MATRICES

Problem: 1 If A= (12 34) find B such that A +2A-B=0 2

1 3 1 3 7 15
Solution : A =A.A = (2 4 )( 2 4 ) =(10 22 )
2

2A = 2 (12 34)= ( 24 68 )
A2+2A - B = 0

B = - A2 -2A
7 15 2 6 −9 −21
=- ( -
10 22 4 8
= )( ) (
−14 −30 )
−9 −21
-B = (−14 −30 )
B = (149 2130)
Problem: 2

−3 1
A = [ 2 1 3
4 −1 2 ] ,
[ ]
B= 2 5 find AB
0 2

−3 1
2 1 3
Solution: AB = 4 −1 2 [ ] [ ]
2 ×3
2 5
0 2 3 ×2

=
2 × (−3 )+1 ×2+3 × 0 2 ×1+1 ×5+3 ×2
[ 4 × (−3 ) + (−1 ) ×2+2 ×0 4 × 1+ (−1 ) × 5+2× 2 ]
−6+2 2+ 5+6
= [−12−2 4−5+ 4 ]
−4 13
AB = [ −14 3 ]
1
Problem: 3 If A= (13 24) find B such that A +2A+B=0 2

1 2 1 2
A2= A . A = 3 4 . 3 4( ) ( ) =[ 13××1+2 ×3
1+4 × 3
1 ×2+2 ×4
3 × 2+ 4 × 4 ]
1+ 6 2+8
[ 3+12
=
6+16 ]

7 10
=[
15 22 ]

1 2 2 4
2 A = 2[
3 4] [ 6 8]
=

A2+2A + B =0

⟹ B =0 - A2 -2A
= -2A - A2

B = - [ 26 48] -[[ 157 1022]]

−2−7 −4−10
B = [−6−15 −8−22 ]
−9 −14
B = [−21 −30 ]
Problem:4

1 2 0 1 2 3
A =
[ 1 1 0
−1 4 0 ] , B =
[ 1 1 −1
2 2 2 ] Find AB

Solution:

1 2 0 1 2 3
AB ¿
[ 1 1 0
−1 4 0 ][ . 1 1 −1
2 2 2 ]
2
 1× 1+ 2× 1+ 0 ×2 1 ×2+2 ×1+0 × 2 1× 3+2× (−1 ) +0 ×2

[
¿ 1× 1+ 1× 1+ 0× 2 1 ×2+1 ×1+0 × 2 1× 3+1× (−1 )+ 0 ×2
(−1 ) ×1+ 4 ×1+0 × 2 (−1 ) × 2+4 × 1+0 ×2 (−1)× 3+4 × (−1 ) +0 ×2 ]
1+2 2+2 3−2
¿
[ 1+1 2+1 3−1
−1+4 −2+ 4 −3−4 ]
3 4 1
¿
[ 2 3 2
3 2 −7 ]
b +c a a
Problem : 5 Show That
| b
c
c +a
c
b = 4abc
a+ b |
Solution:

b +c a a
| b
c
c +a
c
b
a+ b |
R1 : R1 - ( R2 + R3 )
b+ c−(b+c ) a−( c+ a+c ) a−(b+ a+b)
=
| b
c
c +a
c
b
a+ b |
0 a a

c|
= b c +a
c
b
a+ b |
0 a−a−2 c a−a−2b
|
= b
c
c +a
c
b
a+b |
0 −2 c −2 b

c|
= b c +a
c
b
a+b |
= 0 ( ( c +a )( a+ b )−b ×c ) - ( -2c) ( b ( a+b )−bc ) + (-2b) ( bc−c( c+ a) )

3
 = 0 + 2c( ab +b2−bc ) - 2b ( bc−c 2−ac )

= 2abc + 2b 2 c – 2bc 2 - 2b 2 c + 2bc 2 + 2abc

= 4abc.

1 2 4
Problem : 6 Find
[ ]
Adj of A. A = 2 3 2
3 3 4

Minor of 1 = |33 24| = 3×4 - 2×3 = 12 - 6 = 6

Minor of 2 = |23 24| = 2×4 - 2×3 = 8 - 6 =2
Minor of 3 = |23 33| = 2×3 - 3×3 = 6 - 9 = -3
Minor of 2 = |23 34| = 2 × 4 – 3 ×3 = 8 – 9 = -1
Minor of 3 = |13 34| = 1 × 4 – 3 × 3 = 4 – 9 = -5
Minor of 2 = |13 23| =1×3–2×3=3–6=-3

Minor of 3 = |23 32| = 2 × 2 – 3 × 3 = 4- 9 = -5

Minor of 3 = |12 32| = 1 × 2 – 3 × 2 = 2 – 6 = - 4
Minor of 4 = |12 23| = 1 × 3 – 2 × 2 = 3 – 4 = -1

4
 6 2 −3
Minor of A = −1 −5 −3
−5 −4 −1 [ ]
6 −2 −3
Cofactor of A = 1 −5 3
−5 4 −1 [ ]
6 1 −5
∴ Adj of A = −2 −5 4
−3 3 −1 [ ]
1 −1 1
Problem: 7 A =4 1 0
8 1 1 [ ] Inverse of A

| A| = 1(1×1 - 0×1) - (-1) (4×1 - 0×8 ) + 1( 4×1 - 1×8)

= 1(1-0) +1(4-0) + 1(4-8)

= 1(1) + 1(4) + 1(-4)

= 1+4-4 = 1

| A| =1

AdjA
A−1 =
| A|

1 −1 1

[
A = 4 1 0
8 1 1 ]
Minor of 1 = |11 01| = 1×1 - 0×1 = 1-0 =1
Minor of -1 = |48 01| = 4 × 1 - 0× 8 = 4-0 = 4
Minor of 1 = |48 11| = 4 ×1 - 1×8 =-4

5
Minor of 4 = |−11 11| = -1×1 -1×1 =-1-1=-2
Minor of 1 = |18 11| = 1×1 - 1×8 = 1-8 = -7
Minor of 0 = |18 −11 | = 1×1 - (-1)×8 = 1+ 8 = 9
Minor of 8 = |−11 10| = -1 ×0 - 1×1 = -1
Minor of 1 = |14 10| = 1×0 -1×4 = -4
Minor of 1 = |14 −11 | = 1×1 - (-1)×4 = 1+4 =5
1 4 −4
Minor of A = −2 −7 9
−1 −4 5 [ ]
1 −4 −4
Cofactor of A
[
= 2 −7 −9
−1 4 5 ]
1 2 −1

[
Adj A = −4 −7 4
−4 −9 5 ]
1 1 2 −1 1 2 −1
A −1
=
AdjA
| A|
=
1 [
−4 −7 4
−4 −9 5 ][
= −4 −7 4
−4 −9 5 ]
Problem: 8 Solve by Matrix Inversion Method.

