reaction layer. Phases 1 and 2 are
spinel and R2O3 solid solution, respectively, with chemistries
slightly altered from typical K-3 (Table 3).
Moving closer to the glass–K-3 interface, the R2O3 phase
dissociates by giving up its alumina portion. The spinel phase
experiences oxidation with the FeO component going to
Fe2O3, MgO, and FeO replaced by NiO, and alumina dissociat-
ing out to the glass as in the R2O3 phase (spinel phases 3, 4,
and 5). The spinel stable phase at the glass–K-3 contact is a
nickel spinel in the form: Ni0.9(Fe1.9Cr0.1Al0.5)2O4. Well-formed
crystals in the waste glass simulant above the reaction layer are
nickel spinel precipitates, which form in the glass and accumu-
late on the bottom.
Credit: Monofrax

The chart in Figure 6 tracks the chemical trend of mag-

nesium, aluminum, and nickel from the glass–K-3 interface
Figure 5. Scanning electron micrograph of the glass–K-3 inter- region towards the interior. This shows nickel replacing mag-
face at the bottom of the melter, revealing secondary phase for- nesium in the spinel phase, with a concomitant decrease in
mation at the reaction layer. Phases 1 and 2 are spinel and R2O3 alumina as it migrates to the glass. The “normal” spinel com-
solid solution, respectively. Phases 3, 4 and 5 are spinels with position for K-3 is found ~1 mm deep, keeping alteration of
increasing nickel content and oxidized iron closer to the glass. K-3 within a restricted zone at the glass–K-3 contact.
The major phases of Monofrax K-3, spinel, and R2O3 are
than original phases containing higher alumina and magnesia.
both solid solution phases and demonstrate the ability to adapt
Spinel layer byproduct evolution path formation is as follows.
to transition metal levels in the waste glass. The consequence
(Mg,Fe)O • (AlCr)2O3  (Ni,Fe)O • (Cr, Fe, Al)2O3 of this adaptability is formation of a secondary protective spinel
Work by Jantzen15 at Savannah River Technology Center layer reflecting the glass chemistry and oxidation state. In the
on the corrosion of K-3 by reducing and oxidizing feeds also PNNL melter, nickel replaces magnesium and reduced iron in
found a highly insoluble protective layer of nickel spinel (Ni the primary spinel of K-3, and ferric iron replaces alumina.
(Cr0.8 Fe0.2)2O4) at the K-3–glass interface.
Additional characterization of K-3 involved a research Future challenges of nuclear waste containment in
scale melter (RSM) from the Pacific Northwest National glass
Laboratory (PNNL) that consisted of a small Monofrax K-3 Operational challenges still exist in melters, specifically involv-
cylindrical chamber with a 6-inch diameter melt pool. A test ing phase separations in the melter feed. Precipitation of a neph-

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 27

Fusion cast refractories: Roles of containment

References
1
F.S. Thompson, H.M. Kraner, “Refractories for the manufacture of
glass,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 25 (8), 856–864 (1933).
2
Society of Glass Technology, SGT News, 2,1–2 (1999).
K.H. Sandmeyer, M.A. Miller, “A fused cast alumina refractory,” Am.
3

Ceram. Soc. Bull., 44 (7) (1965).

4
Atomic Heritage Foundation, “Chicago Pile-1,” December 2016.
Accessed December 1, 2017. www.atomicheritage.org/history/chicago-
pile-1
5
D. Biello, “Spent nuclear fuel: A trash heap deadly for 250,000 years
or a renewable energy source?,” Scientific American, January 28, 2009.

Credit: Monofrax
6
International Atomic Energy Agency, “Estimation of global inven-
tories of radioactive waste and other radioactive materials.” Vienna,
Austria, June 2008.
Figure 6. Spinel chemistry as a function of depth for magnesium,
aluminum, and nickel oxides from the glass–K-3 interface region
7
R.C. Ewing, R.A. Whittleston, B.W.D. Yardley, “Geological disposal
toward the interior (data from spinels in Table 3). of nuclear waste: A primer,” Elements, August 2016.
8
L. Galoisy, “Structure-property relationships in industrial and natural
eline phase limits waste form performance by reducing chemical glasses,” Elements, 2 (5), October 2006.
durability in the glass. Crystallization of transition metal spinels
B. Grambow, “Nuclear waste glasses—How durable?,” Elements, 2 (6),
9
(Ni, Zn, Mn, Fe) (Fe,Cr)2O4 that accumulate at melter bottoms December 2006.
do not affect glass durability, but can plug outlet tubes, restrict-
M.I. Ojovan, W.E. Lee, “Glassy wasteforms for nuclear waste immo-
10
ing flow to the stainless steel canisters for final disposal. The
bilization,” Metall. Mater. Trans., 42A, 837–851 (2011).
presence of molybdenum in many oxidation states within boro-
silicates can decrease the glass's ability to prevent leaching in M.M. Reigel, K.J. Imrich, C.M. Jantzen, “Corrosion evaluation of
11

melter materials for radioactive waste vitrification.” In Advances in

waste forms in longterm disposal sites.16
Materials Science for Environmental and Energy Technologies IV: Ceramic
There is a surprising statistic concerning the number of Transactions, Volume 253 (2015).
nuclear reactors currently under construction in the world. 12
C. Jantzen, SRL. Personal communication. November 2, 2017.
The number under construction in Russia, India, the U.S.,
South Korea, United Arab Emirates, and Japan combined— V. Kasselouri, N. Kouloumbi, L. Mendrinos, “Effect of glass melt on
13

approximately 30—matches the total under construction in corrosion of the lining of an industrial glass furnace,” Glass Technology,
43 (2), 75–79 (April 2002).
China alone. China is the fastest-growing nuclear energy indus-
try in the world with a 30% growth rate.17,18 K. Selkregg, “Analyses of Monofrax K-3 after service in the large slur-
14

Over the last forty years, nuclear applications have gener- ry fed melter at DuPont’s Savannah River Facility,” Monofrax Internal
Technical Report, October 23, 1984.
ated an estimated ~80,000 tons of spent nuclear fuel waste.
As the number of operational plants increase, the amount of C.M. Jantzen, K.G. Brown, K.J. Imrich, and J.B. Pickett. “High
15

nuclear waste also will increase towards 2050. In particular, Cr2O3 refractory corrosion in oxiding melter feeds: Relevance to
nuclear and hazardous waste vitrification,” Westinghouse Savannah
the amount of HLW is increasing because, while most of
River Company. Presented at American Ceramic Society Annual
Europe and Asia reprocesses their spent fuel, the U.S. and Meeting, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 1998.
Canada do not. Therefore, there is a growing need for accept- 16
R.J. Short, R.J. Hand, N.C. Hyatt, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 757,
able and tested methods of nuclear waste storage, which vitrifi-
141–146 (2003).
cation can provide.
K. Xu, L. Liu, M. Chen, F. Wang, L. Wu, Y. Qiao, Q. Liao, P. Lin,
17

X. Zhao, “Recent progress of nuclear waste vitrification in China.”

About the author Presented at The 12th Pacific Rim Conference on Ceramic and Glass
Kevin Selkregg is manager of the Analytical and Testing Technology, May 24, 2017.
Laboratory at Monofrax LLC. Contact Selkregg at kevin.
K. Xu, “Overview of China nuclear waste vitrification.” Presented
18
[email protected].
at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics/International
Atomic Energy Agency Workshop on Fundamentals of Vitrification
Acknowledgements and Vitreous Materials for Nuclear Waste Immobilization, November
The author thanks the following reviewers of the 7, 2017.
manuscript for their comments and suggested modifications: H. Gan, X. Lu, A.C. Buechele, M.C. Paul, I.L. Pegg, “Corrosion of
19

William Eaton and Mark Hall, Pacific Northwest National chromium-rich oxide refractories in molten waste glasses,” Vitreous
Laboratory; Donna Post Guillen, Idaho National Laboratory; State Laboratory, The Catholic University (Washington, D.C.).
and Kai Xu, Wuhan University of Technology. The sample Prepared for Department of Energy Mixed Waste Focus Area (Idaho
from the PNNL research scale melter was kindly provided by Falls, Idaho). ■
Albert Kruger, U.S. Department of Energy – Office of River
Protection (Richland, Wash.).

28 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2

World Materials Research Institutes Forum
addresses global materials science challenges

By Nicholas Barbosa,
Stephen Freiman, and
Michael Fasolka

Figure 1. Participants of the 2017 WMRIF General Assembly in

Bangkok, Thailand, overlooking the Chao Phraya River.

