Parts of a Boat From a Side View

Boats come in many styles and shapes, but the names of the different parts remain consistent. Every boat operator
should know the following terms and definitions.

Glossary
bow
Front of a vessel

cleat
Metal fitting on which a rope can be fastened

gunwale
Upper edge of vessel’s side (generally pronounced "gunnel")

hull
Body of a vessel

port
Left side of a vessel

propeller
Rotates and powers a boat forward or backward

starboard
Right side of a vessel

stern
Rear of a vessel
Parts of a Boat From a Front View

Glossary
beam
Maximum width of a vessel

draft
Depth of water needed to float a vessel

freeboard
Distance from water to lowest point of the boat where water could come
on board

keel
Main centerline (backbone) of a vessel or the extension of hull that
increases stability in the water
Displacement Hulls

There are two basic types of boat hulls—displacement and planing.

Boats with displacement hulls move through the water by pushing the

water aside and are designed to cut through the water with very little
propulsion.

 If you lower a boat into the water, some of the water moves out of the
way to adjust for the boat. If you could weigh that displaced water, you
would find it equals the weight of the boat. That weight is the boat’s
displacement.
 Boats with displacement hulls are limited to slower speeds.
 A round-bottomed hull shape acts as a displacement hull. Most large
cruisers and most sailboats have displacement hulls, allowing them to
travel more smoothly through the water.
Glossary
hull
Body of a vessel; basic structure or shell
Planing Hulls

Boats with planing hulls are designed to rise up and glide on top of the

water when enough power is supplied. These boats may operate like
displacement hulls when at rest or at slow speeds but climb toward the surface
of the water as they move faster.

 Boats with planing hulls can skim along at high speed, riding almost on
top of the water rather than pushing it aside.
 Flat-bottomed and vee-bottomed hull shapes act as planing hulls. Most
small power-driven vessels, including personal watercraft (PWC), and
some small sailboats have planing hulls, allowing them to travel more
rapidly across the water.
Glossary
personal watercraft
A small vessel that uses an inboard jet drive as its primary source of
propulsion and is designed to be operated by a person or persons sitting,
standing, or kneeling on the vessel rather than inside the vessel
How Planing Hulls Operate
Displacement Mode: A planing hull, when operated at very slow speeds,
will cut through the water like a displacement hull.

Plowing Mode: As speed increases, a planing hull will have a raised bow,
reducing the operator’s vision and throwing a very large wake. Avoid
maintaining a speed that puts your boat in plowing mode.

Planing Mode: Your boat is in planing mode when enough power is applied

so that the hull glides on top of the water. Different boats reach planing mode
at different speeds.
Descriptions of Hull Shapes

Hull Shapes Hull Type Advantages Disadvantages

Flat-Bottomed Planing Has a shallow draft, which is good for fishing in Rides roughly in choppy waters.
Hull small lakes and rivers.

Deep-Vee Hull Planing Gives a smoother ride than a flat-bottomed Takes more power to move at the same speed as flat-bottomed
hull in rough water. hulls. May roll or bank in sharp turns.

Round- Displacemen Moves easily through the water even at slow Has a tendency to roll unless it has a deep keel or stabilizers.
Bottomed Hull t speeds.

Multi-Hull Displacemen Has greater stability because of its wide beam. Needs a large area when turning.
t

Flat-bottomed hull

Deep-vee hull

Round-bottomed hull
Multi-hull

Measuring Length Overall

A vessel’s length overall dictates the equipment the vessel must have to
comply with federal and state laws. Length overall is measured from the tip of
the bow in a straight line to the stern of the vessel. Bowsprits; rudders;
outboard motors and motor brackets; handles; and other fittings,
attachments, and extensions are not included in the measurement.

Glossary
bow
Front of a vessel

length overall
Length of the hull excluding any attachments

rudder
Steering device, usually a vertical blade attached to a post at, or near,
the stern of the boat

stern
Rear of a vessel
Length Classes
Some states have laws that refer to boat lengths as “classes.” However, the U.S.
Coast Guard no longer uses these designations to indicate length.

Class Length

Class A Less than 16 feet

Class 1 16 feet to less than 26 feet

Class 2 26 feet to less than 40 feet

Class 3 40 feet to less than 65 feet

Outboard Engines

 An outboard is a portable, self-contained package of an engine, gear

case, and propeller that is attached to the transom of a boat.
 A growing number of outboard engines are of four-stroke design, but
many are still conventional two-stroke engines that burn oil as a
lubricant along with the fuel. New-technology two-stroke outboards are
direct-injection engines and burn over 75% cleaner than conventional
two-stroke outboards.
 Outboards have more power per pound of weight than do inboard
engines.
 Steering of outboard boats is controlled by a tiller or steering wheel that
swivels the entire engine to direct propeller thrust.
Glossary
propeller
Rotating device that turns and powers a boat forward or backward

tiller
Lever used to turn a rudder to steer a boat

transom
Vertical surface at the back of the hull
Inboard Engines

 An inboard is a four-stroke automotive engine adapted for marine use.

Inboard engines are mounted inside the hull’s midsection or in front of
the transom.
 The engine turns a drive shaft that runs through the bottom of the hull
and is attached to a propeller at the other end.
 Many PWC have two-stroke inboard engines that burn oil as a lubricant
along with the fuel. New-technology two-stroke PWC engines are direct-
injection engines and burn cleaner than conventional PWC engines.
 Steering of most inboard vessels, except PWC and jet-drive boats, is
controlled by a rudder behind the propeller.
Stern Drives

 Stern drives are known also as inboard/outboards (I/Os) because they

combine features found on both inboard and outboard engines. Stern-
drive engines:
o Are four-stroke automotive engines adapted for marine
use and...
o Are mounted inside the boat and...
o Are quieter and more fuel-efficient engines.

