EVS

ASSIGNMENT -4

ENERGY EFFICIENT
DESIGN

Submitted By – GAURI G. WAIKAR

Sem – 9 | YEAR – 5

roll – 23

Subject – EVS

SUBMITTED TO – Ar. Aamod Karmaksha

 1. What is energy efficient design? Discuss the design concepts
which helps us in achieving efficiency through design.

Energy efficient building design involves constructing or upgrading buildings that are
able to get the most work out of the energy that is supplied to them by taking steps to
reduce energy loss such as decreasing the loss of heat through the building envelope.
Energy efficient homes, whether they are renovated to be more efficient or a built
with energy efficiency in mind, pose a significant number of benefits. Energy efficient
homes are less expensive to operate, more comfortable to live in, and more
environmentally friendly.
Inefficiencies that are not removed in the building process can pose issues for years.
However, keeping energy efficient building design in mind when construction is
underway is a more effective way to approach making a home more efficient, which is
less expensive for a homeowner in the long run.
Building codes exist around the world to ensure that buildings are energy efficient to a
certain degree, however sometimes it is wise to go above and beyond these
recommendations to have an even more energy efficient home. As well, since a house
operates as a system, a home must be looked at as a whole in order to fully increase the
energy efficiency.
For example, expensive heating and cooling equipment do nothing to improve the
energy performance of the house if insulation isn't keeping heat in during the winter and
out in the summer.

Passive heating : Refers to technologies or design features used to heat buildings without
power consumption. Building design attempts to integrate the principles of physics into
building exterior envelope to speed up heat transfer into a building.
Elements of passive heating:

1.Aperture : The large glass area, usually a window, through which sunlight enters the building. The
aperture faces within 30 degrees of true south and should avoid being shaded by other buildings
or trees between 9 am to 3 pm each day during heating session

2.Absorber : A hard, darkened surface of the storage element, is the second element of the
design. The surface sits in direct path of sunlight, which hits the surface and is absorbed as heat

3.Thermal mass : The materials that retain or store the heat produced by the sunlight. Unlike the
absorber, which is in the direct path of the sunlight, the thermal mass is the material below or
behind absorber’s surface

4.Distribution : Method by which solar heat circulates from collection and storage points to
different areas of house

5.Control : During summer months, roof overhangs are used to shad the aperture. Other elements
can be used to control the under- and/or overheating include electronic sensing devices,
operable vents and dampers, low-emissivity blinds, and awnings.

Concepts of passive heating: Direct Solar Gain is heat from sun

being collected and contained in an occupied space. Direct
solar gain is important for site that needs heating, because it is
simplest and least costly way of passively heating a building
with sun. Avoiding direct solar gain is important in hot climates.

Thermal mass is a material's resistance to change in

temperature. Objects with high thermal mass absorb and retain
heat. Thermal mass is crucial to good passive solar heating
design, especially in locations that have large swings of
temperature from day to night.
Massing and orientation are important design factors to consider
for passive heating. Consider these factors early in the design so
that the surface areas exposed to sun at different times of day,
building dimensions, and building orientation can all be
optimized for passive comfort.

Windows and other apertures bring in heat from sunshine.

Apertures and shading must be intelligently placed to take
advantage of the sun's heat in cold locations and seasons, not
overheating in hot seasons.

Trombe wall is a system for indirect solar heat gain that is a good
example of thermal mass, solar gain, and glazing properties used
together to achieve human comfort goals passively. It consists of
a dark colored wall of high thermal mass facing the sun, with
glazing spaced in front to leave a small air space.

Shades can keep the heat and glare of direct sun from coming
through windows. They can also keep direct sunlight off of walls
or roofs, to reduce cooling loads.

2. Discuss advanced passive heating and cooling

techniques.

Passive cooling : Passive cooling systems are least expensive

means of cooling a home which maximizes efficiency of building
envelope without any use of mechanical devices.

It rely on natural heat-sinks to remove heat from the building.

They derive cooling directly from evaporation, convection, and
radiation without using any intermediate electrical
devices.Design strategiesreduce heat gains to internal spaces.

1. Natural Ventilation

2. Shading

3. Wind Towers

4. Courtyard Effect

5. Earth Air Tunnels

6. Evaporative Cooling

7. Passive Down Draught Cooling

8. Roof Sprays
1.Natural ventilation To provide a good natural ventilation,
openings must be placed at opposite pressure zones.
Enhance natural ventilation using tall spaces called stacks in
buildings. With openings near the top of stacks, warm air can
escape whereas cooler air enters the building from openings
near the ground. The windows, play a dominant role in
inducing indoor ventilation due to wind forces.

2.Shading Most effective method of cooling a building is to

shade the windows, walls and roof from direct solar
radiation. Heavily insulated walls and the roofs need less
shading. Can use overhangs on outside facade of building.

Extend the overhang beyond the sides of the window to

prevent solar gain from the side.

o Use slatted or louvered shades to allow more daylight to

enter, while shading windows from direct sunlight.

o Reduce solar heat gain by recessing windows into wall.