Credit:
T
needs. For example, a discussion of International Workshop for Early
he World Materials Research materials-related data needs revealed Career Scientists was held November
that while efforts to increase interna- 2017 in Tsukuba, Japan, and the
Institutes Forum (www. tional awareness and coordination next early career scientist meeting
wmrif.org), established at the National in the development of data tools and will be held at the National Physical
Institute for Materials Science in Japan resources has been valuable, WMRIF Laboratory in Teddington, England,
should continue to drive interactions June 18–22, 2018.
in 2005, is comprised of directors and to reach a larger audience.
executives of over 50 materials research WRMIF also fulfills its mission Databases and data quality
through four task groups. In an era of open data, this
institutes from around the world. working group aims for WMRIF
WMRIF’s composition positions it to Outreach to underrepresent- member organizations to lead the
identify and define worldwide grand ed regional laboratories international measurement society
This task group seeks to identify by providing high-quality data based
challenges in materials science, to and support laboratories around on best practices (e.g., calibrated
establish collaborative research efforts to the globe that are underrepresented equipment, standardized methods,
in the international materials sci- and multisite data of known preci-
address global challenges, and to provide ence community or would benefit sion). WMRIF will be collaborat-
premier materials education and training from access to resources available ing with the Versailles Project on
to young scientists to enable sustained at other national materials research Advanced Materials and Standards
institutes. The immediate focus is (VAMAS) pre-normalization initia-
innovation in materials sciences. on material science and engineering tive, a liaison partner.
WMRIF members meet in a biennial gen- laboratories in countries throughout
eral assembly at one of the participating materials Africa, with an emphasis on assist- Ten materials needs for the
research institutes. The 7th WMRIF Symposium and ing early career scientists. future
General Assembly took place June 19–22, 2017, at This task group has identified
the National Science and Technology Development Early career scientists and continues to update the ten
Agency in Bangkok, Thailand, hosted by the Biannual international technical most important topics in materials
National Metal and Materials Technology Center workshops for early-career material science and engineering for future
(Figure 1). Michael Fasolka of the National Institute scientists and engineers—the leaders economic, environmental, and
of Standards and Technology (NIST), the current of tomorrow—focus on important social needs. A synopsis of the cur-
WMRIF president, led the 7th WMRIF along with materials science topics. As part of rent challenges requiring materials
current WMRIF secretary general Nick Barbosa, also these workshops, young scientist innovations can be found at www.
of NIST. The symposium, which took place prior to attendees present recent work ceramics.org/WMRIF.
the general assembly, brought together more than on a small group of topics and
170 participants, including leaders and technical then discuss strategies to address About WMRIF and the authors
staff from 16 world materials research institutes. The challenges in these areas. In Find more information
main theme of the symposium was advances in mate- addition to promoting continued about WMRIF at www.wmrif.
rials for renewing and protecting critical infrastruc- interactions among attendees, org. Nicholas Barbosa, Stephen
ture and resources. senior scientists select top presenters Freiman, and Michael Fasolka are
At the general assembly, discussion focused on who are awarded stays at WMRIF all with NIST. Contact Freiman at
WMRIF priority areas and opportunities to collabora- laboratories of their choice, including [email protected]. n
tively leverage resources to address priority materials all travel and living expenses. The 5th

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 29

Application note

Micromilling of uniform nanoparticles for

space applications We have been working with Fritsch’s Pulversette line of
micromills for the past couple of years to develop much
By Curtis W. Hill and Lee Allen smaller and more uniform particles, as these micromills
are capable of ultrafine grinding results down into the
Fritsch micromills have enhanced one NASA lab’s ability to develop nanometer particle size range (Figure 1). The laboratory-
size mills use smaller, very hard media to achieve extraordi-
optimized ceramic nanoparticulate materials for demanding
nary milling energy.
research projects, including energy storage and thermoelectric We use stainless-steel milling bowls lined with zirconia,
device applications although mills are available in several other materials and
capacities depending upon the materials to be milled. The

O
micromill uses rotation speeds of up to 1,100 rpm and an
ur laboratory at NASA Marshall acceleration force of 95 g for a resulting energy application
Space Flight Center (Huntsville, roughly 150% greater than that of classic planetary mills.
This extraordinary milling energy results in more economi-
Ala.) develops materials and processes cal and efficient milling of particles, providing us with con-
for NASA’s exploration missions and the siderably finer grinding results in shorter times.
Although grinding media is available in different sizes
International Space Station. This involves and materials, we use hardened ZrO2 media with diameters
developing and optimizing materials prop- of 0.5–2.0 mm. We have reduced milling times by an order
erties for very demanding applications in
energy storage, power generation, and other
advanced application areas.
The challenge of developing new materials and processes
demands laboratory equipment with advanced capabilities. For
instance, the ability to produce uniform nanoparticles is critical
for our development of advanced ultracapacitors for energy stor-
age, thermoelectric devices with high figure-of-merit, and materi-
als for NASA’s Nuclear Thermal Propulsion system.
However, ceramic powder as-received from suppliers typically
has a fairly wide range of particle sizes and is not consistent
enough for our high-performance materials research. We have
Credit: Fritsch

investigated and tested various milling machines and processes,

including ball mills and vibratory mills. Although these tech-
niques help reduce D50 particle size as well as improve particle
size distribution, the resulting powders are still of insufficient Figure 1. Fritsch’s Pulversette line of micromills are capable of ultra-
fine grinding results down into the nanometer particle size range.
quality for our demanding research.

30 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2

 Thermoelectric research
We also develop thermoelectric mate-
rials that can be used for power genera-
tion subsystems on long-range missions
and habitats. This research involves
optimizing sintering of various doped
ceramic nanopowders to increase elec-
trical conductivity and reduce thermal
conductivity.
Our ability to micromill powders
with <50 nm particle sizes has enhanced

Credit: Dr. ZY Cheng; Auburn University

these research efforts in allowing us to
investigate the effect of substantially
increased grain boundary surface area,
and the effects of the various materials
and dopant modifiers at these extremely
small particle sizes. Figure 4 shows the
Figure 2. Particle size distribution curve of as-received and milled barium titanate microstructure of a sintered doped ZnO
nanopowders. thermoelectric device.
of magnitude, and the resulting powders electrochemical batteries, and they can
are much higher quality in terms of be used as very high-voltage triggers for About the authors
reduced particle sizes and improved par- propulsion systems. Curtis W. Hill is senior materials
ticle size distribution. These high-quality We have been developing processes to engineer with NASA Marshall Space
ceramic powders have enabled several tra- increase grain boundary characteristics of Flight Center’s Engineering and Science
jectories of research applications, a couple these materials to store charge and to sig- Services and Skills Augmentation
of which are highlighted below. nificantly increase sintered density of the (ESSSA). Contact Hill at curtis.w.hill@
devices. The ability to micromill ceramic nasa.gov. Lee Allen is materials engineer
Ultracapacitor research particles into low nanometer particle with NASA Marshall Space Flight
Our ultracapacitor development has sizes, with corresponding improvement of Center. Contact Allen at lee.r.allen@
focused on optimizing dielectric proper- D10 to D90 particle size distribution and nasa.gov. Marshall Space Flight Center
ties of perovskite ceramic powders for particle distribution curve (Figure 2), has is located on Redstone Arsenal in
ultrahigh permittivity, low dielectric allowed us to optimize these processes, Huntsville, Ala. n
loss, and high dielectric breakdown. The resulting in ultracapacitor devices with
resultant materials can be used as solid- good sintered density resulting from the
state energy storage devices to replace uniform particle size (Figure 3).
Credit: Dr. ZY Cheng; Auburn University

Credit: Dr. ZY Cheng; Auburn University

Figure 3. Scanning electron micrograph of a sintered ultracapaci- Figure 4. Scanning electron micrograph of sintered doped ZnO
tor device, showing good sintered density resulting from uniform thermoelectric device.
particle size.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 31

National Science Foundation awards in the
Ceramics Program starting in 2017

fundamental understanding and to develop predictive

capabilities for relating synthesis, processing, and micro-
structure of these materials to their properties and ulti-
mate performance in various environments and applica-
tions. Discovery or creation of new ceramic materials
is welcome as is the development of new experimental
techniques or novel approaches.
At the end of August 2016, the Ceramics Program
embarked on a pilot (alongside the Condensed Matter and
Materials Theory Program, also in DMR) to permit pro-
posals to be submitted at any time, with a few restrictions
(NSF 16-597). This approach is not unique—it is used in
the Geosciences, Engineering, and Biological Sciences
Directorates at NSF and by some German and United
By Lynnette D. Madsen Kingdom agencies. NSF undertook this change to better
accommodate the schedules of principal investigators (PIs)