 A stern-drive engine is attached through the transom to a drive unit

(also called an “outdrive”) that is essentially the lower unit of an
outboard. The engine turns a drive shaft that is attached to a propeller at
the other end.
 Steering of stern-drive boats is controlled by the outdrive, which swivels
like an outboard engine to direct propeller thrust.
Jet Drives

 Jet drives use an engine to power a strong water pump. The pump sucks
up water and then forces a jet of water out the back of the vessel to
thrust the vessel forward. Directing this jet of water steers the vessel.
 PWC are the most common type of vessels that use a jet drive.
 Jet drives also may power larger vessels (jet boats) and are used
commonly for vessels designed for shallow water conditions. Jet boats
can have inboard or outboard jet drives.
Glossary
impeller
Device used to pump and force water under pressure through a steering
nozzle at the rear of the vessel

intake
Opening in the hull that draws water toward the impeller

intake grate
 Screening cover over the intake, which prevents large debris from
entering

What Is a PWC?

Jet-propelled watercraft come in many sizes, but the most common for
recreational boaters is the PWC. A PWC is a small vessel that uses an inboard
jet drive as its primary source of propulsion and is designed to be operated by
a person or persons sitting, standing, or kneeling on the vessel rather than
inside the vessel. The U.S. Coast Guard includes PWC in the group of inboard
vessels less than 16 feet in length.

Important
A PWC is subject to all of the same laws and requirements of any other vessel
plus a few laws specific to a PWC.
Parts of a PWC From a Front View

Glossary
port
Left side of a vessel

safety lanyard
Short cord for attaching the engine cut-off switch (ECOS) to the
operator's wrist or personal flotation device (PFD)

starboard
Right side of a vessel

steering control
Means of controlling the steering nozzle
Parts of a PWC From a Side View and Operator's View
Side View of PWC

Operator’s View of PWC

Glossary
bow

Front of a vessel

draft
Depth of water needed to float a vessel

drive shaft
The long stem connection between the motor and the impeller

steering nozzle
Device used for directing the stream of water to the left or right at the stern of the PWC, which
steers the PWC

stern
 Rear of a vessel

Parts of a Sailboat

Use of the wind is one of the oldest forms of powering a vessel. Sailboats
range in size and complexity, but all have basically the same four
components.

 The hull carries the passengers and supports the rigging.

 The rigging includes many parts of the sailboat, such as the lines
(sheets and halyards), mainsail, headsail (jib), boom, and mast.
 The keel or centerboard is attached to the bottom of the hull and
keeps the boat from sliding sideways through the water.
 The rudder is used to steer the sailboat, turned by a tiller or steering
wheel.
Glossary
halyards
Lines (ropes) used to raise and lower the sails

sheets
 Lines (ropes) used to control the angle of the sails to the wind

The Capacity Plate

A boat operator should never take a boat on the water with too many people or
too much gear on board. Boats loaded beyond their capacity
will swamp or capsize more easily and will be more difficult to control.

 Look for a capacity plate near the operator’s position or on the transom
of the boat. This plate indicates the maximum weight capacity and/or
the maximum number of people that the boat can carry safely in good
weather.
o You should not exceed either the stated maximum weight
capacity or the maximum number of people.
o Maximum weight is the combined weight of passengers, gear, and
motors.
o In many states, it is a violation to exceed capacity.

 Federal law requires single-hull boats less than 20 feet in length to have
a capacity plate. (However, PWC and sailboat manufacturers are not
required to attach a capacity plate.) Always follow the recommended
capacity found in the owner’s manual and on the manufacturer’s
warning decal. Never exceed these capacity recommendations.
Important
On outboard boats, the capacity plate also will display the recommended
maximum horsepower rating of the boat. Your boat’s motor should never
exceed this rating.

Glossary
capsize
To turn on the side or turn completely over

swamp
To fill with water
Example of a Capacity Plate

Although federal law requires capacity plates only on boats less than 20 feet in
length, the National Marine Manufacturers Association (NMMA) requires a
capacity plate on all boats less than 26 feet in order to be certified by NMMA.

Calculating Your Boat's Capacity

On boats less than 20 feet in length with no capacity plate, use the following
rule of thumb to calculate the number of persons (weighing 150 pounds each,
on average) the boat can carry safely in good weather conditions.

Number of people = (boat length (ft.) × boat width (ft.))÷15

For example, for a boat 18 feet long by 6 feet wide, the number of persons is 18
times 6 (or 108) divided by 15, which equals seven 150-pound persons (or a
total person weight of 7 × 150, or 1050 pounds).
File a Float Plan
Before going out on a boat or PWC, it is always a good idea to tell someone
where you are going and ask them to take action if you fail to return on time.

Download a PDF copy of an example float plan to use before your boating trip.
Float Plan for Short Outings
For shorter daytime outings on the water, at a minimum you should:

 Contact a responsible person before you go out and tell him or her
where you will be boating and when you plan to return.
 Give your contact the phone number for local authorities in case you fail
to return when expected.
 Contact this person again when you return or if you decide to extend
your time out on the water.

Float Plan for Extended Outings

For extended outings on the water, leave a float plan with a relative or friend,
or at least a local marina. You should leave a float plan that:

 Describes the vessel, including its registration number, length, make,

horsepower, and engine type.
 Includes the description and license plate of the tow vehicle and trailer.
 Gives the number of passengers, their names and addresses, and a
contact in case of emergency.
 States where you are going, the detailed route, your planned departure
time, and your expected return time. Include the location of all stopping
points, dates, and times.
 Gives the phone number for local authorities in case you fail to return
when expected. If boating on waters under U.S. Coast Guard
jurisdiction, give the phone number of the U.S. Coast Guard.
Before Fueling Your Boat
Serious accidents can occur when fueling. Never fuel at night unless it is an
emergency. If you must refuel after dark, use only electric lights. To protect
the water environment, try to refuel away from the water or on a commercial
fueling ramp. Follow these procedures in order to fuel safely and responsibly.

