THE UNIVERSITYOF DODOMA

COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES
AND SOCIAL SCIENCES.

SCHOOL OF SOCIAL
SCIENCES.

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.

TITLE: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DOMESTIC SOLID

WASTES DISPOSAL PRACTICES AT CHANG’OMBE WARD.

STUDENT NAME; YONGO BONIPHACE ADRIANO

REGISTRATION NUMBER; T/UDOM/2014/00834

DEGREE PROGRAMME; BAEDM

SUPERVISOR; MR. RUGEMALILA RICHARD.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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I extend my sincere appreciation to all who contributed to the successful completion of this
work. I am also grateful to extend special thanks to my supervisor Mr. Rugemalila Richard for
his useful support and guidance at all stages of preparing this work. This work will make me
proud and starting point throughout my academic life. God bless him.

The author wishes to thank all those whose support had a contribution in the production of this
report. Included in the list of valuable support are Ward and street leaders, households, and
representatives of groups involved in solid waste management at Chang’ombe Ward.

Finally my appreciations goes to my lovely mother Maria Mayoka and my sisters; Christina
Yongo and Janeroza Yongo for their great contribution while I was pursuing this study.

ABSTRACT

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The main objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of domestic solid waste disposal
practices at Chang’ombe ward. To achieve this, 69 household survey structured questionnaires,
interviews with key informants and observations were employed in data gathering together with
secondary data. The study was conducted in Chang’ombe ward in Dodoma municipality.
Findings revealed that non-organic solid waste constituted the largest proportion of waste
generated in Chang’ombe ward and other forms were also generated. CBOs such as “kikundi cha
wanaharakati mazingira” and “kikundi mazingira kwanza” are involved in collecting waste
materials at the household level yet their collection is very minimal. About (71.90% n=69) of the
households, their solid waste disposal practices are not effective. Most of them use
indiscriminate and illegal dumping of wastes in undesignated areas such as night dumping in
open spaces, bury and openly burnt with no formal separation resulting in the increase of
associated health and environment problems. In light of these findings, it was recommended that
waste collection entities be capacitated, people be educated, promotion of waste recycling,
reduction and reuse, provision of free charged dustbins to the households for waste storage by
the Municipal council, ensuring security to the streets by establishing of road street lighting
project to avert illegal dumping of wastes during the night and installing communal waste
collection containers to the streets where non-existed before. This will serve time, reduce the
illegal dumping and waste collection charges to the households.

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ADB African Development Bank

CBOs Community Based Organizations

CDA Capital Development Authority

DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

GHG Greenhouse gas

GOT Government of Tanzania

IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

LFG Landfill Gas

MAMADO Maji na Maendeleo Dodoma

MSW Municipal Solid Wastes

NBS National Bureau of Statistics

NGOs Non-Government Organizations

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme

UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements Programme

URT United republic of Tanzania

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

WB World Bank

WHO. World Health Organization

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 SECTION ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

This chapter introduces an overview of the problem and state on the situation of domestic solid
waste disposal practices at global, regional and at local level. It also contains the research
objectives to be dealt with and research questions formulated that have to be answered.
Furthermore, it encompasses significances of the study as well as definition of the key terms
used.

1.2 Background to the study

Hundred and thousand years ago, the solid waste management system was not a big deal in the
globe. One of the studies related to this stated that “The first humans did not worry much about
waste management; rather they simply left their garbage where it dropped” (Ollis, 2011). This
implies that solid waste disposal task is becoming a serious concern due to the alarmingly
increase rate of population growth and the development of urbanization in the world. A study by
Cecilia (2012) states that “as far as humans have been living in settled communities, solid waste
become an issue, and modern people generate by far more wastes than early humans ever did”.
As urbanization increases, the amount of domestic solid waste increases too (Ollis, 2011).

Globally, solid waste management is one of the greatest environmental health challenges and
continues to overwhelm local authorities and national governments as urban populations
continue to rise and consumption patterns change (Cecilia, 2012). Many countries have made
great steps in addressing waste management including waste disposal, particularly since the
environment came onto the international agenda in the 1960s (UNEP, 2015). Selecting a disposal
method depends almost completely on costs and technology and land space available. In
developed countries domestic solid wastes are dumped or disposed in non-sanitary landfills due
to land scarcity. Recycling is used to manage only approximately 20% of the total generated
waste. The remaining solid waste quantities are used for energy recovery. In developed
countries, the option of landfilling is on the decrease over time compared to the other options.

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Africa still almost exclusively relies on land disposal of solid wastes. Open dumpsites are the
most common practice of disposing solid waste (World Bank, 2012). Dumping of mixed waste
occurs near open burning, grazing of stray animals and pollution of surface and groundwater by
hazardous substances such as leachate and gas (UNEP, 2011). Dumpsites have been linked to
many harmful health effects, including skin and eye infections, respiratory problems, vector-
borne diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, hepatitis, cholera, malaria, dengue and
yellow fever (UNEP, 2011).

The current problems associated with solid waste in the developing countries may be related to
other factors such as poor infrastructure, political, technical, socio-economic, managerial,
regulatory and legal issues. Waste is typically disposed-off, without consideration for
environmental and human health impacts leading to its accumulation in cities, towns and
uncontrolled dumpsites (UN-HABITAT, 2010). Only few African countries have adopted
recycling initiatives especially for paper, plastics, scrap metals and glass.

Tanzania like other developing countries is experiencing the problem of ineffective domestic
solid waste disposal practices especially in large cities and Municipals (ADB, 2012). The rapid
population growth overwhelms the capacity of most municipal authorities to provide even the
most basic services (Achankeng, 2003). Open dumping is the most common waste disposal
methods in urban areas where skips and waste containers are too far. Hence, the communities
dump wastes indiscriminately and some disposal points are often overflowing with uncollected
wastes (WB, 2012).

Dodoma municipality had a total population of 410,956 people in 2012 (NBS, 2013) and it was
estimated that each person was producing an average solid waste of about 0.5kg to 0.8 kg per
day in 2011 (Nicodemus, 2011). The solid waste generated per day in Dodoma municipality
being organic and inorganic wastes has increased from 251 tonnes in 2010 to 278 tonnes per day
in 2011 (Nicodemus, 2011). In total, about 278 tonnes of solid wastes are generated daily in
Dodoma municipality of which 178 tonnes being domestic and commercial wastes (Nicodemus,
2011). Due to the rapid increase in population, urbanization and emerging of unplanned
settlements, the municipal council is incapacity to collect and disposal all the solid wastes
generated.

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1.3 Statement of the problem

Waste disposal issues are not just problem of a certain country or a continent. It is a global issue
which should be addressed immediately. If not properly dealt with, waste poses a threat to public
health and the environment (UNEP, 2015). It is a growing issue linked directly to the way
society produces and consumes, it concerns everyone. Domestic solid waste is inevitable because
by nature every human activity generates a certain amount of solid waste. The rate of solid waste
generated tends to increase with the increase in population (Kasala, 2014). Improper waste
disposal can cause big problems to human health and improper waste disposal by one individual
may affect the entire citizenry (Fobil et al, 2008).

Dodoma is one of the municipals in Tanzania which has been characterized by increasing trend
of solid waste partially due to rapid urbanization, industrialization and population growth.
Dodoma municipality had a total population of 410,956 people in 2012 (NBS, 2013) and it was
estimated that each person was producing an average solid waste of about 0.5kg to 0.8 kg per
day in 2011 (Nicodemus, 2011). Solid wastes generated in Dodoma Municipality are from
various areas which include institutions like schools, households, commercial centers like hotels,
shops, offices and food markets, hospitals and street sweeping. The solid waste generated per
day in Dodoma Municipality has increased from 251tones per day in 2010 to 278tones per day in
2011 (Nicodemus, 2011). The municipal council has employed various initiatives and
programmes on solid waste collection and final disposal such as involvement of private sectors,
NGOs, CBOs and other stakeholders in the management of solid wastes.

Rapid urbanization due to unplanned settlement and rapid population growth have resulted into
unexpected threats of solid waste to the municipality. However, Dodoma municipal council has
established a number of programmes, campaigns, strategies and initiatives to manage household
solid waste through collection and dumping but the problem still exists up to date. The
challenges of disposing solid waste have been implicated by the low capacities of the municipal
in collection processes and dumping of wastes (Nicodemus, 2011). The uncollected garbage is
mostly dumped illegally and threatens the environment and human health leading to an increase
in epidemic diseases and pollution. This study therefore attempts to fill this gap by assessing the
effectiveness of domestic solid waste disposal practices at Chang’ombe ward.

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1.4 Research objectives

1.4.1 General objective

The overall objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of domestic solid waste disposal
practices at Chang’ombe ward.

1.4.2 Specific objectives

i. To identify the domestic solid waste disposal practices used at Chang’ombe ward.

ii. To examine the suitability of the practices used for domestic solid waste disposal at
Chang’ombe ward.

iii. To determine the challenges facing the households in disposing of domestic solid wastes
at Chang’ombe ward and measures to be taken.

1.5 Research questions

i. What are the domestic solid waste disposal practices used at the study area?

ii. Are the practices used for domestic solid waste disposal at Chang’ombe ward suitable?

iii. What are the challenges facing the households in disposing of domestic solid wastes at
Chang’ombe ward and measures to be taken?