T
and encourage submission of emerging ideas. In addition,
he U.S. National Science NSF hopes the change will increase proposal quality and
Foundation is an independent spread workflow (for reviewers and NSF staff) more evenly
throughout the year. Additionally, PIs submitting to the
federal agency that serves as a funding source Ceramics Program must suggest reviewers, and annual
for basic research conducted at America's budget requests cannot exceed $160,000.
During fiscal year (FY) 2017, the number of full
colleges and universities. NSF has seven sci- proposals received by the Ceramics Program dropped
ence and engineering research and education to below 80—in contrast to the past decade, when the
directorates. The Ceramics Program within program received 110 to nearly 160 proposals annually.
Supplemental proposal requests to support new inter-
the Division of Materials Research (DMR) national collaborations or the addition of veteran and
is located in the Mathematical and Physical underrepresented minority graduate students to projects
(through MPS-GRSV: NSF 15-024 and AGEP-GRS: NSF
Sciences Directorate. 16-125) slightly increased. Although the Ceramics Program
The Ceramics Program's mission is to support fundamental has funded Career–Life Balance supplements (for leaves of
scientific research in ceramics (e.g., oxides, carbides, nitrides, absence for dependent care responsibilities) in the past, no
and borides), glass-ceramics, inorganic glasses, ceramic-based requests were received during FY 2017. Supplemental pro-
composites, and inorganic carbon-based materials. The posals are best submitted in February. PIs should bear in
majority of the proposals received continue to be focused on mind that full proposal submissions to NSF are best made
oxides. The overall objective of the program is to increase 9–12 months before the funds are needed, to allow time

32 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2

for review and award processes and to About the author
circumvent the non-award zone (August– Lynnette D. Madsen has been the
September due to FY cycles). program director, Ceramics, at NSF
In FY 2017, the Ceramics Program since 2000. Contact her at lmadsen@
recommended support for 19 awards, nsf.gov. n
13 supplemental awards, two work-
shops/conferences, and cofunding of
a Solid-State and Materials Research Table 1. NSF Ceramics Program awards made during FY 2017
project. The awards are listed in Table Title (award no.) Principal investigator (PI), organization; co-PIs
1; more information on any NSF 2017 Professional Development Workshop in Ceramics (1734055) Geoff Brennecka, Colorado School of Mines
award is available by adding the 7-digit
award number to the end of www.nsf. Conference support for the Fourteenth International Meeting on Amar Bhalla, University of Texas at San Antonio;
gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ Ferroelectricity (1742945) co-PI: Ruyan Guo
ID= or by searching the NSF awards
database. Additional ceramics research CAREER: Interfacial transformations in ceramic ion conductors for Matthew McDowell, Georgia Tech Research Corporation
solid-state batteries (1652471)
is supported through centers, group
grants, and other programs focused on CAREER: Towards engineering electronic defects in inorganic Luiz Jacobsohn, Clemson University
luminescent materials (1653016)
one or two investigators (e.g., in the
CAREER: Enhanced ferroelastic toughening in electroceramic Jessica Krogstad, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Engineering Directorate). composites through microstructural coupling (1654182)
FY 2018 began on October 1,
2017—the first awards are likely to GOALI: Fundamental investigations of nucleation processes in silicate Kenneth Kelton, Washington University; co-PI: Randall
appear in late winter or early spring. liquids and glasses with a goal of developing predictive models for Youngman; former co-PI: John Mauro
At any given time, a map or list of glass formation and crystallization (1720296)
active awards can be generated near
NSF/DMR-BSF: Ceramic electrode/electrolyte interface fundamentals R. Edwin Garcia, Purdue University; co-PI: Lia Stanciu
the bottom of the Ceramics Program in all solid state Li-ion batteries (1734763)
homepage at www.nsf.gov/funding/
pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=5352. Design of ceramics with isotropic superionic conductivity (1708749) Peter Khalifah, SUNY at Stony Brook
(Solid State & Materials Chemistry lead; Ceramics secondary)
Conferences Nanofiber-based ceramic structures: The roles of initial phases and Andrei Stanishevsky, University of Alabama at Birmingham
Special Guidelines are found in the microarchitecture (1708600)
Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Beyond binary: Understanding multi-state stability in ferroelectrics Lane Martin, University of California-Berkeley
Guide for conference and workshop proposals. (1708615)

Faculty Early Career Development Surface-based point defect manipulation in semiconducting oxides Edmund Seebauer, University of Illinois at Urbana-
(1709327) Champaign; co-PI: Elif Ertekin
Program (CAREER)
Metal-insulator transitions in 2D and 3D refractory nitrides Daniel Gall, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
The CAREER solicitation (NSF 17-537) (1712752)
is restricted to single investigators who are
Surface stress relaxation: Science and effects on glass properties Minoru Tomozawa, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; co-PI:
assistant professors.
(1713670) Thierry Blanchet
Grant Opportunities for Academic Ultrasonic assisted cold sintering: Kinetics of densification and grain Clive Randall, Pennsylvania State University
Liaison with Industry (GOALI) growth study in binary oxide ceramics (1728634)
GOALI (described in the Proposal & Direct conversion of carbon into Q-carbon and diamond and
Award Policies & Procedures Guide) pro- fabrication of novel nanostructures (1735695) Jagdish Narayan, North Carolina State University
motes university–industry partnerships by Fundamental study of ordered MXenes and their defects (1740795) Michel W. Barsoum, Drexel University; co-PI: Yury Gogotsi
making project funds or fellowships and Understanding and controlling defects, disorder and electronic Bharat Jalan, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities
traineeships available to support universi- transport in high mobility perovskite oxides (1741801)
ties working with industry. Projects must
Intrinsic properties of zirconium carbide ceramics (1742086) William Fahrenholtz, Missouri University of Science and
meet certain conditions, including having Technology; co-PIs: Joseph Graham, Gregory Hilmas
at least one co-PI from industry. For the
Electrochemically-induced fracture of ionic conductors: Electrolyzers Anil Virkar, University of Utah
2017 award, the GOALI industry partner is and batteries (1742696)
Corning Research and Development.
Highly thermally conductive and mechanically strong graphene fibers: Jie Lian, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Israel Binational Science Foundation From molecular orientation to macroscopic ordering (1742806)
(BSF) Electron-rich oxide surfaces (1742807) Michele Pavanello, Rutgers University Newark;
A Dear Colleague Letter (NSF 17-120) co-PI: Huixin He
provides guidance for submitting collabora- Effect of doping and nanostructuring on properties of perovskite Meilin Liu, Georgia Tech Research Corporation
tive materials research proposals to foster oxide catalysts for oxygen evolution (1742828)
cooperation between U.S. academics and
their Israeli counterparts.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 33

 May 1–3, 2018
I-X Center
Cleveland, Ohio, USA

TUESDAY, MAY 1, 2018

PLENARY
10:20 a.m. Welcome address
10:30 a.m. Leadership Panel: Forecasting the Future of Advanced
Ceramic Materials
Noon Lunch

TRACK 1: MATERIALS MARKETPLACE

1 p.m. Mapping the Materials Market: Outlining Availability, Cost
and Quality of Raw Material Supply
2:15 p.m. Break & industry trails
2:45 p.m. Industry Update—Reviewing the Status of Ceramic Matrix
Composites (CMCs) Production and Application

TRACK 2: SLURRY PREPARATION, POWDER DISPERSION,

PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, AND RHEOLOGY
1 p.m. Controlling Viscosity, Density, and Particle Size Distribution of
Ceramic Slurry to Optimize Rheology in Ceramic Processing
2:15 p.m. Break & industry trails
2:45 p.m. Reviewing the Function of Polymeric Additives in Conven-
tional Processing and Additive Manufacturing of Ceramics
to Optimize Structure of the Final Part

WEDNESDAY, MAY 2, 2018

TRACK 1: CERAMIC MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION
10:30 a.m. Reviewing Innovations in Zirconia for Dental Applications
11:00 a.m. Examining the Application of Electroceramics
Noon Lunch
1 p.m. Industry Focus: Examining the Potential for Advanced
Ceramic Materials in Battery Technology
2:15 p.m. Break & industry trails
2:45 p.m. Promoting the Adoption of Advanced Ceramic Materials as
an Alternative to Traditional Materials

34 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2

 Ceramics Expo—
A significant meeting
of minds, materials,
machines, and markets
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