Before beginning to fuel:

 Tie the boat securely to the fuel dock.

 Ask all passengers to leave the boat and go onto the dock.
 Do not allow anyone in your group or others at the fuel dock to smoke or
strike a match.
 Check to see that fuel lines, connections, and fuel vents are in good
condition.
 Turn off anything that might cause a spark—engines, fans, or electrical
equipment.
 Shut off all fuel valves and extinguish all open flames, such as galley
stoves and pilot lights.
 Close all windows, ports, doors, and other openings to prevent fumes
from entering the boat.
 Remove portable fuel tanks from the boat and fill them on the dock.
 Make sure that your fire extinguisher is within reach.
While Fueling Your Boat
While filling the fuel tank:

 Keep the nozzle of the fuel-pump hose in solid contact with the tank
opening to prevent producing a static spark.
 Use caution and fill the tank slowly to avoid spilling fuel into the
boat’s bilge or into the water. Use an oil-absorbent pad to catch drips or
spills.
 Never fill a tank to the brim—leave room for fuel to expand.
 Wipe up any spilled fuel, and properly dispose of the used paper towels
or rags on shore.
Glossary
bilge
Interior of the hull below the floorboards; lowest part of a vessel’s
interior where the sides of the vessel curve in to form the bottom

After Fueling Your Boat

After fueling:

 Put the fill cap on tightly to prevent vapors from escaping.

 Open all windows, ports, doors, and other openings.
 If your boat is equipped with a power ventilation system (exhaust
blower), turn it on for at least four minutes before starting your engine.
This will help eliminate fuel vapors in the bilge.
 Before starting the engine, sniff the bilge and engine compartment for
fuel vapors. Continue ventilating until you cannot smell any fuel vapors.
Consider installing a gas vapor detection and alarm device.
 Start the engine and then reload your passengers.
Important
Evaporating gasoline creates vapors or fumes that are heavier than air. These fumes settle to the
bottom of the boat where they could explode if enclosed areas, such as the bilge, are not
ventilated properly to remove fumes.

Fueling a PWC
Serious accidents also can occur when fueling a PWC. Spilled or leaked fuel
can ignite and explode, especially in an enclosed space. PWC operators should
pay particular attention to these fueling guidelines.

 Check the entire fuel system for leaks and inspect fuel system
connections frequently. Engine vibrations and the pounding from
operating on rough water can loosen connections.
 Avoid fuel spills when fueling in or near the water.
 Do not tip the PWC in order to fill it all the way up. The tank is designed
to leave space for the fuel to expand. If the tank is overfilled, the fuel
may expand and spill into the water.
 After fueling, open the door of the engine compartment and sniff to
check for any evidence of gas fumes. Do this before starting the engine.
If you do smell gas fumes, determine the source and make repairs
immediately.

Prevent Running Out of Fuel

Make sure you have enough fuel before casting off. Operating at two-thirds
throttle instead of full throttle will conserve fuel. The following rule will help
prevent running out of fuel:

 One-third to get out

 One-third to get back
 One-third in reserve for emergencies
Choosing the Right Trailer and
Towing Vehicle

The trailer and towing vehicle should be designed to fit your boat.

 Use the size of your vessel to determine the dimensions of the trailer
needed. Today, most trailerable boats are sold as a package with a trailer
of the appropriate size.
 Look at the load capacity of the trailer stated by the trailer’s
manufacturer. If the combined weight of your vessel and its engine is
more than 90% of the recommended load capacity, buy the next larger
trailer. This is because your gear (fuel, personal flotation devices or
PFDs, anchors, lines, etc.) will increase the overall weight by at least
10%.
 Check the owner’s manual of your towing vehicle to ensure that your
vehicle is rated to tow the combined weight of your vessel, engine, and
trailer.
Important
It is very important to have proper lighting on trailers, including turn signals
and tail and brake lights. Also, make sure you have a jack that fits properly
under the trailer—most car jacks are too large to fit under a trailer.
The Towing Hitch
The towing hitch must be appropriate for the loaded trailer.

 The coupler on a trailer connects to a ball hitch on the towing vehicle. A

frame-mounted hitch on the towing vehicle is better than a bumper-
mounted hitch. If you are using a bumper-mounted hitch, do not exceed
the weight rating of the bumper.
 Make sure the size stamped on the ball hitch on the towing vehicle is the
same size that is stamped on the trailer’s coupler. If the ball hitch is too
small, a bump in the road could cause the coupler to lift off the hitch.
 “Tongue weight” is the amount of the loaded trailer’s weight that presses
down on the towing hitch. The tongue weight should be about 10% of
the combined weight of the vessel and trailer (“gross trailer weight” or
GTW). If the tongue weight is too light, the trailer will tend to swing
from side-to-side (or “fishtail”). If the tongue weight is too heavy, the
rear wheels of the towing vehicle will be weighted down, making it
difficult to steer.
Glossary
coupler
The part of the trailer that attaches to the ball hitch on a towing vehicle

Trailer Safety Chains

Two strong safety chains should be crisscrossed to support the
trailer’s coupler if it becomes disconnected from the towing vehicle. The
chains should be strong enough to hold the combined weight of the vessel,
engine, and trailer.

Crisscross the safety chains under the trailer’s coupler when attaching them to the towing
vehicle.
Before Leaving Home With Your
Boat and Trailer
Secure the vessel on the trailer and the gear within the vessel.

