Chapter 24 Forex Operations
Chapter 24 Forex Operations
GLOBAL MARKETS
MANUAL OF OPERATIONS
OVERVIEW
OBJECTIVE:
To establish adequate procedures and controls for front office operations
related to dealing in foreign exchange
INTRODUCTION
Dealers at Merchant desk are engaged in quoting rates for purchase and sale of
foreign exchange to customers. Deals may be concluded with the customers directly
(over phone or through e-platforms like e-Forex, FXT, Fx-All, Fx-Go etc.) and
branches (over phone or through Mercury Fx). The merchant desk activities comprise
of:
• Publishing Card Rates, Online Rates, Libor Rates, Rates for FCNB Premium
Deposits on Mercury Fx platform
• Quote rates for all maturities to customers and Branch officials.
• Interact with customers advising them regarding market trends and
movements.
• Interaction with Branch & RTMU officials.
• Processing of deals concluded with customers/branches in accounting system
Mercury Fx.
Chapter 24.1.1
PUBLISHING OF RATES
The deal processing of customer deals is done through the system “Mercury –Fx”.
Mercury Fx is an online platform used for booking rates and subsequent accounting
in CBS/Exim Bills and is accessible to all the designated branches.
Every day (except Sundays and designated holidays) in the early morning, merchant
desk publishes foreign exchange rates on Mercury Fx system. These rates are
available to all the designated branches having access to Mercury – Fx. The Branches
can negotiate and conclude deals with the customers based on these rates. The
following types of rates are published by the merchant desk:
• Card Rate (Upto Rs. 10 lakhs & above Rs. 10 lakhs to Rs. 20 lakhs )
• Online Rate
• Libor Rate
• Rates for FCNB Premium Deposit account
Card Rate
Card rate is typically quoted to customers having small value forex transactions and
can be utilized by branches as and when required. These rates are also published on
bank’s Corporate Website.
After publishing the card rates, dealer verifies and updates, if required, “tom” and
“spot” dates in Mercury Fx for each currency pair. The verification is necessary to
check whether holidays, if any are correctly captured for calculation of “tom” and
“spot” date calculation.
Online Rate
The online rate is published on Mercury Fx based on the current market rate and
appropriate spread. The rate is revised regularly during the day to bring it in-line with
the market rate.
The online rate of USD/INR is maintained/calculated and published in Mercury Fx by
the Khata dealer of merchant desk, whereas the cross currency rates (presently
GBP/USD and EUR/USD) are maintained and published by the interbank- cross
currency desk.
The online rate is quoted by the Branches to mid –sized corporates.
Libor Rate
Libor Rates are taken from information system Refinitiv Eikon page and published on
the Mercury Fx.
These rates are published mainly for high value NRI customers wishing to cover their
future foreign currency exposures. NRI intensive branches calculate the expected
yields for their customers. The published rates are for information only and actual
rates are informed by dealing room at the time of booking of transaction.
Chapter 24.1.2
Dealers at Merchant Desk may quote directly, depending on market volatility, to the
customer if the transaction amount is up to USD 2 Mio in case of USD/INR Currency
Pair and Eq. Of USD 0.1 Mio in case of cross currency pairs.
In case transaction amount is above the above threshold levels, merchant desk dealer
asks quote from the interbank desk and passes on the same to the customer.
Once the deal is concluded, dealer gives a reference number to customer/branch for
identification of the deal.
Merchant desk also quotes rates to exchange companies both on phone as well as e-
platform (FXT). These deals are required to be entered directly in Murex on
maker/checker concept.
Matching transactions
The customers of the Bank may have matching inflow and outflow transactions of
forex. The dealer quotes a spot rate for matching transaction. The spot rate for such
inflow and outflow matching transactions is same, and dealers may charge a spread.
The final deal is struck after adding the requisite swap points to the matching spot
rate. Matching transactions are done at prevailing market spot rate. However, on
specific customer requests for particular spot rate during the day, the Chief Dealer
may allow a rate from the day’s range for the deal.