T
he fourth Ceramics Expo, North America’s leading annual
supply chain exhibition for advanced ceramic and glass
materials, manufacturing, and technologies, will take
place at the Cleveland International Exposition Center in Ohio
on May 1–3, 2018. More than 330 companies will present in the
exhibit area; about 4,000 visitors are expected; and around 60
industry experts will speak at the concurrently held conference.
WEDNESDAY, MAY 2, 2018
Ceramics Expo aims to champion an industry that continues
TRACK 2: ADVANCES IN CERAMIC MANUFACTURING AND
PROCESSING to make its mark in the enrichment of an array of engineering,
manufacturing, scientific, and research communities. “Visitors
10:30 a.m. Evaluating Computational Modeling in Ceramic Processing
across the industrial spectrum—from experimental to full
Noon Lunch
production environments—will be keen once more to see
1 p.m. Reviewing Innovative Processing Technologies to Optimize
Bonding and Brazing of Metals and Ceramics for Coating, firsthand all the latest innovations, meet the movers and
Electroplating, and Cermet Applications shakers, and find solutions to myriad manufacturing challenges,”
2:15 p.m. Break & industry trails exhibition director Danny Scott comments.
2:45 p.m. Promoting the Adoption of Disruptive Technologies by the
Industry One fundamental goal driving efforts of the organizer,
Smarter Shows, is to create a fully inclusive environment for
THURSDAY, MAY 3, 2018 representatives from all key end-user industries: automotive,
TRACK 1: RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT space/aerospace, medical, electronics, energy, heat treatment,
optical, and defense. Getting this right pays dividends, making
11:30 a.m. Research Round-Up: Presenting Innovative Ceramic
Research for Commercialization this show a forum of choice. “We value the ability to meet so
12:30 p.m. Lunch many of our customers in one location,” Robert Antolik, vice
1 p.m. Research Round-Up: Continued president of sales at Applied Test Systems (Butler, Pa.), says.
2 p.m. 5x5: Showcasing New Material Offerings for Application “Our business is not just about sales—it is a relationship that we
Identification want to build on and develop. We look forward to meeting old
and new customers each year, and appreciate the diversity of
TRACK 2: ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING industry contacts that attend Ceramics Expo.”
11:30 a.m. Developing Multi-Ceramics 3D Printing Technology for the
Industrial Production of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Crucially, Ceramics Expo remains a totally free-to-attend
Noon Reviewing Scale-Up of Binder Jet Ceramic Additive opportunity. Not in the habit of letting grass grow under their
Manufacturing feet, show organizers are rolling out brand new attractions this
12:30 p.m. Lunch year to further enhance the visitor experience. These program
1 p.m. Industry Discussion Additive Manufacturing: If We Had a additions embrace increased interaction, knowledge-sharing,
Crystal Ball… and structured planning.

NEW THIS YEAR

The first is the Ceramic Industry BenchPress, a live polling
experience that centers on the industry’s hottest topics. The
format will combine expert analysis and a complimentary
networking breakfast. This will provide a stimulating start
to the final day of the event and offer a fantastic chance for
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 35
 attendees to network with fellow the hall. These presentations will time at the event to meet with ceramic
professionals, while benchmarking highlight novel developments in the manufacturers to discuss product
their industry knowledge against technical ceramics sector. developments, design challenges,
peers and counterparts. and potential advantages of using
B2B Matching is the third concept technical ceramics as a material
The second is the Product added for 2018. This has been solution. As Gregg Shemanski,
Showcase—attendees get to designed as a quick and easy solution president at Custom Processing
see the latest developments in for participants to meet new potential Services (Reading, Pa.), summarizes,
ceramic materials and technologies, customers, suppliers, and cooperation “It’s not giving customers
explained to them via a series of partners—one-to-one—right at what we have, it is
15-minute live demonstrations taking exhibitor booths. This platform is ideal understanding
place at exhibitor stands throughout for industry end-users to use their what they want.”
2018
NANOMECHANICAL CHARAC- to mechanical stress and scratches and simultaneously
TERIZATION TOOLS prevents Perlucor panes from clouding or print build
Keysight Technologies (Santa Rosa, Calif.) corroding. The technical ceramic also has and support
will show its G200 nanoindenter and the three times the thermal resistance of glass, materials,
latest released high-temperature nanoin- enabling it to be used in temperatures of achieving
dentation system, the laser heater. Nannan up to 1,600°C (2,910°F). A high refractive freedom of
Tian, product manager of Nano Measure- index of 1.72 makes it possible to miniatur- design for
ment Operations, explains, “At Ceramics ize optical lenses and elements. the most
Expo 2017, the researchers, lab managers, complex
and quality assurance engineers who shapes.
3-D PRINTING CONTINUES Ceramic parts
stopped at our booth were amazed by the UPWARD TREND
advanced capabilities and flexibility of the produced on
Saint-Gobain High Performance Refrac- this system enjoy
G200. There were a lot of great discussions
tories (Worcester, Mass.) will showcase superfine details,
about how the G200 could help and accel-
products from its recent acquisition, Penn- smooth surfaces, and
erate their study and work. The outstand-
sylvania-based Spin-Works™ International high accuracy due to the
ing features of the laser heater were really
Corporation. Spin-Works is an innovative unique printing process. The whole
popular and attracted lots of attention
producer of highly complex ceramic burner process offers operational advantages as
from the attendees. Precise, ultra-fast con-
components. Designed for end-users, a it is productive, efficient, safe, and simple
trol of temperature and minimized thermal
SpyroCor™ Insert is placed in a radiant to use. Visitors at Ceramics Expo can meet
drift with the G200 laser heater are key
tube to capture and re-radiate exhaust the XJet team, feel the quality of samples,
desirable features that people have been
gas energy into furnaces. Spin-Works also and find out more about XJet’s additive
pursuing in the past decade. Therefore, we
partners with furnace and burner system manufacturing technology and its first
are expecting even more interest and quali-
manufacturers to integrate its patented North American customer installation.
ty leads from a broader audience this year.”
Helical Channel Heat Exchanger into burn-
er systems for even greater performance.
TRANSPARENT CERAMIC, ALTER- Both products significantly improve the PULSE-JET FILTER CLEANING
NATIVE TO GLASS efficiency of industrial heating processes Efficient removal of ceramic dust and other
and deliver double-digit energy savings particulate matter is vital, and Models
CeramTec (Plochingen, Germany) will
and nitrogen oxide emission reductions. 40008, 40012, and 40013 compressed-air
unveil its high-purity Perlucor ceramic ma-
The innovative AmaSiC-3D™ manufactur- powered vacuums from VAC-U-MAX
terial. Its extraordinary properties are what
ing platform achieves savings by enabling (Belleville, N.J.) are the first-line offerings
make Perlucor a game-changing material
geometries previously impossible with for Class II, Division 2 environments due
with near universal application potential.
ceramic materials. to their bumper-to-bumper grounded and
The material is a mechanically, chemically,
bonded design and reasonable cost and
thermally, and optically perfected solution Meanwhile, giving ceramics manufacturers availability. The vacuums meet NFPA 77 re-
for transparent applications in extreme the freedom to create ceramic parts with quirements for grounding and bonding and
conditions. The transparent ceramic is resis- the most complex geometries and without also meet the definition of an ‘intrinsical-
tant to highly concentrated acids and lyes. compromising quality, additive manufac- ly-safe system’. These air-powered vacuums
With a relative transparency of more than turing company XJet (Rehovot, Israel) will do not use electricity and do not generate
90%, Perlucor is an attractive alternative showcase its breakthrough NanoParticle any heat from operation. They are pre-
to glass when the latter reaches its limits jetting technology. Comprising the Carmel sented as a complete system, comprising
in specific applications. The material is 1400 and Carmel 700 additive manufactur- vacuum cover, drum, dolly, vacuum hose
distinguished by its pronounced strength ing systems, XJet’s Carmel product portfolio and cleaning tools, compressed air hose
and wear resistance and exhibits three to represents a transformation in the ceramic with quick-disconnect fittings, and polybag
four times the hardness and strength of additive manufacturing industry by printing drum liners—the customer supplies no
conventional glass. It has a Mohs hardness ultrafine layers of NanoParticle ‘inks’. The components.
of 9, surpassed only by diamond or ruby. technology uses nanolevel dispersion to
This makes Perlucor particularly resistant

36 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2

Anyone interested in participating should at the forefront of R&D, developing have cast the net wider, and we feel
contact the Ceramics Expo team as soon cutting-edge materials, technologies, we have successfully strengthened our
as possible. and solutions for a range of ceramic value proposition while increasing global
applications. These are all designed to resonance,” Scott says. “We have a
The ability to extract maximum smooth the way and help everyone meet larger contingent from China, particularly
value from time spent at the expo their prime business objectives. strong in technical ceramic raw materials
is paramount to the introduction of and finished components, and we also
Innovation Trail—a concept that Not only are these new features taking welcome new companies from Europe,
will allow visitors to be guided the event forward in terms of experience South-East Asia, India, Japan, and Korea.”
around the expo area, and value, but the exhibit profile promises
physically demonstrating to be broader than ever. “As part of our Below, we take a look at just a few of the
which companies are important work over the past year, we developments to be featured in May 2018.