 Secure all gear in the vessel firmly to keep it from shifting. Arrange the
gear so that its weight is balanced side-to-side and front-to-back.
 Secure the vessel to the trailer with several tie-down straps and/or
safety lines to prevent the vessel from shifting. Use extra tie-down straps
in case one fails. Never trust the bow winch alone to hold your vessel
onto the trailer.
 Put the engine or drive unit in the raised position and secure it.
 Attach the safety chains between the trailer and the towing vehicle,
crisscrossing them under the trailer tongue.
Inspect and maintain trailering equipment.

 Check the pressure of all tires on the towing vehicle and the trailer.
Make sure you have a spare tire in good condition for both the vehicle
and the trailer.
 Tighten the lug nuts/bolts on the wheels of both the towing vehicle and
the trailer, and grease wheel bearings.
 Make sure that all lights and brakes on the towing vehicle and the trailer
work properly.
 Examine tie-down straps, lines, winch, safety chains, and hitch for signs
of wear. Replace or adjust as necessary.

Tighten lug nuts on trailer wheels before departing.

On the Road With a Trailer
Drive cautiously.

 Drive at moderate speeds and avoid sudden maneuvers.

 On long trips, pull over every hour or so to check the towing vehicle,
trailer, tires, trailer coupling, and gear in the vessel.
Allow for the added length and weight of the trailer.

 Make wider turns at corners and curves.

 Allow extra time and distance for stopping and for passing other
vehicles. Steer wider on corners to clear curbs.

Launching Your Boat From a Trailer

Prepare to launch well away from the boat ramp so that you don’t block ramp
traffic.

 Transfer all equipment and supplies to the vessel.

 Disconnect trailer lights from the towing vehicle.
 Remove all tie-down straps before backing down the ramp, but leave the
trailer winch line securely attached to the vessel.
 Make sure the vessel’s drain plug is in place.
 Tie a rope to the vessel’s bow to use to control the vessel if necessary
during launching.
Backing the Trailer Into the Water
During Launch
Back the trailered vessel into the water far enough so that the lower unit of the
engine can be lowered and submerged while the vessel is still on the trailer.

 As an added precaution, always set the parking brake on the towing

vehicle.
 Lower the engine or outdrive, and start the engine. If your vessel is still
on the trailer and you have engine trouble, you can retrieve the vessel
easily.
 Once the engine is warmed up, back the trailer further into the water
until the vessel floats. Undo the winch line, put the vessel’s engine in
reverse, and back slowly off the trailer.
Boater’s Tip
Novice boaters should practice towing, especially backing up, in an open field
or empty parking lot before their initial launch and retrieval. This will give you
a feel for the trailer and how it maneuvers in relation to the towing vehicle.
Retrieving Your Boat Onto a Trailer
Back the trailer into the water so that approximately two-thirds of the rollers
or bunks are submerged in the water. Set the parking brake of the towing
vehicle, and put it in park (or first gear if you have a manual transmission).

 Move the vessel onto the trailer far enough to attach the winch line to
the bow eye of the vessel. Finish pulling the vessel onto the trailer by
cranking the winch. Stay out of the way of the direct line of the winch
cable in case it snaps or you lose control of the winch. Do not load a
vessel using engine power because this can cause damage.
 Shut off the engine, and raise the engine or outdrive.
 Pull the vessel out of the water.
Prepare for the drive home well away from the boat ramp so that you don’t
block ramp traffic.

 While on land at the ramp area, remove and dispose of all weeds from
the vessel and trailer, remove the drain plug to release bilge water, and
drain any live wells. This will help prevent the spread of aquatic
nuisance plants and animals.
 Secure the vessel on the trailer and the gear within the vessel, following
the same instructions listed in the earlier section “Before Leaving Home
With Your Boat and Trailer.”

Important
If launching or retrieving a sailboat with a raised mast, watch out for overhead
wires.

Glossary
bunks
Wooden supports on which the vessel rests while on the trailer
Do Not Power Load Your Boat
Propeller wash can erode the sediment just beyond the ramp surface, creating
a large hole. The eroded sediment is deposited behind the propeller, creating a
mound. Trailer tires can get stuck in these holes, and boats can run aground
on the mound.

Courtesy on the Boat Ramp

Boat ramp traffic jams can be prevented if everyone practices common
courtesy at the ramp. Be sure you observe these simple courtesies.

 Prepare your vessel for launching or for the drive home well away from
the ramp.
 Use at least two experienced people to launch and retrieve the vessel—
one to drive the towing vehicle and one to operate the vessel.
 Never block a ramp with an unattended vessel or vehicle. Move the
vessel away from the launch lane immediately after removing it from the
trailer. Return briefly to pick up the vehicle driver once he or she has
parked the vehicle and is back at the ramp.
 When retrieving, do not pull your vessel into a launch lane until the
towing vehicle is at the ramp. The line is formed by vehicles with
trailers, not by vessels in the water. Drop off the vehicle driver, and wait
offshore and clear of the ramp until he or she arrives with the trailer.
Boater’s Tip
Use at least two experienced people to launch and retrieve your vessel—one to
drive the towing vehicle and one to operate the vessel. If launching and
retrieving by yourself, it is recommended to place wheel chocks behind the
wheels of the towing vehicle.
Types of Nautical Knots
Figure Eight Bend: The figure-eight knot has several uses, including
connecting two ropes to make a longer line or making a “stopper” knot in a
single line in order to prevent the line from slipping through a hole or a gap in
a block or a cleat.

Figure Eight Bend: The figure-eight knot has several uses, including
connecting two ropes to make a longer line or making a "stopper" knot in a
single line in order to prevent the line from slipping through a hole or a gap in
a block or a cleat.

Bowline Knot: The bowline is a multi-purpose knot that is essential for boat

operators to know. Forming the knot creates a fixed loop on the end of the
rope or line—a loop that can be used for hitching, mooring, or lifting.