Spot Transfer
Customers having underlying at a different bank may choose to cover their spot leg
at our bank and vice-versa. In this case, on a selective basis, they are allowed to
transfer out/transfer in their spot transactions. Spot Transfer is approved by the GM
(Forex).
Chapter 24.1.3
Types of orders:
Normal orders (Both spot and swap points), Stop loss/Take profit orders, OCO (One
Cancels Other) orders, if done orders.
USD/INR ORDER:
Once the order is filled, merchant desk dealer informs the customer to confirm the
deal for value date. (i.e. cash, tom, spot or forward deal). After the deal is confirmed
for value date, it is processed in Mercury Fx.
Orders to buy/sell USD/INR currency pair at FBIL Fixing rate are also taken. The rates
for these deals are advised after FBIL publishes the day’s Fixing rate.
Orders are valid till normal market hours as prescribed by FEDAI/RBI from time to
time. Orders after normal markets hours may be taken only for transactions with
value date exceeding the transaction date. Orders will be watched till 10:00 PM.
Good Till Cancelled (GTC) orders are also taken in Cross Currency pairs selectively.
Chapter 24.1.4
KHATA/POSITION MONITORING
Position Monitoring for USD/INR (Khata desk operations)
The “Khata book” is an online portal used for position monitoring maintained by the
merchant desk Khata Dealer. Once spot leg of a deal in concluded, dealer striking
the deal with customer/branch orally relays deal details (amount, side, customer’s
name) to Khata dealer, Khata dealer inputs the details in the portal. He/she updates
the portal every time a deal is concluded with a customer/branch. Khata dealer also
updates the net currency position appearing in Merchant folder of Murex on the Khata
book on a real time basis. Formula have been set in the Khata book, and the net
merchant position at any point of time gets updated in the sheet and is accessible to
interbank dealer for updation of overall bank’s position.
Whenever a non-reported deal flows in Murex, Khata dealer updates the Murex
position in Khata book and informs the interbank desk.
Cross currency positions are maintained directly by the Inter Bank Crosses Desk. The
dealer striking a deal with customer/branch orally relays deal details (currency,
amount, side, customer’s name) to Interbank Crosses Desk.
DEAL PROCESSING
Deal processing through Order Board
Deals concluded over phone between dealing room and customers are entered on
the Order Board of Mercury Fx quoting the reference number. Once the dealer
executes the same, it flows to Murex on a real time basis. Once the dealer is ready
for execution, he/she informs Khata dealer who boards the transaction on the Khata
book.
These deals are utilized by branch after matching the deal details with the reference
number. On utilization, the original deal (generated at the time of execution on order
board) get cancelled in the Murex and a new deal with the “utilized” amount is
reissued in Murex. (This is backend function and does not require dealer’s
interventions. This also does not impact currency position.).
For Customers who are not enabled on the order board, branches report the
transaction in spool giving the reference number. Dealer gives the agreed rate. Once
the rate is accepted by the branch, dealer committees the same after informing the
Khata dealer who boards the transaction in the Khata book.
Deals may directly be reported by the branches on behalf of customers and are placed
in the dealers’ dashboard. The dealers quote ongoing market rate with a suitable
spread for the deals. In case the rate is acceptable to the branch/customer, the
branch “accepts” the deal in Mercury Fx. On acceptance of the deal, the dealer
“commits” the deal, and the deal flows into Murex.
Chapter 24.1.6
OTHER ACTIVITIES
Start of the Day procedures
At the start of the day, dealers calls up their allotted customers to discuss the likely
market movements during the day and assess if any orders are to be received for the
day.
He/she also informs the customer in case any of its overnight cross-currency orders
are filled. In case of unfilled order, he/she returns the order back to the customer. In
case the customer decides to continue with the same order, the dealer informs the
cross desk accordingly.
At the end of the day the merchant dealer performs certain activities such as closing
of all “unutilized” spot orders in Mercury Fx. For unutilized orders, dealer obtains an
undertaking from the branch that these will be utilised on next working day.
Customer database
Due diligence for a customer is done by Branches/RTMUs. After the customer due
diligence is done and in case the customer is found eligible for direct access to the
dealing room, an authority letter is sent to merchant desk for allowing the same.