2x – y +3 z = 9, x+ y + z = 6 , x – y + z = 2

2 −1 3 x 9

[
1 −1 1 z ] [] []
A = 1 1 1 , X = y , B = 6
2

6
 AX = B ⟹ X = A−1 B

| A| = 2 ( 1 ×1 – (-1) ×1) – (-1) ( 1×1 - 1×1) + 3( 1×(-1) - 1×1)

= 2 ( 1 + 1) + 1 ( 1- 1 ) + 3 ( -1 – 1)

= 2 (2) + 0 + 3 (-2) = 4 – 6 = -2

| A| = -2

2 −1 3
A =
[ 1 1 1
1 −1 1 ]
Minor of 2 = |−11 11| = 1×1 – (-1) ×1 = 1 +1=2

Minor of -1 = |11 11| = 1×1 - 1×1 = 1 - 1 =0

Minor of 3 = |11 −11 | = 1×(-1) - 1×1 = -1 - 1 = -2
3
Minor of 1 = |−1
−1 1|
= (-1) × 1 – 3 ×(-1) = -1 + 3= 2

Minor of 1 = |22 31| = 2 × 1 – 3 × 1 = 2 – 3= -1

Minor of 1 = |21 −1
−1|
= 2 × (-1) – (-1) × 1 = -2 +1 = - 1

Minor of 1 = |−11 31| = (-1) × 1 – 3 × 1 = -1- 3 = -4

Minor of -1 = |21 31| = 2 × 1 – 3 × 1 = 2 – 3 = - 1
Minor of 1 = |21 −11 | = 2× 1 – (-1) × 1= 2 + 1 = 3

7
 2 0 −2
Minor of A =
[ 2 −1 −1
−4 −1 3 ]
2 0 −2

[
Cofactor of A = −2 −1 1
−4 1 3 ]
2 −2 −4
Adj of A =
[ 0 −1 1
−2 1 3 ]
AdjA 1
A−1 =
| A| = | A| AdjA

2 −2 −4
=
1
−2 [ 0 −1 1
−2 1 3 ]
X = A−1 B

2 −2 −4 9
=
1
−2 [ 0 −1 1
−2 1 3 ][ ]
6
2

2× 9+ (−2 ) ×6+ (−4 ) × 2

=
1
−2 [ 0 × 9+ (−1 ) × 6+1 ×2
(−2)× 9+ ( 1 ) ×6+3 × 2 ]
18−12−8
=
1
−2 [ ]
0−6+2
−18+6+ 6

18−20 −2
=
1
−2 [ ] []
−4
−18+12
=
1
−2
−4
−6

8
 −1

[ ]
×−2
2
x

[]y
z
=
−1
2
−1
×−4

×−6
2

x 1

[] y
z
=
[]
2
3

∴ x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.

Problem:9 Solve By Cramer’s Rule

x+y+z = 6 , x-y+2z=5, 2x+y+z =8

1 1 1 x 6
A =
[ 1 −1 2
2 1 1 ] , X = y,
z [] [] B = 5
8

AX = B ⟹ X = A−1 B

1 1 1
| A|
|
= 1 −1 2
2 1 1 |
= 1( (−1 ) ×1−1 ×2¿−1 ( 1 ×1−2 ×2 ) +1(1 ×1−(−1)× 2) )

= 1(-1-2) -1(1-4)+1(1+2)

= 1(-3) -1(-3) +1(3)

= -3+3+3

| A| =3

6 1 1

X = |
5 −1 2
8 1 1 | = 6¿¿

| A|

9
 6(−1−2)−1(5−16)+1(5+ 8)
= 3

6 (−3 )−1 (−11 ) +1(13) −18+11+13

= 3
= 3

24−18 6
= 3 = 3 =2

∴ x =2.
1 6 1

Y = | |
1 5 2
2 8 1
| A|

1 ( 5 ×1−2× 8 )−6 ( 1 ×1−2× 2 )+ 1(1× 8−5 × 2)

= 3

1 ( 5−16 )−6 (1−4 ) +1(8−10)

= 3

1 (−11 )−6 (−3 ) +1(−2) −11+18−2 18−13

= 3
= 3 = 3

5
∴ y= 3

1 1 6

Z = |1 −1 5
2 1 8 |
| A|

= 1¿¿

1 (−8−5 ) −1 ( 8−10 ) +6(1+ 2)

= 3

1 (−13 )−1 (−2 )+ 6(3)

= 3

10
 −13+2+18 20−13 7
= 3 = 3 = 3

∴ z =
7
3 ∴ X=
x

[]
y
z
=
[] 5
3
7
3

11
 APPLICATIONS OF MATRIX ANALYSIS TO BUSINESS PROBLEMS
Problem:1
Monthly expenditure in an office for 3 months is given below. Assuming that
the Salary is all three months of different categories of staff did not vary. Calculate
the salary for each type of staff.

Month No. of Employees Total

Monthly salary
Clerks Typists Peons
( in Rs.)
January 4 2 3 4900

February 3 3 2 4500

March 4 3 4 5800

Solution : Let the salary of a clerk be Rs. X.

Let the salary of a Typist be Rs. Y.

Let the salary of a peon be Rs. Z.

Then the given problem becomes

4x+2y+3z = 4900

3x + 3y+2z = 4500

4x + 3y+4z = 5800

This the system of equations can be put in the form AX = B, where

4 2 3 x 4900
(
A= 3 3 2 ; X= y
4 3 4 z ) () ( ) ; B= 4500
5800

Now |A| = 4(12-6) - 2(12 -8) + 3( 9 -12) = 24 – 8 -9 = 7≠ 0..

|A| = 7 ≠ 0.

A−1 exits.

12
 The matrix of cofactors ( Aij ) is given by

|33 24| −|34 24| |34 33| 6

( Aij ) =¿
(−|
2 3

2 3
4 2
3 4| |4 3|
4 2
|3 2| |3 3| |3 3|
−|
4 2
4 3|
4 2
(
= 1
−5
) −4 −3
4 −4
−2 6 )
6 1 5
T

(
∴ Adj A = ( Aij ) = −4 4 −2
−3 −4 6 )
6 1 5
A
(
Adj A = ( ij ) = −4 4 −2
−3 −4 6 )
6 1 5

( )
7 7 7
1 −4 4 −2
A = Adj .A/|A| =
7 7 7 7
−3 −4 6
7 7 7

AX = B ⟹ A−1(AX) ⟹ A−1B ⟹ IX = A−1B ⟹ X = A−1B

6 1 5

( )
7 7 7
x 4900 700
X =
() y = A−1B =
z
−4
7
−3
4
7
−4
−2
7
6
( ) ( )
4500
5800
= 600
300
7 7 7

x 700
() ( )
y = 600
z 300

⟹ x=700, y= 600, z= 300.

