Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 170 views

    Research Midterms

    Uploaded by

    Lovely Alyssa Bonifacio
    1. A hypothesis is an educated guess about the relationship between variables that guides an investigation. There are two main types: the null hypothesis, which states there is no relationship, and the alternative hypothesis, which states there is a relationship. 2. A literature review summarizes and analyzes previous research on a topic to place the current study in context and identify gaps. It is organized by independent, dependent, and moderator variables. 3. There are different research designs like experimental, longitudinal, and correlational. The research design, population and sampling, instruments, procedures, and data analysis will be described in Chapter 3.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Research Midterms

    Uploaded by

    Lovely Alyssa Bonifacio
    170 views5 pages
    1. A hypothesis is an educated guess about the relationship between variables that guides an investigation. There are two main types: the null hypothesis, which states there is no relationship, and the alternative hypothesis, which states there is a relationship. 2. A literature review summarizes and analyzes previous research on a topic to place the current study in context and identify gaps. It is organized by independent, dependent, and moderator variables. 3. There are different research designs like experimental, longitudinal, and correlational. The research design, population and sampling, instruments, procedures, and data analysis will be described in Chapter 3.

    Original Title

    RESEARCH-MIDTERMS

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    1. A hypothesis is an educated guess about the relationship between variables that guides an investigation. There are two main types: the null hypothesis, which states there is no relationship, and the alternative hypothesis, which states there is a relationship. 2. A literature review summarizes and analyzes previous research on a topic to place the current study in context and identify gaps. It is organized by independent, dependent, and moderator variables. 3. There are different research designs like experimental, longitudinal, and correlational. The research design, population and sampling, instruments, procedures, and data analysis will be described in Chapter 3.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    170 views5 pages

    Research Midterms

    Uploaded by

    Lovely Alyssa Bonifacio
    1. A hypothesis is an educated guess about the relationship between variables that guides an investigation. There are two main types: the null hypothesis, which states there is no relationship, and the alternative hypothesis, which states there is a relationship. 2. A literature review summarizes and analyzes previous research on a topic to place the current study in context and identify gaps. It is organized by independent, dependent, and moderator variables. 3. There are different research designs like experimental, longitudinal, and correlational. The research design, population and sampling, instruments, procedures, and data analysis will be described in Chapter 3.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 5

    Research MIDTERMS

    HYPOTHESIS
    A hypothesis is a tentative conclusion or answer to a specific problem raised at the beginning of the
    investigation.
    It is an educated guess about the answer to a specific problem.
    FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
    - A statement or proposition of relationship between a concept and a construct that guides the investigation.
    - Usually written in the null form (Ho)
    - The statement of hypothesis can follow three (3) formats: the descriptive, explanatory and relational
    TWO TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
    1. Null Hypothesis (H0 )
    - is a type of denial of existence of a trait, characteristics, quality, value, correlation, or difference of the result.
    - It is always stated in negative form.
    - The variables are equal; hence the difference is zero (0).
    (H0 ): X1 = X2
    2. Alternative Hypothesis (H1 )
    - is the type of hypothesis which affirms of the existence of observed phenomena and is the opposite of the
    null hypothesis because the former is stated in positive form. - The variables are equal; hence the difference
    is zero (0).
    (H0 ): X1 = X2 (H1 ): X1 ≠ X2 (H1 ): X1 > X2 (H1 ): X1 < X2