Branch obtains and keeps all the necessary papers at their end. Based on this
authority letter, the dealer updates the customer details onto a database maintained
at the desk. This database is accessible to all the dealers and is used to verify the
customer credentials in case of direct calls from the customers.
The authority letter should be obtained periodically. Fresh authority letter should be
obtained in case there is any changes in customer details such as name of dealer(s)
or telephone number(s)
In case of e-Forex customers, the Chief dealer approves the access to the e-Forex
platform after checking the requirements as per the details inserted by corresponding
Branch and recommended by respective RTMU.
In the month-end and at the year-end, dealers will update the volumes of the
customers allotted to them and compare the same with corresponding period last
year. They will talk with the customers regarding any large variations and inform the
Chief Dealer.
SYSTEMS AND CONTROLS
PUBLISHING OF RATES
At the start of the day, inform USD/INR base rate to merchant Merchant
desk for calculating the card rate. The base rate is derived from Dealer/Chief
current market rate and expected market movement. Dealer Spot
Key in the USD/INR base rate in to the card rate spreadsheet. Merchant
Cross currency base rates are taken by the system from Dealer
Refinitiv Eikon information page. The card rate is calculated
automatically on the basis of pre- defined formula in the
spreadsheet.
Check the Card Rates and Upload the same in Mercury –Fx.
Some of the rates are also mailed to Control Desk for publishing
on Intranet site.
JOB DESCRIPTION RESP
Verify the “Tom” and “Spot” dates in Mercury Fx. Ensure that Merchant
holidays if any, have been correctly captured while calculating Dealer
the “Tom” and “Spot” dates
Upload and update the online rate for USD/INR on Mercury Fx Merchant
based on the current market and the pre-approved spread. The Khata Dealer
spread may be widened in case of extreme volatility in
consultation with Chief Dealer (Spot).
Online Rate- USD/ INR Crosses
The online rate for GBP/USD and EUR/USD are maintained and Desk
published by the interbank- cross currency desk.
In case the Branch gives an order and asks to watch the order, Merchant
proceed to watch the order as stated in section 24.1.3 above Dealer
Quoting of “matching rate”
Follow the process as stated in points “Matching
Transactions” as detailed in 24.1.2
Merchant
Dealer
SYSTEMS AND CONTROLS
In case of USD/INR order, enter the details of the order to be Spot Desk/
watched in the order section of Khata book. The order Merchant
automatically gets transferred to appropriate dealer for Khata
watching. Dealer
Once the order is filled, it automatically get updated in
transaction sheet of the respective dealer.
Inform the customer of the order filled. Confirm the deal and
do the final costing, follow the process as stated in “deal
processing” section 24.1.5
DEAL PROCESSING
Relay information to the “Khata Dealer” orally of the deals Merchant
concluded with the customer/branch giving brief detail like Dealer
amount, side and customer’s name.
Based on the oral information received from the dealer, update
the, name of the customer, volume, rate and dealer name in the Khata
Khata book. Dealer
Review the deal details and key in the spot rate and/or swap
points.
Note: Swap points will have to be entered in all non-spot deals
such as cash, tom deals, forward contracts, early delivery of
forward contracts, cancellation and rebooking of forward
contracts, cancellation of contracts, negotiation/discounting of
usance bills, crystallisation of bills etc.
Once the branch accepts the rate, the deal goes to “Pending Merchant
Commitment’ section of dealer dash board. Once the deal is Dealer
committed by the dealer, the same will flow in Murex
automatically on a real time basis and Murex ID is generated.
Khata Dealer updates the Murex position in the Khata book and
informs the Inter-bank desk. Khata
Dealer
In case the deal on the dealer dash board is a covered deal for
which rate was taken earlier, inform the Khata desk dealer with Merchant
the requisite details before committing deal. Once the deal is Dealer
committed, it flows into Murex and Murex ID is generated.
Khata Dealer updates the Murex position in the Khata book and
boards the position appearing in the Khata book. Khata
Dealer
Deal processing on order board
Order board has two sections – Spot Order and Swap Order.