Then monthly salary of a clerk is Rs.700/- p.m.

Monthly salary of a Typist is Rs. 600/- p.m

13
 Monthly salary of a peon is Rs. 300/- p.m.

PROBLEM 2:

A Sales man has the following record of sales during three months for three items A, B, and
C which have different rates of commission.

Months Sales of units Total Commission

A B C ( in Rs.)

January 90 100 20 800

February 130 50 40 900
March 60 100 30 850

Find the rate of commission on each items A,B and C.

Solution : Let the commission rate on item A be Rs. x.

“ “ B be Rs. y.

“ “ C be Rs. z.

The according to the problems, we get

90x+100y+20z =800

130x+50y+40z = 900

60x+100y+30z= 850

By taking 10 as common factor form all the three equations ,we can put the system of
equations

(1) In the following form.

91x+10y+2z = 80

13x+5y+4z = 90

6x+10y+3z =85

14
 Where the solutions of system (1) is same the solutions of the system (2) and so we will
solve in system (2)

By using matrix analysis.

This system of equations can be put in the form AX = B , Where

9 10 2 x 80
(
A = 13 5 4 ; X = y ; B = 90
6 10 3 z) () ( ) 85

Now |A| = 9 |105 43|−¿10|136 43|+ 2|136 105 |

= 9(15-40) – 10(39 -24) + 2(130 – 30).
= -175≠ 0
−1
A exists.
−1
For A we will calculate Adj. A in the following way.

The matrix of cofactors ( Aij ) is given by

|105 43| −|136 43| |136 105 |

( Aij ) =¿
( −|
10 2 9 2
10 2| |6 3|
−|
9 10
6 10|

|105 24| |139 24| |139 105 | )

−25 −15 100
( Aij ) =¿
(
−10 15
30 10
30
85 )
−25 −10 3 0
T

(
Adj A = Aij = −1 5 15 −10
100 30 85 )
−25 −10 30
Hence A = Adj.A/|A| =
−1
175 (
−15 15 −10
100 30 85 )
Now AX =B ⟹ A−1 (AX) ⟹ A−1 B ⟹ ( A−1 A) X = A−1B⟹ IX = A−1B .

15
 −25 −10 30 80
⟹ x = A−1B = =
−1
175 (
−15 15 −10 90
100 30 85 85 )( )
x 2
() ( )
X = y =
z
4
11
x= 2, y=4, z= 11.
Then rate of commission on item A is Rs.2/-
Rate of commission on item B is Rs.4/-
Rate of commission on item C is Rs.11/-.

APPLICATIONS OF DETERMINANTS TO ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS

PROBLEMS
PROBLEM:1
Table below gives the price share of two companies A and B during the
month of July and August and it is also give the amount in Rs. Invested by Mr. Sham
during there two months for the purchase of shares of the two companies.

Month Company and value per Total amount invested

share ( in Rs.)
A B
July 10 5 125
August 9 12 150

Find in proportion of share of A and B purchased during both the months.

Solution: Let us assume that Mr.Sham purchased x number of shares of A and y numbers
of shares of B. Then the problem becomes.

10x+5y = 125

9x+ 12y= 150.

Here |109 125 | = 120- 45 = - 75 ≠ 0.

Then by Cramer’s rule, we have

16
 x y 1

|125 5
150 12|
=
| 10 125 =
9 150 | |109 125 |
x y 1
=
1500−750 1500−1125
= 120−45

x y 1
i.e. = =
750 375 75

750
i.e.., x= = 10
75

375
y= =5
75

The number of shares of A is 10 and number of shares of B is 5.

PROBLEM: 2

In a market survey three commodities A, B and C were considered. In

finding out the index number some fixed weights were assigned to the three
varieties in each of the commodities. The table below provides the information
regarding the consumption of three commodities according to three varieties and
also the total weight received by the commodity.

Commodities Variety Total weights

I II III
A 1 2 3 11

B 2 4 5 21

C 3 5 6 27
Find the weights assigned to the three varieties by using determinant.

Solution : Let x, y, z be the weights assigned to the three varieties. Then

the given problem can be put as

x + 2y + 3z = 11

2x + 4y+ 5z = 21

3x+ 5y + 6z = 27.

17
 1 2 3
| |
Hence 2 4 5
3 5 6
= 1(24-25) – 2(12-15) + 3(10-12)

= -1 + 6 – 6 = -1≠ 0

Then by using Cramer’s rule or Determinant method.

1
x y z 1 2 3
∆1
= =
∆2 ∆3
=
| |
2 4 5
3 5 6

11 2 3
Where ∆1 = 21 4 5
27 5 6 | | = 11(24- 25) – 2(126 – 135) + 3(105 - 108).

= -11 + 18 – 9 = - 2

1 11 3
|
∆2 = 2 21 5
3 27 6 | = 1(126 – 135) - 11(12 -15 ) + 3(54 - 63)

= -9 + 33 – 27 = -3

∴ ∆2 = -3.

1 2 11
|
∆3 = 2 4 21
3 5 27 | = 1(108 – 105) - 2(54 -63 ) + 11(10 -12)

= 3 + 18 -22 = -1

Hence x/-2 = y/-3 = z/-1 =1/-1

x = -2/-1 =2

y = -3/-1 = 3

z = -1/-1 =1
∴ The weights assigned to the three varieties of commodities are 2, 3 and 1
respectively.