    WRITING OF CHAPTER 2
    1. Foreign Literature and Related Studies
    2. Local Literature and Related Studies
    3. Relevance of Related Literature and Studies
    4. Synthesis of the Study
    REVIEW OF RELATED LITERAURE
    - It is a written summary, discussion, analysis, and evaluation of articles, books, and other documents that
    describe the past and current state of knowledge about a topic logically organized according to the variables
    of the study and their corresponding dimensions in this order: Independent, Dependent, and Moderator
    Variables.
    DIFFERENCES AMONG 5 VARIABLES
    INDEPENDENT VARIABLES (IV)
    ✓ Are those that cause, influence, or affect outcomes.
    ✓ It is manipulated to have an effect on the dependent variable.
    DEPENDENT VARIABLES (DV)
    ✓ Are those that depend on the independent variables.
    ✓ They are the outcomes or the results of the influence of the independent variables.
    MODERATOR VARIABLE
    ✓ Special kind of independent variables chosen by the researcher to determine if it changes or modifies the
    relationship between the IV and DVs.
    ✓ It is manipulated to have an effect on the dependent variable.
    CONTROL VARIABLE
    ✓ It is a variable that is managed by the researcher in which the effects can be neutralized by eliminating or
    removing the variable.
    INTERVENING VARIABLE
    ✓ It hinders independent and dependent variables, but the effects can either strengthen or weaken the IV
    and DVs.
    DIFFERENCES AMONG 3 VARIABLES
    INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
    VARIABLES VARIABLES
    Manipulator Influencer
    Cause Effect
    Influencer Outcome
    REASONS FOR DOING A LITERATURE REVIEW
    ❖ Justify the importance of the study
    ❖ Place the study in historical perspective
    ❖ Refine the research questions
    ❖ Identify the appropriate methodology and instrumentation
    ❖ Ensure that one does not unintentionally repeat the one that has been done.
    ❖ Help avoid mistakes that have been made.
    ❖ Reveal studies closely related to the proposed study.
    ❖ Identify and explain any theory used in the proposed study with example on how each theory has been
    applied to similar studies in the past
    STEPS IN DOING YOUR LITERATURE REVIEW ( S O W )
    1. Synthesize the literature
    2. Organize the literature
    3. Write the literature
    WAYS OF CITING THE LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES
    1. By author or writer
    2. By topic
    3. Citing from the secondary source
    2 WAYS TO DEFINE THE KEY TERMS OF THE STUDY ( C O )
    1. CONCEPTUAL OR TEXUAL DEFINITIONS
    The meaning of the terms is taken from the dictionary or encyclopedia and for that reason,
    references should be cited
    2. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
    The definition of terms is based on the observed characteristics and how it is being used in the
    study by the researcher.
    Classification of research based on purpose ( B A E A )
    1) Basic Research
    § Conclusion-oriented § It adds or contributes to theory or knowledge
    2) Applied Research
    § Decision-oriented § It solves immediate and practical problems. The goal of adding to knowledge is
    secondary
    3) Evaluation Research
    § Aims to find out the effectiveness of the program. Its main purpose is to make decisions about the
    adequacy of the program.
    4) Action Research
    § develop, propose, suggest, recommend, and identify solutions and alternative approaches

    12 Major Research Designs ( L E C D E H C C M C C O )


    1) Longitudinal design
    § facilitate the analysis of the duration of a particular phenomenon.
    2) Exploratory Research
    § gather initial data patterns or characteristics of variables
    3) Comparative Research
    § confirm if two or more variables reveal similar or different patterns of characteristics when compared
    4) Descriptive Research
    §The purpose is to describe the existing conditions so that modifications can be prescribed.
    5) Experimental Research
    § Gathers initial data patterns or characteristics of variables.
    6) Historical Research
    § Examines the evidence and experiences of the past as an aid in analyzing and interpreting the
    present situation.
    7) Causal/Explanatory Research
    § Occurrence of or change in the independent variable leads to changes in the dependent variables.
    8) Correlational Research
    § Aims to discover patterns of relationship without suggesting that one variable causes the other
    variable to change.
    9) Meta-Analysis
    § An analytical methodology designed to systematically evaluate and summarize the results from a
    number of individual studies, thereby, increasing the overall sample size and the ability of the
    researcher to study effects of interest.
    10) Cohort Design
    § refers to a study conducted over a period of time involving members of a population which the
    subject or representative member comes from, and who are united by some commonality or similarity
    11) Cross-sectional Design
    § Cross-sectional studies provide a clear 'snapshot' of the outcome and the characteristics associated
    with it, at a specific point in time.
    12) Observational Design
    § This type of research design draws a conclusion by comparing subjects against a control group, in
    cases where the researcher has no control over the experiment.