Spot leg of a deal is entered in Spot Order section and swap leg
is entered in swap order section. Swap can be entered only when
spot is placed and executed. Entering the Deal on the order
board
Customer calls concludes the deal with the dealer. Both spot rate
and forward points, if any, are agreed upon between the dealer
and the customer, the deal is complete. The dealer confirm the Merchant
deal details such as the value date and final rate after addition
Dealer
of swap points with him and gives a reference number for
identification.
Dealer enters the deal in the order board in related customer
code giving full details of the deal along with reference number.
JOB DESCRIPTION RESP
The Customer may also book spot rate at one point of time and Merchant
swap rate at the other time. In this case, dealer writes down the Dealer
agreed rate in his/her manual blotter and waits for conclusion of
the remaining rate. Once both the rates are conformed, the deal
is said to be complete and above procedure is followed.
The Customer may also do both spot and forward deals at
various times and at various levels. All the details will be noted Merchant
in the manual blotter and deals will be entered as per instructions
Dealer
of the customer such as a single deal with average rate or
multiple deals at various levels etc.
Dealer enters the deal in the order board in related customer
code giving full details of the deal along with reference number.
Merchant
In case of cash, tom and forward deals, enter the deal details on Dealer
the spot order section, and then enter the swap point details in
the swap order section. Merchant
Dealer
Deals done by the customers (mostly oil companies like IOC, Merchant
BPCL, HPCL) on e-platform with the interbank desk. Dealer
Details of the deal concluded will be provided by interbank desk. Interbank
Enter the deal on order board. Desk
Merchant
Dealer
Execution of Deals
Generally, deals are executed one by one so as to enable khata
dealer to board the transaction on the khatabook and update the
Murex position.
Inform the Khata desk dealer of the deal before executing any
entered deal in the Spot Order section of the order board. Merchant
Dealer
Once the deal is executed, it flows in to Murex and Murex ID is
generated.
Khata Dealer updates the Murex position in the Khata book and Khata
boards the position appearing in the Khata book. Dealer
Once the Spot order is executed, immediately execute the swap Merchant
order Swap orders are to be executed separately for different Dealer
value dates even if they are under the same spot order.
Note: Deals “executed” by dealers have to be “utilised” by
Branches. Branches will “utilise” the deal only when both spot
and swap orders are executed. Once the deal is “utilised” by
branches, the original deal flown in to Murex on “execution” by
dealer is cancelled and a new deal is reissued with the amount
“utilised” by the branch.
Note: Once an order is executed on the order board,
customer code can be changed, but amount, side and branch
code will not be changed. So every care should be taken
before execution of the deal on the order board.
In case orders get filled in for the customers, but costing is not
done on for the same day, enter and execute the deal on the Merchant
order board. Dealer
OTHER ACTIVITIES
Fill in the ODA sheet, with details of all orders not filled in till the Merchant
end of the day and valid till 9:00 next day. Handover the same Dealer
to the interbank cross currency dealer. The interbank cross
currency desk, will watch the order, and fill in the same.
Put up the report of orders filled but not entered in Mercury Fx Merchant
for the day to the Chief dealer and DGM (Forex) Dealer
Other Activities
Update the customer database as and when the direct access
authority letter is received from the Branches for the direct Merchant
access customers. Dealer
In the the month-end and at the year-end, update the volumes
of the customers allotted and compare the same with
corresponding period an year earlier. Discuss with the customers
regarding any large variations and inform the Chief Dealer
Broadcast important messages, relating to Mercury Fx from time
to time as per instructions received from Chief Dealer.
Fixing of mark-up on Fx Retail
RTMUs send mail for fixing of mark-up on Fx-Retail. Based on
circular instructions, mark up is decided and note is presented to
DGM (Forex)
Once the note is approved, mark-up is updated on Fx-Retail
platform.
Keep Track of the mails received in Desk mail ID
Erroneous deals
Erroneous Deals are rectified in the system based on the stage
they are categorised as erroneous.