1.6 Significance of the study

Understanding the effectiveness of domestic solid waste disposal practices in Chang’ombe ward
may provide information for developing practical and sustainable waste disposal practices in the
study area. It is foreseen that the findings from this study will be of significant benefit to the
Municipal Council, future researchers, academicians and Municipal policy makers particularly at
the local level in the process of formulation and implementation of sustainable waste
management practices.

Furthermore, this study will help the municipal government authority and other stakeholders
including non-governmental organizations, institutions and community based organizations to

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come up with a clear picture on how the effective domestic solid waste disposal practices can be
used in addressing health and environmental problems.

1.7 Definition of the key terms

Waste includes any scrap material, effluent or unwanted surplus substance or article that requires
disposal because it is broken, worn out, contaminated or otherwise spoiled.

Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid materials generated from combined residential,
industrial and commercial activities in a given area. It may be categorized according to its origin
(domestic, industrial, commercial, construction or institutional); according to its contents
(organic material, glass, metal, plastic paper); or according to hazard potential (toxic, non-toxin,
flammable, radioactive, infectious) (WB, 2012).

Domestic solid waste includes waste from household collection rounds, waste from services
such as street sweeping, bulky waste collection, hazardous household waste collection, litter
collections, household clinical waste collection and separate garden waste collection. It
represents waste generated in the home and collected by municipal waste collection services
(UNEP, 2015).

Solid waste disposal means the orderly discarding, release, collection, treatment or salvaging of
unwanted or useless non-liquid, non-soluble refuse.

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 SECTION TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter reviews literature available on household solid waste disposal practices. It evaluates
the conventional ways of solid waste disposal practices which are universally deemed effective
and compares with the current waste disposal practices in Dodoma municipality. An analysis of
what was found by other researchers on effective household solid waste disposal practices was
being done to determine the applicability of such findings in the study area context. This allow
identification of research gaps in existing literature.

2.2 conceptual framework

Figure 2.1 the conceptual Framework showing interrelationships between Key Variables of
the Study.

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 Inorganic wastes

Household solid wastes Organic wastes

Solid waste generation

Solid waste collection Door to door From collection points

Collection

 
Solid waste storage Plastic bags, sacks &
Dustbins

Transported by hand pushcarts, gutters &tippers

Solid waste transportation

Waste disposal
Dumping of household wastes
 

Final disposal Transported by Municipal council to Chidaya landfill

Source; Modified from (Krishna, 2008)

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The conceptual framework of this study shows the dependent and independent variables of the
study. The arrows show the interrelationships among the variables of the study. Basing on the
conceptual framework (Figure 2.1) above, it shows that domestic solid wastes generated is
contributed by households through various activities. These domestic solid wastes includes
biodegradable and non- biodegradable wastes. After generation domestic solid wastes are
collected from different waste generating points and carried out by many agents, formal and
informal institutions, which represent a variety of organizational structures and relationships.
Local municipal bodies are the main formal stakeholders responsible for the collection, removal
and disposal of garbage from public places and for the maintenance of dumping grounds.
Sometimes the private formal sector, such as private contractors, small and large reprocessing
enterprises, as well as the non-government (NGOs) and community based organizations (CBOs),
assist the municipal authorities in collecting, treating and disposing solid wastes.

Solid waste collected has to be stored temporarily at intermediate bins for its onward transport to
the processing or disposal site in a cost-effective manner. Then, the collected solid wastes are
disposed by various methods including burying, burning, incinerating, open dumping, landfilling
and recycling depending with income and technology used. Some practices used in disposing
solid wastes generated from households are not effective at all. Incineration and burning of solid
wastes on pits causes air pollution and bad smell, while open dumping and landfilling causes
land and water pollution. Consequently, all the above disposal methods results to public health
and environmental deterioration. The effective domestic solid waste disposal has been
challenged by lack of effective legislation, inadequate funds, infrastructures and services, and
inability of municipal authorities to provide the services cost-efficiently. Further, changing
lifestyles, increase of slums, population growth and consumerism has led to generation of new
and special wastes.

2.3 solid wastes

Solid waste refers to non-liquid material that is no longer valuable to the owner as including
rubbish, garbage, trash, or refuse (Hoornweg et al, 2012). Examples include kitchen waste, paper
products, rags, plastics, rubber, leather, bone, glass, crockery, pots, sweepings, metal and old
furniture as generated by households, offices, hotels, shopping complexes/shops, markets, yards,
schools, institutions and street cleaning categorized as household/domestic (Bartone, 2000).

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2.3.1 Types of Solid Waste

Solid waste can be classified into different types depending on their source:

2.3.2 Municipal Solid Waste

Household waste, construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste from streets
are considered as municipal solid waste. This waste is generated mainly from residential and
commercial complexes. Municipal solid wastes are mainly to be referred in this study.

2.3.3 Hazardous Waste

Waste that may contain toxic substances is referred as hazardous waste. Such waste is primarily
generated by industries (such as, metal, chemical, paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber
goods industries), hospitals and households.

2.3.4 Biomedical Waste

Waste generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals or
in research activities. It may include wastes like sharps, soiled waste, disposables, anatomical
waste, cultures, discarded medicines, chemical wastes, etc. These wastes are highly infectious
and can be a serious threat to human health if not managed in a scientific manner.

2.4 Global overview of domestic solid wastes generation, composition, collection and
disposal practices.

Waste is an unavoidable by-product of human activities. Economic development, urbanization

and improved living standards in cities contribute to increase in the quantity and complexity of
generated solid waste. If accumulated, it leads to degradation of urban environment, stresses
natural resources and leads to health problems. While cities all over the world are facing high
levels of solid waste, the situation in developing countries is more acute due to inadequate
provision of basic services (Senkoro, 2003).

The management of solid wastes is one of the challenges facing many urban areas in the world.
The settlement area and socio economic centers are potential areas for production of large
amount of solid wastes. The storage, collection, transfer and disposal of these wastes have been

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generally assumed by municipal council government contractors. Normally, waste is being
managed differently due to its nature (Levine, 2010).

On a global level, approximately two-thirds of a kilogram of waste per person per day is
generated. Yet, the difference between high and low income countries is considerable, especially
in terms of composition. As economic prosperity increases, the amount of solid waste produced
consists mostly of luxury waste such as paper, cardboard, plastic and heavier organic materials.
In highly developed society’s solid waste are produced at a rate of about one tone per person per
year. According to santra (2005), each year most developed countries produce 28 million tonnes
of domestic waste.

Composition of waste affects the collection, storage, and transportation of wastes. Knowledge of
waste composition is important in order to implement the most appropriate treatment and
disposal process (McDougal et al., 2001). Wastes generated in developing cities are heavier,
wetter and more corrosive than those from developed cities (Ogwueleka, 2009). This could
inhibit the effectiveness of compaction vehicles used for collection and transfer of waste. The
developed cities of the world are able to balance the negative impacts of urbanization,
industrialization and population growth using environmental legislation and appropriate
mitigation.

Figure 2.2 Global solid waste composition. Source; (World Bank, 2012)

Current global municipal solid waste generation levels are approximately 1.3 billion tonnes per
year, and are expected to increase to approximately 2.2 billion tonnes per year by 2025
(WB,2012). This represents a significant increase in per capita waste generation rates, from 1.2

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to 1.42 kg per person per day in the next fifteen years. UN-HABITAT (2010a) agreed that urban
population now exceeds those residing in rural areas across the globe. Urban residents produce
about twice as much waste as their rural counterparts (World Bank, 2012). OECD countries
produce almost half of the world’s waste, while Africa and South Asia produce the least waste
(Figure 2) (World Bank, 2012). This contrast in waste volumes could be attributed to differences
in socio-economic status and socio-cultural attitude towards solid waste management.

Figure 2.3 Waste Generation by Regions. Source; (World Bank, 2012).

The level of service for waste collection also varies markedly. In most industrialized countries
services have expanded to the extent that over 90 per cent of the population (and 100 per cent of
the urban population) have access to waste collection. This is not the case in developing
countries (UNEP, 1991). These differences mean that waste management systems in each region
require distinct approaches. For example, as the waste content in developing countries is highly
organic and susceptible to rapid decay, the emphasis of the SWM process in these countries
should be on the collection process. Studies have shown that expensive collection trucks and
compactors developed and used in industrialized countries are difficult to operate and maintain,
and are unsuitable for narrow lanes, the high traffic density and the nature of waste in developing
countries.

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Figure 2.4 Waste collection rates by income countries. (Source; World Bank, 2012).

Worldwide land disposal still accommodates the overwhelming majority of domestic waste. In
many developing countries roughly 90% of residential and commercial wastes is disposed-off in
some type of landfills, ranging from simple open pit to so called sanitary landfills, where is
compacted covered with a layer of clean soil ( schubeler, 2011).

Figure 2.5 Municipal solid waste disposal by regions in 2012. (Source; WB, 2012).

In many developed countries, burial in controlled landfills continues to be the most prevalent
means of disposing of solid waste including hazardous waste about 70 per cent of urban solid

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waste is disposed of in this way in the United States and most European countries (WB, 2012).
Incineration and recycling also play a key role in the management of urban and industrial waste.
It is worth noting that these options are particularly popular in highly densely populated
countries such as Japan and the Netherlands. In contrast, in developing countries the prevalent
methods of solid waste disposal is through uncontrolled dumping or burning on open ground or
city streets (Cointreau-Levine, 1997). This often results in more pollution and loss of salvageable
economic value (Bartone, 2000).