18
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Limits
3 2
1 Evaluate lim ¿ X +3 x +6 x +5
x→ ∞
X 3 +2 x+ 6
lim 1
Solution: x →∞
= 0, we divide both the numerator and the denominator by the
x
respective highest power of x , so that

3 2
lim ¿ X +3 x +6 x +5
x→ ∞
X 3 +2 x+ 6
3 6 5
1+ + 2 + 3
= lim ¿
x→ ∞
(x x X
2 6
1+ 2 + 3
X X
)
19
 lim 3 lim 6 lim 5

( )
×→ ∞ × →∞ × →∞
lim 1+ + 2
+ 3
lim ¿ ×→ ∞ x x X
= x→ ∞ lim 2 lim 6
×→ ∞
lim 1+ 2
+ × → ∞3
× →∞ X X
1+ 0+0+0
= 1+0+ 0 = 1

1 1
2. Evaluate lim 2
x →1 x + x−2
- x −13

Solution:

1 1 ¿ lim ¿ 1 1
lim 2 - 3 [ - ( x−1 ) (x + x +1) ]
2
x →1 x + x−2 x −1 x →1 ( x−1 ) ( x+ 2)

lim ¿ 1 1 1
¿ x →1 (x−1) [ (x +2) - (x + x+1) ] 2

lim 1 x 2+ x+1−x−2
¿ x →1
[ 2
(x−1) ( x+2 ) ( x + x +1)
]

lim 1 x 2−1
¿ x→ 1
[ 2
¿
( x−1 ) ( x+2 ) ( x + x+1 )

lim 1
x→ 1 ( x−1 ) ( x +1)
¿ [ ]
( x−1 ) ( x+2 ) ( x 2+ x+1 )

(x +1)
¿ lim [ ]
x →1 ( x +2 ) ( x 2+ x +1 )

( 1+1 )
¿
( 1+ 2 )( 1+1+1 )

2
¿
9

lim √ 3−x −1
3. Evaluate x→ 2
2−x

20
Solution:

lim √ 3−x −1 lim ( √3−x−1)( √ 3−x +1)

x→ 2 = x→ 1
2−x 2−x ( √ 3−x +1)

lim ( √3−x−1)( √ 3−x +1)

= x→ 2
2−x ( √ 3−x +1)

lim (3−x +1)

= x→ 2

2−x ( √ 3−x +1)

lim (2−x )
= x→ 2

(2− x)( √ 3−x +1)

lim 1
= x→ 2

( √ 3−x +1)

1
= (√ 3−2+1)

1
= 2

DIFFERENTIATION

PROBELM:1

Differentiate y = x n when n is any number, from the first principles

n n
Solution: If y = x then y + δx = ( x +δx)

21
 δy
And δx = ¿ ¿

δx n n
δy
δx =
n
x 1+ ( x) −x

δx

δy
Now δx < 1, as δx is a small quantity in comparison with x.

By Binomial theorem

δx n ( n−1 ) δx 2 n
n ! δx
δy
δx =
n
x 1+n ([ x
)+
2! ( )
x
+…+
n! x ( ) ]−1
δx
n−1
n ( n−1 ) δx δx
=
xn δx n/2+
[ 2! x 2 ( )
+…+ n
x ]
δx

δy 1 n ( n−1 ) δx
δx
n
[
=x n . x + 2 ! x2
+terms containing δx
]
δy 1
∴ lim
δx →0 δx δx → 0 x [
= lim xn n . +terms containing δx ]
dy
∴ dx
n
= x . n/x = n . x
n−1

( x ¿¿ n)
∴ d
dx
¿ = n. x n−1

dy
PROBELM:2 Find dx
, when y=( x ¿¿ 2+3 x)3 ¿
Solution:

Given y= ( x ¿¿ 2+3 x)3 ¿

Diff. w.r.t .x

22
 dy d
= ( x ¿¿ 2+3 x)3 ¿
dx dx

2 d
=3 ( x ¿¿ 2+3 x) dx ¿ ¿ ¿+3x)

=3 ( x ¿¿ 2+3 x)2 ¿(2x+3)

dy
dx = (6x+9) ( x ¿¿ 2+3 x)2 ¿

dy
PROBELM:3 If x√ 1+ y +y√ 1+ x = 0 Find dx

Sol: x√ 1+ y = - y√ 1+ x

Squarring on both sides

(x√ 1+ y )2 = (- y√ 1+ x)2

x2 (1+y) = y 2(1+x)
d d d d
x2 dx (1+y) + (1+y) dx (x2) = y2 dx (1+x) + (1+x) dx (y2)

d d d d d d
x2[ dx (1)+ dx (y)] +(1+y) dx (x2) = y2[ dx (1)+ dx (x)]+(1+x) dx (y2)

dy dy
x2[0+ dx ]+(1+y)2x = y2[0+1] + (1+x) 2y dx

dy dy dy
x2 dx + 2x+2xy = y2 + 2y dx +2xy dx

dy 2
-y2+2x+2xy = dx (-x +2y+2xy)

dy y 2−2 x −2 xy
dx = x −2 y −2 xy
2

e x +e− x
PROBELM:4 Find the derivative of w.r.t x.
e x −e− x

e x + e−x
Sol:- Take y = e¿e

23
 d d
d u v (u)– u (v)
By using dx ( v ) = dx dx
2
v

d
dy (e ¿ ¿ x+ e−x ) ( e x −e−x )
x d dx
dx =( e −e ) dx (e ¿ ¿ x+ e )−
−x −x
2
¿¿
( e x −e−x )
dy
( e x −e−x ) ¿ ¿
dx =

d
dy
−x d
(e ¿ ¿ x +e− x ) e x −e− x (−x )
dx [ ]
dx = ( e −e ) e +e
x −x x
dx [
(−x ) − x ]
( e −e ) − x 2
¿

−x
( e x −e−x ) ( e x −e−x )−(e ¿ ¿ x+ e−x ) (e x¿ x+−xe 2 ) ¿¿
dy ¿
dx =
( e −e )
−x 2
dy ( e x −e−x ) − ( e ¿x x +e−x 2 ) ¿
2 ¿
dx =
( e −e )

by using (a-b)2- (a+b)2=-4ab

dy −4 e x e− x dy −4
dx = x
( e −e ) −x 2 ⇒ dx = x
( e −e−x )
2

dy 2 at 2 2a
PROBELM:5 Find dx if y= 2 , x=
1+t 1+ t 2
dy dy /dt
Sol: dx = dx /dt
dy d 2 at 2
dt = dt [ 1+t 2 ]

dy ( 1+t2 ) d ( 2 a t 2 )−2a t 2 d ( 1+t 2 )

= dt dt
dt 2 2
( 1+ t )
= ( 1+t 2 ) 2 a d ( t 2) −2 a t2 ¿ ¿
dt

24
 ( 1+t2 ) 2 a(2 t)−2 a t 2 ( 2 t )
= ( 1+t 2 )
2

( 1+t2 ) ( 4 at )−2 a t 2 ( 2t )
= ( 1+t 2 )
2

4 at+ 4 a t 3 −4 a t 3
= ( 1+t 2 )
2

dy 4 at
dt = ( 1+t ) 2 2

dx d 2a
dt = dt [ 1+ t ] 2

( 1+t2 ) d ( 2a )−2 a d (1+t 2)