REACHING NEW the customer an attractive mix of design flexibil- CONFERENCE

HEIGHTS IN THE ity and high-temperature capability. Cordierite Held concurrently with the expo, and also
AMERICAS products are fired close to 1,400°C (2,550°F) to free-to-attend, show organizers present the 4th
give a material that is volume-stable in service Annual Conference @ Ceramics Expo: Enabling
The Nutec Bickley
(temperatures up to 1,300°C/2,370°F). Products the Adoption of Advanced Ceramic Materials &
Ceramics Division
are thermally and electrically insulating and Processing Technologies.
(Santa Catarina,
are often used as lead-in tubes or as supports
Mexico) has contin- This well established and highly valued series of
for wire heating coils. The ever-widening IPS
ued its development presentations provides a great opportunity to
portfolio finds applications across many end-use
of kilns for all ceramic hear about the latest advancements in ceramic
industries, so the display will also feature recently
sectors, but the last few materials, technologies, and manufacturing and
introduced silicon carbide tubes, beams, and
years have seen highly to gain an in-depth view of the ceramic materials
rollers; small burner nozzles; and cast setters.
successful outcomes for markets, the latest innovations and R&D for com-
sanitaryware tunnel and mercialization, manufacturing, and technological
shuttle kilns—especially in the solutions, plus a look at industry challenges and
American markets—and these COMBINED REVENUES future requirements.
currently account for almost 50% of EXCEEDING $63B
turnover. These kilns offer low fuel consump- The conference is specially designed for engineers
The breadth and depth of the overall technical and decision makers from original equipment
tion, great temperature uniformity, and improved
ceramic offering in Cleveland is impressive, with manufacturers and first-tiers in all industries that
yields. New shuttle and tunnel kilns have also
recognized leaders—such as Saint-Gobain, rely on technical ceramics to drive manufacturing
been successfully installed in the ceramic colors
Corning, Kyocera, Schott, CoorsTek, Morgan excellence. To create the most accessible event,
field, providing users with flexibility while signifi-
Advanced Materials, CeramTec, Blasch, Materion, twin-track forums are positioned right alongside
cantly improving fuel consumption. Users have
Ceramco, McDanel, Bakony, POCO, and Showa the exhibit area—enabling delegates to choose
also seen improvements in temperature uniformi- exactly which sessions to attend and to be back
Denka—already all committed to exhibiting.
ty and product consistency with continued use of amongst the booths afterwards in a matter of
These companies are together responsible for
the company’s advanced pulse firing technology. seconds.
revenues in excess of $63 billion.
Technical ceramic kilns have always been a core
strength for Nutec Bickley—the company again The discussions set to take place with these The roster of speakers features leading expert
recently achieved further improvements in fuel preeminent manufacturers will surely lead to voices from manufacturing, engineering design,
consumption and temperature uniformity. A an ever-expanding range of applications for this project management, research, development, and
strong focus on heat recovery for both new and extraordinary family of materials. “We expect to academia. This includes senior personnel from the
existing kilns has resulted in excellent return see continued acceptance and use of ceramics in likes of Nabaltec, Morgan Advanced Materials,
on investment. Advances have been steady in many growing markets—particularly in alterna- Corning, Toshiba, GE Aviation, HRL Labs, Lear
Europe and Asia, but Nutec Bickley’s most rapid Corp, Aerojet Rocketdyne, Medtronic, U.S. Naval
tive energy (solar, wind, and fuel cells), medical,
progress has been in the Americas, with the Unit- Research Lab, and—for the very first time—
automotive, aerospace, and water treatment
ed States and Mexico proving especially buoyant. CoorsTek, Kyocera, Schott, and Lucideon.
businesses, and second-tier companies supplying
those businesses,” comments John Dodsworth, The conference begins at 10:30 a.m. on
vice president of Materials Technology, McDanel May 1 with a traditional plenary session keynote
THERMAL PERFORMANCE FROM Advanced Ceramic Technologies (Beaver Falls, address that will offer a realistic picture of the
SPECIALTY CORDIERITES Pa.). Gregg Shemanski at Custom Processing potential and barriers to success for the ceramic
Ceramics Expo will see the U.S. launch of new identifies other growth centers, too: “A key trend industry within the next 5–20 years. The aim will
specialty cordierite products from IPS Ceramics in the next five years will be the demand for be to share insights on the status of advanced
(Newcastle under Lyme, U.K.): a porous grade smaller and smaller particles with higher and ceramic and glass sectors and to review areas
(C520) that is best for thermal shock resistance higher purities. These trends also showcase them- of growth and what is needed to achieve these
and use at higher temperatures, and a non-po- selves in revolutionizing the additive manufac- goals and enable technologies of the future. This
rous grade (C410) that is stronger and imperme- turing arena, the battery industry, as well as the will be followed by a panel discussion among
able. The manufacturing processes (extrusion, medical industry.” ceramic manufacturers, end users, and material
pressing, and injection molding) allow production suppliers, who will provide their visions on key
of a wide variety of shapes and sizes. This offers issues driving the industry.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 37

Company Booth
exhibito
Company Booth Company Booth
3DCeram 257 Dongguan Mingrui Ceramic 408 Keith Co. 859
Aadvanced Machinery Inc. 348 Technology Co. Ltd. Keyence Corp. of America 440
ABC Polymer Industries 857 Dongguan Surpass Structure Keysight Technologies Inc. 858
Accuserve 364 Ceramics Co. Ltd. 404 Komage Gellner Maschinenfabrik 132
Action SuperAbrasive Products 335 Dorst America Inc. 431 KG
Inc. Du-Co Ceramics Co. 512 KOPECA - Korea Precision Balls 746 Company Booth
Admatec Europe 448 Dunhua Zhengxing Abrasive Co. 613 & Bearings Ltd. Quarte Inc. 112
AdValue Technology LLC 816 Ltd. Kyocera America Inc. 301 Quintus Technologies LLC 341
Advanced Energy Industries Inc. 500 E.C. Kitzel 648 Lancaster Products 401 Raymond Bartlett Snow, Arvos 340
Aerodyne 116 E.R. Advanced Ceramics 138 Lhoist - Spinks Clay Co. 318 Group
Akron Porcelain & Plastics Co. 542 Edward Orton Jr. Ceramic 213 Linseis Inc. 236 Refractories World Forum 655
Alfred University 311 Foundation Lithoz GmbH 428 Regal Diamond Products 609
Almatis Inc. 224 Eirich Machines Inc. 118 Lonci Group Co. Ltd. 608 Resodyn Acoustic Mixers 700
Alteo Gardanne 330 Eisenmann Thermal Solutions 532 Lucideon Ltd. 516 Rigaku Americas 413
AluChem Inc. 316 GmbH & Co. KG Luoyang Zhengjie Science & Tech- 410 Saint Gobain Boron Nitride 329
AlzChem AG 228 Elan Technology 517 nology Industry Trade Co. Ltd. Saint-Gobain High Performance 246
American Isostatic Presses Inc. 256 Elcan Industries Inc. 155 Malvern PANalytical 227 Ceramics & Refractories
Applied Ceramics Inc. 114 Elcon Precision LLC 104 Materion Ceramics Inc. 371 Sandvik Heating Technology 647
Applied Test Systems 106 EMD Performance Materials 530 MB Superabrasives LLC 748 Sauereisen 601
Austin Foam Plastics Inc. 358 Engineered Ceramics 253 McDanel Advanced Ceramic 522 Schott North America 822
Aveka 466 Engis Corp. 354 Technologies LLC Seneca Ceramics 435
AVS Inc. 708 Esprix Technologies 770 MEL Chemicals 616 Sequoia Scientific Inc. 129
AZO Inc. 443 Eurotherm by Schneider-Electric 254 Micro Abrasives Corp. 652 Showa Denko America Inc. 249
B&P Littleford LLC 436 Federal Equipment Co. 130 Microdiamant USA Inc. 940 Sigma Advanced Materials 265
Baikowski International 122 Ferro Corp. 264 Micromeritics Instrument Corp. 123 Silcarb Recrystallized Private Ltd. 136
Bakony Technical Ceramics Ltd. 818 Ferrotec 131 Microtrac Inc. 653 Southern Packaging 150
Beckman Coulter 800 FineWay Ceramics 409 Midwestern Industries 928 Specialty Glass Inc. 618
Bhalla Chemical Works Pvt. Ltd. 417 FlackTek Inc. 240 Mindrum Precision Inc. 110 SPEX SamplePrep LLC 352
Blasch Precision Ceramics Inc. 342 Flowcastings GmbH 140 MoistTech Corp. 331 Starrag Inc. 223
Boca Bearing Co. 234 Free Form Fibers 365 Morgan Advanced Materials 422 Superior Graphite Co. 419
Bronson & Bratton Inc. 434 Freeman Technology 137 Mo-Sci Corp. 218 Superior Technical Ceramics 418
Bruker Corp. 555 Fritsch Milling and Sizing Inc. 757 MTI Corp. 646 Swindell Dressler International 258
Bullen Ultrasonics Inc. 305 FX Minerals Inc. 438 Munson Machinery Co. Inc. 547 TA Instruments - Water Corp. LLC 235
Cactus Materials 346 Gasbarre Products Inc. 319 Nabertherm 142 ‘Team by SAMCI’ Laeis GmbH 659
Camco Furnace 158 GEFRAN 300 Nablatec AG 231 TevTech LLC 870
Carl Zeiss Microscopy LLC 922 GeoCorp Inc. 501 Nanmac Corp. 622 Thai Polymer Supply Co. Ltd. 724
CCEWOOL Thermomax Inc. 324 Glen Mills Inc. 416 Nanoe 304 The American Ceramic Society 308
Centorr Vacuum Industries Inc. 825 Goodfellow Corp. 241 Neptune Industries Ltd. 559 (ACerS)
Ceramco Inc. 242 GrainBound Inc. 135 Netzsch Instruments NA LLC 100 The Young Industries Inc. 642
Ceramdis Advanced Ceramics 148 H.C. Starck Surface Technology 230 Netzsch Premier Technologies 143 Thermal Technology LLC 469
Ceramic Applications 655 and Ceramic Powders GmbH Niabraze LLC 856 Thermaltek Inc. 317
Ceramic Forum International 655 Haiku Tech Inc. 540 Nikon Corp. 809 Thermcraft Inc. 411
Ceramic Industry 349 Hans Lingl Anlagenbau und Ver- 347 NSL Analytical Services Inc. 334 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. 704
CeramTec GmbH 638 fahrenstechnik GmbH & Co. KG Nutec Bickley 518 Thinky USA Inc. 437
Cerinnov Inc. 219 Harper International Corp. 758 NYACOL Nano Technologies Inc. 343 Trans-Tech (a subsidiary of 433
CF Extrusion Technologies LLC 164 Harrop Industries Inc. 216 OptiPro Systems 400 Skyworks Solutions)
China Machinery Industry Inter- 904 Heinkel USA Drying & 823 Orbis Machinery LLC 208 Treibacher Industrie AG 811
national Cooperation Co. Ltd. Separation Group P/M Industries 351 Ultra Electronics - Furnace Parts 309
Clay Equipment Technology LLC 337 Herding Filtration LLC 553 Park Systems 729 Unimin Corp. 225
Cleveland Electric Laboratories 534 Hitachi High Technologies 504 Paul O. Abbe 470 US Stoneware 138
Cleveland Vibrator Co. 201 America Inc. Piezo Kinetics Inc. 942 Uttam Industries 458
CM Furnaces Inc. 430 Horiba Instruments Inc. 464 Poco Graphite 808 Vac-U-Max 713
Compass Wire Cloth 336 Huber Engineered Materials 152 Polymer Chemistry Innovations 611 Verder Scientific Inc. 465
Component Surfaces Inc. 255 Hysitron 771 Inc. Viridis3D 353
CoorsTek Inc. 200 I Squared R Element Co. 734 Powder Processing & Technology 111 Vorti-Siv / MM Industries Inc. 812
Corning Inc. 617 IBU-tec Advanced Materials AG 333 LLC Washington Mills Electro 124
Croda Inc. 328 IGP Tools 108 PowderPro AB 128 Minerals Corp.
Custom Processing Services 141 Imerys North America Ceramics 605 Power Pusher, Division of 447 Xieta International S.L. 370
Dalian Zhengxing Abrasive Co. 701 IMR Test Labs 237 Nu-Star Inc. XJET Ltd. 210
Ltd. InfoSight Corp. 339 Precision Ceramics USA 146 YJC Co. Ltd. 900
DCM Tech 359 IPS Ceramics 441 PremaTech Advanced Ceramics 509 Yugyokuen Ceramics Co. Ltd. 222
Deltech Inc. 835 Iwatani Corp. 157 PresTec Ltd. 719 Zhejiang Jinkun Zirconia 510
DENKA Corp. 312 Jenike & Johanson Inc. 205 Procedyne 247 Industry Co. Ltd.
Digital Press USA 405 Jeol USA 446 PSC Inc. 432 Zili USA LLC 654
DMG MORI 250 Johnson Matthey 546 Qingdao Terio Corp. 508 ZIRCAR Ceramics Inc. 322
Döbrich & Heckel 519 JW Lemmens AIF Management 705 Qual Diamond Hi-Tech Corp. 930 Zircoa Inc. 412
Domin-tex Insulation Corp. 765 BVBA Quantachrome Instruments 722

