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LESSON 5 INTRODUCTION TO GENDER AND ROLE SOCIALIZATION

Most of us grow up learning that sex and gender are interchangeable and have no
difference in meaning.

When a baby is born, the first question is, is it a boy or a girl? We would know the
answer by looking at his/her primary sex characteristics. After finding out the sex, we
therefore plan and map out everything based on his sex. From the color of the clothes,
to the toys and the way we speak to them. But this is not simple, some people feel
trapped by these ideas and tries to break the stereotypes of the society of what is
expected for a girl or a boy.

What is Gender?

The WHO defines GENDER as the socially constructed (something that has been
created and accepted by the people in a society) characteristics of women and men,
such as norms (standard, rules, or expectations of the society. Example: men should not
wear skirts), roles, and relationships of and between groups of women and men. It
varies from society to society and can be changed. These are characterized traits of a
person. It is how you think of yourself. It is how you feel inside and want to be known by
others. There is not just male and female, there are many genders in between.

So who can define your gender identity? Only you.

Differences between sex & gender

SEX GENDER
Physiological Social and Cultural
Related to reproduction Learned Behavior
Congenital (existing at or dating from
Changes over time
birth)
Gender Role Socialization
It is defined as the process of learning and internalizing cultural approved ways of
thinking, feeling, and behaving. It starts as soon as one is born and manifests from the
color associated with one’s gender to the roles ones sees his or her gender
performs the most. It is the process by which individuals are taught how to socially
behave in accordance with their assigned gender, which is assigned at birth based on
their sex.

 Gender socialization begins even before a baby is born.

 Gender is socialized through media messages, school instruction, family
expectations, and experiences in the workplace.
 The process of gender socialization continues as adolescents enter the
workforce. 

Top 6 Agencies of Socialization | Behavior | Psychology

 Agency # 1. The Home or the Family:
 Agency # 2. The Neighbourhood and Community:
 Agency # 3. The Peer Group:
 Agency # 4. Social Class:
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 Agency # 5. Religion:
 Agency # 6. Culture:

LESSON 6 GENDER PERCEPTIONS AND CHILD REARING PROCESS

Child Rearing Process – it refers to the process used to bring up a child from birth
through adulthood.

There is no one “right way” to raise a child. Around the world, parents successfully raise
independent and happy children using a wide variety of approaches.
A. Manipulation - It is the process of handling boys and girls differently even as
infants.
Example:
Boys = tossed up in the air
Girls = handled like delicate porcelains

B. Canalization - Exposing children to gender-appropriate objects.

Example: Toys
Boys = Cars
Girls = Dolls

C. Activity Exposure - Exposing children to gender-appropriate tasks or activities.

Example:
Boys = Lifting, mechanical activities
Girls = Household chores

D. Verbal Appellation - The process of telling children what they are and what is
expected of them
Example:
Boys = Doesn't cry, doesn't hit girls
Girls = Pretty, Beautiful

Perceptions Of Gender

 External regulations
It involves various institutions dictating what is proper and normal based on one’s
gender identity.

 Internalized Self – Control

It causes a person to police him or herself according to society’s standards and
norms.

GENDER STEREOTYPES; TYPES, MEANING, REPRESENTATION OF

LESSON 7
MEN AND WOMEN

Gender Stereotypes
It is a generalized view or preconception about attributes or characteristics, or the
roles that are or ought to be possessed by, or performed by women and men. It
develops when different institutions reinforce a biased perception of a certain gender’s
role.

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Gender stereotypes are the beliefs that people have about the characteristics of males
and females. The content of stereotypes varies over cultures and over time. These
expectations are often related to the roles that the sexes fulfill in the culture.

Children learn some aspects of stereotypes at a very young age. By the age of –3-years,
children show evidence of having some rudimentary knowledge of the activities and
objects associated with each sex. Children's gender stereotypes of activities and
occupations develop quickly during the preschool years, reaching a very high level by
kindergarten. During the elementary school years, gender stereotypes broaden to
include sports, school subjects, and personality traits.

Types of Gender Stereotypes

1. Sexual Stereotypes - it involves assumptions regarding a person’s sexuality that

reinforce dominant views. For example, a prevalent view is that all men are
sexually dominant. Another notion is heteronormativity. - Heteronormativity is
the assumption that everyone is straight. It's the idea that romantic and sexual
relationships are always between one man and one woman and that
heterosexuality is the only normal way.

It occurs when someone has a preconceived idea about how someone should be,
act, or behave on the basis of that person’s sex.

There are many examples of this in our society, but it becomes problematic
when employees are discriminated against for not acting in a way that is
expected of them on the basis of their gender. In other words, they’re not
conforming to a preconceived notion or stereotype, and they suffer a negative
consequence as a result.
2. Sex Stereotypes - they are the generalized view of traits that should be possessed
by men and women, specifically physical and emotional roles. These stereotypes
are unrelated to the roles women and men perform.
3. Sex- role Stereotypes - it encompasses the roles that men and women are
assigned to be based on their sex and what behaviors they must possess to fulfill
these roles.