= dt dt
2 2
( 1+ t )
( 1+t2 ) ( 0)−2 a[ d ( 1 ) + d ( t 2 ) ]
= dt dt
2 2
( 1+t )
0−2 a [0+ 2t ]
= ( 1+ t2 )
2

dx −4 at
dt = ( 1+t ) 2 2

2
dy dy /dt 4 at/ ( 1+t 2 )
dx = dx /dt = −4 at/ ( 1+t 2 2
)
= -1

dy
PROBELM:6 If y = 2at, x=at2 find dx

dy dy /dt
Sol: dx = dx /dt

dy d dx d 2
dt = dt (2at) dt = dt (at )

dy d dx d 2
dt = 2a dt (t) dt = a dt (t )

dy dx
dt = 2a dt = a. 2t = 2at

25
 dy dy /dt 2a 1
dx = dx /dt = 2 at = t

dy
PROBELM:7 Find dx , if x = t3 and y = t3.

dy dy /dt
Sol: dx = dx /dt

dy d 2
dt = dt (t )

dy 2-1
d dx 3-1
d
dt = 2(t ) dt (t) dt = 3(t ) dt (t)

dy dx 2
dt = 2t dt = 3t

dy dy /dt 2t 21
dx = dx /dt = 3t 2
=3 t

x dy
PROBELM:8 If y= x find dx .

Sol:- y= x x

Apply ‘log’ on both sides

x
log y = log x

log y = x log x
d d
dx (log y) = dx (x log x)

1 d d d
(y) = x (log x)+ log x
y dx dx dx (x)

26
 1 dy 1
y dx = x. x + log x

1 dy
y dx = 1+log x

dy
dx = y(1+log x)

PROBELM:9
dy 2 2y
Find dx if log xy = x +y

d d 2 2
Solution:- dx (log xy) = dx (x +y )

1 d d 2 d 2
[
xy dx (xy)] = dx (x ) + dx (y )

1 d d d d
[x
xy dx (y)+y dx (x)] = 2x dx (x)+2y dx (y)

1 dy dy
[x
xy dx +y] = 2x+ 2y dx

x dy y dy
xy dx + xy = 2x+2y dx

1 dy 1 dy
y dx + x = 2x+2y dx

1 1 dy
x - 2x = (2y - y ) dx

1−2 x2 2 y 2−1 dy
x
= ( y ) dx

1−2 x2 y dy
( x )( 2 y 2−1 ) = dx

y−2 x2 y dy
2 x y 2−x
= dx

27
 dx
Find dy ,if x = y .
y x
PROBLEM:10

Solution: x y = y x .

Taking logarithms on both sides

log( x y ) = log( y x)

y. log x = x.log y

Now differentiating on both sides w.r.t. x.

d d
We get dx (y.logx) = dx (x.log y)
d d d d
y. dx (log x ¿ ¿ + log y . dy = log y dx ( x) + x. dx
¿

dy
( dy )
y . 1/x + log x.( dx = log y + x . 1/y . dx .

dy dy
y/x + log x . dx = log y + x/y . dx .

dy
( log x−x / y )
dx = log y - y/x

( y logyy−x ) dydx = ( x logxy − y )

dy
∴ dx = ( x logxy − y ) × ( y logyx−x )
dy xy . log y− y 2
∴ dx = xy log x−x 2

Successive Differentiation
dy
1. If y =3-x2 prove that ( dx )2-4x2 = 0

d d
Solution:- dx (y) = dx (3-x2)

28
 dy d d 2
=
dx dx (3) - dx (x )

dy
dx = 0-2x

dy
dx = -2x
dy
( dx )2- 4x2 = (-2x)2-4x2 = 4x2-4x2
dy
( dx )2-4x2 = 0 Hence proved.

2. Find third derivative of x5.

Sol:- if y= x5
d d 5
dx (y) = dx (x )

dy 5-1
d
dx = 5(x ) dx (x)

dy
dx = 5x4

d2 y d 4
2 = 5 (x )
dx dx

d2 y 4-1
d
2 = 5.4(x )
dx dx (x)

d2 y
= 5.4x3
d x2

d2 y
= 20x3
d x2

d3 y d 3
3 = 20. (x )
dx dx

29
 d3 y
d x3
= 20.3(x3-1)

d3 y
d x3
= 20.3x2

d3 y
d x3
= 60x2

d2 y
3. If x2+xy+3y2 = 1 , show that (x+6y)3 + 22 = 0
d x2

Sol: x2+xy+3y2 = 1
d 2 d
dx
( x +xy+3y 2
) = dx
(1)

d 2 d d 2
dx (x )+ dx (xy)+3 dx (y ) = 0

d d d d
2(x2-1) dx (x)+ [x dx (y)+ y dx (x)] +3.2y dx (y) = 0

dy dy
2x+ [x dx + y] +6y dx = 0

dy dy
2x + x dx + y + 6y dx = 0

dy
2x + y = dx (-6y-x)

dy (2 x+ y)
dx = - (6 y + x )

d2 y d (2 x + y)
d x2
=- [
dx (6 y + x ) ]

Partial Differentiation

30
 δu δu δu
PROBLEM:1 If u = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , show that x δx + y δy + z δz = 2 u

Solution : Here u is a function of there independent variables x, y and z

While differentiating partially with respect to one independent variables, we
treat that other two independent variables, we treat the other two
independent variables as constants.

u = x2 + y2 + z2
δu δu δu
∴ δx
= 2x , δy
= 2y, δz
= 2z

δu δu δu
∴ x δx + y δy +z δz = 2x2 + 2 y 2 + 2 z2

= 2( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ¿ = 2u.