38 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2

 Defects, failure, and cold contribute
to successful EAM 2018 (Credit all images: ACerS)

The poster session and reception got everyone talking.

T
he Conference on Electronic and ley, and coauthor of the
Advanced Materials wrapped up on cover story in last month’s
Friday, January 19 in Orlando, Fla., ACerS Bulletin, suggested a
after three days of stimulating sessions. new appreciation of defects
The weather cooperated and was unusually is emerging.
chilly, which safeguarded attendees from This theme emerged again Alp Sehirlioglu (right) guides Bryan Huey through a crystal structure using
sunshine distraction! Microsoft Hololens augmented reality system during the poster session.
in Thursday’s plenary
Nearly 345 people from about 22 countries, session talk by Judith
of networking receptions, poster session,
including about 85 students, attended the MacManus-Driscoll, professor at University
and a conference banquet. Wrapping up the
conference, coorganized by ACerS Electron- of Cambridge (England), who discussed
conference was the Failure Symposium.
ics and Basic Science Divisions. application opportunities for oxide thin-film
The “lessons learned” were entertaining
Both plenary sessions were exceptional devices and the challenges to overcome.
but genuine reminders that success comes
and set the stage for an unexpected theme Pennsylvania State University professor with difficulty, even for the most successful
around the idea of making peace—if not Clive Randall and his group presented researchers in the field.
friends—with defects. several talks on cold sintering.
Next year the conference will reassume
Roger de Souza, professor at RWTH Aachen Lenny Koh’s group at the University of Shef- its Electronic Materials and Applications
University (Germany), opened the confer- field in England used an analytical model- identity. Plan now to attend EMA 2019,
ence by suggesting that we need to learn to ing tool, SCEAnTi, to consider whether KNN again in Orlando, January 23–25, 2019.
live with and take advantage of defects in is more environmentally damaging than Read more about EAM 2018 at http://bit.ly/
crystalline structures. PZT—which it was. EAM2018wrapup. View images from EAM
Later, in a breakout session, Lane Martin, EAM continued its tradition of offering a tu- 2018 at http://bit.ly/EAM2018photos. n
professor at University of California, Berke- torial session for graduate students, a host

Representing land and sea defense research (from left): Brian Donovan, U.S. Naval
Academy; Michael Golt and Victoria Blair, Army Research Lab; Edward Gorzkowski, Latecomers to the plenary sessions had a hard time finding a seat.
Naval Research Labs.

American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 39

 ICACC 2018—
(Credit all images: ACerS)

Never a dull moment

between sessions,
networking, and Receptions welcomed new ACerS members to the Society.

government shutdown
I
CACC in Daytona Beach, Fla., never ACerS Engineering Ceramics Division (ECD)
disappoints in terms of quality, size, and organizes the conference and also holds
the unexpected. Usually, weather serves its annual business meeting at ICACC. ECD
as the wildcard, but this year it was the included many opportunities for students to
shutdown of the United States federal present their work, engage with peers, and
government. The three-day shutdown learn more about their chosen professions.
overlapped with the first day of the confer- “The number of young people is increasing,”
ence, forcing federal employees to cancel conference program chair Manabu Fukushi-
their travel plans. By Tuesday the govern- ma says. “A young woman from Nigeria,
ment was open again, and many federal The poster session offered an informal format for
attending for the first time, told us that exchanging research ideas.
government employees resurrected plans coming to the conference was her dream.”
and came to Florida. ECD helped support her trip to participate in research motivations, of which he suggests
More than 1,100 attendees came, with the Global Young Investigators Forum. three: catastrophe avoidance, curiosity/ad-
more than half coming from 37 countries ICACC opened Monday with its traditional venture, and engineering/technology.
outside the United States. ICACC18 offered plenary session with ECD’s Mueller Award Much effort goes into making ICACC conducive
about 1,000 presentations in 17 symposia, lecture, Bridge Builder Award, and two to making friends. Events included networking
three focus sessions, two poster sessions, plenary talks. ACerS past president and Dis- events for new ACerS members, young profes-
and two special symposia—the Global tinguished Life Member, George Wicks, deliv- sionals, Corporate Partners, and students.
Young Investigators Forum and the ered the Mueller Award lecture on the topic
Mrityunjay Singh Honorary Symposium. The accompanying exposition provided
of porous wall hollow glass microspheres.
a forum for 32 exhibitors to present their
Yanchun Zhou reported on his group’s products and services and for the conference
work on MAX phases and some interest- poster session. An interesting mix of familiar
ing new compositions based on borides companies as well as newcomers exhibited.
instead of carbides.
Mark your calendars for next year’s ICACC,
Plenary speaker Frank Muecklich’s talk January 27–February 1, 2019, in Daytona
focused on deep learning and “fully convo- Beach. And let’s hope we can avoid stormy
lutional neural networks” to interpret micro- weather and politics!
structure, especially in three dimensions.
Read more about ICACC18 at http://bit.
Constant networking is inevitable with 1,100 attendees. Least technical but most provocative was a ly/ICACC18wrapup. View images from
Monica Feraris (right) makes a point during a coffee break.
talk by Oxford professor Richard Brooks on ICACC18 at http://bit.ly/ICACC18photos. n

The “Advanced frontiers of ceramics for sustainable development” symposium honored Mrityunjay Singh, A vendor at the expo discusses his products and services
ACerS Fellow and past president. with a prospective buyer.

