09-1.

qxp:Calculus 5e 2013/3/30 1:14 AM Page 559

9.1 Vectors in the Plane 559

y
EXAMPLE 8 Finding a Velocity
N
W E
An airplane is traveling at a fixed altitude with a negligible wind factor. The airplane
is traveling at a speed of 500 miles per hour with a bearing of 330⬚, as shown in Figure
S
9.13(a). As the airplane reaches a certain point, it encounters wind with a velocity of
70 miles per hour in the direction N 45⬚ E (45⬚ east of north), as shown in Figure
v1 9.13(b). What are the resultant speed and direction of the airplane?
120° Solution Using Figure 9.13(a), represent the velocity of the airplane (alone) as

x
v1 ⫽ 500 cos共120⬚兲 i ⫹ 500 sin共120⬚兲 j.
The velocity of the wind is represented by the vector
(a) Direction without wind
v2 ⫽ 70 cos共45⬚兲 i ⫹ 70 sin共45⬚兲 j.
y
The resultant velocity of the airplane (in the wind) is
v2 N
v ⫽ v1 ⫹ v2 ⫽ 500 cos共120⬚兲 i ⫹ 500 sin共120⬚兲 j ⫹ 70 cos共45⬚兲 i ⫹ 70 sin共45⬚兲 j
W E
⬇ ⫺200.5i ⫹ 482.5j.
S
To find the resultant speed and direction, write v ⫽ 储 v储共cos ␪ i ⫹ sin ␪ j兲. Because
v
储v储 ⬇ 冪共⫺200.5兲2 ⫹ 共482.5兲2 ⬇ 522.5, you can write
Wind v1

θ
v ⬇ 522.5 冢⫺200.5
522.5
i⫹
522.5 冣
482.5
j ⬇ 522.5 关cos共112.6⬚兲 i ⫹ sin共112.6⬚兲 j 兴.

x The new speed of the airplane, as altered by the wind, is approximately 522.5 miles per
hour in a path that makes an angle of 112.6⬚ with the positive x-axis. ■
(b) Direction with wind
Figure 9.13

9.1 Exercises
In Exercises 1 and 2, (a) find the component form of the vector Terminal Terminal
Initial Point Initial Point
v and (b) sketch the vector with its initial point at the origin. Point Point
y y 7. 共2, 0兲 共5, 5兲 8. 共4, ⫺6兲 共3, 6兲
1. 2.
9. 共0.12, 0.60兲 共0.84, 1.25兲 10. 共2, 3 兲 共12, 3兲
3 4

2 4
(−1, 3) In Exercises 11 and 12, sketch each scalar multiple of v.
x
−4 −2 2 4
2
v 11. v ⫽ 具3, 5典
v (2, 1) (a) 2v (b) ⫺3v
7
(c) 2 v
2
(d) 3 v
(− 4, − 3) (2, −3) 1
x
12. v ⫽ 具⫺2, 3典
−6
−2 − 1 1 2 (a) 4v (b) ⫺ 12v (c) 0v (d) ⫺6v
In Exercises 3– 6, find the vectors u and v whose initial and In Exercises 13–16, use the figure to sketch a graph of the
terminal points are given. Show that u and v are equivalent. vector. To print an enlarged copy of the graph, go to the website
3. u: 共3, 2兲, 共5, 6兲 4. u: 共⫺4, 0兲, 共1, 8兲 www.mathgraphs.com.
y
v: 共1, 4兲, 共3, 8兲 v: 共2, ⫺1兲, 共7, 7兲
5. u: 共0, 3兲, 共6, ⫺2兲 6. u: 共⫺4, ⫺1兲, 共11, ⫺4兲
v: 共3, 10兲, 共9, 5兲 v: 共10, 13兲, 共25, 10兲
u v
In Exercises 7–10, the initial and terminal points of a vector v
are given. (a) Sketch the given directed line segment, (b) write x
the vector in component form, (c) write the vector as the linear
combination of the standard unit vectors i and j, and (d) sketch 13. ⫺u 14. 2u 15. u ⫺ v 16. u ⫹ 2v
the vector with its initial point at the origin.

