Visual Dictionary of Architecture
Visual Dictionary of Architecture
any wedge shaped units in a masonry arch or decorative molding or band on the face of an arch
vault, having side cuts converging at one of the following the curve of the intrados
arch centers
8. intrados
4. springer
60. cantilever a projecting beam supported at only one 76. soap a brick or tile having normal face
beam fixed end. dimensions but a nominal thickness of 2
inches.
61. simple beam a resting on simple supports at both ends,
which are free to rotate and have no moment 77. bond any of various arrangements of masonry
resistance. units having a regular, recognizable, usually
overlapping pattern to increase the strength
62. overhanging a simple beam extending beyond one its
and enhance the appearance of the
beam supports. The overhang reduces the positive
construction.
moment at midspan while developing a
negative moment at the base of the 78. running bond consists entirely of stretchers
cantilever over the support. 79. Soldier A vertical row of bricks, all standing on end
63. double a simple beam extending beyond both of its Course
overhanging supports. 80. common bond stretcher course with headers every 5 to 6
beam rowsÂ
64. fixed end A fixed end beam is one that is restrained( 81. English bond Form of brick bond which is composed of
beam fixed) againts rotation at its ends. Some are alternating courses of headers nd stretchers.
fixed at one end and simply supported at the
82. Flemish bond Each course is alternately composed of
other end. (Statically indeterminate)
entirely of headers or of stretchers.
65. effective the distance between inflection points in the
83. superstructure the vertical extension of a building or other
length span of a fixed-end or continuous beam,
construction above the foundation.
equivalent in nature to the actual length of a
simply supported beam. 84. shell the exterior framework or walls and roof of
a building.
66. cull a brick or timber rejected as being of inferior
quality. 85. substructure the underlying structure forming the
foundation of a building or other
construction.
86. edifice a building, esp of one of large size, massive 109. tribune the bishop's throne, occupying a recess or
or imposing appearance. apse in an early christian church.
87. story a complete horizonatal division of a bulding. 110. bema a transverse open space separating the nave
and apse of an early christian church.
88. midrise 5 to 10 stories
111. nave the principal or central part of a church.
89. lowrise one to three stores.
112. Transept part of the body of a church adjoining the
90. crawl space an area in a building having a clearance less
nave
than human height, but accessible by
crawling, esp such a space below the first 113. crossing point where nave and transept cross
floor that is enclosed by the foundation walls.
114. spire a tall, acutely tapering pyramidical structure
91. fenestration the design, proportioning of windows and surmounting a steeple or tower.
other openings of a building.
115. Tympanum "-detail of 2nd coming
92. Portico In architecture, a projecting roof or porch -christ greets worshipers
supported by columns, often making an
entrance. -reflects that christ is door to salvation
93. porte carriage entry, covered
-The semi-circular or triangular decorative
cochere
wall surface above a portal"
94. rotunda a round, domed building, or a large and high
116. arcade a series of arches supported on piers or
circular space in such a buildin, esp. one
columns.
surmounted by a dome.
117. fleche a slender spire rising from the ridge of a roof,
95. Piloti vertical column supports or stilts.
espl one above the crossing of a gothic
96. trellis a frame supporting latticework, used as a church.
screen or support for growing vines or plants.
118. Finial A relatively small, usually foilated ornament
97. pergola covered walk in a garden usually formed by a terminating the peak of a spire or pinnacle
double row of posts or pillars with beams
119. chancel the space about the altar of a church, usually
above and covered with climbing plants
enclosed, for the clergy and other officials.
98. topiary a trimmed plant made into a shape; usually a
120. Rose a circular stained glass window
shrub
Window
99. acoustical a ceiling of acoustical tile or other sound
121. Triforium a narrow passage in the thickness of the wall
ceiling absorbing material.
with arches opening onto the nave. It may
100. Cross tee Secondary member of the grid supporting a occur at the level of the clerestory windows,
suspended ceiling system usually a sheet or it may be located as a separate level
metal tee carried by the main runners. below the clerestory. It may itself have an
101. vitrify to make a clay body vitreous by firing at a outer wall of glass rather than stone.
specified temperature. 122. column a rigid, relatively slender structural member
102. vitreous resembling glass, as in transparency, hardness, designed primarily to support compressive
brittleness, luster or having low or no loads applied at the member ends.
porosity. 123. buckling the sudden lateral or torsional instability of a
103. non water absorption greater than 7 percent slender structural member induced by the
vitreous action of a compressive load. buckling can
occur well before the yield stress of the
104. adobe sun dried brick made of clay and straw.
material is reached.