    PARTS OF CHAPTER 3 ( R S P R D A )
    1. Research design
    2. Sources of Data
    3. Population and Sampling
    4. Research Instrument
    5. Data Gathering Procedures
    6. Analysis of Data

    Sampling
    • Benefits of Sampling
    • Limitations of Sampling
    • Planning a sample survey
    • Determination of Sample Size
    • Sampling Designs
    • Scientific Sampling
    • Non-scientific sampling
    Population and Sample
    POPULATION
    – the entire sum of objects, persons, families, species, or orders of plants or animals.
    SAMPLING
    – defined as a technique of getting a representative portion of a population.
    Benefits of Sampling
    1. Sampling is economical, cheaper, and faster.
    2. It saves time, money, and effort.
    3. It is more accurate.
    4. It gives more comprehensive information.
    5. It is more effective.
    Limitation of Sampling
    1. Sample data require more care in organizing detailed sub – classification due to small number of subjects.
    2. Complicated sampling plans are difficult to prepare.
    3. The characteristic to be observed infrequently occurs in a population.
    4. If sampling plan is not accurately designed and followed, the results may give wrong impression.
    5. Sampling requires experts to conduct the study in an area. If this is lacking, the results may be invalid.
    Kinds Sampling Designs
    1. Scientific Sampling – each member in the population is given an equal chance of being
    included in the sample.
    2. Non -scientific Sampling – not all the members in the population are given equal chance of
    being included in the sample.
    6 Types of Scientific Sampling ( R U S S M C )
    1. Restricted Random Sampling
    2. Unrestricted Random Sampling
    3. Stratified Random Sampling
    4. Systematic Sampling
    5. Multistage Sampling
    6. Cluster Sampling

    2 Techniques of Restricted and Unrestricted Random Sampling ( L T )


    1. Lottery Technique
    – This technique is useful when the population is small.
    2. Table of Random Numbers Technique
    – This technique is applicable to a large number of population.
    3 Types of Non-scientific Sampling ( P I Q )
    1. Purposive Sampling
    An individual is chosen as part of the sample due to good evidence that he is representative of the
    total population.
    2. Incidental Sampling
    The researcher simple takes the nearest individuals as subject of the study until the sample reaches
    the desired size.
    3. Quota Sampling
    Popular in the field of opinion research because it is done by merely looking for individuals with the
    requisite characteristics.
    Qualities of a Good Research Instrument ( V R P J M H )
    • Validity
    -the degree to which the instrument measures what it intends to measure or the truthfulness of the responses
    and how it serves its purpose.
    • Reliability
    -the extent to which the instrument can reveal consistency of responses and therefore dependable Methods
    of testing the reliability.
    1) Test-retest method
    - Same test is administered twice to the same group of students and the correlation coefficient is
    determined.
    SPEARMAN RANK CORRELATION COEFFICIENT or SPEARMAN rho -is the statistical tool used
    to measure the relationship between paired ranks assigned to individual scores on two variables, X,
    and Y
    2) Parallel forms method
    – equivalent forms test - Administered to a group of groups of students and the paired observation is
    correlated.
    3) Split
    – Half Method - is administered once, but the test items are divided into two, odd and even items
    4) Internal Consistency Method
    - is used in psychological tests that consist of dichotomous scored items.

    • Practicability
    -the instrument can be used without undue expenditure of time, money, and effort.
    1) Ease of administration – individual vs group (instructions must be complete and precise)
    2) Ease of scoring – construction (objective type), answer key and scoring directions
    3) Ease of interpretation and application – with the use of table/s
    4) Low cost
    5) Proper mechanical make-up – printed clearly in an appropriate font size.
    • Justness
    -is the degree to which the teacher is fair in evaluating the grades of the learners. The Learners must be
    informed of the criteria on which they are evaluated.
    • Morality
    is the degree of secrecy of the grades of the learners.
    •honesty
    -the researcher must be honest in constructing the research instrument, writing the research paper, thesis,
    and others.
    - Republic Act No. 8293 known as “The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines. A researcher who
    violates R.A. 8293 is similar to a person who land grabs the property of others and is subject to civil and
    criminal charges.

    Three types of instruments that can be used:


    • Questionnaire
    • Interview Schedule
    • Interview Guide

    Structure and Format


    Types:
    • Close-ended Questions
    Types:
    Ø Recall type – responses are all recalled.
    Ø Recognition type – normally, questions offer two choices (dichotomous and multiple)
    • Multiple Choice
    •Open-ended Questions
    •Checklist
    •Scale Type
    Types:
    ØRating scales
    ØRank-order scale
    ØAttitude scales (Likert type)
    •Semantic Differential

    You might also like