Chapter 2 - Exercises

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ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE AND RECIPROCATING MACHINES


ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND OPERATING PARAMETERS
CHAPTER TWO -Assignment

1. A wide variety of engine tests are available in practice, starting from simple fuel and air-
flow measurements to taking of complicated injector needle lift diagram, swirl patterns and
photographs of the combustion process, etc.

At AAiT, in School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (Automotive and Thermal


Laboratory) there are some engine test facilities, however for the time being they are not
functional and an attempt has been going to maintain them as soon as possible and
performing some of the tests mentioned below. In this context, it is advantageous for you to
know these tests and their measurement technique a head of the scheduled time. In this
background, briefly describe the following important tests and their measurement techniques,
use diagrams where needed. You can find a lot of material out there in internet and reference
books.

a. Measurement of speed
b. Fuel consumption measurement
c. Air consumption measurement
d. Measurement of engine torque and power (use schematic diagram)
e. Measurement of engine indicated power (draw the loop of the indicator)
f. Pressure diagram measurement (pressure vs crank angle and time)
g. Measurement of friction power (Morse Test)
h. Heat balance of the engine (use heat balance diagram or chart)

2. Modern internal combustion engines have higher ratios of power /weight than earlier types,
larger values of bmep and thermal efficiency, and lower SFC. Currently, in the field of
automotive; the Gasoline engine is highly developed and flexible, but there is an increasing
competition from the Diesel engine. Brake thermal efficiencies of 25 to 35% are usual with
SI engines and may reach 45% in CI engines. In this context, there are a number of standards
available to compare performance of IC engines; some of them are Specific fuel consumption
(kg/kW.h), Brake means effective pressure, bmep (kPa), Specific weight (Weight of engine
per kW, kg/kW), Output per unit displacement kW per m3).

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a. Describe briefly the aforementioned standard to compare IC engine performance;
b. Most of the performance factors are directly related to atmospheric conditions, so
comparison between engines should be performed at similar atmospheric conditions
why?
c. Describe the variable and constant speed test of SI engine
d. Consumption loop test

3. A four – cylinder petrol engine has a bore of 57 mm and a stroke of 90 mm, its rated speed is
2800 rpm and it is tested at this speed against a brake which has a torque arm of 0.356m. The
net brake load is 155N and the fuel consumption is 6.74 l/h. The specific gravity of the petrol
used is 0.735 and it has a lower calorific value of 44,200 kJ/kg. A Morse test is carried out
and the cylinders are cut out in the order 1, 2, 3, and 4 with corresponding brake load of 111,
106.5, 104.2 and 111 N, respectively. Calculate for this speed, the engine torque, the bmep,
the brake thermal efficiency, the specific fuel consumption, the mechanical efficiency and the
imep.

4. The air flow to a four cylinder four – stroke engine is 2.15 m 3/min. During a test on the
engine the following data were recorded: Bore 10.5cm; stroke 12.5cm; engine speed 1200
rpm, torque 150 Nm, fuel consumption 5.5 kg/h, calorific value of fuel, 43124 kJ/kg, ambient
temperature and pressure are 20oC and 1.03 bars.

Calculate:

a. The brake thermal efficiency


b. The brakes mean effective pressure
c. The volumetric efficiency.

5. As Becky was driving the family station Wagon, the engine family quit, being worn out after
171,000 miles. It can be assumed that the average speed over its lifetime was 40mph at an
engine speed of 1700RPM. The engine is a five liter V8 operating on a four stroke cycle
Calculate
a. How many revolutions has the engine experienced?
b. How many spark plug firings have occurred in the entire engine?
c. How many intake strokes have occurred in one cylinder?

6. Calculate the mean piston speed, bmep, and specific power of the spark ignition engine for
the following engine type at their maximum rated power:

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a. Chrysler 2.2L displacement four-cylinder spark ignition engine. Bore 87.5 mm,
stroke 92 mm, compression ratio 8.9, and maximum power 65KW at 5000 rpm

b. General motors’ 60 degree V6 spark ignition engine with displacement volume of


2.8L, bore 89 mm and stroke 76 mm, compression ratio 8.5 and maximum power
86 KW at 4800 rpm

c. Two-cylinder two-stroke cycle loop scavenged marine spark-ignition engine


displacement volume 737cc maximum power 41KW at 5500 RPM

7. Calculate the mean piston speed, bmep, and specific power of the diesel engine for the
following engine type at their maximum rated power: Briefly explain any significant
differences (to know more about the following engine read on Heywood page 32-37)

a. Direct injection four stroke cycle six cylinders turbocharged Cummins diesel engine.
displaced volume 10 liters, bore 125mm, stroke 136mm, compression ratio 16.3,
maximum power 168 KW to 246 KW at rated speed of 2100 rpm.

b. Four cylinders naturally aspirated indirect injection automobile Volkswagen diesel


engine. Displaced volume 1.47 liters, bore 76.5 mm, stroke 80 mm, maximum power
37KW at 5000 rpm

c. Turbocharged after-cooled direct injection four-stroke cycle Caterpillar six cylinder


in-line heavy duty truck diesel engine. Bore 137.2 mm, stroke 165.1 mm, rated power
200KW to 300KW and rated speed of 1600 rpm to 2100 rpm depending on the
application.

d. V-8 air cooled direct injection naturally aspirated diesel engine. Displacement 13.4
liters, bore 128 mm, stroke 130 mm, compression ratio 17, maximum rated power
188KW at rated speed of 2300 rpm.

e. Large Sulzer two strokes turbocharged marine diesel engine. Bore 840 mm, stroke
2900 mm, rated power 1.9 MW, per cylinder at 78 rpm, 4 to 12 cylinder.

8. The diesel engine in problem #4-part a is operating with a mean piston speed of 8 m/s.
calculate the air flow if the volumetric efficiency is 0.92. If F/A is 0.05, what is the fuel flow
rate, and the mass of the fuel injected per cylinder per cycle?

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9. A single-cylinder, four-stroke cycle CI engine with 12.9-cm bore and 18.0-cm stroke,
operating at 800 RPM, uses 0.113 kg of fuel in four minutes while developing a torque of 76
N-m. Calculate:

a. Brake specific fuel consumption. [grn/kW-hr]


b. Brake mean effective pressure. [kpa]
c. Brake power. [kW]
d. Specific power. [kW/cm2]
e. Output per displacement. [kW/L]
f. Specific volume. [L/kW]

10. A small single-cylinder, two-stroke cycle SI engine operates at 8000 RPM with a volumetric
efficiency of ηv = 0.85. The engine is square (bore = stroke) and has a displacement of 6.28
cm3. The fuel-air ratio FA = 0.067. Calculate:

a. Average piston speed. [m/sec]


b. Flow rate of air into engine. [kg/see]
c. Flow rate of fuel into engine. [kg/see]
d. Fuel input for one cycle. [Kg/cycle]

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