105. atrium the forecourt of an early christian church,
124. slenderness the ratio of the effective length of a column to
flanked or surrounded by porticos.
ratio its least radius of gyration.
106. ambulatory the covered walk of an atrium or cloister.
125. radius of the radial distance from any axis to a point at
107. cantharus a basin for a ritual cleansing with water in the gyration which the mass of a body could be
atrium of an early christian basilica. concentrated without altering the moment of
108. apse a large semicircular or polygonal recess on inertia of the body about that axis.
an end wall of a building.
126. effective the distance between inflection points in a 145. Basket A three centered arch having a crown with a
length column subject to buckling. Handle radius much greater than that of the outer pair of
Arch curves.
127. natural a naturally occurring clayey limestone that,
cement when calcined and finely pulverized, produces 146. Lancet A pointed arch having two centers and radii
a hydraulic cement. Arch greater than the span
128. Flat Arch An arch having a horizontal intrados with 147. Drop A pointed arch having two centers and radii less
voussoirs radiating from a center below, often Arch than the span.
built with a slight camber to allow for setting.
148. Surbased An arch having a rise of less than half the span.
129. French A flat arch having voussoirs inclined to the Arch
Arch same angle on each side of the center.
149. Ogee A pointed arch , each haunch of which is a
130. Round An arch having a continously curved intrados Arch double curve with the concave side uppermost
Arch especially a semicircular one.
150. Funicular An arch shaped to develop only axial
131. Roman An Arch Having a semicircular intrados Arch compression under a given loading. Is subject to
Arch bending if the loading pattern changes
132. Segmental an arch struck from one or more centers below 151. Rigid An arch structure of timber,steel or reinforced
Arch the springing line Arch concrete, constructed as a rigid body capable
of carrying bending stress.
133. Skewback A stone or course of masonry having a sloping
face against which the end of a segmental arch 152. Fixed A fixed frame structure having an arched form.
rests. Arch
134. Pointed An arch having a pointed crown 153. Two- A two-hinged frame structure having an arched
Arch Hinged form
Arch
135. Equilateral A pointed arch having two centers and radii
Arch equal to the span 154. Three- A three-hinged frame structure having an arched
Hinged form
136. Gothic A pointed arch especially one having two
Arch
Arch centers and equall radii
155. Abutment The part of a structure receiving and supporting
137. Tudor Arch A four centered arch having an inner pair of
the thrust of an arch, vault or strut
curves with radius much greater than that of the
outer pair 156. Tie Rod An iron or steel rod serving as a structural tie
especially one keeping the lower ends of an
138. Triangular A primitive form of arch consisting of two
arch or frame from spreading
Arch stones laid diagonally to support each other
over an opening 157. Arch The manner in which an arch transforms the
Action vertical forces of a supported load into inclined
139. Corbel A false arch constructed by corbeling courses
components and transmits them to abutments on
Arch from each side of an opening until they meet at
either side of the archway
a midpoint where a capstone is laid to
complete the work. The stepped reveals may 158. Arch Axis The medium line of an arched structure.
be soothed, but no arch action is effected.
159. Line of The set of resultants of thrust and weight each
140. Rampant An arch having one impost higher than the Thrust part of an arch imposes on the next lower one.
arch other
160. Thrust The outward force or pressure exerted by one
141. Stilted An arch resting on imposts treated as part of a structure against another
Arch downward continuations of the archivolt
161. Drift The thrust of an arched structure on its
142. Bell Arch A round arch resting on two large corbels with abutments, proportional to the total load and
curved faces span and inversely proportional to the rise.
143. Horseshoe an arch having an intrados that widens above 162. Bending An external moment tending to cause part of a
Arch the springing before narrowing to a rounded Moment structure to rotate or bend, equal to the
crown algebraic sum of the moments about the neutral
axis of the section under consideration.