40 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2

2018 GLASS & OPTICAL MATERIALS
DIVISION ANNUAL MEETING
May 20 – 24, 2018 | Hilton Palacio del Rio | San Antonio, Texas
The Glass & Optical Materials Division (GOMD) builds its annual meeting around emerging trends in glass science and technology.
Join technical leaders from industry, national laboratories, and academia May 20–24, 2018, in San Antonio, Texas, to share your
research and lessons learned with colleagues from around the world.

TECHNICAL PROGRAM SPECIAL THANKS TO OUR

S1: Fundamentals of the glassy state
Session 1: Glass formation and structural relaxation
CONFERENCE SPONSORS
Session 2: Crystallization in glass and its application
Session 3: Structural characterizations of glasses
Session 4: Topology and rigidity
Session 5: Computer simulation and predictive
modeling of glasses
Session 6: Mechanical properties of glasses
Session 7: Non-oxide glasses
Session 8: Glass under extreme conditions
S2: Glasses in healthcare—fundamentals and
application
S3: Optical and electronic materials and devices
—fundamentals and applications
Session 1: Laser interactions with glasses
Session 2: Charge and energy transport in disordered
materials
Session 3: Optical fibers and waveguides
Session 4: Glass-based optical devices
Session 5: Optical ceramics and glass-ceramics
Session 6: Glasses and glass-ceramics in detector
applications
Session 7: Rare-earth and transition metal-doped
glasses and ceramics for photonic applications
S4: Glass technology and cross-cutting topics
Session 1: Glass surfaces and functional coatings
Session 2: Sol-gel processing of glasses and ceramic HOTEL INFORMATION
materials
Session 3: Challenges in glass manufacturing Hilton Palacio Del Rio
Ph: 210-270-0752 | Fax: 210-270-0761
Session 4: Waste immobilization—waste form
200 S Alamo | San Antonio, TX 78205
development: processing and performance

Session 5: Optical fabrication science and technology Based on availability:

Single/double $189 plus tax
S5: Dawn of the Glass Age: New horizons in glass
science, engineering, and applications Triple/quad $209 plus tax
Symposium to honor Professor L. David Pye— Prevailing government rate
Glass scholar and ambassador Reserve your room by April 24, 2018, to secure the negotiated
conference rate.
For more information and to register, go to
www.ceramics.org/gomd2018 www.ceramics.org/gomd2018
American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 41
 June 6 – 8, 2018 | Columbia, S.C. USA

2018
AC��S STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS DIVISION
AND SOUTHWEST SECTION MEETING
in conjunction with the National Brick Research Center Meeting

If you are involved in the structural clay industry—and that includes manufacturing, sales and
marketing, consultants, and material or equipment suppliers—then join us June 6–8, 2018, at
the Hilton Columbia Center in Columbia, S.C. This is the second year for combined meetings
with ACerS Structural Clay Products, its Southwest Section, and the National Brick Research
Center that better meet the needs of the structural clay industry.

The event will feature meetings, two technical sessions, a suppliers’ mixer, and two plant
tours at Carolina Ceramics in Columbia, S.C., and at Meridian Brick.

www.ceramics.org/scpd2018

Registration is now open!

MATERIALS CHALLENGES IN ALTERNATIVE
AND RENEWABLE ENERGY (MCARE 2018)
August 20 – 23, 2018
Sheraton Vancouver Wall Centre Hotel | Vancouver, BC, Canada
TECHNICAL PROGRAM – ADVANCED MATERIALS FOR SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS AND
– MATERIALS FOR SOLAR FUEL PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS HIGH TEMPERATURE ELECTROLYSIS
– LIFECYCLE CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENERGY MATERIALS
– ADVANCED ELECTROCHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR ENERGY
STORAGE – CRITICAL MATERIALS FOR ENERGY
– MATERIALS CHALLENGES IN PEROVSKITE AND NEXT – MATERIALS AND PROCESS CHALLENGES FOR SUSTAINABLE
GENERATION SOLAR CELLS NUCLEAR ENERGY
– FERROELECTRICS AND MULTIFERROICS FOR ENERGY – SUSTAINABLE, ECO-FRIENDLY ADVANCED MATERIALS AND
Hosted and organized by: GENERATION, CONVERSION, AND STORAGE NANODEVICES
– MATERIALS CHALLENGES IN DIRECT THERMAL-TO-ELECTRICAL – YOUNG SCIENTISTS FORUM ON FUTURE ENERGY MATERIALS
ENERGY CONVERSION AND THERMAL ENERGY HARNESSING AND DEVICES
FOR EFFICIENT INNOVATIVE APPLICATIONS – SYMPOSIUM ON MATERIALS FOR SUPER ULTRA LOW ENERGY
Also organized by: – MATERIALS FOR SPECTRAL ENERGY CONVERSION AND EMISSION VEHICLE

42
www.ceramics.org/mcare2018 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2
 new products
Composite
materials Rotary batch
handbook mixer

S AE
International
has a new book
A new Munson rotary
batch mixer with
integral lump breaker provides inline deag-
that offers tech-
glomeration of compacted bulk materials
nical guidance and Specialty cordierite ceramics
properties on ceramic matrix composite before blending batches gently with total
material systems. “Composite Materials
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American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2 | www.ceramics.org 43

 resources
Calendar of events
March 2018 5–8 ACerS Structural Clay Products 20–23 MCARE2018: Materials
Division & Southwest Section Meeting Challenges in Alternative & Renewable
14–16 Mineral Recycling Forum in conjunction with the National Brick Energy – Sheraton Vancouver Wall
2018 – Radisson Blu Hotel, Research Center Meeting – Columbia, Centre Hotel, Vancouver, BC, Canada;
Cologne, Germany; http://bit.ly/ S.C.; www.bit.ly/2018SCPDmeeting www.ceramics.org/mcare2018
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Symposium on Refractories – Hilton www.ceramics.org Minerals Forum 2018 – Regal Int’l East
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Ceramics – Hotel Recanto Cataratas,
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Germany; www.ceramitec.com July 2018 Competitive Materials and Technology
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18–20 CICMT 2018: IMAPS/ Characterization and Control of Miskolc, Hungary;
ACerS 14th Int’l Conference and Interfaces for High Quality Advanced http://www.ic-cmtp5.eu
Exhibition on Ceramic Interconnect Materials and the 54th Summer
and Ceramic Microsystems Symposium on Powder Technology – 14–18 MS&T18, combined with
Technologies, University of Aveiro, Kurashiki, Japan; www.ceramics.ynu. ACerS 120th Annual Meeting – Greater
Aveiro, Portugal; www.imaps.org ac.jp/iccci2018/index.html Columbus Convention Center,
Columbus, Ohio; www.matscitech.org
May 2018 9–13 15th Int’l Conference on the
15–17 Fluorine Forum 2018 – Hotel
1–3 4th Ceramics Expo – I-X Physics of Non-Crystalline Solids
Wellington, Madrid, Spain;
Center, Cleveland, Ohio; & 14th European Society of Glass
Conference – Saint-Malo Convention http://bit.ly/FluorineForum18
www.ceramicsexpousa.com
Center, Saint-Malo, France; www.ust-
November 2018
6–8 Oilfield Minerals & Markets Forum verre.fr
Houston 2018 – Hilton Houston Post 5–8 79th Conference on Glass
Oak, Houston, Texas; http://bit.ly/ 22–27 CMCEE-12: 12th Int’l Problems – Greater Columbus
Oilfield18 Conference on Ceramic Materials Convention Center, Columbus, Ohio;
and Components for Energy and www.glassproblemsconference.org
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Optical Materials Division Meeting – Convention & Exhibition Centre, January 2019
Hilton Palacio de Rio, San Antonio, Singapore; www.cmcee2018.org
Texas; www.ceramics.org/gomd18 23–25 EMA2019: 2019 Conference on
August 2018 Electronic Materials and Applications –
28–June 1 24 IEI Congress
th
11–12 Gordon Research Seminar:
DoubleTree by Hilton Orlando at Sea
and 80th PEI Technical Forum – Drake World Conference Hotel, Orlando, Fla.;
Solid State Studies in Ceramics— www.ceramics.org
Hotel, Chicago, Ill; http://porcelain- Defects and Interfaces for New
enamel.com/2018_IEI_Congress Functionalities in Ceramics – Mount
Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.; Dates in RED denote new entry in
June 2018 www.grc.org/programs.aspx?id=17148 this issue.
4–14 14th Int’l Ceramics Congress Entries in BLUE denote ACerS
and the 8th Forum on New Materials – 12–17 Gordon Research events.
Perugia, Italy; Conference: Solid State Studies in
denotes meetings that ACerS
http://2018.cimtec-congress.org Ceramics – Mount Holyoke College,
cosponsors, endorses, or other-
South Hadley, Mass.;
wise cooperates in organizing.
www.grc.org/programs.aspx?id=11085 n Cerami
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 deciphering the discipline Mostafa Ahmadzadeh
A regular column offering the student perspective of the next generation of ceramic and glass Guest columnist
scientists, organized by the ACerS Presidents Council of Student Advisors.