∂z ∂z
PROBLEM:2 If z = x3+3x2y+3y2+y4+ex find ∂ x and ∂ y

∂z ∂
soln: ∂ x = ∂ x (x3+3x2y+3y2+y4+ex)

∂z ∂ 3 ∂ 2 ∂ 2 ∂ 4 ∂ x
=
∂x ∂x
(x )+3y ∂x
(x )+3 ∂x
(y )+ ∂ x (y )+ ∂ x (e )

∂z 3-1 ∂ 2-1 ∂
∂x
= 3(x ) ∂x
(x)+3y.2(x ) ∂ x (x)+3.0+0+ex

∂z
∂x
= 3x2+3y.2x+ex

∂z
∂x
= 3x2+6xy+ex

∂ ∂ 3
∂y
(z) = ∂y
(x +3x2y+3y2+y4+ex)

∂z ∂ 3 ∂ 2 ∂ 2 ∂ 4 ∂ x
∂y
= ∂y
(x )+3y ∂y
(x )+3 ∂y
(y )+ ∂y
(y )+ ∂ y (e )

31
 ∂z
∂y
= 0+3x2.1+3.2(y2-1)+4.(y4-1)+0

∂z
∂y
= 3x2+3.2y+4y3

∂z
∂y
=4y3 +3x2+6y

∂u ∂u ∂u
PROBLEM:3 If u =x2y+y2z+z2x Prove that ∂ x + ∂ y + ∂ z = (x+y+z)2

∂u ∂ 2
∂ x (x y+y z+z x)
2 2
Sol: ∂x =

∂u ∂ 2 ∂ 2 ∂ 2
∂ x = ∂ x (x y) + ∂ x (y z)+ ∂ x (z x)

∂u ∂ 2 2 ∂
∂x
= y ∂x
(x ) + 0 + z ∂x
(x)

∂u
∂x
= y.2(x2-1) + z2

∂u 2
∂ x = y.2x+z

∂u
∂x
= 2xy+z2

∂u ∂ 2
∂y
= ∂y
(x y+y2z+z2x)

∂u ∂ 2 ∂ 2 ∂ 2
=
∂y ∂y (x y)+ ∂y (y z)+ ∂ y (z x)

∂u ∂ ∂
∂y
= x2 ∂ y (y)+z ∂ y (y2)+0

∂u 2 2-1
∂
∂y = x .1+z.2(y ) ∂ y (y)

∂u 2
∂ y = x +z.2y

∂u
∂y
= x2+2yz

32
 ∂u ∂ 2 2 2
∂z = ∂ z (x y+y z+z x)

∂u ∂ 2 ∂ 2 ∂ 2
∂ z = ∂ z (x y) + ∂ z (y z)+ ∂ z (z x)

∂u 2
∂ ∂ 2
∂z = 0+y ∂z (z)+x ∂ z (z )

∂u
∂z
= y2+x.2(z2-1)

∂u
∂z
= y2+x.2z

∂u
∂z
= y2+2xz

∂ u ∂u ∂u
+ + = z2+2xy+x2+2yz+y2+2xz
∂x ∂ y ∂ z

= x2+y2+z2+2xy+2yz+2zx
∂ u ∂u ∂u
+ + =(x+y+z)2
∂x ∂ y ∂ z

Hence proved.

Maxima and Minima

Problem:1

Find the maximum and minimum values of y =3 x 5-5 x 3.

Solution: Given y= 3 x 5-5 x 3

dy d 5
= 3 ( x ) - 5 d ( x3 )
dx dx dx

= 15 x 4 - 15 x 2

Hence ; 15 x 4 - 15 x 2 = 0

33
 15( x 2 -1) = 0

x 2 -1 = 0 or x 2 = 1 or x =√ 1 = ± 1

(Or)

15 x 4 = 15 x 2

15 x 4 15
15 = ⟹ 15 x 2= 15 ⟹ x 2= 15 = 1
x2

X = √1 = ± 1

Ascertainment of second derivative :

d2 y d
2 =
( 15 x 4−15 x 2 ) = 60 x 3 -30x
dx dx

At x = 1;

= 60( 1 )3 - 30(1) = 60 – 30 = 30 > 0

So x = 1 is minimum.

At x = -1;

= 60 (−1 )3- 30(-1) = -60 + 30 = -30 < 0

So x = -1 is maximum.

Hence; maximum value = 3(−1 )5- 5(−1 )3 = -3 + 5 =2

Minimum value =3( 1 )5- 5( 1 )3 = 3 – 5 = -2

34
 APPLICATIONS OF PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
DEFINITIONS OF SOME FUNCTIONS IN ECONOMIC THEORY
PROBLEM:1

The cost of c of a manufacturing a certain article is given by c

= 5+48/q + 3q 2 , where q is the number of articles manufactured.
Find the minimum value of c.

Solution:- since c = 5 + 48/q + 3 q 2 mathematically, c has a maximum value

for q =q 1

dc d2 c
Produced dq = 0 and is positive for q =q 1
d q2

dc −48 dc −48+6 q3
dq
= 2 +6q ⇒ dq
= 0 = =0
q q2

dc
⇒ dq
= 0 for q =2

d2 c
And = + 96/q 3 > 0 if q = 2
d q2

Thus c has minimum value when q = 2 and a minimum value of

C = 5 + 48/2 + 3(4) = 41.

35
PROBLEM: 2 A manufacture sells x units of a product when the price
p(x) per unit is 100 – 0.10 x rupees. The cost of x units in rupees is c(x)
= 1000 + 50x. How many units should be sell to maximize

Solution: Total profit = Total Revenue - Total cost

Let x denotes the number of units manufactured then

Total cost = R(x) = (unit price) × (No. of units)

(i.e.) R(x) = (100 – 0.10x) × x

= 100x × x 2/10

And total cost = (cost per unit) × (No. of units)

(ie) c(x) = 1000 + 50x (given)

x2
P(x) = R(x) - c(x) =100 x− −1000−50 x
10

1000 x−x 2−10000−500 x

=
10

1
P(x) = 10
(- x 2 + 500x - 10000)

We need to find the value of x, for which p(x) is maximum.

dp 1
= 10 (-2x + 500)
dx

dp
⇒ dx = 0 if x = 250

d2 p 1 −1
And 2 = 10 (-2) = 5 < 0
dx

dp d2 p
Since dx = 0 and < 0 at x = 250.
d x2

P has maximum value at x=250.

Manufacturer has to produce 250 units to maximize his profit.

36
Maximum profit = P(250) - 1/10 (-(2502) + (500)(250) - 14000)

= Rs. 5250

Problem:3 Find the elasticity of demand ηd for the demand function

x = 7 - 3p. p = 1, 2, 3.

Solution:

p dx
We know that the elasticity of demand function = ηd = − x . dp ( )
Since demand function is given by x = 7 – 3p

x –7 dx
(i.e.) p = − 3 , ( ) dp
= -3

x–7
We have ηd =+ 3 ( ) (-3) = ( 7 –x x )
ηd = ( 7 –x x ) if p = 1,2,3 then x = 4, 1, -2

And ηd takes the values ¾ ,6 and -9/2 respectively.

Problem:4 Determine the price elasticity of demand for the function

p = x e x1 .