While some governments spend about 20-50% of their budget in solid waste management, but
only 20-80% of solid wastes is managed (schubeler, 2011). The main reason for this inability to
manage wastes is partly due to rapid population growth of cities, diminishing financial resources
and poor urban planning (WB, 2012). Solid waste is one of the wicked local pollutants.
Uncollected solid waste is usually the leading contributor to local flooding and air and water
pollution.

For example, every year Ghana suffers from seasonal flooding (UNEP, 2011). In Accra, as in
many other places, drains blocked by plastics and other wastes are an important factor in this.
Due to a lack of organized collection, many people simply dump their solid wastes, some of
which gets washed into the drains. Litter on the streets and in the gutters is also widespread,
much of it from the indiscriminate disposal of commonly used plastic sachets holding drinking
water (UNEP, 2011). Floods in 2011 incurred loss of life and damaged or destroyed livelihoods
and economic value. Fourteen people were killed, 43,000 were affected, and 17,000 lost their
homes, with damage to roads, waterways and bridges.

In general, solid waste management is given a very low priority in many countries. As a result,
very limited funds are provided to the solid waste management sector by the governments, and
the levels of services required for protection of public health and the environment are not
attained. The problem is acute at the local government level where the local taxation system is
inadequately developed and, therefore, the financial basis for public services, including solid
waste management is weak (UNEP, 2011).

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2.5 An integrated solid waste management approach (ISWM)

An integrated solid waste management hierarchy is now used globally as a communication tool
to remind those who generate waste and those who manage it that they must prevent solid waste
through efficient use of them as resources and raw materials (WB, 2012). Re-using discarded
goods without reprocessing or remanufacture is assumed to provide greater savings in resource
consumption and is given priority over recycling. The hierarchy responds to financial,
environmental, social and management considerations. The hierarchy also encourages
minimization of Green House Gases emissions (WB, 2012). Therefore, an integrated solid waste
management approach highlights the following options;

2.5.1 Waste minimization or Prevention

Waste minimization or source reduction initiatives seek to reduce the quantity of waste at
generation points by redesigning products or changing patterns of production and consumption.
A reduction in waste generation has a two-fold benefit in terms of greenhouse gas emission
reductions. First, the emissions associated with material and product manufacture are avoided.
The second benefit is eliminating the emissions associated with the avoided waste management
activities.

2.5.2 Waste reuse

In general, at the household level in low-income peri-urban areas, resource recovery begins with
the reuse of plastic bags, bottles, paper, cardboard, and cans for domestic purposes, thereby
extending their useful life. The rate of reuse in this instance is high, and these materials enter the
waste stream only when they are no longer fit for domestic use. In high income areas, recovery is
carried out by domestic servants and/or wardens rather than reusing the materials directly, they
sell bottles, plastics, cardboard, and paper to middlemen or commercial centers that pay for these
materials.

2.5.3 Recycling

Recycling refers to the treatment of used waste materials through a process of making them
suitable for beneficial use (Tenywa, 2008). It includes any process by which solid waste
materials are transformed into new products in such a way that the original products may lose

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their identity and which may be used as raw materials for the production of other good. The key
advantages of recycling and recovery are reduced quantities of disposed waste and the return of
materials to the economy.

Waste recycling is often undertaken as a survival strategy when the urban poor are unable to
obtain formal employment, and when non-waste resources are scarce or unaffordable (Cointreau
and de Kadt, 1991). By reducing the total amount of solid waste headed for the landfill, recycling
and composting are land saving and pollution reducing strategies. Despite these environmentally
and socially beneficial aspects of waste recycling, it is not without its negative impacts, which
include exploitation by waste buyers and poor health and living conditions for the urban poor
who deal in waste picking (Furedy, 1992).

Waste recovery.

Recovery means to adopt a waste object to a new use by extracting energy or utility from it. A
popular option is waste-to-energy facilities that burn wastes for fuel to produce heat or power for
domestic or industrial use. In many developing countries, informal waste pickers at collection
points and disposal sites recover a significant portion of discards (Hoornweg et al, 2012). An
important feature of waste recovery and recycling in low income developing countries is the
involvement of the informal sector. Studies reveal that informal sector is mainly engaged in the
recovery and re-sale of most of the recyclables and is highly labour intensive. But
notwithstanding their significant contribution to waste recovery and recycling process, their role
in urban waste management is not recognized and their earnings continue to be meager
(Cointreau and de Kadt, 1991).

2.5.4 Waste disposal

Solid waste disposal practices are influenced by the supply of waste disposal services and other
infrastructures (Cointreau, 2010). Common method of waste disposal in developing countries are
observed to be open dumping, burying and burning of waste in open spaces, landfill, recycling
and composting (Wilson et al, 2006). These methods differ due to types and nature of wastes.

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Figure 2.6 Waste management hierarchy from the most to the least preferred option.

Source; Adapted from (World Bank, 2012).

2.5.5 Composting

Composting with windrows or enclosed vessels is intended to be an aerobic (with oxygen)

operation that avoids the formation of methane associated with anaerobic conditions (without
oxygen). When using an anaerobic digestion process, organic waste is treated in an enclosed
vessel. Often associated with wastewater treatment facilities, anaerobic digestion will generate
methane that can either be flared or used to generate heat or electricity (Achannkeng, 2003).
Generally speaking, composting is less complex, more forgiving, and less costly than anaerobic
digestion. Methane is an intended by-product of anaerobic digestion and can be collected and
combusted.

2.5.6 incineration/combustion

Incineration of waste can reduce the volume of disposed waste by up to 90% (WB, 2012). These
high volume reductions are seen only in waste streams with very high amounts of packaging
materials, paper, cardboard, plastics and horticultural waste. Recovering the energy value
embedded in waste prior to final disposal is considered preferable to direct landfilling assuming
pollution control requirements and costs are adequately addressed. Typically, incineration
without energy recovery (or non-autogenic combustion, the need to regularly add fuel) is not a

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preferred option due to costs and pollution. Open-burning of waste is particularly discouraged
due to severe air pollution associated with low temperature combustion (WB, 2012).

2.5.7 Land filling

The waste or residue from other processes should be sent to a disposal site. Landfills are a
common final disposal site for waste and should be engineered and operated to protect the
environment and public health. Landfill gas (LFG) produced from the anaerobic decomposition
of organic matter, can be recovered and the methane (about 50% of LFG) burned with or without
energy recovery to reduce GHG emissions (Achannkeng, 2003). Proper landfilling is often
lacking, especially in developing countries. Landfilling usually progresses from open-dumping,
controlled dumping, controlled landfilling, to sanitary landfilling.

2.5.8 Waste burying on land

Waste burying on land is also waste disposal method used in most developing countries. In this
method, waste is covered and buried in ground where is completely forgotten afterwards
(Muttamara, 1996). This method has advantages of reducing odors and discouraging rates and
other vermin when the waste is entirely organic (Williams, 2005). When the waste stream has
inorganic waste such as plastic, the method cause environmental implications associated with
land pollution.

2.5.9 Open dumping

The most common solid waste disposal in developing countries is open dumping (Wilson et al,
2006). Dumps are often located on swamps lands or low lying areas with waste being used for
land reclamation. The dumpsite are usually not provided with liners, fences, compactors or soil
cover (Achannkeng, 2003). The state of the dumps are seen with heaps of uncovered wastes,
open burning and exposed to diseases vector and scavengers. The practice of open dumping
often creates adverse impacts by not only threatening the health of the people nearby but also
their immediate surroundings, which in turn affects their economic and social life (muttamara,
1996). Open dumping disposal is also considered to be the last stage of the waste management
cycle or waste hierarchy.

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2.6 solid waste disposal practices in developing countries

Solid waste management constitutes one of the crucial health and environmental problems facing
governments in developing countries (Cointreau-Levine, 1997). Municipal solid waste managers
are charged with an enormous task; to get the waste out from underfoot and do so in the most
economically, socially, and environmentally optimal manner possible. Solid waste management
is almost always the responsibility of local governments and is often their single largest budget
item, particularly in developing countries (WB, 2012). Solid waste management and street
sweeping is also often the city’s single largest source of employment.

In sub-Saharan Africa, waste generation is approximately 62 million tonnes per year. Per capita
waste generation is generally low in this region, but spans a wide range from 0.09 to 3.0 kg per
person per day, with an average of 0.65 kg/capita/day (WB, 2012). Municipal corporations of the
developing countries are not able to handle the increasing quantity of waste, which leads to
uncollected waste on roads and other public places. The public sector is unable to deliver
services effectively, regulation of the private sector is limited and illegal dumping of domestic
and industrial waste is a common practice (UNEP, 2011).

In developing countries such as Tanzania, urban population increases for about fifty million per
year with average waste generation rates of 0.4 to 0.6kg/person/day (Cointreau, 1997). Solid
waste from municipalities of developing countries contains refuse from households, non-
hazardous solid waste from industrial, commercial and institutional establishments, market
waste, yard waste and street sweepings (schubeler, 2011).

The failure to provide adequate collection services poses a serious threat to human health in
many developing countries (WHO, 1992). Yet, it should be noted that municipal services in
developing countries are handicapped by limited finances and an ever-increasing demand on
urban services. While cities are generating an ever-increasing volume of waste, the effectiveness
of their solid waste collection and disposal systems are declining. In urban centers throughout
African regions, less than half of the solid waste produced is collected, and 95 percent of that
amount is either indiscriminately thrown away at various dumping sites on the periphery of
urban centers, or at a number of so-called temporary sites, typically empty lots scattered
throughout the city (Mohammed, 2003).