Bowline Knot: The bowline is a multi-purpose knot that is essential for boat
operators to know. Forming the knot creates a fixed loop on the end of the
rope or line—a loop that can be used for hitching, mooring, or lifting.

Anchor Bend Knot: A type of hitching knot, the anchor bend is used to
secure a rope to an anchor or a ring. If additional security is needed, a half
hitch can be tied at the end.
Anchor Bend Knot: A type of hitching knot, the anchor bend is used to secure
a rope to an anchor or a ring. If additional security is needed, a half hitch can
be tied at the end.

Cleating Hitch: Used to attach a line to a cleat on a dock, the cleating hitch

is formed by wrapping the line around the base of the cleat, then forming one
or more figure eights around the cleat. The knot is secured with a half hitch.

Cleating Hitch: Used to attach a line to a cleat on a dock, the cleating hitch is
formed by wrapping the line around the base of the cleat, then forming one or
more figure eights around the cleat. The knot is secured with a half hitch.

Clove Hitch: The clove hitch is handy for temporary fastening, such as when
tying up to a piling. It’s particularly useful because—with experience—it can be
tied with only one hand. For extra fastening power or for longer periods of
time, add two half hitches after tying the clove hitch.

Clove Hitch: The clove hitch is handy for temporary fastening, such as when
tying up to a piling. It’s particularly useful because—with experience—it can be
tied with only one hand. For extra fastening power or for longer periods of
time, add two half hitches after tying the clove hitch.

Round Turn and Two Half Hitches: Handy for tying down a bulky load or
tying a boat to a mooring post, the round turn and two half hitches is versatile.
It is a secure knot that does not jam and is easy to undo.
Round Turn and Two Half Hitches: Handy for tying down a bulky load or
tying a boat to a mooring post, the round turn and two half hitches is versatile.
It is a secure knot that does not jam and is easy to undo.

Boat Maintenance
Keeping your boat well-maintained will extend its life and give you and your
family many more years of enjoyment.

 Examine the interior and exterior of the hull when it is out of the water.
o Check for oxidation, a common problem on aluminum hulls, that
appears as white powder spots. Use fine sandpaper on oxidized
areas until spots are replaced by bright shiny metal.
o To protect the environment, use only environmentally safe, non-
phosphate detergents to remove oil and algae from fiberglass
hulls. Avoid abrasive materials, which can remove the shiny top
layer (gel coat). Patch holes immediately with a fiberglass
patching compound.
o Check through-hull fittings to make sure they are not cracked or
leaking.
o Remove all puddles from the interior before and after every
outing.
 Store boats in a dry area out of the sun. If you must store the boat for a
long period of time, place the trailer on blocks to preserve the tires. Keep
the boat covered, leaving an opening to circulate air. Hang canoes
upside down.
 Clean all lines (ropes). Dirt and sand cause deterioration. Keep lines out
of the sun when not in use, and replace weakened or fraying lines.
 Clean sails with a soft brush. Examine them for small tears or open
seams that can be repaired by taping or sewing.
 Refer to the owner’s manual for a maintenance schedule.
Engine Maintenance
Engine maintenance is important. Follow a regular maintenance program.

 Keep your engine clean and tuned properly. Refer to your owner’s
manual for a maintenance schedule.
 Check the oil and fluid levels before every outing. Change the oil
according to the owner’s manual. As the engine ages, increase the
frequency of oil changes. Clean oil extends engine life.
 Tighten battery connections. Clean battery terminals by disconnecting
the terminals and removing corrosion with a wire brush. If the battery is
weak when you start the engine, recharge it.
 Inspect the engine for anything that shows signs of wear or requires
tightening, such as hoses, belts, and bolts. Make sure everything is fitted
properly, including the engine cover.
 Never use automotive electrical parts. Use marine parts only. Use of
automotive parts rather than sealed marine parts (such as alternators,
starters, fuel pumps, and other electrical parts) could cause a spark that
could ignite a fire.
What You've Learned
You’ve completed the material of Unit 1 of the online boating safety course!

You should now:

 Be able to identify the basic parts of a boat, PWC, and sailboat.

 Be able to identify the different types of hulls and their performance
characteristics.
 Be able to identify the different kinds of engines and drives commonly
found in recreational boats and their uses.
 Be able to locate and understand a boat’s capacity plate.
 Know how to file a proper float plan.
 Be able to fuel a boat safely.
 Be able to launch and retrieve a boat from a trailer safely and
courteously.
 Know the basics of boat and engine maintenance.
Before Casting Off

 Keep your boat tied to the dock while you warm up the engine.
 Make sure everyone on board is seated and wearing a personal flotation
device (PFD).
 Check that the engine is running properly and the departure area is clear
of traffic. Then begin to cast off.
Important
These casting off and docking procedures are for small, single-engine boats.
Procedures for large boats, sailboats, or boats with twin engines will vary.

Casting Off With No Wind or Current

1. Cast off the bow and stern lines.
2. Shift to forward and slowly move forward, gradually turning your boat
away from the dock.
Casting Off With Wind or Current
Toward the Dock
1. Cast off the stern line. Move and secure the bow line to a mid-boat
position on the dock. Make sure fenders are in place on the bow.
2. Put the boat into forward gear briefly, and turn the steering wheel hard
toward the dock. Increase speed slowly until the stern is well clear of the
dock.
3. Cast off the bow line. Back out slowly until you have room to shift into
forward and turn away from the dock.
Casting Off With Wind or Current
Away From the Dock
1. Cast off the bow and stern lines.
2. Use an oar or boat hook to keep the boat clear of the dock. Let the wind
or current carry the boat away from the dock.
3. Once there is sufficient clearance, shift into forward gear and slowly
leave the area.
Before Docking
 Reduce speed to the minimum required to maintain steerage. Use
reverse gear to bring the boat to a stop well away from the dock.
 Determine the wind and/or current direction while stopped by
observing which way your boat drifts. If possible, make your approach
into the wind or current, whichever is stronger. This will give you more
control.
  Have bow and stern lines ready, and put boat fenders in place. Never
plan to stop a moving boat with your arms or legs.
 When the area is clear of traffic, continue your approach.