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exploration of this example using the computer algebra systems Maple and Mathematica.
09-1.qxp:Calculus 5e 2013/3/23 1:21 AM Page 560

560 Chapter 9 Vectors and the Geometry of Space

In Exercises 17 and 18, find (a) 23 u, (b) v ⴚ u, and (c) 2u ⴙ 5v. WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS (continued)

17. u ⫽ 具4, 9典 18. u ⫽ 具⫺3, ⫺8典 47. Identify the quantity as a scalar or as a vector. Explain your
reasoning.
v ⫽ 具2, ⫺5典 v ⫽ 具8, 25典
(a) The muzzle velocity of a gun
In Exercises 19 and 20, find the vector v where u ⴝ 具2, ⴚ1典 and (b) The price of a company’s stock
w ⴝ 具1, 2典. Illustrate the vector operations geometrically.
48. Identify the quantity as a scalar or as a vector. Explain your
19. v ⫽ 32 u 20. v ⫽ u ⫹ w reasoning.
In Exercises 21 and 22, the vector v and its initial point are (a) The air temperature in a room
given. Find the terminal point. (b) The weight of a car
21. v ⫽ 具⫺1, 3典; Initial point: 共4, 2兲 In Exercises 49– 54, find a and b such that v ⴝ au ⴙ bw, where
22. v ⫽ 具4, ⫺9典; Initial point: 共5, 3兲 u ⴝ 具1, 2典 and w ⴝ 具1, ⴚ1典.
In Exercises 23– 36, find the magnitude of v. 49. v ⫽ 具2, 1典 50. v ⫽ 具0, 3典
23. v ⫽ 7i 24. v ⫽ 具12, ⫺5典 51. v ⫽ 具3, 0典 52. v ⫽ 具3, 3典
25. v ⫽ 具4, 3典 26. v ⫽ ⫺10i ⫹ 3j 53. v ⫽ 具1, 1典 54. v ⫽ 具⫺1, 7典

In Exercises 27– 30, find the unit vector in the direction of v and In Exercises 55–60, find a unit vector (a) parallel to and
verify that it has length 1. (b) perpendicular to the graph of f at the given point. Then
sketch the graph of f and sketch the vectors at the given point.
27. v ⫽ 具3, 12典 28. v ⫽ 具⫺5, 15典
Function Point
29. v ⫽ 具⫺6.2, 3.4典 30. v ⫽ 具 32, 52典
55. f 共x兲 ⫽ x2 共3, 9兲
In Exercises 31 and 32, find the following. 56. f 共x兲 ⫽ ⫺x2 ⫹ 5 共1, 4兲
(a) 储 u 储 (b) 储 v 储 (c) 储 u ⫹ v 储 57. f 共x兲 ⫽ x3 共1, 1兲
58. f 共x兲 ⫽ x3 共⫺2, ⫺8兲
(d) 储 储 uu 储 储 (e) 储 储 vv 储 储 (f) 储 储 uu ⫹⫹ vv 储 储 59. f 共x兲 ⫽ 冪25 ⫺ x 2 共3, 4兲