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2.7 Domestic solid waste disposal practices in Municipals of Tanzania

In Tanzania, the status of solid waste management in many Municipalities is largely unhygienic
and unsatisfactory. Massive spread of municipal solid waste especially garbage and plastic
papers is daily increasing as the disposal of such municipal solid waste through illegal dumping
has reached a critical level. The World Bank Report of (2012) estimates that Dar-es- Salaam city
alone was generating solid waste at a tune of 4200 tonnes per day in 2011 which is equivalent to
0.93kg/cap/day. Of these tonnes only 40% is collected and the remaining 60% are buried,
burned, scavenged by informal recyclers or dumped by the road side or into drainage canals. In
the same report, it is estimated that Dar-es-Salaam will be generating 12000 tonnes per day by
2025 (WB, 2012).

This trend of massive increase of municipal solid waste generated by industrial processes,
households, derived from shops, offices and commercial units lead to environmental or health
hazards. Moses (2010), states that solid waste at collection points have also reached the critical
level and if not well managed, the situation will become worse not only to people close to
collection points but also it will be hazardous to the whole community.

Municipal corporations of the developing countries including Tanzania are not able to handle the
increasing quantity of waste, which leads to uncollected waste on roads and other public places
(WB, 2012). The public sector is unable to deliver services effectively, regulation of the private
sector is limited and illegal dumping of domestic and industrial waste is a common practice.

In general, solid waste management is given a very low priority in many municipals. As a result,
very limited funds are provided to the solid waste management sector by the governments and
the levels of services required for protection of public health and the environment are not
attained. The problem is acute at the local government level where the local taxation system is
inadequately developed and, therefore, the financial basis for public services, including solid
waste management is weak.

2.8 The effects of indiscriminate solid wastes disposal practices to human health and
environment.

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2.8.1 Health Impacts of domestic solid waste

The waste management problem is more pronounced in squatter settlements, where 70- 80% of
the urban population resides without the necessary infrastructure and social services. With
increase in the population and the rising demand for food and other essentials, there has been a
rise in the amount of waste being generated daily by each household (Cointreau-Levine, 1997).
This waste is ultimately thrown into municipal waste collection centers from where it is collected
by the area municipalities to be further disposed into the landfills and dumps. However, either
due to resource crunch or inefficient infrastructure, not all of this waste gets collected and
transported to the final dumpsites. If at this stage the management and disposal is improperly
done, it can cause serious impacts on health and problems to the surrounding environment.

Waste that is not properly managed, especially solid waste from households and the community,
are a serious health hazard and lead to the spread of infectious diseases. Unattended waste lying
around attracts flies, rats, and other creatures that in turn spread disease. Normally it is the wet
waste that decomposes and releases a bad odor. This leads to unhygienic conditions and thereby
to a rise in the health problems. The group at risk from the unscientific disposal of solid waste
include; the population in areas where there is no proper waste disposal method, especially the
pre-school children and those living close to a waste dump. Uncollected solid waste also
increases risk of injury and infection.

2.8.2 Environmental Impacts

A major environmental concern is gas release by decomposing garbage. Methane is a by-product

of the anaerobic respiration of bacteria, and these bacteria thrive in landfills with high amounts
of moisture. Methane concentrations can reach up to 50% of the composition of landfill gas at
maximum anaerobic decomposition (Cointreau-Levine, 1997). In well designed and well-sited
landfills there is the potential for methane recovery; few landfills in the developing world are
designed to capture and make use of methane; in all of Latin America and the Caribbean, only
three such landfills were in operation, all in Chile (Thomas-Hope, 1998). Generally the required
capital for methane recovery installations is lacking, and the low price of commercially produced
gas does not make methane recovery an economically viable enterprise. In the absence of proper
methane venting flaring, the gas seeps into porous soil surrounding the waste and eventually
migrates into basements and homes, posing an explosion risk. Carbon dioxide is a second

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predominant gas emitted by landfills; although less reactive, buildup in nearby homes could be a
cause of asphyxiation.

2.9 challenges of domestic solid wastes disposal in Tanzania Municipalities.

2.9.1 Inadequate financial

Waste management is poorly financed because it is not a prioritized activity in all urban councils.
Funds for the operation of the urban councils are mainly from external sources (over 50 %) like
the central government and donors in the form of grants (Liyala, 2011). This means fiscal
autonomy has not been realized by the urban councils. The central governments do not
adequately cost-evaluate the decentralized environmental management functions implemented by
the urban council (Nyenje 2011).

2.9.2 Inefficient institutional structure

All municipalities in Tanzania have policy, legal and institutional framework for waste
management where urban councils are charged with the tasks to manage urban wastes (Liyala
2011). The duties and responsibilities are spelt out in a number of pieces of national legislations
mainly in the area of public health, environmental management, urban planning and local
governance (Nyenje, 2011). The urban councils are responsible for the implementation of these
instruments including ordinances and bye-laws.

2.9.3 Low involvement of the private sector and the community

Some of the urban authorities only involve community based organizations (CBOs) in delivery
of solid waste management services, and yet the service level is moderate or low, for example in
Lindi municipal (Michael, 2016). Some involve both CBOs and the private operators but the
service level is moderate or low. So there is no clear difference marking which situation provides
better results.

2.9.4 Unreliable urban planning and design of solid waste management.

Some urban centres have unsupportive urban planning for improving solid waste management.
Urban plans poorly address solid waste management needs such as location of the communal and
commercial solid waste storage areas and final solid waste disposal areas (Michael, 2016). In
some cases, urban plans incorporate some solid waste management needs, but they are poorly

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implemented. Poor urban planning for solid waste management issues has resulted in several
local authorities using pits left open during road constructions. These pits are often abandoned
sand or clay mining and stone quarrying areas used for the deposit of solid waste as a means of
restoration, but without any care taken to prevent environmental pollution example Machole
dumpsite in Lindi municipality, Nsalaga dumpsite in Mbeya City, and Mwang’ombe dumpsite in
Tanga City (Michael, 2016).

2.9.5 Poor coverage of solid waste management services

Municipal Solid Waste management has not always been a high priority for local and national
policy makers and planners, especially in developing countries. Other issues with more social
and political urgency might take precedence and leave little budget for waste issues (Memon,
2010). Thus, in many municipalities, effective functioning policy measures have been elusive
and the resources invested in the sector are inadequate (Konteh, 2009). National governments
can make a critical contribution by making waste management a national priority. They can also
ensure the availability of skills, knowledge, and capacity to implement waste management
programs effectively, especially at the local level.

2.10 Solid waste disposal in Dodoma Municipality.

In Dodoma municipality, about 25% of urban population living in urban areas depend on formal
business and formal employment. These activities leads to generation of enormous number of
solid wastes products most of which are inadequately managed and hence threatening the health,
survival and sustainability of human activities (Nkonoki et al, 2013).

Dodoma Municipality is estimated to generate 305 tons of solid waste daily from different
sources as follows Domestic houses waste 218 tons, Institutions - 20 tons, Industries - 15 tons,
Markets - 30 tons and Commercial sites - 22 tons. The capacity of the council to remove solid
waste is only 100 tons (33%) out of the 305 tons generated in Central Business District wards.
The area covered is about 15 wards within the city. The remaining 67% of daily waste generated
may be improperly disposed of directly or indirectly, leading to disease and health risks such as
malaria, bacillary dysentery, and cholera (Michael, 2016).

In Dodoma town for instance, both planned and unplanned settlements were supposed to have
adequate waste management services and infrastructures. Unfortunately these services and

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infrastructures are either lacking in some neighborhoods or not functioning resulting in poor
environmental conditions that consequently leads to health threats (Nkonoki et al, 2013).

Collection points in Dodoma municipality are few. Most of them are located at the market and
the bus stand. There are no skip buckets in Dodoma municipality, so most of these points are
naturally open grounds (Michael, 2016). The allocation of these collection points is done by the
capital development authority (CDA), as they have the mandate to plan all development
activities within the municipality.

The municipal council takes the responsibility of transporting wastes from the collection points
to the dumpsite for final disposal. The collection of municipal solid waste in Dodoma is
conducted largely by 26 community based organizations and a few companies deployed by
institutions such as Dodoma University to collect and transport their waste to the dumpsite.

Municipal authorities charged with responsibility of providing municipal solid waste

management services (together with other municipal services) have found it increasingly difficult
to play this role. The difficulty has been aggravated by lack of effective legislation, inadequate
funds and services, and inability of municipal authorities to provide the services cost-efficiently.
Further, changing lifestyles and consumerism has led to generation of new and special wastes
(Johannessen, 1999).

Interlocking of the responsibilities of the two giant authorities; Capital development authority
and the municipal council, makes the implementation of the solid waste management services
difficult for example, the allocation of the community collection points and the public dustbins is
done by the CDA, while the collection and transportation of the waste is carried out by the
municipality. The situation leads to the misallocation of the points, as the waste generation
increases daily while the CDA delays updating their plans hence, there is accumulation of the
waste in the streets (Michael, 2016).

Therefore, this research aimed to minimize the identified gap by assess the effectiveness of
domestic solid waste disposal practices at Chang’ombe ward in Dodoma Municipality.

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 SECTION THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This section introduces the methodology employed in the study in order to come up with relevant
information. it focuses on the research design, location and description of the study area
followed by sampling frame and procedures which includes sample size, data collection methods
and data analysis and presentation techniques.