Docking With No Wind or Current

1. Approach the dock slowly at a narrow angle (about 20 degrees).
2. When close enough, have a passenger step on shore and secure the bow
line.
3. Swing the stern in with a line or boat hook, and secure it.

Docking With Wind or Current

Toward the Dock
1. Approach slowly, parallel to the dock.
2. Let the wind or current carry your boat to the dock. Shift into gear
briefly if you need to adjust position.
 3. Secure the bow and stern lines.

Docking With Wind or Current Away

From the Dock
1. Approach the dock slowly at a sharp angle (about 40 degrees).
2. Use reverse to stop when close to the dock. Secure the bow line.
 3. Put the boat in forward gear briefly, and slowly turn the steering wheel
hard away from the dock—this will swing in the stern. Secure the stern
line.

Three Major Responsibilities of

Every Boater
Collisions can be prevented easily if every vessel operator fulfills three major
responsibilities.
 1. Practice good seamanship.
It is the responsibility of every boat or personal watercraft (PWC)
operator to take all necessary action to avoid a collision, taking into
account the weather, vessel traffic, and limits of other vessels. Such
action should be taken in ample time to avoid a collision and at a safe
distance from other vessels.

2. Keep a proper lookout.

Failing to keep a sharp lookout is the most common cause of collisions.
Every operator must keep a proper lookout, using both sight and
hearing, at all times. Watch and listen for other vessels, radio
communications, navigational hazards, and others involved in water
activities.

3. Maintain a safe speed.

Safe speed is the speed that ensures you will have ample time to avoid a
collision and can stop within an appropriate distance. Safe speed will
vary depending on conditions such as wind, water conditions,
navigational hazards, visibility, surrounding vessel traffic density, and
the maneuverability of your boat or PWC. Always reduce speed and
navigate with extreme caution at night and when visibility is restricted.

Rules for Encountering Other

Vessels
There are rules that every operator must follow when encountering other
vessels.

Two terms help explain these rules.

  Give-way vessel: The vessel that is required to take early and
substantial action to keep well away from other vessels by stopping,
slowing down, or changing course. Avoid crossing in front of other
vessels. Any change of course and/or speed should be large enough to be
readily apparent to another vessel. (A series of small changes should be
avoided.)
 Stand-on vessel: The vessel that must maintain its course and speed
unless it becomes apparent that the give-way vessel is not taking
appropriate action. If you must take action, do not turn toward the give-
way vessel or cross in front of it.
The action a vessel operator should take when encountering another vessel
depends on the answers to two questions.

 How are the two vessels propelled?

o Two power-driven vessels
o Two sailing vessels
o A power-driven vessel and a sailing vessel

 How are the two vessels approaching one another?

o Meeting head-on: A vessel operator sees another vessel ahead or
nearly ahead
o Paths that cross: Two vessels are on crossing paths so as to involve
risk of collision
o Overtaking: A vessel is coming upon another vessel from behind
or nearly behind the other vessel

Exceptions to the Navigation Rules

The rules that follow cover most of the situations you will encounter as a
recreational boater. However, be aware that there are exceptions to the rules.
For example, if you approach a vessel that has less maneuverability than your
vessel, the other vessel will usually be the stand-on vessel.

Important
Every operator is responsible for avoiding a collision. In complying with the navigation rules,
operators must consider all dangers of navigation; risk of collisions; and any special conditions,
including the limitations of the boats involved. These considerations may make a departure from
the navigation rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.

Navigation Rules: Definitions

For the purpose of the U. S. Coast Guard’s navigation rules, the following
definitions apply.

 Vessel: Every kind of watercraft capable of being used as a means of

transportation on water, including seaplanes
 Power-driven vessel: Any vessel propelled by machinery, including a
sailboat using an engine
 Sailing vessel: Any vessel under sail and with no engine in use
 Vessel engaged in fishing: Any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls,
or other fishing equipment that restricts maneuverability; however, this
does not include a vessel fishing with trolling lines or other fishing
equipment that does not restrict maneuverability
 Underway: Not anchored, tied to shore, or aground
 Risk of collision: Any situation when an approaching vessel continues
on a collision course (the bearing of the approaching vessel does not
change), or anytime you are approaching a very large vessel

Power-Driven Vessel Encountering

Power-Driven Vessel
Note that the following illustrations are not drawn to scale. The boats are
shown closer to each other than they should be when actually encountering
another vessel on the water. 
Meeting Head-On: Neither vessel is the stand-on vessel. Both vessels
should turn to starboard (the right).

Paths That Cross: The vessel on the operator’s port (left) is the give-way

vessel. The vessel on the operator’s starboard (right) is the stand-on vessel.

Overtaking: The vessel that is overtaking another vessel is the give-way

vessel. The vessel being overtaken is the stand-on vessel.
Glossary
give-way vessel
The vessel that is required to take early and substantial action to keep
well away from other vessels by stopping, slowing down, or changing
course

stand-on vessel
The vessel that must maintain its course and speed unless it becomes
apparent that the give-way boat is not taking appropriate action; if you
must take action, do not turn toward the give-way boat or cross in front
of it
Power-Driven Vessel Encountering
Sailing Vessel
Note that the following illustrations are not drawn to scale. The boats are
shown closer to each other than they should be when actually encountering
another vessel on the water. 
Meeting Head-On: The power-driven vessel is the give-way vessel. The
sailing vessel is the stand-on vessel.

