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Lymphatic System & Immunity

The lymphatic system transports fluid called lymph throughout the body while also containing lymphocytes and acting as part of the immune system. It is made up of lymph, lymph nodes, the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and lymphatic vessels. The lymphatic system drains into the subclavian veins and helps fight pathogens by containing tissues and organs that produce and store white blood cells. The immune system provides innate, nonspecific defenses against foreign substances from the start of exposure as well as adaptive defenses that improve with repeated exposure through increased specificity and memory. It contains both humoral and cell-mediated responses utilizing chemicals, white blood cells, and lymphocytes.

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Rika Pascual
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74 views45 pages

Lymphatic System & Immunity

The lymphatic system transports fluid called lymph throughout the body while also containing lymphocytes and acting as part of the immune system. It is made up of lymph, lymph nodes, the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and lymphatic vessels. The lymphatic system drains into the subclavian veins and helps fight pathogens by containing tissues and organs that produce and store white blood cells. The immune system provides innate, nonspecific defenses against foreign substances from the start of exposure as well as adaptive defenses that improve with repeated exposure through increased specificity and memory. It contains both humoral and cell-mediated responses utilizing chemicals, white blood cells, and lymphocytes.

Uploaded by

Rika Pascual
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LYMPHATICS & IMMUNE

SYSTEM
ANA-PHYSIO LEC
MLV ALONZO
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
- lymph
- lymphocytes
- lymph nodes
- tonsils
- spleen
- thymus glands
- Carries fluid in one direction
- Fluid moves from blood
capillaries to tissue spaces

- * lymphatic capillaries; more


permeable allowing easy
movements of lymph
- Lined by overlapping squamous
cells which act as valve to
prevent back flow of fluid

Found in most tissues except CNS, bone


marrow and tissues without blood vessels
- Right side of the head,
neck, chest drain into
right lymphatic duct

- The rest of the body


enter the thoracic
duct and drain into left
subclavian vein
• Small intestine

special lymphatics called


lacteals
- Collect dietary lipids and fat
soluble vitamins
- Lymph; milky in appearance
called chyle
LYMPHATIC TISSUES
- composed of lymphocytes and macrophages
- part of the immune response
- fibers ( reticular fibers ) serve as traps for microorganism

LYMPHATIC ORGANS
- tonsils
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- thymus
TONSILS

- Pharyngeal tonsils ( adenoids);


located near the opening of the
nasal cavity
- Palatine tonsils; each side of the
posterior opening of the oral
cavity
- Lingual tonsil; posterior surface of
the tongue
WALDEYER’S RING
- provide protection against
pathogens
and other potentially harmful
materials
LYMPH NODES
- Almond shape structures
distributed along various
lymphatic vessels

- Functions;
- activation of immune
system
- removal of
microorganisms and
foreign body
Cancer cells can spread
through the lymphatic
system
Germinal centers;
contain rapidly dividing
lymphocytes to be released into
the lymph , eventually through the
blood
SPLEEN
- Located in the left superior corner
of the abdominal cavity

a. white pulp; lymphatic tissue


surrounding the arteries
b. red pulp; associated with veins
and consist of fibrous network filled
with macrophages and red blood
cells
Functions;
- filters blood ( graveyard for worn out
red blood cells)
- detect and respond to foreign
substance in the blood
- also serve as blood reservoir
THYMUS
- Bilobed gland located in the superior
mediastinum
- Increases in size until puberty and
dramatically decrease in size as one gets
older
Functions;
site for production and
maturation of lymphocytes which
circulate to other lymphatic tissue
and help protect against
microorganisms
IMMUNITY

- Ability to resist damage from foreign


substances such as microorganisms,
harmful chemicals (toxin)
Adaptive immunity
- Body recognizes and
destroy foreign
substance on
Innate immunity exposure, but
-non specific responses improve
- body each time foreign
recognizes and substance is
destroy foreign encountered.
substance on the
same time it is - Characteristic
exposed to them features;
- a. specificity; ability
to recognize specific
substance
- b. memory; ability
to remember previous
encounter
INNATE IMMUNITY; MECHANISM OF
ACTIONS