3.2 Research design

Research design is the conceptual structure within which research would be conducted. The
function of research design is to provide for the collection of relevant information with minimal
expenditure of effort, time and money (Kothari, 2004).

This study adapted a descriptive survey design. Descriptive survey research is a research method
involving the use of questionnaires and statistical surveys to gather data about people and their
thoughts and behaviors. A survey is an attempt to collect data from members of a population in
order to determine the current status of that population with respect to one or more variables.
According to Yin (1994) it is better to use descriptive surveys in fact-finding because they
provide a great deal of accurate information. The intention of survey research is to gather data at
a particular point in time and to use it to describe existing conditions. The descriptive nature of
research was used in order to gain more information on the effectiveness of domestic solid Waste
disposal practices at Chang’ombe ward in Dodoma Municipality.

3.3 Selection of the study area

Firstly, Dodoma region was selected due to time budget, avoidance of sampling error and cost
minimization. Secondly, Dodoma municipal council was selected because its population is
higher than other district councils found in Dodoma Municipality. In 2012 total population was
410,956 people (NBS, 2013) and it was estimated that each person was producing an average
solid waste of about 0.5kg to 0.8 kg per day in 2011 (Nicodemus, 2011). This study further
conducted at Chang’ombe ward. The name Chang’ombe connotes a place where cows were once
kept from the Swahili term ng’ombe = cows. Chang’ombe ward was selected as the study area

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for this research due to the following reasons; Firstly, it is largest, fastest growing and poorest
unplanned area in Dodoma Municipality and generating high rate of solid wastes. Secondly, the
area is lack of proper solid waste management and environmental sanitation systems greatly
jeopardize the health of residents. Thirdly. There is high incidence of solid waste-related
diseases, including Malaria and Cholera remains endemic in Chang’ombe and outbreaks are
frequent during the rainy seasons (Augustine, 2008)

The settlement of Chang’ombe is closely linked to the creation of Dodoma as the nation’s capital
city in the 1970s. The Capital Development Authority (CDA) started formalizing land tenure in
the entire town following the implementation of the 1976 Dodoma Master Plan. Many poor
population segments who were unable to purchase their plots moved to the city fringe to find
“free” alternatives and squatted in Chang’ombe in ever greater numbers (Augustine, 2008). Since
the 1980s, the neighbourhood also began attracting rural migrants from Dodoma region in search
of a better life.

3.4 Description of the study area

3.4.1 Location.

Chang’ombe ward is situated 6 km north of Dodoma town Centre, to the left of the Great
Northern road leading to Babati and Arusha (Augustine, 2008). Chang’ombe ward is found
within the Municipality of Dodoma which is located at the south eastern end of the Tanzania
Central Plateau at an elevation of 1200 metres above the sea level. The Municipality lies between
4 to 7 degrees latitude south of the Equator, and 35 to 37 degrees longitude East of Greenwich.
Dodoma lies along the Great North road a major infrastructural network of Africa which
connects Cairo to Cape Town (CDA, 2014). The Municipality covers a total area of 2576 km2.
The topography of the city is mainly flat with some small, gently sloping hills (John Mussa,
2014).

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Figure 3. A map showing the selected streets in Chang’ombe ward

(Source; author’s construct, 2017)

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3.4.3 Climate

Dodoma Municipality is a semi–arid (Swai et al., 2012). It has a dry savannah type of climate,
which is characterized by unimodal and erratic rainfall that falls between late November and
mid–April. The annual average rainfall is about 500 to 700 mm and mean monthly of
temperature is about 22.6°C (Swai et al., 2012). The Dodoma Municipal district council
experiences flash floods during rainy seasons. In addition, it has high evaporation rate and severe
soil erosions, which are caused by strong winds and relative low humidity. The District
experiences long dry seasons from mid-April to late November each year.

3.4.3 Human population

According to the 2012 National Housing and Population census, the population of Dodoma
Municipal council was 410, 956 consisting of 199,487 males and 211,469 females. Kizota ward
had the largest population size (34,453) followed by Chang’ombe (25,415) and Hombolo 22,457.
Uhuru ward had a smallest population size of (2,419).

3.4.4 Economic activities

The main economic activities carried out at the area include Commercial, manufacturing,
transportation and agriculture (Augustine, 2008). Finally, the Municipality is the Centre of
educational activities in the region, with two universities, namely; The University of Dodoma
and St. John University of Tanzania and other institutions like Institute of Rural Development
and Planning.

3.5 Sampling frame and procedures

3.5.1 Sampling frame

Sampling frame consists of a list of items from which the sample is to be drawn (Kothari, 2004).
In this study, the sampling frame consisted of the community households and key informants.
The key informants were some selected officers and heads from the ward.

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3.5.2 Sampling procedures

Sampling procedures refers to the technique or the procedure the researcher would adopt in
selecting some sampling units from which inferences about the population is drawn (Kothari,
2004). In this study, sampling procedures included probability and non-probability procedures.
Chang’ombe ward was purposively selected from 37 wards in Dodoma Municipal council due to
the following reasons. Firstly, it is one of the highly populated wards in Dodoma. It is the second
after Kizota, and it grows very fast with the poorest unplanned settlements. It generates high rate
of solid wastes. Secondly, the area lacks proper solid waste management and environmental
sanitation systems greatly jeopardizing the health of residents. Thirdly. There is high incidence
of solid waste-related diseases, including malaria and Cholera that remains endemic in
Chang’ombe and outbreaks are frequent during the rainy seasons (Augustine, 2008).

Purposive sampling technique was employed to sample the streets that were used for the study.
Three streets of Chang’ombe Juu, Chilewa and Hamvu were purposively selected for the study.
The selection of streets considered the generation and prevalence of solid wastes. From the
existing information, it is clear that the sampled streets in the ward were unplanned, have high
population and generate high rate of solid wastes than others.

Simple random sampling technique was employed to sample the households where by each
household had a chance for inclusion for the questionnaire interviews in the study. Sampling of
households for inclusion in this study was preceded by defining what constitutes a household. In
this context a household was the basic unit of production and consumption in the villages and
they have enough information pertaining solid waste issues; hence, they are used as a unit of
analysis.

Three streets from Chang’ombe ward (Chang’ombe Juu, Hamvu and Chilewa,) with a total
population of 2,620 households were selected. From these three streets, only one of them has
solid waste collection service (Chang’ombe Juu). Therefore Chang’ombe Juu with a total
population of 1,470 households, Hamvu with total population of 700 households and Chilewa
with a total population of 450 households were surveyed, and 23 respondents were interviewed
from each sampled street. Thus the total sample size taken at Chang’ombe ward was 69
households.

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Practically, the households were sampled through the following procedures.

Firstly, the names of the heads of households in the sample streets were obtained from the street
chairpersons. Secondly, the names were listed on pieces of paper then folded into smaller bits,
they put into an empty box and mixed, and randomly 69 pieces of papers were picked and
unfolded. The picked papers represented the households who were surveyed.

3.5.3 Sampling size

In this research, the target population was households including male and females and few key
informants. Due to limited resources and time budget, it prohibited to interview the entire
population of households. The sample size was therefore include 69 household and 5 key
informants selected randomly and purposively from three streets respectively, making a total of
74 respondents.

3.6 Data collection methods and tools

In this study qualitative and quantitative data were collected by using a mixture of participatory
methods. The primary data was collected mainly from the administration of household
questionnaire surveys, field observations, and key informant interviews (checklist) whilst
secondary data that was obtained from published and unpublished literatures.

3.6.1 Field Observations.

Observation is the study of behavior or personality traits of an individual through observing,

watching and listening to an interaction or phenomenon as it takes place without questioning
(Kumar, 2011). The information that was observed and recorded includes; physical condition
and the size of waste containers, waste storage equipment and commonly practices used for solid
waste disposal by the households purposefully for further analysis. According to Kumar Ranjit
(2011), none of the methods of data collection provides 100 percent accurate and reliable
information. Therefore observation will be chosen as an alternative to other methods. Also,
Kothari (2004) added that this technique is less biased if done accurately. Secondly, the
information obtained under this method relates to what is currently happening therefore, it is not
complicated by either the past behavior or future intentions or attitudes.

3.6.2 Questionnaire survey

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A questionnaire consists of a number of questions printed or typed in a definite order on a form
or set of forms (Kothari, 2004). The method involved a transect walk or physical visits of sources
of data including streets for asking questions. A questionnaire consisted of 20 total number of
questions both open and closed questions. Questionnaire was selected because of the following
reasons; firstly, due to limited resources and money. Secondly, they reveal the privacy of the
participants, as some of them will be unwilling to be known. Thirdly, the method was easy to
confirm the results obtained when relating with data collected by other methods. Lastly, because
of the limited time it was the best method of getting the required information within a short
period of time.

Generally, all the information relating to domestic solid waste disposal practices, the suitability
of the practices used for domestic solid waste disposal and the challenges facing the households
in disposing of domestic solid wastes at Chang’ombe ward was obtained from by using this
method.

3.6.3 Key informant interview

The interview is a method of data collection that involves presentation of oral-verbal stimuli and
reply in terms of oral-verbal responses (Kothari, 2004). Un-structured interviews or Checklists
was used to get the responses from the key informants in sampled Streets. The key informants
were Village Executive Officers, village chairpersons, Ward environmental officers as well as
Municipal solid waste collectors. Through this method, information about the problems facing
the Municipal council in solid waste collection, health and environmental impacts of
mismanaging solid wastes were obtained directly from the key informants.