31. u ⫽ 具1, ⫺1典 32. u ⫽ 具2, ⫺4典 60. f 共x兲 ⫽ tan x

␲
4
,1冢 冣
v ⫽ 具⫺1, 2典 v ⫽ 具5, 5典 In Exercises 61 and 62, find the component form of v given the
In Exercises 33 and 34, sketch a graph of u, v, and u ⴙ v. Then magnitudes of u and u ⴙ v and the angles that u and u ⴙ v
demonstrate the triangle inequality using the vectors u and v. make with the positive x-axis.
33. u ⫽ 具2, 1典, v ⫽ 具5, 4典 34. u ⫽ 具⫺3, 2典, v ⫽ 具1, ⫺2典 61. 储 u 储 ⫽ 1, ␪ ⫽ 45⬚ 62. 储 u 储 ⫽ 4, ␪ ⫽ 30⬚
储 u ⫹ v 储 ⫽ 冪2 , ␪ ⫽ 90⬚ 储 u ⫹ v 储 ⫽ 6 , ␪ ⫽ 120⬚
In Exercises 35 and 36, find the vector v with the given magni-
tude and the same direction as u. 63. Programming You are given the magnitudes of u and v and
Magnitude Direction the angles that u and v make with the positive x-axis. Write a pro-
u ⫽ 具冪3, 3典
gram for a graphing utility in which the output is the following.
35. 储 v 储 ⫽ 2
(a) u ⫹ v (b) 储 u ⫹ v 储
36. 储 v 储 ⫽ 5 u ⫽ 具⫺1, 2典
(c) The angle that u ⫹ v makes with the positive x-axis
In Exercises 37– 40, find the component form of v given its (d) Use the program to find the magnitude and direction of the
magnitude and the angle it makes with the positive x-axis. resultant of the vectors shown.
37. 储 v 储 ⫽ 3, ␪ ⫽ 0⬚ 38. 储 v 储 ⫽ 5, ␪ ⫽ 120⬚ y

39. 储 v 储 ⫽ 2, ␪ ⫽ 150⬚ 40. 储 v 储 ⫽ 4, ␪ ⫽ 3.5⬚

45 u
In Exercises 41– 44, find the component form of u ⫹ v given the 20° x
lengths of u and v and the angles that u and v make with the
−50°
positive x-axis.
32 v
41. 储 u 储 ⫽ 1, ␪u ⫽ 0⬚ 42. 储 u 储 ⫽ 4, ␪u ⫽ 0⬚
储 v 储 ⫽ 3, ␪v ⫽ 45⬚ 储 v 储 ⫽ 2, ␪v ⫽ 60⬚ CAPSTONE
43. 储 u 储 ⫽ 2, ␪u ⫽ 4 44. 储 u 储 ⫽ 5, ␪u ⫽ ⫺0.5
64. The initial and terminal points of vector v are 共3, ⫺4兲 and
储 v 储 ⫽ 1, ␪v ⫽ 2 储 v 储 ⫽ 5, ␪v ⫽ 0.5 共9, 1兲, respectively.
WRITING ABOUT CONCEPTS (a) Write v in component form.
45. In your own words, state the difference between a scalar (b) Write v as the linear combination of the standard unit
and a vector. Give examples of each. vectors i and j.
46. Give geometric descriptions of the operations of addition of (c) Sketch v with its initial point at the origin.
vectors and multiplication of a vector by a scalar. (d) Find the magnitude of v.
09-1.qxp:Calculus 5e 2013/3/23 1:21 AM Page 561