Paths That Cross: The power-driven vessel is the give-way vessel. The

sailing vessel is the stand-on vessel.

Overtaking: The vessel that is overtaking another vessel is the give-way

vessel, regardless of whether it is a sailing vessel or a power-driven vessel. The
vessel being overtaken is always the stand-on vessel.
Important
If operating a power-driven vessel, you must always give way to a sailing vessel
unless the sailing vessel is overtaking your vessel.
Sailing Vessel Encountering Sailing
Vessel
If a sailing vessel with the wind on its port (left) side cannot determine
whether a windward sailing vessel has the wind on the left or the right, it
should give way to the windward vessel.

Note that the following illustrations are not drawn to scale. The boats are
shown closer to each other than they should be when actually encountering
another vessel on the water. 
Wind on Same Side: When two sailing vessels are approaching one another
with the wind on the same side, the leeward sailing vessel is the stand-on
vessel.

Wind on Different Sides: When two sailing vessels are approaching one

another with the wind on different sides, the sailing vessel with the wind on its
starboard (right) side is the stand-on vessel.
Glossary
leeward
Direction toward which the wind is blowing, or downwind. Leeward
vessel refers to the vessel that is downwind of the other

windward
Direction from which the wind is blowing, or upwind. Windward vessel
refers to the vessel that is upwind of the other
Animation: Wind on Same Side—
Sail vs. Sail
Animation: Wind on Different Sides
—Sail vs. Sail

PWC Encountering PWC

It is extremely important that a PWC encountering another PWC follow the
same navigation rules that apply to motorboats or any other power-driven
vessel.

Most fatalities involving a PWC result from injuries caused by collisions and
not from drowning.

 The operator and passengers ride on top of the PWC instead of down
inside it. There are no hulls or other enclosures to provide protection
from the impact of a collision.
 Due to the lack of protection, PWC collisions are more likely to be
deadly for the operator and any passengers.
Note that the following illustrations are not drawn to scale. The boats are
shown closer to each other than they should be when actually encountering
another vessel on the water. 
Meeting Head-On: Neither vessel is the stand-on vessel. Both vessels
should turn to starboard (the right).

Paths That Cross: The vessel on the operator’s port (left) side is the give-
way vessel. The vessel on the operator’s starboard (right) side is the stand-on
vessel.

Overtaking: The vessel that is overtaking another vessel is the give-way

vessel. The vessel being overtaken is the stand-on vessel.
Responsibilities Between Vessels
If operating a power-driven vessel, you must give way to:

 Any vessel not under command, such as an anchored or disabled vessel

 Any vessel restricted in its ability to maneuver, such as a vessel towing,
laying cable, or picking up navigation markers, or a vessel constrained
by its draft, such as a large ship in a channel
 A vessel engaged in commercial fishing
 A sailing vessel, unless it is overtaking
If operating a sailing vessel, you must give way to:

 Any vessel not under command

 Any vessel restricted in its ability to maneuver
 A vessel engaged in commercial fishing
Rendering Assistance
The navigation rules also require operators to stop and render assistance to a vessel in distress
unless doing so would endanger their own vessel or passengers.

Glossary
engaged in commercial fishing
Any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls, or other fishing equipment that restricts
maneuverability; however, does not include a vessel fishing with trolling lines or other
fishing equipment that does not restrict maneuverability
Operating During Restricted
Visibility
All operators should navigate with extreme caution if visibility is restricted.
The following applies to vessels not in sight of one another.

 Every vessel must proceed at a safe speed given the conditions

of restricted visibility. A power-driven vessel must have its engines
ready to maneuver immediately.
 Unless a risk of collision does not exist, an operator who hears the fog
signal of another vessel ahead, is in a close-quarters situation with
another vessel ahead, or detects the presence of another vessel by radar
must reduce speed to the minimum at which the vessel can be kept on
course. If necessary, the operator should reduce speed to “idle speed.”
Glossary
restricted visibility
Any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy
rainstorms, sandstorms, or any other similar causes

risk of collision
Any situation when an approaching vessel continues on a collision course (the bearing of
the approaching vessel does not change), or when you are approaching a very large vessel

Additional Information About

Navigation Rules
The navigation rules contained in this course summarize the basic navigation
responsibilities for a boat operator on inland waterways. Additional and more
in-depth rules apply to various types of waterways, such as International
Waters and Western Rivers, and to operation regarding commercial vessels
and other watercraft. It is the responsibility of an operator to know and follow
all the navigation rules. For a complete listing of the navigation rules, refer to
the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) publication Navigation Rules and Regulations
Handbook.
For state-specific navigation requirements, refer to the rules and laws of the
state where you intend to boat.

Common Navigation Lights

Navigation lights help you and other boaters determine which is the give-way
vessel when encountering each other at night. These lights must be displayed
from sunset to sunrise and during periods of restricted visibility, such as fog.
There are four common navigation lights.