3.Wind tower In a wind tower, the hot air enters the tower
through the openings in tower, gets cooled, and thus
becomes heavier and sinks down.

The inlet and outlet of rooms induce cool air movement.

o In the presence of wind, air is cooled more effectively and

flows faster down the tower and into the living area.

o After a whole day of air exchanges, the tower becomes

warm in the evenings.

o During the night, cooler ambient air comes in contact with

the bottom of the tower through the rooms.

o The tower walls absorb heat during daytime and release it

at night, warming the cool night air in the tower.

o The system works effectively in hot and dry climates where

fluctuations are high.

o A wind tower works well for individual units not for

multistoried apartments.
4.Courtyard effect Due to incident solar radiation in a courtyard, the
air gets warmer and rises. Cool air from the ground level flows
through the louvered openings of rooms surrounding a courtyard,
thus producing air flow. At night, the warm roof surfaces get cooled
by convection and radiation. Courtyard as a moderator of internal
climate.

If this heat exchange reduces roof surface temperature to wet bulb

temperature of air, condensation of atmospheric moisture occurs on
the roof and the gain due to condensation limits further cooling. If
the roof surfaces are sloped towards the internal courtyard, the
cooled air sinks into the court and enters the living space through
low-level openings, gets warmed up, and leaves the room through
higher-level openings.

5. Earth Air Tunnels Daily and annual temperature fluctuations

decrease with the increase in depth below the ground surface. At a
depth of about 4 m below ground, the temperature inside the earth
remains nearly constant round the year and is nearly equal to the
annual average temperature of the place. A tunnel in the form of a
pipe or otherwise embedded at a depth of about 4 m below the
ground will acquire the same temperature as the surrounding earth
at its surface. Therefore, the ambient air ventilated through this
tunnel will get cooled in summer and warmed in winter and this air
can be used for cooling in summer and heating in winter

The room maintained at comfortable temperatures (approx. 20-30

degree Celsius) round the year by the earth air tunnel system,
supplemented, when-ever required, with a system of absorption
chillers powered by liquefied natural gas during monsoons and with
an air washer during dry summer.

6. Evaporative Cooling Evaporative cooling lowers indoor air

temperature by evaporating water. It is effective in hot and dry
climate where the atmospheric humidity is low. In evaporative
cooling, the sensible heat of air is used to evaporate water, thereby
cooling the air, which, in turn, cools the living space of the building.

Increase in contact between water and air increases the rate of

evaporation. Presence of a water body such as pond, lake, and sea
near building or a fountain in courtyard can provide cooling effect.
7. Passive Down Draught Cooling In this system, wind catchers
guide outside air over water-filled pots, inducing evaporation
and causing a significant drop in temperature before air
enters interior. Such wind catchers become primary elements
of the architectural form also. Passive downdraught
evaporative cooling is particularly effective in hot and dry
climates.

Evaporative cooling has been used for many centuries in

parts of the middle east, notably Iran and turkey. It has been
used to effectively cool the Torrent Research Centre in
Ahmedabad.

8. Roof Sprays Roof-Spray cooling systems are being extensively used to reduce the air-
conditioning usage in industrial and commercial buildings. In buildings without air-conditioning,
evaporative roof spray cooling systems help to reduce the interior temperatures. The spray
cooling systems also have been found to increase roof life and decrease maintenance.

Roof ponding Roof pond is a passive cooling technique based upon the increased heat
capacity of cheap and widely available water. In general, the pond is covered during day to
prevent heating, and open at night to be cooled. Roof ponds can be inexpensively constructed
by enclosing water in plastic bags, metal or fiberglass tanks with rigid transparent plastic covers.

Hot arid climates require ascending order of water-concrete insulation thickness, in the summer
and in descending order of thickness in the winter. For typical cold cli-mate ascending order of
thickness is more appropriate. The performance of the system appears to be satisfying; No
auxiliary heating or cooling systems were employed during the 9 month test in California . Studies
indicate that the indoor temperatures can be maintained below 30 C in summer while the
maximum dry-bulb temperatures are above 40 C for hot arid climate of Delhi.
Roof Radiation Trap: The Roof Radiation Trap, which utilizes solar energy for heating of buildings in winter
and nocturnal radiation for cooling in summer. The radiation trap consists of fixed insulating layer
separated from the flat roof and glazing, protected by hinged insulating panel, in the southern gap
between the roof and the fixed insulation. This fixed insulating layer is covered by corrugated metal sheets,
painted white, which serve as nocturnal radiators in summer. The radiation trap is integrated with the
building, thermally as well as architecturally. The hot air in the space between the flat roof and the fixed
insulation is blown into a thermal storage of gravel, under the floor or inside the building. stored heat
'recovered' by forced convection during cloudy days.

Earth sheltered structure: An earth shelter is a structure (usually a house) with earth (soil) against the walls,
on the roof, or that is entirely buried underground. Earth acts as thermal mass, making it easier to maintain
a steady indoor air temperature and therefore reduces energy costs for heating or cooling.

Discuss advanced passive heating and

cooling techniques.