Solution :- We know that ηd = - ( xp ) . ( dxdp )

Given that p = x. e x ----------------------(1)

Taking logarithms on both sides, we get

log p = log ( x . ex ) = log x + x

Differentiating both sides w.r.t. p

1/p = ( 1x +1) . dxdp (or)

37
 dx x 1
dp = (1+ x) x p

dx x 1
∴ dp = ( 1+ x ) .( x e x ) = (1+ x)e
x (from 1)
−p dx x ex 1
∴ ηd = ( )
x . ( ) dp =- x × (1+ x)e x

1
ηd = - (1+ x)
PROBLEM: 5 A Store can sell 100 tennis rackets a year at Rs. 30
each. For each Rs.2 doop. In can sell 10 more rackets. What sale price
would produce the greatest revenue.

Solution:

Let x be the price at which rackets are to be sold. The reduction

price is (30 – x).
( 30−x )
The number of multiples of Rs. 2 in (30 – x) is
2

For each such multiples the store sells 10 additional rackets.

Hence the number of Rackets sold will be

( 30−x )
100 + 10 2
= 250 - 5 x

Since the price is x per racket so the revenue is

R = (250 – 5 x) x = 250 x – 5 x 2

dR d2 R
To obtain the maximum Revenue dx = 0, < 0
d x2

dR dR
dx
= 250 - 10x (ie) dx
= 0 for x = 25

d2 R
And = - 2 < 0 for all x.
d x2

38
 Hence Revenue is maximum for x = 25.

Hence the selling price per racket should be Rs. 25.

PROBLEM: 6 Given the distinct sub Markets supplied by a

discriminating monopolist and Let the corresponding demand curves
be p1 = 10 - x, p2 = 19 - 2y and c = 6 + 3(x+y) be his total cost. Find
prices, sales, marginal revenue in the two markets under
discrimination corresponding to maximum profit.

Solution: Here p1 = 10 - x and p2 = 19 - 2y c = 6 + 3(x+y)

Revenue from markets are R1 = 10 x - x 2 and

R2 = (19 – 2 y) y = 19y – 2 y 2

. . profit = p = Revenue - Cost = R1 T R2 - c

(ie) p = 10x - x2 + 19 y - 2 y 2 - 6 – 3(x + y)

P = 7 x - x 2 + 16y - 2 y 2 – 6
δM
⟹Marginal Revenue w.r.t. market x. δx = 0 for x = 7/2
δM δP δM
Similarly δy = δx = 16 – 4y and δy = 0 for y =4

For these values of x and y

2
7 7
P = 7 ( )- ( )
2 2
+ 16(4) - ( 4)2 - 6 = 153/4 profit

Also p1 = 10 – x = 10 -7/2 = 13/2 = 6.5 price at market x

p2 = 19 – 2y = 19 – 8 = 11 = price at market y

Total Revenue or Sales = p1 x + p2 y.

= (6.5) (3.5) + 11 × 4

39
 = 22.75 + 44 = 66.75 = Total Sales

Also, we can check that M R1 = M R2 = MC

δ R1
M R1 = δx
= 10 2x = 10 - 2(3.5) = 3

δ R2
M R2 = δy
= 19 - 4y = 19 – 16 = 3

And since c = 6 + 3 (x+y) = 6 + 3q

dc d
dq = dq ( 6 + 3q) = 3 ∴q = x+y

M R1 = M R2 = MC

Integral calculus (Methods of integration)

PROBLEM:1 Evaluate :
∫ x ex dx
(x +1)2

1
Solution: Take x e x as first function and as second function.
(x +1)2

1 1 1 d
∫ x e x . ( x +1)2 dx = x e x .∫ ( x+1)2 dx- ∫ ∫ (x +1)2
([ dx
x
dx . (x . e ) dx
] )
=xe
x
.
−1
( x+1 ) + ∫ ( x 1+1 ) . ¿ ] dx
−xe x
1 x
= x +1 + ∫ x+ 1 e ( x +1 ) dx .
¿
¿

−xe x
= x +1 + ∫ e x dx
¿
¿

40
 xe x
= - x+1 + ex
¿
¿

x
= [
e x 1−
x+ 1 ]
[ x +1−x ]
= ex
x +1

ex
= x+1

x 1 ex
∫xe . ( x +1)
2
dx = x+1 +c

PROBLEM:2 Evaluate ∫ x 2 e−x dx

Solution : Take x 2 as first function and e− x as second function.
d 2
∫ x 2 e−x dx = x2 ∫ e
−x
dx - ∫¿¿ × x ¿ dx
dx ( ]

= x 2 (−e− x ) - ∫−e−x .2 x dx

= −x 2 e−x + 2[∫ x e−x dx ]

d
Now ∫ x e−x dx = x∫ e−x dx - ∫ ¿ ¿ × x ¿ dx
dx ( ]

= x( -e− x ¿ - ∫−e−x .1 dx

= −x e−x - ∫−e−x dx

= −x e−x - e− x

41
 = -e− x(x+1)

Taking the value of ∫ x e−x dx from (2) into (1), we get

∫ x 2 e−x dx = −x 2 e−x + 2[−e− x ( x+1)] + c

= - e− x+ [ x 2+ 2 x +2 ¿+c .

APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRAL CALCULUS

PROBLEM: 1 If the marginal revenue function for output x is given by

6
Rm = + 5. Find the total revenue function and the demand
(x +2)
function.
6
Solution: Given that the marginal revenue function Rm = (x +2) + 5.

Then total Revenue function R is :

R = ∫ R m dx = ∫ ¿ ¿ dx
1
= 6 ∫( dx)+5∫ 1. dx
( x+ 2)2

−6
= - x+2 +5 x+ K

42
 Now when x = 0, R = 0 So,
−6
1 = 0+2 +5.0+ K

K = 3
6
R = 3+ 5x - x+2
Also, we know that

R = p×x ( p is demand function)

6
R 3+5 x−
P= x = x +2
x

3 6
=x +5 - x(x +2)

3 ( x +2 )−5 ( x ) ( x+2 ) −6
=
x (x +2)

3 x +6−5 x 2−10 x −6
=
x ( x +2)

−(5 x +7)
∴ p = −5 x 2−7 x /x ( x +2) = x +2
.
ab
PROBLEM:2 If marginal revenue function of a firm is −C . Find the total
(x −b)2
revenue function. Putting the condition TR=0 when x=0. Prove that the
average revenue function
a
AR = b−x - C.