 Sidelights: These red and green lights are called sidelights (also called
combination lights) because they are visible to another vessel
approaching from the side or head-on. The red light indicates a vessel’s
port (left) side; the green indicates a vessel’s starboard (right) side.
 Sternlight: This white light is seen only from behind or nearly behind
the vessel.
 Masthead Light: This white light shines forward and to both sides and
is required on all power-driven vessels. (On power-driven vessels less
than 39.4 feet in length, the masthead light and sternlight may be
combined into an all-round white light; power-driven vessels 39.4 feet
in length or longer must have a separate masthead light.) A masthead
light must be displayed by all vessels when under engine power. The
absence of this light indicates a sailing vessel because sailboats under
sail display only sidelights and a sternlight.
 All-Round White Light: On power-driven vessels less than 39.4 feet
in length, this light may be used to combine a masthead light and
sternlight into a single white light that can be seen by other vessels from
any direction. This light serves as an anchor light when sidelights are
extinguished.
Animation: Common Navigation
Lights
Typical Recreation Vessels'
Navigation Lights

Navigation lights of a sailing vessel

Navigation lights of a sailboat under power

Navigation lights of a power-driven vessel with an all-round white light and

combination sidelights placed on the bow
Navigation lights of a power-driven vessel with masthead light, sternlight, and
separate sidelights

All-round white light indicating a vessel anchored away from the dock

Challenges of Navigating at Night

Night navigation presents additional challenges. You should always operate at
a slower speed at night and be on sharp lookout for the lights of other vessels.
The lights displayed by other vessels will help you determine whether they are
operating under power or sail, and their direction of travel. Once you’ve
determined this, you apply the same navigation rules used in the daytime.
However, never assume that the lights of other vessels are working properly.
Allow plenty of time and distance to give way if needed, even if the lights
indicate you are the stand-on vessel.

Boater’s Tip

 Make sure your navigation lights are working correctly, and carry extra bulbs.

 Use an all-round white light whenever the vessel is at anchor.

 Reduce speed and proceed with caution. Never be in a hurry.

 Be especially alert for everything in front of you. Avoid traveling alone at night; extra
eyes can help you navigate.
  Stop if visibility is severely restricted, and use your sound signals to alert others in the
area.

When You See a Green and a White

Light
When you are in a power-driven vessel and you see a green and a white
light, you are the stand-on vessel. You should remain alert, however, in case
the other vessel operator does not see you or does not know navigational rules.

Animation: When You See a Green

and a White Light
When You See Only a White Light
When you are in a power-driven vessel and you see only a white light, you
are overtaking another vessel or it is anchored. It is the stand-on vessel,
whether underway or anchored. You may go around it on either side.

Animation: When You See Only a

White Light
When You See a Red and a White
Light
When you are in a power-driven vessel and you see a red and a white light,
you must give way to the other vessel! Slow down and allow the vessel to pass,
or you may turn to the right and pass behind the other vessel.

Animation: When You See a Red

and a White Light
When You See a Red, a Green, and a
White Light
When you are in a power-driven vessel and you see a red, a green, and a
white light, you are approaching another power-driven vessel head-on and
both vessels must give way.

Animation: When You See a Red, a

Green, and a White Light
When You See a Red and a Green
Light But No White Light
When you are in any type of vessel and you see a red and a green light but
no white light, you are approaching a sailing vessel head-on and you must give
way.

Animation: When You See a Red

and a Green Light But No White
Light
When You See Only a Green Light
or Only a Red Light
When you are in any type of vessel and you see only a green light or only a
red light, you may be approaching a sailing vessel and you must give way. A
sailing vessel is always the stand-on vessel except when it is overtaking.

Animation: When You See Only a

Green Light
Animation: When You See Only a
Red Light

Towing Lights on Commercial

Vessels
When commercial vessels are towing or pushing a barge, they display one or
more yellow lights in place of a sternlight. There may be an unlit space of
several hundred yards between the lights displayed on the bow and stern of
the composite formed by the commercial vessel and its barge(s). Learn to
recognize commercial vessel lights if boating on rivers, harbors, or coastal
waters.
Sound Signals Used for
Encountering Situations

Sound signals used on the waterways are like the turn light indicators used to signal intentions on
the highways. Sound signals are also like an automobile’s horn used to let other drivers know
you are near or to alert them of danger. All boaters should know proper sound signals, especially
those boaters operating near commercial vessel traffic.

Sound signals are composed of short and prolonged blasts and must be audible for at least one-
half mile:

 Short blast—about one second in duration

 Prolonged blast—4–6 seconds in duration

Sound signals can communicate a change in direction to other boaters.

 One short blast tells other boaters, “I intend to pass you on my port (left) side.”

 Two short blasts tell other boaters, “I intend to pass you on my starboard (right) side.”

 Three short blasts tell other boaters, “I am operating astern propulsion.” For some
vessels, this tells other boaters, “I am backing up.”
Examples of Sound Signals Used
for Encountering Situations
Navigation rules include the use of sound signals to communicate with other
boaters.

Note that the following illustrations are not drawn to scale. The boats are
shown closer to each other than they should be when actually encountering
another vessel on the water. 

TOOT (one short blast) tells other boaters "I intend to pass you on my port
(left) side."

TOOT TOOT (two short blasts) tells other boaters "I intend to pass you on my
starboard (right) side."
The other vessel will sound the same signal if in agreement with the proposed
maneuver.
Sound Signals Used to Alert or
Warn
Sound signals let other boaters know where you are located during periods of
restricted visibility, such as extreme fog. If you hear the fog signal of a vessel
you cannot see, slow to a minimum speed until you are sure there is not a risk
of collision.

 One prolonged blast at intervals of not more than two

minutes is the signal used by power-driven vessels when underway.
 One prolonged blast plus two short blasts at intervals of not
more than two minutes is the signal used by sailing vessels.
Sound signals are used to warn other boaters or alert them to danger.

 One prolonged blast is a warning signal (for example, used when

coming around a blind bend or leaving the dock).
 Five (or more) short, rapid blasts are used to signal danger or to
signal that you do not understand or you disagree with the other
boater’s intentions.

What You've Learned

You’ve completed the material of Unit 2 of the online boating safety course!

You should now:

 Be able to cast off and dock under different wind and current conditions.
 Know three major responsibilities of a boat operator.
 Know what to do when encountering another boat.
 Know types of night navigation lights and how to interpret them.
 Be able to use and interpret sound signals.