The interview method was employed because the interviewer can collect supplementary
information about the respondent’s personal characteristics and environment which is often of
great value in interpreting results (Kothari, 2004). Also, the language of the interview can be
adopted to the ability or educational level of the person interviewed and as such
misinterpretations concerning questions can be avoided.

3.6.4 Secondary data

In this research, Secondary data relevant to the study were obtained through reviews of both
published and unpublished literature from various sources including libraries, online research

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journals as well as from Internet websites. Information like demographic, location, and climate
related information was obtained from this secondary source. Results from these reviews were
useful in supporting various arguments related to the study as argued by Kumar (2011) that none
of the methods of data collection provides 100 per cent accurate and reliable information.

3.7. Data analysis and presentation techniques

3.7.1 Data processing

The collected data from the field area were edited, coded, summarized, classified and tabulated
in a manner that they answer the research questions or objectives. Editing of data is a process of
examining the collected raw data to detect errors and omissions and to correct these when
possible. Editing is done to assure that the data are accurate, consistent with other facts gathered,
uniformly entered, as completed as possible and have been well arranged to facilitate coding and
tabulation (Kothari, 2004). Coding refers to the process of assigning numerals or other symbols
to answers so that responses can be put into a limited number of categories or classes (Kothari,
2004). Tabulation is the process of summarizing raw data and displaying the same in compact
form like in the form of statistical tables for further analysis.

3.7.2 Data analysis

Analysis refers to the computation of certain measures along with searching for patterns of
relationship that exist among data groups (Kothari, 2004). In this research, the raw data were
analyzed through computer based software, Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) version
16.0, ArcMap (10.0), Google Earth and Microsoft excel (2013) so as to draw some results from
the data after the proper treatment. Generally, analysis of data was descriptive in nature.

Geographic coordinates of the communal waste collection container points were digitized from
the Google Earth in the Degree Minute Second (DMS) format. These were converted to Decimal
Degree (DD) in Microsoft excel spreadsheet using the formulae DD=D+M/60+S/3600 to
produce two new fields with decimal degrees of longitude and latitude, where D = Degree, M =
Minutes and S = Seconds.

The coordinates were imported to ArcMap software (10.0) and converted to a Shapefile. The
projection parameters were set to the default World Geographic System 1984 (WGS 1984). It

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was then overlaid with existing administrative boundary and roads Shapefiles of Dodoma roads
network. Layout map was produced and exported showing the location of Chang’ombe ward and
how the various refuse containers were spatially distributed within Chang’ombe ward.

3.7.3 Data presentation techniques

The analyzed data will be displayed and presented by using tables, figures, charts, graphs and
diagrams. The presentation of data is an important aspect of analyzing of data. According to
Yogesh Kumar (2006), the purpose of presentation of data is to highlight the results and to make
data or results more illustrative. The visual presentation of data or results is simple and easy to
understand. The graphical and pictorial presentation provide the geometrical image of data. It
will enable to comprehend the essential features of the frequency distribution. It also helps in
observing the assumptions of the statistical analysis applied for the treatment of data.

3.7.4 Data reliability

Reliability of a research tool is realized if it yields consistent information or data after repeat
measurements are taken under the same conditions. The tools will be pre-tested (pilot testing)
with the respondents from neighboring ward like Tyuka ward and the data obtained will not be
included in the final analysis. The main purpose of pre-testing the research instrument is to
identify any weaknesses and improve them. The pre-test will likely to give an indication of the
time required to complete the tool.

3.7.5 Data validity

Validity refers to the degree of accuracy and meaningfulness of inference based on research
results. Content validity refers to the degree to which the content of the items reflects the content
domain of interest. Best and Kahn (2005) suggest that the validity of the instrument is asking the
right questions framed from the least ambiguous way and based on study objectives. Validity of
the data will done by using content-related validity. This will done by presenting the instrument
to the supervisor to evaluate the applicability and appropriateness of the content, clarity and
adequacy of construction of the instrument and suggestions made and modified appropriately.

3.7.6 Ethical Issues

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According to Borg gall (1989), it is urged that the researcher has to ensure no party suffers the
adverse consequences from research and thus confidentiality of data and sources is important.
Therefore all participants were not require to mention their names and not to provide information
that will make the suspicious on data sources. As such, the researcher adhered with ethical issues
guaranteed secrecy and acknowledged all the consulted works of others used in this study.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the results and discussion of the study by using series of tables, charts,
graphs and diagrams. The chapter begins by presenting socio-economic characteristics of
respondents, Solid waste disposal practices used by the households, their suitability and the
challenges facing them and suggestion on how to minimize in Chang’ombe ward.

4.2 Socio-economic characteristics of the sample households

The socio-economic characteristics discussed in this section include, age, sex, marital status,
aeducation level and occupation. Findings in (Table 4.1) revealed that socio-economic
characteristics of the respondents varied across the streets in the study area. On average more
than half of the respondents were females (73.92%, n=69) and (25.99% n=69) were males. As
for age, the majority of the respondents (34.78% n=69) were aged between (26-34 n=69) years
old, implying that the majority are still economically active population. With reference to
education (63.77% n=69) of the respondents had attained primary education level. This was to
determine whether educational levels of respondents had an influence on the effective Solid
Waste Management in Chang’ombe ward. For marital status of the respondents, nearly above
(50.72% n=69) were married while divorced accounted for (11.6%), Many respondents (76.82%
n=69) of the respondents were self-employed involving in small businesses.

Table 4.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondent.

STREET AGE OF THE RESPONDENT BY STREET (%)

N=23 N=23 N=23 N=23 N=23
18-26 26-34 34-42 42-50 50 +

CHANG’OMBE 5.80 13.04 7.25 4.35 2.90

JUU
HAMVU 4.36 7.25 5.80 2.90 13.04
CHILEWA 2.90 14.49 4.35 5.80 5.80
TOTAL 13.06 34.78 17.4 13.05 21.74
AVERAGE 4.35 11.59 5.8 4.35 7.24
SEX OF THE RESPONDENT BY STREET (%)

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 MALE FEMALE
N=23 N=23
CHANG’OMBE 13.04 20.29
JUU
HAMVU 4.25 28.99
CHILEWA 8.70 24.64
TOTAL 25.99 73.92
AVERAGE 8.66 24.64
MARITAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENT BY STREET (%)
SINGLE MARRIED WIDOW DIVORCEE
N=23 N=23 N=23 N=23
CHANG’OMBE 5.80 23.19 2.90 1.45
JUU
HAMVU 7.25 11.59 8.70 5.80
CHILEWA 5.80 15.94 7.25 4.35
TOTAL 18.85 50.72 18.85 11.6
AVERAGE 6.28 16.90 6.28 3.86
RESPONDENT’S EDUCATION LEVEL BY STREET (%)
INFORMAL PRIMARY SECONDARY DIPLOMA
EDUCATION EDUCATION EDUCATION EDUCATION
N=23 N=23 N=23 N=23
CHANG’OMBE 5.80 17.39 8.70 1.45
JUU
HAMVU 4.35 21.74 5.80 1.45
CHILEWA 1.45 24.64 5.80 1.45
TOTAL 11.6 63.77 20.03 4.35
AVERAGE 3.86 21.25 6.76 1.45
RESPONDENT’S OCCUPATION BY STREET (%)
EMPLOYED SELF NOT
EMPLOYED EMPLOYED
N=23 N=23 N=23
CHANG’OMBE 4.35 27.54 1.45
JUU
HAMVU 2.90 23.19 7.25
CHILEWA 4.35 26.09 2.90
TOTAL 11.6 76.82 11.6
AVERAGE 3.86 25.60 3.86
N =Sample. Source; (Field survey data, 2017)

4.3 The domestic solid waste disposal practices used by the households

The types and generation of household solid wastes were determined. Results show that plastic
bags and bottles, papers, kitchen wastes, refuse and garbage were the common types of solid
wastes generated in the study area. The type and generation rate of solid wastes differ from one
street to another. Results in (Figure 4.1) revealed that Chang’ombe Juu was the major generator
of garbage by (47.40%), plastic bags by (35.29%) while Chilewa being the major producer of
paper by (61.54%) and plastic bags and bottles by (38.24%). Hamvu Street was the major

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producer of Kitchen wastes including food scraps and ashes. The implication is reflective of the
fact that households and markets generate both organic and inorganic wastes. Chang’ombe Juu
and Chilewa streets have high number of household population and trading centers than Hamvu
where organic and inorganic wastes were highly generated. Solid wastes tend to increase as
population increase.

The relatively high share of plastics and papers in this study can be attributed to the extensive
use of plastics and paper packaging materials in retail shops and from business conducted by
households within the household environment. The study by Mlozi (2011) on the assessment of
community participation in solid waste management in Mbeya City Council stressed that about
5% of solid waste generated was largely plastics and bottles. This was largely caused by
changing lifestyles whereby most of the urban residents use packed products such as water, juice,
butter, cooking oils and tomato paste.

