DBMS TUTORIAL 3

1.Explain Database users.

Database users are the one who really use and take the benefits of database.
There will be different types of users depending on their need and way of
accessing the database. Application Programmers - They are the developers who
interact with the database by means of DML queries.
1. Database Administrator (DBA): Database Administrator (DBA) is a
person/team who defines the schema and also controls the 3 levels of
database. The DBA will then create a new account id and pass- word for the
user if he/she need to access the data base. DBA is also responsible for
providing security to the data base and he allows only the authorized users
to access/modify the data.
2. Naive / Parametric End Users: Parametric End Users are the
unsophisticated who don't have any DBMS knowledge but they frequently
use the data base applications in their dailyife o get the de- sired results.
For examples, Railway's ticket booking users are naive users. Clerks in any
bank is a naive user because they don't have any DBMS knowledge but they
still the database and perform their given task.
3. System Analyst: System Analyst is a user who analyses the requirements of
parametric end users. They check whether all the requirements of end
users are satisfied.
4. Sophisticated Users: Sophisticated users can be engineers, scientists,
business analyst, who are familiar with the database. They can develop
their own data base applications according to their requirement. They don't
write the program code but they interact the data base by writing SQL
queries directly through the query processor.
5. Data Base Designers: Data Base Designers are the users who design the
structure of data base which includes tables, indexes, views, constraints,
triggers, stored procedures. He/she controls what data must be stored and
how the data items to be related.
6. Application Program: Application Program are the back end programmers
who writes the code for the application programs. They are the computer
 professionals. These programs could be written in Programming languages
such as Visual Basic, Developer, C, FORTRAN, COBOL etc.
7. 7Stores strings of letters, numbers, and symbols. Data types CHARACTER
(CHAR) and CHARACTER VARYING (VARCHAR) are collectively referred to as
character string types, and the values of character string types are known
as character strings. Character data can be stored as fixed- length or
variable-length strings.
1.Physical data independence.
 Physical data independence helps you to separate conceptual levels from
the internal/physical levels. It allows you to provide a logical description of
the database without the need to specify physical structures. Compared to
Logical Independence, it is easy to achieve physical data independence.
With Physical independence, you can easily change the physical storage
structures or devices with an effect on the conceptual schema. Any change
done would be absorbed by the mapping between the conceptual and
internal levels. Physical data independence is achieved by the presence of
the internal level of the database and then the transformation from the
conceptual level of the database to the internal level.
2. Logical data independence.
 Logical Data Independence is the ability to change the conceptual scheme
without changing 1. External views 2. External API or programs Any change
made will absorbed by the mapping between external and conceptual
levels.

3.Define schema, instance and sub schema.

Schema: The database schema of a database is its structure described in a formal
language supported by the database management system. The term "schema"
refers to the organization of data as a blueprint of how the database is
constructed.
Schema has three type:
1.Physical schema 2. logical schema and 3. View schema
Instance: The data stored in database at a particular moment of time is called
instance of database. Database schema defines the variable declarations in tables
that belong to a particular database; the value of these variables at a moment of
time is called the instance of that database.
Sub schema: A subschema is a subset of the schema and inherits the same
property that a schema has. The plan (or scheme) for a view is often called
subschema. Subschema refers to an application programmer's (user's) view of the
data item types and record types, which he or she uses.

4.Explain DDL and DML.

DDL: DDL (Data Definition Language) It is a set of SQL commands used to create,
modify and delete database objects such as tables, views, indices, etc. It is
normally used by DBA and database designers. It provides commands like:
 CREATE: to create objects in a database.
 ALTER: to alter the schema, or logical structure, of the database.
 DROP: to delete objects from the database.
 TRUNCATE: remove all records from the table.
DML: DML (Data manipulation Language) It is a set of SQL commands used to
insert, modify and delete data in a database. It is normally used by general users
who are accessing database via pre-developed applications. it provides
commands like:
 INSERT: to insert data into a table.
 UPDATE: to modify existing data in a table.
 DELETE: to delete records from a table.
 LOCK: to lock tables to provide concurrency control among multiple users.
5.List type of DBMS.
Describe different data types in SQL.
• Oracle supports a set of basic data types. There are four basic data type
available in SQL
 Numerical
  Binary
 Character
Numeric Data Types:
 Numeric data types are in two categories: exact and approximate.
 Exact types include integer and decimal data types. Approximate types
include floating point data types.
Binary Data Types:
In SQL, binary data types are used to store any kind of binary data like images,
word files, text files, etc. in the table. In binary data types, we have an option like
allowing users to store fixed- length or variable length of bytes based on
requirements. In SQL, we have a different type of binary data types available,
those are
 binary datatype
 varbinary datatype
 varbinary(max) datatype
Character Data Types:
Stores strings of letters, numbers, and symbols. Data types CHARACTER (CHAR)
and CHARACTER VARYING (VARCHAR) are collectively referred to as character
string types, and the values of character string types are known as character
strings. Character data can be stored as fixed- length or variable-length strings.
Fixed- length strings are right-extended with spaces on output; variable-length
strings are not extended. String literals in SQL statements must be enclosed in
single quotes.