A. Mechanical mechanism/Barrier
B. Chemical mediators
C. Cells
D. Inflammatory response
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
most important component of immunity
- chemical released from microorganism
attract white blood cells ( chemotaxis)

Phagocytic cells Cells that release chemicals


- neutrophils such as histamine/leukotrienes
- macrophages to produce inflammatory
response ( basophils, mast cells
and eosinophils)

Cells that damage the cell


membranes of microorganisms
leading to lysis of cell
Natural killer cells (lymphocytes )
LOCAL INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
inflammatory response confined to specific area;
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
- Response to injury and may release or
activate chemical mediators such as
histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes,
complement and kinins

1. vasodilation; brings the white blood cell to the area of


injury
2. Chemotactic attraction of phagocytes
3. Increase vascular permeability, allow fibrinogen to enter
tissue ( activate fibrinogen , to fibrin; lead to walling off
of infected area)
SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

- inflammatory response generally distributed throughout


the body
- 5 cardinal signs are present

- In addition are;
a. red bone marrow produces and release large
amount of neutrophils, promoting phagocytosis
b. pyrogens; chemicals released by microorganism
stimulate fever production ( hypothalamus)
c. severe cases: increase vascular permeability
leading to large amount of fluid loss
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
- specificity; ability to POW !!!!
recognize a particular
substance

- Memory; ability to respond


with increasing effectiveness
to successive exposure to
antigen
TYPES OF ANTIGEN
1. Self antigen; molecules produced by the
body that stimulate immune response
2. foreign antigens; introduced from outside
the body
e.g. microorganisms, chemicals
pollen, animal hair and drugs ( allergic
reactions)
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE
1. Humoral immunity
2. Cell mediated immune response

* Cells responsible; LYMPHOCYTES


LYMPHOCYTES
T – CELLS

CYTOTOXIC T- CELLS;
- produce the effects of cell
mediated immunity
- destructive to cells

HELPER T- CELLS;
- promote or inhibit the activities of
both antibody-mediated immunity and
cell mediated immunity

1. Antigen recognition
2. Proliferation of lymphocytes
recognizing the antigen
ANTIGEN RECOGNITION

- Antigen receptors ( surface )


- Binds with specific antigen
- Cloning of lymphocytes with the same antigen
receptors
- Activation of clone lymphocytes marked the
beginning of immune response

- * B & T lymphocytes only recognize the antigen


after large molecules are broken down into
smaller fragments by antigen presenting cells
( macrophages) via phagocytosis
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX MOLECULE (MHC)

- Glycoproteins which have binding sites for antigen


- Different types and different binding sites for specific antigens

- Function; serving trays that hold and processed antigen on the outer
surface of the cell membrane
* The combined MHC molecule and processed antigen bind to the
antigen receptor on B or T cell to stimulate them (1st signal)

2nd signal; costimulation


released of cytokines ( released by neighboring cells,
specifically the macrophages)
- cause the stimulation of helper T cells

* There are also other glycoproteins that help and bind cells
together and stimulate response to helper T cells; CD4 or T4 cells
PROLIFERATION OF HELPER T CELLS
PROLIFERATION OF B CELLS
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
HUMORAL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

ANTIBODIES

-product of antigen stimulation


- Are present in body fluids
- Also called as immunoglobulins

- Can act against ECF antigens such as


bacteria, virus and toxins
- Involved in allergic reactions

Variable region; combines with antigen


Constant region; can activate complement
or attach to cells such as macrophages,
basophils and mast cells
EFFECTS OF ANTIBODIES
Direct effect; it binds with antigen to
inactivate the antigen
Indirect effect; after binding with variable region to
an antigen, it activates other mechanisms to destroy
the antigen
ANTIBODY PRODUCTION

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