144. Trefoil An arch having a cusped intrados with three
Arch round or pointed foils
163. Resisting An internal moment equal and opposite to a 176. Temper To strengthen or toughen a metal by reheating at
Moment bending moment, generated by a force couple a lower temperature and slowly cooling the
to maintain equilibrium of the section being material.
considered
177. Stress The tempering of a metal at a temperature high
164. Deflection the perpendicular distance a spanning Releasing enough to relieve residual stresses, followed by
member deviates from a true course under slow, uniform cooling.
transverse loading, increasing with load and
178. Residual Microscopic stress in metal resulting from non
span, and decreasing with an increase in the
Stress uniform thermal changes, plastic deformation, or
moment of inertia of the section or the modulus
other causes aside from external forces or
of elasticity of the material.
applications of heat.
165. Camber A slight convex curvature intentionally built into
179. Case- To make the outside surface of an iron-based
a beam, girder or truss to compensate for an
Harden alloy hard by carbonization and heat treatment,
anticipated deflection
leaving the interior tough and ductile.
166. Transverse A shear force at a cross section of a beam or
180. Bloom A bar of steel reduced from an ingot to
Shear other member subject to bending , equal to the
dimensions suitable for further rolling.
algebraic sum of transverse forces on one side
of the section. 181. Blooming A mill for rolling ingots into blooms
Mill
167. Horizontal The shearing stress developed to prevent
Shearing slippage along horizontal planes of a beam 182. Billet A narrow, generally square , bar of steel, forged
Stress under transverse loading, equal at any point to or hot-rolled from an ingot or bloom
the vertical shearing stress at that point. 183. Hot-Roll To roll metal at a heat high enough to permit
168. Vertical The shearing stress developed along a cross recrystallization
Shearing section of a beam to resist transverse shear, 184. Hot- The dark, oxidizes, relatively rough finish
Stress having a maximum value at the neutral axis and Rolled obtained by rolling metal while hot.
decreasing nonlinearly toward the outer faces. Finish
169. Ingot A mass of metal cast into a convenient shape 185. Die the process or product of forcing molten metal
for storage or transportation before further Casting into a metallic mold under hydraulic pressure to
processing. give it a particular shape or form.
170. Blank A piece of metal ready to be drawn, pressed, or 186. Casting The process or product of forming a material
machined into a finished object. into a particular shape by pouring it into mold in
171. Scale An oxide occurring in a scarcely form on the a fluid state and letting it harden.
surface of metal when brought to a high 187. Mold A hollow form or matrix for giving a particular
temperature shape to something in a molten or plastic state.
172. Mill Scale A loose coating of iron oxide that forms on iron 188. Cold-Roll to roll metal at a temperature below that at
or steel during hot-rolling. Mill scale increases which re-crystallization occurs, so as to increase
the bond between steel and concrete in its tensile strength or improve its surface finish
reinforced concrete or in structural steelwork
189. Mill Finish the striated finish that cold rolling or extrusion
encased in concrete for fire protection.
imparts to a metal surface
173. Heat The controlled heating and cooling or metal to
190. Cold- to draw metal through a set of dies to reduce its
Treatment develop certain desirable physical or
Draw cross sectional area without preheating, as in the
mechanical properties.
fabrication of wire or tubing.
174. Anneal To remove internal stress from metal or glass
191. Drawn a smooth, bright finish introduced by drawing
by heating to a temperature below that of
Finish metal through a die.
recrystallization and then gradually cooling in a
liquid or air especially to make the material 192. Die A steel block or plate having small conical
more ductile holes through which metal or plastic is extruded
or drawn for shaping
175. Quench To rapidly cool a heated metal by immersion in
water especially to increase its hardness 193. Hot the working of a metal at a temperature high
working enough to permit recrystallization
194. Recrystallize to acquire a new granular structure with new 208. Stainless An alloy steel containing a minimum of 12%
crystals because of plastic deformation, as Steel chromium, sometimes with nickel, manganese, or
when worked after being heated. molybdenum as additional alloying elements, so
as to be highly resistant to corrosion
195. Cold the working of metal below the temperature
Working at which recrystallization occurs, as in 209. Base the principal metal of an alloy or a piece
drawing, pressing, or stamping. Metal underlying a coating of another metal.