9.1 Vectors in the Plane 561

65. Resultant Force Forces with 74. Shared Load To carry a 100-pound cylindrical weight, two
magnitudes of 500 pounds and 200 500 lb workers lift on the ends of short ropes tied to an eyelet on the
pounds act on a machine part at top center of the cylinder. One rope makes a 20⬚ angle away
30°
angles of 30⬚ and ⫺45⬚, respec- x from the vertical and the other makes a 30⬚ angle (see figure).
tively, with the x-axis (see figure). −45° (a) Find each rope’s tension if the resultant force is vertical.
Find the direction and magnitude (b) Find the vertical component of each worker’s force.
200 lb
of the resultant force. N
20°
66. Resultant Force Three forces with magnitudes of 75 pounds, 30°
W E
100 pounds, and 125 pounds act on an object at angles of 30⬚, S
45⬚, and 120⬚, respectively, with the positive x-axis. Find the
direction and magnitude of the resultant force.
67. Resultant Force Three forces with magnitudes of 400 100 km/hr
100 lb 900 km/hr
newtons, 280 newtons, and 350 newtons act on an object at
32° 45°
angles of ⫺30⬚, 45⬚, and 135⬚, respectively, with the positive
x-axis. Find the direction and magnitude of the resultant force.
Figure for 74 Figure for 75
68. Think About It Consider two forces of equal magnitude
75. Navigation A plane is flying with a bearing of 302⬚. Its speed
acting on a point.
with respect to the air is 900 kilometers per hour. The wind at
(a) If the magnitude of the resultant is the sum of the magni- the plane’s altitude is from the southwest at 100 kilometers per
tudes of the two forces, make a conjecture about the angle hour (see figure). What is the true direction of the plane, and
between the forces. what is its speed with respect to the ground?
(b) If the resultant of the forces is 0, make a conjecture about 76. Navigation A plane flies at a constant groundspeed of 400
the angle between the forces. miles per hour due east and encounters a 50-mile-per-hour
(c) Can the magnitude of the resultant be greater than the sum wind from the northwest. Find the airspeed and compass direc-
of the magnitudes of the two forces? Explain. tion that will allow the plane to maintain its groundspeed and
69. Graphical Reasoning Consider two forces F1 ⫽ 具20, 0典 and eastward direction.
F2 ⫽ 10具cos ␪, sin ␪典. True or False? In Exercises 77–82, determine whether the
(a) Find 储 F1 ⫹ F2 储. statement is true or false. If it is false, explain why or give an
(b) Determine the magnitude of the resultant as a function of ␪. example that shows it is false.
Use a graphing utility to graph the function for 77. If u and v have the same magnitude and direction, then u and v
0 ⱕ ␪ 2␲. are equivalent.
(c) Use the graph in part (b) to determine the range of the 78. If u is a unit vector in the direction of v, then v ⫽ 储 v 储 u.
function. What is its maximum and for what value of ␪ does 79. If u ⫽ ai ⫹ bj is a unit vector, then a 2 ⫹ b 2 ⫽ 1.
it occur? What is its minimum and for what value of ␪ does 80. If v ⫽ ai ⫹ bj ⫽ 0, then a ⫽ ⫺b.
it occur? 81. If a ⫽ b, then 储 a i ⫹ bj 储 ⫽ 冪2 a.
(d) Explain why the magnitude of the resultant is never 0. 82. If u and v have the same magnitude but opposite directions,
70. Three vertices of a parallelogram are 共1, 2兲, 共3, 1兲, and 共8, 4兲. then u ⫹ v ⫽ 0.
Find the three possible fourth vertices (see figure). 83. Prove that u ⫽ 共cos ␪兲 i ⫺ 共sin ␪兲 j and v ⫽ 共sin ␪兲 i ⫹ 共cos ␪兲 j
y
are unit vectors for any angle ␪.
6 84. Geometry Using vectors, prove that the line segment joining
5
4 (8, 4) the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is parallel to, and one-
3
(1, 2)
half the length of, the third side.
2
1 (3, 1) 85. Geometry Using vectors, prove that the diagonals of a
x parallelogram bisect each other.
−4 −3−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
86. Prove that the vector w ⫽ 储 u 储 v ⫹ 储 v 储 u bisects the angle
Cable Tension In Exercises 71 and 72, use the figure to between u and v.
determine the tension in each cable supporting the given load. 87. Consider the vector u ⫽ 具x, y典. Describe the set of all points
71. A 72. 10 in. 20 in. 共x, y兲 such that 储 u 储 ⫽ 5.
50° B
30°
A B
C PUTNAM EXAM CHALLENGE
24 in. 88. A coast artillery gun can fire at any angle of elevation
3000 lb between 0⬚ and 90⬚ in a fixed vertical plane. If air resistance
C is neglected and the muzzle velocity is constant 共⫽ v0兲,
determine the set H of points in the plane and above the hor-
5000 lb izontal which can be hit.
This problem was composed by the Committee on the Putnam Prize Competition.
73. Projectile Motion A gun with a muzzle velocity of 1200 feet © The Mathematical Association of America. All rights reserved.
per second is fired at an angle of 6⬚ above the horizontal. Find
the vertical and horizontal components of the velocity.