Solution: The marginal revenue function is :

dR ab
MR = dx = (x−b)
2 -C

43
 ab
∫ dR = ∫ ( ( x−b) )
−C dx
2

ab
R = x−b – Cx+K … (1)

Now where x = 0, R(TR) = 0, then from (1)

−ab
1 = o−b – C.0+K

K = -a.
ab
R= - o−b – Cx-a
Total Revenue
Average revenue = x

ab
= ( x−b – Cx−a ) /x

−ab a
= - C -
x(x −b) x

−ab−a(x−b)
= −¿c
x( x −b)

−ax
= x(x −b) - C

−a
= x−b - C .

PROBLEM:3 If the marginal revenue and marginal cost of output of a

commodity are given as MR = 5- 4x +3 x 2 and MC = 3 + 2x and if the
fixed cost is zero. Find the profit function and the profit when the
output is x = 4.

Solution: we have
dA
MR = dx = 5 – 4x +3 x 2

44
 ∫ dR = ∫ (5−4 x +3 x2 ) dx
R = 5x - 2 x 2+ x 3+K

If x = 0, R = 0 , then

1 = 5.(0) – 2.(02 ¿+ (03 ¿+K∴

∴K=0

Hence, total Revenue R = 5x -2 x 2+ x 3

Also, we have
dC
MC = dx = 3 + 2x

∫ dC = ∫ ( 3+ 2 x ) dx
C = 3x + x 2+K

If x =0 , C = 0, then

0= 3.0 + 02 +K

∴K = 0

Hence, total cost function is given by

C = 3x + x 2

Now profit function

P(x) = R(x) – C(x)

= 5x - 2 x 2+ x 3-(3x+ x 2)

P(x) = 2x -3 x 2+ x 3

When the output x = 4, then the profit is given by

P(4) = 2(4) - 3.(16) + 64

P(4) = 24
45
PROBLEM:4 Find consumer’s surplus and producer’s surplus defined by
the demand curve D(x) = 20 -5x and the supply curve S(x) = 4x+ 8.

Solution: We know that market equilibrium, under competition, can be obtained

by equating the demand and supply, i.e. by taking:

D(x) = S(x)

∷ 20 – 50 = 4x +8
9x = 12
X = 12/9 = 4/3
x = x 0 = 4/3.
Now p0 = D( x 0 ) = 20 -5 x 0
= 20 – 5.(4/3)
= 40/3
40
p0 =
3
i) Consumer’s surplus is given by
s0

CS = ∫ D ( x ) dx−p 0 x 0
0

4/3

= ∫ ( 20−5 x ) dx− 40 ×
3 3
4
0

4 5 4 2 160
= 20 × 3 –2 ( 3 ) -0 – 9

80 40 160
= 3 - 9 - 9

240−40−160 40
= 9 =9
ii) Also producer’s surplus is given by
s0

PS = x 0 p0 - ∫ S ( x ) dx
0
4/3
4 40
= 3 x 3 - ∫ (4 x+ 8)dx
0

46
 160
= 9
- ⌈ 2 x 2 +8 x ⌉

160 4 2 4
= 9
- ⌈ 2.( ) + 8× −0⌉
3 3

160 32 32
= 9
- ⌈ + ⌉
9 3

160 128 32
= 9
- 9
= 9

32
∴ PS = 9

LINEAR PROGRAMMING

PROBLEM:1 Z = x 1-3 x 2+3 x 3

Subject to

3 x 1- x 2+3 x 3 ≤ 7

-2 x 1+4 x 2 ≤12

-4 x 1+3 x 2+8 x 3 ≤ 10
x 1, x 2, x 3 >¿0

Sol:- This is a problem of minimization. Converting the objective function from

minimization, we have

Max (-Z) = - x 1+3 x 2-3 x 3 = max Z’, where Z’=Z

47
We give only tables of solution. The readers are advised
cj 3 2 0 0
cB xB x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 Min ratio
0 x 4 =7 3 -1 3 1 0 0 12/4
0 x 5=12 -2 4 0 0 1 0 10/3
0 x 6=10 -4 3 8 0 0 1

Z= c B X B=0=Z 1 -3↑ 2 0 0 0 ∆ j= Z j-c j

0 x 4 =10 5/2 0 3 1 ¼ 0 10/5/2

3 x 2=3 -1/2 1 0 0 ¼ 0
0 x 6=1 -5/2 0 8 0 -3/4 1
Z= c B X B=9,Z=-9 -1/2 0 2 0 ¾ 0 ∆ j= Z j-c j

-1 x 1=4 1 0 6/5 2/5 1/10 0

3 x 2=5 0 1 3/5 1/5 3/10 0
0 x 6=11 0 0 11 1 -1/2 1

48
 Z’=11, Z B=-11 0 0 13/5 1/5 8/10 0 ∆ j ≥0

Thus, the optimal solution is x 1=4, x 2=5, x 3=0

Minimize Z=-11

PROBLEM 2. Use penalty (BIG-M) method to

Maximize Z =3 x 1- x 2

Subject to 2 x 1+ x 2 ≥ 2
x 1+3 x 2 ≤3

x 2 ≤4

x 1, x 2 ≥ 0

Sol:- By introducing the surplus variable x 3 ≥ 0, artificial variable a 1 ≥0,and slack

variables x 4 ≥0, x 5 ≥ 0,the problems becomes

Max Z=3 x 1- x 2+0. x 3+0. x 4+0. x 5-Ma 1

Subject to 2 x 1+ x 2- x 3+a 1=2

x 1+3 x 2+ x 4 =3

x 2+ x 5=4

49
x 1, x 2, x 3, x 4 , x 5 and a 1 ≥0 and M¿0

The initial basic feasible solution is a 1=2, x 4=3, x 5=4

The solution of the problem is obtained in the following

cj 3 -1 0 0 0 -M
cB xB x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 Min ratio
x B/ x K
-M a 4=2 2 1 -1 0 0 1 2/2←
0 x 4 =3 1 3 0 1 0 0 3/1
x 5=4 0 1 0 0 1 0

Z’= c B X B=-2M -2M -M+1 M 0 0 0

3 x 1=11 1 ½ -1/2 0 0 X
0 x 4 =2 0 5/2 ½ 1 0 X 2/1/2←
0 x 5=4 0 1 0 0 1 X
Z= 3 0 5/2 -3/2 0 0 X ←∆j

3 x 1=3 1 3 0 1 0 X
0 x 3=4 0 5 1 2 0 X
0 x 5=4 0 1 0 0 1 X

50
 Z=9 0 10 0 3 0 ∆ j ≥0

Thus the optimum solution is obtained as x 1=3, x 2=0 and max Z= 9.

51