196. Iron A malleable, ductile, magnetic, silver white 210. Alloy a substance composed of two or more metals,
metallic element from which pig iron and or of a metal and a nonmetal, intimately mixed,
steel are made. as by fusing or electro-deposition
197. Cast Iron a hard, brittle, non malleable iron-based 211. Slag the vitrified matter left as a residue from the
alloy containing 2.0%-4.4% carbon and 0.5- smelting of a metallic ore.
3% silicon, cast in a sand mold and
212. Blast- Slag left as a residue by the smelting of iron ore
machined to make any building products
Furnace in a blast furnace
198. Wrought Iron A tough, malleable, relatively soft iron that is Slag
readily forged and welded, having a fibrous
213. Blast A large vertical furnace for smelting iron from
structure containing approximately 0.2%
Furnace ore, in which combustion is intensified by a
carbon and a small amount of uniformly
continuous blast of air through the fuel
distributed slag.
214. Rust The reddish brittle coating formed on the
199. Steel any of various iron-based alloys having a
surface of iron especially when exposed to
carbon content less than that of cast iron
moisture and air consisting essentially of
and more than that of wrought iron, and
hydrated ferric oxide formed by oxidation.
having qualities of strength, hardness and
elasticity varying according to composition 215. Oxidation The process or result of combining with oxygen
and heat treatment to form an oxide
200. Smelt To melt or fuse ore in order to separate the 216. Oxide A binary compound of oxygen with another
metal constituents element.
201. Pig An oblong mass of metal that has been 217. Noble Resists oxidation when heated in air, and
poured while still molten into a mold of sand Metal solution by inorganic acids.
especially such a mass of iron from a blast 218. Glass A hard, brittle, usually transparent or translucent
furnace substance, produced by fusing silica together
202. Malleable Cast iron that has been annealed by with a flux and a stabilizer into a mass that
Cast Iron transforming the carbon content jnto a cools to a rigid condition without crystallization.
graphite or removing it completely 219. Crown An old form of window glass formed by
203. Malleable capable of being shaped or formed by Glass blowing and whirling a hollow sphere of glass
hammering or by pressure from rollers into a flat, circular disk with a center lump left
by the worker's rod.
204. Carbon Ordinary, unalloyed steel in which the
Steel residual elements are controlled. Any 220. Sheet A flat, soda-lime-silica glass fabricated by
increase in carbon content increases the Glass drawing the molten glass from a furnace.
strength and hardness of the steel but 221. Plate a flat, soda-lime-silica glass formed by rolling
reduces its ductility and weldability Glass molten glass into a plate that is subsequently
205. Mild Steel A low- carbon steel containing from polished after cooling.
0.15%-0.25% carbon 222. Float A flat, soda-lime-silica glass that is extremely
206. Medium a carbon steel containing from 0.25%-0.45% Glass smooth and nearly distortion-free, manufactured
Steel by pouring molten glass onto a surface of
molten tin and allowing it to cool slowly.
207. Spring Steel A high carbon steel containing 0.85%-1.8%
223. Insulating A glass unit consisting of two or more sheets of
Glass glass separated by hermetically-sealed air
spaces.
224. Hermetic Made airtight by fusing or sealing.
225. Tinted A glass having a chemical admixture to absorb 239. Obscure glass having one or both sides acid-etched or
Glass a portion of the radiant heat and visible light Glass sandblasted to obscure vision.
that strike it.
240. Spandrel An opaque glass for concealing the structural
226. Reflective A glass having a thin, translucent metallic Glass elements in curtain wall construction, produced
Glass coating bonded to the exterior or interior by fusing a ceramic frit to the interior surface
surface to reflect a portion of the light and of tempered or heat-strengthened glass.
radiant heat that strike it.
241. Glass A translucent, hollow block of glass with clear,
227. Low- Glass that transmits visible light while Block textured or patterned faces, made by fusing
Emissivity selectively reflecting the longer wavelengths two halves together with a partial vacuum
Glass of radiant heat, produced by depositing a low- inside and used for glazing openings.
emissivity coating either on the glass itself or
242. Glass Brick A solid, impact-resistant glass block unit,
over a transparent plastic film.
sometimes having an insert or coated to
228. Emissivity The relative ability of a surface to emit radiant reduce solar heat transmission.
heat, measured against a black body at the
243. Face The setting of a glass pane in a rabbeted frame,
same temperature.