Figure 4.1 Types of waste generated by streets

70.00%
61.54%
60.00%

50.00% 47.40%
41.18% 39.13%
40.00% 38.24% 38.24%
35.29% 34.78%
30.77%
30.00% 26.47% 26.09% 26.30%
26.30%
20.59%
20.00%

10.00% 7.69%

0.00%
PLASTIC BAGES PAPERS KITCHEN REFUSES GARBAGES
&BOTTLES CHANG'OMBE JUU WASTES
HAMVU CHILEWA

(Source; field survey data, 2017)

Household communal solid waste storage and handling approaches in Chang’ombe ward
are untold. The common characteristics of all the storage facilities used by many households for
solid waste storage were materials such as plastic bags, sacks and dustbins. Results in (Table
4.2) indicates that (14.49%) of the respondents from Chang’ombe Juu street were using sacks,
(10.14%) from Chilewa were using plastic bags and (2.90%) from both Hamvu and Chilewa
streets and (4.35%) from Chang’ombe Juu were using dustbins. Only (5.80%) from Chang’ombe

40 | P a g e
Juu Street, (7.25%) from Chilewa and (10.14%) from Hamvu were neither using plastic bags,
sacks nor dustbins for temporary solid waste storage. It was observed that they burnt, dispose
illegally or dug a small pit hole where they dispose their solid wastes soon after being generated
as seen in (Plate 4.1 and 4.2).

Plate 4.1 Waste disposal in a hole in Chilewa Street. Plate 4.2 waste stored in sacks in Hamvu

(Source; field survey data, 2017) (Source; field survey data, 2017)

Also, it was observed that many households do not have access to durable waste storage dustbins
thereby decided to use sacks and plastic bags since they are relatively cheaper alternatives. Lack
of durable waste storage dustbins to the household level was attributed by multiple factors.
During the field visits, respondents from all streets were claiming that there was stolen of
dustbins and many others were unable to buy such dustbins due to their low income level. Most
of the refuse were kept close to kitchens and rooms, causing bas smell and diseases especially
during the rainy season.

The study by Mlozi (2011) in Mbeya Municipal Council showed that the equipment used for
solid waste storage were of poor quality. In most cases plastic bags and plastic buckets are used.
These containers were not properly covered as a result they act as a good breeding sites for
micro-organisms and insects. They also characterized by bad smell.

Table 4.2 The type of solid waste storage facility by the streets (N=69)

STREET SOLID WASTE STORAGE EQUIPMENT BY STREET (%) (N=69)

PLASTIC BAGS DUSTBIN SACKS NONE

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 CHANG’OMBE JUU 8.70 4.35 14.49 5.80
CHILEWA 10.14 2.90 13.04 7.25
HAMVU 8.70 2.90 11.59 10.14
TOTAL 25.54 10.15 39.12 23.19
(Source; field survey data, 2017)

Again, solid waste collection frequency results indicates that (49.4%) of wastes were collected
daily, (16.5%) were collected after every three days and (21.5%) were collected weekly (Table
4.3). Daily waste collection was done mainly at Chang’ombe Juu due to close proximity of an
area to collection point. Also, presence of market, retail shops, stationaries, carpentry and high
population where inorganic wastes were generated to the high amount. Waste collection service
was very poor in Hamvu mainly after three days or after one week just because of the distance
covered to the collection point, unwillingness of the residents to pay for collection service and
unplanned nature of the settlements.

According to ADB (2002), in Kampala Uganda, approximately more than 80% of the population
does not obtain the benefits of the regular collection of household wastes. Collection services are
more active and limited to mainly the open areas in the cities and to households and businesses
that are willing to pay for the services.

Table 4.3 Waste collection frequency in the study area (%) (N=69)

WASTE COLLECTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGES

Daily 39 49.4
Every three days 13 16.5
Weekly 17 21.5
(Source; field survey data, 2017)

The door to door collection was observed, where wastes collected were being sent to the
collection points. The door to door collection was done on Monday, Wednesday and Friday for
the household solid wastes while wastes from shops and markets were collected daily because
they are many.

Discussion with ward environmental officer revealed that, collection of wastes in Chang’ombe
ward was done by community based organizations (CBOs) such as “kikundi cha wanaharakati
mazingira” and “kikundi mazingira kwanza” employed to serve the purpose. Approximately 5

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tons of crude wastes were collected per week. There is terms of agreement between CBOs and
Dodoma municipal council, whereby the CBOs has to pay 50,000/= Tshs to the council per week
as charges for removing wastes from the collection point to the final disposal sites which is done
by the Municipal Council, While CBOs has to collect monthly contribution from the households
as per by laws established by the municipal council on 2013. This is the only source of income to
the CBOs that enable them to cover the cost of running day to day activities such as wages and
buying hand push carts as well as repairing and maintenance.

Collection of wastes in Chang’ombe ward is done in crude collection manner. This is kind of
collection whereby solid and organic wastes were not separated. Providing a regular and reliable
waste collection service to 100% of the urban population has been a public health objective since
at least the mid-19th century (UNEP, 2015). The CBOs are unable to collect all the wastes from
the households and trading centers due to the large coverage of an area, poor infrastructures,
inaccessibility of some houses due to unplanned settlements and the use of poor waste collection
equipment like a hand pushcarts (Plate 4.3). Hence uncollected wastes are dumped in
indiscriminate ways such as burying, burning and duping in open spaces leading to
environmental and health problems. UNEP (2015) added that not having a solid waste collection
service has a direct health impact on residents, particularly children. The uncontrolled burning of
waste creates particulate and persistent organic pollutant emissions that are highly damaging
locally and globally. Accumulated waste and blocked drains encourage vectors to breed,
resulting in the spread of cholera, dengue fever and other infectious diseases and are a major
contributing factor to flooding.

Plate 4.3. Waste collection by pushcart

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 (Source; field survey data, 2017)

Collection charges varied from one street to another. Many respondents from Hamvu were
paying more than 3000Tsh due to the absence of waste container and long distance covered to
collection points compared with the respondents from Chang’ombe Juu who were paying 500Tsh
to 1000Tsh for collection charges per week. Those who were unable to pay for such amount
were digging small pits for burying, some were dumping in open spaces and burning their
wastes.

Furthermore, analysis of household survey revealed that solid waste disposal methods that
were used by households in Chang’ombe ward include: burying on land (24.30%), feed to
animals (4.70%), burning in backyard/open spaces (30.80%), dumping in open spaces (16.80%),
composting (1.90%) and door to door collection (21.50%) (Figure 5). During field site visits,
burning and open dumping were observed in many houses in the study area (Plate 4.4 and 4.5)
Plate 4.4 Burning of waste in Chang’ombe Juu Street Plate 4.5 Open dumping in Hamvu

(Source; field survey data, 2017) (Source; field survey data, 2017)
Unsurprisingly, a very small number of households (21.50%) and (4.7%) use safe methods of
waste disposal through collection and animal feeding. (30.80%) burn their solid wastes into open
places and in backyards. This practice indicates that, the environment in Chang’ombe ward is at
risk in terms of polluted air, water pollution and related health risks. During the discussion with
solid waste collectors, it was confirmed that indiscriminate waste disposal practices was
contributed by many reasons: the use of poor collection equipment like the handcarts that are not
reaching every part of the settlement due to narrow paths as a result of poor urban planning and
infrastructures, Unwillingness of the households to pay for the solid wastes collection due to

44 | P a g e
high collection charges, long distances to collection point and other factors like laziness.
Primarily illegally dumped waste is non-hazardous materials that are just dumped to avoid
disposal fees or time and effort required for proper disposal (Mubaiwa, 2013)

Figure 4.2 methods of solid waste disposal

17% 2% 22%

24%
31%

5%
Burying on land
Feed to animals
Burning in backyards/open spaces
Dumping in open spaces
Composting
Collected and dumped in community container

(Source; field survey data, 2017)

The study conducted by Addaney et al, (2015) in Ghana revealed that 72 percent of households
were commonly infected with the Cholera and Malaria pandemic as a result of the adverse
impacts of indiscriminate littering and irregular collection of waste. About 19 percent of
households and 7 percent of non-domestic generators were burning their waste. This included
those who were not afford user charges by subscribing to private waste collection.
Furthermore, the Addaney et al (2015) study showed that the use of burning as a method of
disposal by almost 20 percent of households causes air pollution and possibly contributed to
global warming. Open burning of plastic waste by residents resulted in air pollution with
associated health problems due to heavy metal additives. Moreover, littering of the environment
with plastics also cause environmental nuisance through choking of drains and reducing the
aesthetic beauty of the environment.

4.4 The suitability of the practices used by the households in disposing domestic solid
wastes.

Waste disposal is one of the most important management activities which needs to be carefully
planned. With regard to waste disposal practices, the study identified that (58.2%) of the

45 | P a g e
respondent were using illegal waste disposal practices in disposing their wastes that were not
suitable at all. Only (29.1%) from Chang’ombe Juu street were composting and collected their
garbage to communal waste containers. It was observed that many households who were
practicing indiscriminate disposal practices were residing at Hamvu and Chilewa streets, these
streets are located far away from the containers and many households did not own dustbins and
low coverage of collection service accelerated by poor urban planning illegal disposal.

Table 4.4 suitability of the practices used by the households in disposing solid wastes.

SUITABILITY OF THE SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES BY STREETS (%)

SUITABLE (N=69) NOT SUITABLE (N=69)
CHANG’OMBE JUU 11.59 21.74
HAMVU 13.04 20.29
CHILEWA 8.70 24.60
TOTAL 33.33 66.67
(Source; field survey data, 2017)

Different studies described that indiscriminate waste disposal practices creates health and
environmental problems. Manyanhaire, et al. (2009) defines illegal dumping as the improper or
unlawful disposal of waste on land, water or at any location other than a permitted landfill or
facility. It is also referred to as “open and midnight dumping” because waste is often dumped in
open areas from vehicles, along roadsides and late at midnight. Again, (Musademba, et al. 2011;
Jerie, 2011) added that illegal dumping is a problem not only because it spoils the aesthetic value
of the environment, but also because it creates serious health risks.