Glassy hillforts: due to their composition, shal-

low burial, and known age.
Geoscience or Beginning in 2016, mate-
rials scientists from Pacific
materials science? Northwest National Laboratory
(Richland, Wash.) and
Past or future? Washington State University
(Pullman, Wash.), supported
A hillfort is a type of prehistoric by the U.S. Department
fortification consisting of one or more of Energy’s Office of River
lines of earthwork (fort) on a raised area Protection, began looking into
of land (hill), which was used to defend Broborg hillfort glasses located
settlements in Bronze and Iron Age near Uppsala, Sweden, as ana-
Europe. The defensive earthwork struc- logues for aged nuclear glass.

Credit: Mostafa Ahmadzadeh

ture contains ramparts made of earth, For a few decades, archae-
stone, and/or wood, with an external ologists and geologists have
ditch. Vitrified hillforts refer to those been studying the Broborg
composed of stone ramparts bound site, which is thought to have
together by a glassy material produced by been built around 500 CE via Back-scattered electron microscopy image of a
Broborg vitrified hillfort, showing dendritic star-like
heating rock, which partially melts and constructive and intentional
crystals (pyroxenes) within a glass matrix.
then vitrifies upon rapid cooling. vitrification.
But how could rock be transformed I was fortunate to be involved in this tion from the earth’s magnetic field
into glass using prehistoric technology, collaborative research at WSU. By using recorded by vitrified rocks at the time
when mineralogy indicates that partial oxide precursors to replicate the same of solidification. This will enable us to
melting temperatures exceed 1,100°C? compositions as Broborg glasses, we date the site within an accuracy of 50
Questions like these continue to mystify found that these glasses require extremely years, which is significant for study of
archaeologists and geoscientists. While high melting temperatures (>1,400°C) in long-term degradation behavior of these
some researchers think that vitrification of ambient conditions—which would have natural glasses.
pre-existing hillforts occurred due to natu- been unachievable in antiquity. Instead, The ultimate goal of this ongoing
ral events (e.g., lightning) or enemy attack, the melting temperature could have been research is to provide insight into long-
others believe it was done deliberately dur- lowered by controlling water content term mechanisms of glass corrosion to
ing construction for defensive reasons. and/or providing a reducing atmosphere ensure the durability of vitrified nuclear
In recent years, study of vitrified to control oxidation state of the melt. All wastes and their environmental safety for
hillforts has attracted much interest evidence shows that ancient people were future generations. Through this interdis-
amongst materials scientists, particularly brilliant materials scientists! ciplinary work, I have the opportunity to
within the nuclear waste management Analyses also reveal extremely com- collaborate with geoscientists to protect
community. Waste vitrification is a reli- plex microstructures and chemistries the planet from radioactive wastes—vitri-
able and proven technology to immobi- of the vitrified rocks in different spots, fied hillforts are a lesson learned from
lize wastes. It typically involves mixing such as evidence of fast cooling in the past to improve the future.
a waste component with glass-forming the microstructures (i.e., dendritic
materials, and melting and vitrifying the growth of crystals). We found excess Mostafa Ahmadzadeh is a Ph.D. can-
mixture into a stable glass form. phosphorous and calcium-rich phases didate focusing on glass science in the
The integrity of such waste glasses must within the microstructure, suggesting Materials Science and Engineering pro-
endure for thousands of years to avoid sig- the probability of using bone—whether gram at Washington State University.
nificant environmental and human health from enemies or animals—to reduce With bachelor’s and master’s degrees
impacts. Therefore, it is problematic to melting temperatures. in the same field, his past studies have
justify such containment based solely on Moreover, our results show that involved varying types of research,
short-term laboratory experiments. Because the presence of magnetic iron-bearing from mechanical behaviors of metals
hillfort glasses have been exposed to natu- oxides within vitrified hillfort glasses to electrical and magnetic properties
ral events and weathering for thousands of makes them suitable for paleomagnetic of ceramics. Ahmadzadeh is enthusias-
years, however, they are particularly impor- measurements. Paleomagnetism includes tic to learn the endless new aspects of
tant analogues for nuclear waste glasses measuring the remanent magnetiza- materials science. n

48 www.ceramics.org | American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 97, No. 2

 May 1 – 3, 2018 Cleveland, OH, USA
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 calcium carbonate nanoparticles europium ph
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palladium nanoparticles carbon nanoparticle
liquids 1 1
zinc nanoparticles optoelectronics silicon nanoparticles 2 2

H He
99.999% ruthenium spheres copper nanoparticles rod
1.00794 4.002602
Hydrogen Helium

3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Li Be B C N O F Ne
Nd:YAG
11
6.941
Lithium

2
8
12
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Beryllium

2
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Boron

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

yttrium
19
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Sodium

2 20
24.305
Magnesium

2
iron nanoparticles
21 2 22 2 23 2 24 2 25 2 26 2
silver nanoparticles
27 2 28 2 29 2 30 2 31
26.9815386
Aluminum

2 32
28.0855
Silicon

2 33
30.973762
Phosphorus

2 34
32.065
Sulfur

2 35
35.453
Chlorine

2 36
39.948
Argon
metals
2
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
8 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 15 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

medicine 39.0983
Potassium
40.078
Calcium
44.955912
Scandium
47.867
Titanium
50.9415
Vanadium
51.9961
Chromium
54.938045
Manganese
55.845
Iron
58.933195
Cobalt
58.6934
Nickel
63.546
Copper
65.38
Zinc
69.723
Gallium
72.64
Germanium
74.9216
Arsenic
78.96
Selenium
79.904
Bromine
83.798
Krypton crystals
37 2 38 2 39 2 40 2 41 2 42 2 43 2 44 2 45 2 46 2 47 2 48 2 49 2 50 2 51 2 52 2 53 2 54 2
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rhodium sponges
18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18

cone site
8 8 9 10 12 13 13 15 16 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

85.4678 87.62 88.90585 91.224 92.90638 95.96 (98.0) 101.07 102.9055 106.42 107.8682 112.411 114.818 118.71 121.76 127.6 126.90447 131.293
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon

55 2 56 2 57 2 72 2 73 2 74 2 75 2 76 2 77 2 78 2 79 2 80 2 81 2 82 2 83 2 84 2 85 2 86 2

nadium
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi electrochemistry
Po At Rn
18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32
8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

132.9054 137.327 138.90547 178.48 180.9488 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.084 196.966569 200.59 204.3833 207.2 208.9804 (209) (210) (222)
Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon

tantalum titanium
87 2 88 2 89 2 104 2 105 2 106 2 107 2 108 2 109 2 110 2 111 2 112 2 113 2 114 2 115 2 116 2 117 2 118 2
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Fl Uup Lv Uus Uuo

18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32
18 18 18 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32
8 8 9 10 12 11 13 14 15 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(223) (226) (227) (267) (268) (271) (272) (270) (276) (281) (280) (285) (284) (289) (288) (293) (294) (294)
Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Ununtrium Flerovium Ununpentium Livermorium Ununseptium Ununoctium

thin film 58
quantum dots
2
8
59 2
8
60 2
8
61 2
8
62 2
8
63
aluminum nanoparticles
2
8
64 2
8
65 2
8
66 2
8
67 2
8
68 2
8
69 2
8
70 2
8
71
nickel nanoparticle
2
8

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
19 21 22 23 24 25 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 32
9 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 9

diamond micropowder cerium polishing powder

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

140.116 140.90765 144.242 (145) 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.92535 162.5 164.93032 167.259 168.93421 173.054 174.9668
Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium

90 2 91 2 92 2 93 2 94 2 95 2 96 2 97 2 98 2 99 2 100 2 101 2 102 2 103 2

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32

refractory metals macromolecu

18 20 21 22 24 25 25 27 28 29 30 31 32 32
10 9 9 9 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
232.03806 231.03588 238.02891 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

sten carbide single crystal silicon gadolinium wires nano gels

erbium doped fiber optics atomic layer deposition anti-ballistic ceramics

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