Representation of Men

Masculinity, the quality of manliness; habits, and traits that society considers to be
appropriate for a man. These include being:
• Dominant • Assertive - direct and honest
• Strong with people
• Independent • Brave
• Innovative

Representation of Women

Femininity is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles generally associated with

women and girls. These include being:
• Emotional • Collaborative

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• Nurturing • Caring
• Vulnerable • Humble

Agents of Socialization
• Family • Religion
• Peer Groups • Government
• School • Media
• Workplace • Ethnic Background

Lesson 8 SOGIE & NATURE VS. NURTURE

Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Expression (SOGIE)

Sexual Orientation
ATTRACTION - It is broken down into 2 categories:
1. Sexual – desire for physical relationship
2. Romantic – emotional desire

It describes to whom a person is sexually attracted, desire or lust or love. Some

people are attracted to people of a particular gender; others are attracted to people of
more than one gender. Some are not attracted to anyone.
 Asexual - They are not sexually attracted to anyone and/or no desire to act on an
attraction to anyone. Does not necessarily mean sexless.
No sexual attraction to others. But it doesn’t mean that they can’t experience
any form of attraction.
Romantic attraction – desire to have romantic relationship with someone
Aesthetic attraction - attraction on someone based on how they look
Sensual attraction – the desire to touch, hold or cuddle someone
Platonic attraction – the desire to be friends with someone

They end their relationship with another person when it becomes too intimate.
They value more physical than sexual attraction.

 Bisexual - They are attracted to people of one’s gender and people of another
gender(s). Being attracted to more than one sex or gender.
 Gay - It generally refers to a man who is attracted to men.
 Lesbian - It refers to a woman who is attracted to women.
 Pansexual/fluid - They are attracted to all people regardless of gender.
 Questioning - One who may be unsure of, reconsidering, or chooses to hold off
identifying their sexual identity or gender expression or identity.
 Queer - It is an umbrella term that embraces a matrix of sexual preferences,
gender expressions, and habits that are not of the heterosexual,
heteronormative, or gender-binary majority.
Queer is just a term for people nga wala naidentify ang self nila as straight. Indi
man sila siling nga gay or lesbian or bisexual. Just open
Straight - People who are attracted to their “opposite” sex. They are also called
as heterosexual.

Gender Identity and Expression

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GENDER IDENTITY – who you believe you are. How you see yourself as a man,
woman or both.
GENDER EXPRESSION – how you express yourself through actions, clothing and
attitude. You can be masculine, feminine or both.
This is how a person identifies and/or expresses their gender, including self-image,
appearance, and embodiment of gender roles. One’s sex (e.g. male, female, intersex,
etc.) is usually assigned at birth based on one’s physical biology. One’s gender (e.g.
male, female, genderqueer, etc.) is one’s internal sense of self and identity. One’s
gender expression (e.g. masculine, feminine, androgynous, etc.) is how one embodies
gender attributes, presentations, roles, and more.
 Androgyny - It is a mix of both female and male traits, and something that is not
clearly either masculine or feminine. A hermaphrodite is an example of an
androgynous organism. Unisex clothing is an example of androgynous clothing.
Androgyny is a type of gender presentation that mixes masculinity and
femininity. The word itself combines the two concepts and means that someone
has both masculine and feminine characteristics.

Andro- is a latin prefix referring to maleness or men, while -gyn is a root that can
be used as either a suffix of prefix meaning woman. A person who practices
androgyny is an androgyne. The adjective for androgyny is androgynous.
 Cisgender - A gender identity that society considers to “match” the biological sex
assigned at birth.
Most people who are assigned female at birth identify as girls or women, and
most people who are assigned male at birth identify as boys or men. These
people are cisgender (or cis).
 Crossdresser - It is a catch-all or general term for people who like to wear the
clothing normally associated with the opposite sex.
 Transgender - It is a term that includes the many ways that people’s gender
identities can be different from the sex they were assigned at birth.
Some people have a gender identity that doesn’t match the sex they were given
at birth — for example, they were born with a vulva, vagina, and uterus, but they
identify as male. These people are transgender (or trans). Transgender is the “T”
in LGBTQ.
 Transsexual - It is often used to communicate one’s experience of gender
involving medical changes, such as hormones or surgery, that help alter their
anatomy and appearance to more closely align with their gender identity.

NATURE VS. NURTURE

It involves the extent to which particular aspects of behavior are a product of either
inherited (i.e., genetic) or acquired
(learned) influences.

 Nature – It is those things acquired by genetic or hereditary inheritance and

other influences such as biological factors.
 Nurture - These are things that are influenced by the environment we live in. It is
generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception, e.g., the
product of exposure, life experiences, and learning on an individual.

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