Glazing holding it in place with glazier's points, and
229. Shading The ratio of solar heat transmission through a sealing it with a beveled bead of putty or
Coefficient particular glass to the solar heat transmission glazing compound.
through double-strength clear glass.
244. Face Putty The putty or glazing compound formed on the
230. Single- Sheet glass having a thickness of 2.4mm exterior side of a glass pane.
Strength
245. Bedding A thin layer of putty or glazing compound laid
Glass
in the rabbet of window sash to give a pane of
231. Double- Sheet glass having a thickness of 3.2 mm glass an even backing.
Strength
246. Glazier's A small, pointed piece of metal for holding a
Glass
Point glass pane in a wood sash until the face putty
232. Annealed A glass that is cooled slowly to relieve internal has hardened.
Glass stresses.
247. Putty A compound of whiting and linseed oil, of
233. Tempered Annealed glass that is reheated to just below dough-like consistency when fresh, used in
Glass the softening point and then rapidly cooled to securing windowpanes or patching woodwork
induce compressive stresses in the surfaces defects.
and edges of the glass and tensile stresses in
248. Glazing An adhesive compound used as putty,
the interior.
Compound formulated so as not to become brittle with
234. Laminated Two or more plies of flat glass bonded under age.
Glass heat and pressure to interlayers of polyvinyl
249. Glass Size The size of a glass pane required for glazing
butyral resin that retains the fragments if the
an opening, allowing for adequate edge
glass is broken.
clearances.
235. Security Laminated glass having exceptional tensile and
250. United The sum of one length and one width of a
Glass impact strength, consisting of multiple plies of
Inches rectangular glass pane, measured in inches.
glass bonded under heat and pressure to
interlayers of polyvinyl butyral resin. 251. Edge One of the small blocks of synthetic rubber
Block placed between the side edges of a glass pane
236. Acoustical Laminated or insulating glass used for sound
and a frame to center it, maintain a uniform
Glass control.
width of sealant, and limit lateral movement
237. Wire Glass Flat or patterned glass having a square or caused by building vibrations or thermal
diamond wire mesh embedded within it to expansion.
prevent shattering in the event of breakage or
252. Face The distance between the face of a glass pane
excessive heat.
Clearance and the nearest face of its frame or stop,
238. Patterened Glass having an irregular surface pattern measured normal to the plane of the glass.
Glass formed in the rolling process to obscure vision
253. Bite The amount of overlap between the edge of a
or to diffuse light.
glass pane and a window frame, stop, or lock-
strip gasket.
254. Edge The distance between the edge of glass pane and a window frame, measured in the plane of the glass.
Clearance
255. Glass A glazing system in which sheets of tempered glass are suspended from special clamps, stabilized by perpendicular
Mullion stiffeners of tempered glass, and joined by a structural silicone sealant.
System
256. Double The installation of two parallel panes of glass with a sealed air space between to reduce the transmission of heat and
Glazing sound.
257. Glazing The panes or sheets of glass or other transparent material made to be set in frames, as in windows, doors, or mirrors.
258. Wet Glazing The setting of glass in a window frame with glazing tape or a liquid sealant.
259. Glazing Tape A preformed ribbon of synthetic rubber having adhesive properties and used in glazing to form a watertight seal
between glass and frame.
260. Cap Sealant An adhesive liquid of synthetic rubber injected into the joint between a glass pane and a window frame, curing to
form a watertight seal.
261. Glazing A wood molding or metal section secured against the edge of a glass pane to hold it in place.
Bead
262. Dry Glazing The setting of glass in a window frame with a compression gasket instead of glazing tape or liquid sealant.
263. Compression A preformed strip of synthetic rubber or plastic compressed between a glass pane and a window frame to form a
Gasket watertight seal and cushion for the glass.
264. Lockstrip A preformed gasket of synthetic rubber for securing a glass pane in a window frame or opening, held in
Gasket compression by forcing a keyed locking strip into a groove in the gasket.