It was surprising in the surveyed streets when households reported that those law culprits were
punished, house to house inspection on storage and waste pits was done and environmental
cleaning campaign was being conducted on every Saturday. But many respondents were
dissatisfied with the way their neighbors were disposing their solid wastes. They reported to the
street leaders but not action was taken. This was observed when similar views were shared
during the household interview in Hamvu Street.

“The aspect of the crude dumping in this street is very serious, sometimes I found solid wastes
sack disposed nearby my house during the morning without knowing where it came from. I
always send my complains to the street leaders but no any action was taken”
(A female respondent from Hamvu Street).

46 | P a g e
4.5 The challenges facing households in disposing of domestic solid wastes and measures to
be taken.

A vast majority of respondents, (17%) indicated that stolen of dustbins and solid waste collection
charges were very high, (16.30%) indicated that waste collection service was insufficient, (15%)
indicated that containers were far away from their homes and storage facilities like dustbins to
the household level were lacking, (8.20%) noted that their streets lacks communal solid waste
container, (7.50%) were dissatisfied, complaining to CDA that poor urban planning hindered
collection service and (2.7%) had no enough land space for waste disposal while (1.40%) had
low knowledge on waste segregation (Figure 4.3). The number of communal solid waste
containers in Chang’ombe ward are very few and far away from household residents thus making
hard to some household to dispose their solid wastes properly and finally disposed in
indiscriminate manner. In some streets like Chilewa and Hamvu, there were no containers.
Discussion with ward environmental officer revealed that lack of containers to these streets was
attributed by inadequate fund from the Municipal Council to buy such containers and inadequate
spaces for installation of communal containers as a result of poor urban planning. According to
Malisa (2007), most parts of urban areas are not easily accessed by refuse trucks, because they
are unplanned and these parts carry about 60 - 70 % of the urban population in Tanzania. This
means that, the remaining solid waste has to be managed by other means like disposal pits and
disposal in open spaces.

Figure 4.3 Challenges facing households in disposing solid wastes.

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 17.00% 16.30% 17.00%
18.00% 15.00% 15.00%
16.00%
14.00%
12.00%
10.00% 7.50% 8.20%
8.00%
6.00%
2.70%
4.00% 1.40%
2.00%
0.00%

(Source; field survey data, 2017)

Similar views were shared during the discussion with street leaders.

“My people always complain that they are not satisfied with the services provided. The
collection service is not covering the entire area and collection charges are very high. Sometime
waste collectors come after one week to collect the refuse, so most times in such situations many
people depend on burying, burning and dumping of their refuse in open areas.

(A street chairperson from Hamvu Street)”.

Again, many households were challenged by high waste collection charges, mainly from
Chilewa and Hamvu streets. This was due to long distance to collection points and lack of waste
containers. Discussion with waste collectors showed that each household was supposed to pay
500Tsh per week as a collection charge but they set waste collection charges according to the
amount of waste generated and the distance covered to the collection points. It was observed that
Chilewa and Hamvu were located far away from collection point.

With the aid of Google Earth and ArcMap software, Communal Collection Containers were
mapped out to show their spatial distribution in Chang’ombe ward. A total of 3 communal solid
waste containers were identified (Figure 4.4). It is reasonable that, unevenly distribution of these
containers to the area have to serve most households with no option than to walk long distances
to dump their solid waste as well as increase in waste collection charges to the households of

48 | P a g e
Hamvu and Chilewa Street. Most of them were committing self-disposal in undesignated places.
Similarly, Self-disposal is practiced by an estimated 40-50% of the population living in
unplanned settlements (URT, 2004). This method involves burying or burning of waste within
the property of the source that generated it. Both types of waste disposal are not acceptable in
densely populated areas as these practices result in public nuisance and air pollution.

Figure 4.4 spatial distribution of communal solid waste containers in Chang’ombe ward.

49 | P a g e
(Source: Author’s construct, 2017)

Suggestions on what should be done to overcome the obstacles facing the households and
improve the collection service were different. This was because of the education background and

50 | P a g e
occupation of the respondent. Results in (figure 4.5) show that (17.10%) of the respondents
suggested that solid waste collection charges should be reduced, (14.50%) suggested that the
households should be provided free charged dustbins for waste storage, (13.40%) said that
security should be ensured to the streets through installing street lights to prevent illegal dumping
of refuse during the night and stolen of dustbins, (11.90%) suggested that the number of waste
collectors should be increased to accommodate the entire ward, (9.30%) suggested on timely
removal of wastes, (8.90%) said that education on the impacts of wastes to the environment and
public health should be provided to the majority while the rest (27.9%) suggested on paying for
solid waste collection and disposal charges, reuse and recycle, contributing to buy waste
container, equally distributed of waste containers and increase the number of work vehicles.

Few respondents who were suggested that they were willing to pay for any amount of waste
collection and disposal charged and contributing to buy waste communal containers were
employed and self-employed. Most of them were school teachers and businessmen. This was not
the same to other low income households who were demanding on the reduction of waste
collection charges. The study by John Mussa (2015) on the residents’ willingness to pay for
improved solid waste management in Dodoma Municipality showed that 63% of the respondents
suggested that they were willing to pay for improved SWM on average of TZS 3000 per month,
and 37% of the respondent were willing to pay TZS 2000 per month. The results by John Mussa
was not the same as that of Chang’ombe ward where only (2.60%) were willing to pay for solid
waste collection and disposal charges.

Figure 4.5 suggestions on how to overcome the challenges and improve the waste collection
and disposal service.

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(Source; field survey data, 2017)

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

52 | P a g e
5.1 Introduction

This chapter take a broad view of the study objectives that were set and the findings obtained in
this study through concluding and make some recommendations. Recommendations from the
findings are presented and suggestions for further research are outlined in this chapter.

5.2 Conclusion

Solid Waste Management is one of the important mandatory task of not only central and local
government but also individuals to the household levels. Unsurprisingly, individuals and
required bodies do not efficiently and properly performed their assigned roles in solid waste
disposal practices in Chang’ombe ward resulting in various environmental, health problems and
conflicts among the households. Waste management problem is complex because it involves a
multitude of scientific, technical, economic and social factors. Similarly, it is observed that lack
of financial resources, institutional weakness, improper selection of technology, transportation
systems and disposal options, social problem associated with laziness towards environmental
cleanliness and sanitation have made this service unsatisfactory and inefficient in the study area.

5.3 Recommendations

Though there is no single readymade solution to recommend on the solid waste problems in
Chang’ombe ward. The Researcher found that it is important to indicate issues requiring serious
attention in the discourse of household solid waste disposal issues. Based on the study findings
the following recommendations are pertinent:

5.3.1 Communal solid waste containers should be equipped to every street so high collection
charges that households were charged will be reduced. Also the distance will be shortened and
therefore illegal solid waste disposal practices which are conducted by many households will be
suppressed. Moreover, communal waste containers should be properly located and managed to
minimize its effects on the environment. The Dodoma Municipal Council should revise laws
regarding the locations of containers. These laws should include properly managed sites, which
are well fenced in and away from human settlements to avoid pollution on the environment and
health hazards to the nearby households.

53 | P a g e
5.3.2 People need to be educated by health and environmental motivators about the effects
of wastes on their health and environments. This will limit the effect of the solid wastes on the
residents. There should also be a follow-up to make sure that what they teach the residents is
applied and frequent visitation by the ward and street leaders to the resident area to make some
inspections if there are mismanaged wastes left over.

5.3.3 Promotion of reduction, reuse, and recycle . In solid waste management there is no
‘away’, when ‘throwing away’ waste, system complexities and the integrated nature of materials
and pollution are quickly apparent. All the discarded materials should either be reduced at the
source, reused or recycled. The Dodoma municipal council should increase the rate of solid
waste recycling in order to minimize the rate of solid wastes to the streets in Chang’ombe ward
through involving local recycling businessman in waste management planning. Local
businessman who are dealing in recyclable materials should be involved in waste management
planning because their insights and experience could improve planning for sustainable solid
waste management. They should be invited to take part in the annual meetings of municipal
boards when waste management issues are being discussed.

5.3.4 Furthermore, the waste vendors should not be exploited by the Local businessman.
This will encourage them to collect more inorganic solid wastes like plastic bottles and papers
which are more persistent in the streets that were surveyed. Households must use their food
scraps to feed domestic animals or selling them to earn profit rather than dumping illegally in
open areas or along the roads as many of them did because these wastes cause odors attracts
flies, stray animals like dogs and accelerate conflict to the neighbors.

5.3.5 The use of leftovers

The findings of this study reveal that only 4.70% of respondents used leftovers to feed pets. The
remaining were just throw away their food leftovers. This study recommends that households
must use leftovers either by eating them, using them for compost or feeding them to pets.
Households must keep their leftovers in the freezer for another day or in the cooling facility and
eat them the following day rather than throwing their leftovers in open spaces.

5.4 Recommendations for further research.

54 | P a g e
i) There is a need to investigate how packaging influences the generation of solid waste at
household level in Chang’ombe ward.

ii) There is a need to evaluate household solid wastes generation during different seasons so to
compare data as seasonality of certain waste products being generated due to time elapsed.

iii) There is a need to assess households’ solid waste and collect data in other wards in Dodoma
Municipality as this study data is only from one ward.

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