CE532,

Wastewater Engineering
Lecture 3 & 4
Sewage & Stormwater Quantity Estimation
Wastewater Sources & Flow Rates
• Design capacity is a function of wastewater flow rates
• Determination of wastewater flow rates consists of:
1. Design period selection
2. Estimation of population and commercial and industrial growth
3. Estimation of wastewater flows
4. Estimation of infiltration and inflow
5. Estimation of variability of wastewater flow rates
Components of Wastewater

• Domestic or sanitary wastewater

• Industrial wastewater
• Infiltration and inflows
• Storm water
Definitions
• Stormwater - precipitation that does not infiltrate into ground or
evaporate into the air
• Runoff - Stormwater and associated substances, discharged into streams,
rivers, sewers or storm drains etc.
• Watershed - Land area from which water drains towards a common
surface water body in a natural basin
Sewage
• Types of sewage and sewerage systems
• Combined system
• Separate system
• Partially separate system
• Merits and demerits
• Two sets of conduits vs. one conduit
• Combined system frequent siltation during low flow period, can be solved but
costs for laying pipes very deep?
• Treatment of entire flow, treatment costs
• Operational issues of combined sewers
• Economy of both the systems
Sewerage System Components
From homes to STP
• House sewers
• Lateral sewers
• Branch sewers (submains)
• Main sewers (trunk)
• Manholes at suitable intervals for cleaning and inspection
• Catch basins in drainage discharge or in combined sewers
• STP
Sewerage system design requirements
• Adequate size pipes – over flow or underflow
• Laid on a slope to permit reasonable flow velocity
• Sewers are generally laid 2 to 3 m deep
• Designed to flow ½ or ¾ flow
• STP is generally located in a low lying area
• Adequate and economical treatment - quality and quantity of sewage
• Permissible standards to attain
• Financial aspects
• Liabilities for damages due to inefficient sewerage systems
Sewage quantity estimation
Sewage flow depends upon
• Population
• Water consumption
• Sewage flow curve is closely parallel to water consumption curve.
• Time lag is obvious.
• Peaks on the curve flattened due to storage space in sewers and flow time
• The flow of sanitary sewage alone in the absence of storms in dry season is known as
dry weather flow (DWF)
• Some portion of spent water is lost in evaporation, seepage in ground, leakage, etc.
Usually, 80% of the water supply may be expected to reach the sewers
Estimation of Sewage Discharge
• Additions due to unaccounted private water supplies
• Additions due to infiltration
• Subtractions due to water losses
• Subtractions due to water not entering the sewerage system
Design Periods for Different Components of Sewerage System

Sl. No. Type and Name of Component Special Characteristics and Design period (in years)
reasons for selecting the design
period
1. Lateral sewers, < 15 cm dia Requirements may change faster Full development
in limited area
2. Branches, mains and trunk sewers Difficulty and cost 40 - 50
3. Treatment Units Growth and interest rates being 15 - 20
high to moderate
4. Pumping Plant Additional pumps easy to install 5 - 10
Variations in Sewage Flow and its impact on Design
• Annual average daily flow per person? Utility??
• Wide variations in actual flow, fluctuate seasonally, monthly, daily and
hourly
• Effect on flow will be delayed and less pronounced as they are damped
due to storage space in sewers and time required for sewage to reach the
point of gauging
• Peak flows will be much greater for smaller lateral sewers as compared to
that for larger trunk sewers
• Branch sewers, maximum daily or hourly sewage flows:
• Maximum daily flow = 2 times average daily flow
• Maximum hourly flow = 3 times average daily flow
Hourly Variations in Sewage Flow
Sl. No. Type of Sewer Ratio of Maximum
Flow to Average
Flow
1. Trunk mains > 1.25 m dia 1.5
2. Mains up to 1 m dia 2.0
3. Branches up to 0.5 m dia 3.0
4. Laterals and small sewers up to 0.25 m dia 4.0

• Sizes of sewers can then be easily designed for carrying the computed maximum hourly flows, with sewers
running 3/4th full
• Peak sewage flow and population
18+ √𝑃
• 𝑄𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑄𝑎𝑣
4+ √𝑃
• Minimum flow issues - slope value to be selected based upon requirement of minimum permissible
velocity at minimum flow
• Minimum flow assumptions (moderate area)
• Minimum daily flow = 2/3 * average daily flow
• Minimum hourly flow = 1/3 * average daily flow
Factors Affecting the Quantity of Stormwater
• Area of the catchment
• Slope and shape of the catchment area
• Porosity of the soil
• Obstruction in the flow of water as trees, fields, gardens, etc.
• Initial state of catchment area with respect to wetness
• Intensity and duration of rainfall
• Atmospheric temperature and humidity
• Number and size of ditches present in the area
Methods for Estimation of Quantity of Storm Water
• Rational method
• Empirical method
• Both methods, quantity of storm water is function of area, rainfall
intensity and coefficient of runoff
• Time of concentration – The period after which the entire catchment
area will start contributing to the runoff is called as the time of
concentration
• Inlet Time: The time required for the rain in
falling on the most remote point of the
tributary area to flow across the ground
surface along the natural drains or gutters up
to inlet of sewer is called inlet time
• The inlet time ‘Ti’ can be estimated using
relationships similar to following
• These coefficients will have different values for
different catchments
• Ti = [0.885 (L3/H)]0.385
• Where Ti = Time of inlet, minute
• L = Length of overland flow in Kilometer from critical point to
mouth of drain
• H = Total fall of level from the critical point to mouth of drain,
meter
• Time of Travel: The time required by the water to flow in the drain
channel from the mouth to the point under consideration or the point of
concentration is called as time of travel
• Time of Travel (Tt) = Length of drain/velocity in drain
• Total precipitation is dispersed as PE, E, SRO
• The runoff coefficient depends upon the porosity of soil cover, wetness
and ground cover
• Runoff coefficient depends on slope and condition of drainage area
• K = [A1.C1 + A2.C2. + A3.C3 +…. An.Cn]/[A1+A2 +… An]
Rational Method
Storm water quantity,
Q = C.I.A / 360
Where,
Q = Quantity of storm water, m3/sec
C = Coefficient of runoff
I = intensity of rainfall (mm/hour) for the duration equal to time of concentration
A = Drainage area in hectares
 Empirical Formulae
• Empirical formulae are used for determination of runoff from very large area
• Various empirical relationships are developed based on the past observations on
specific site conditions suiting a particular region
• These empirical formulae can be used for prediction of storm water runoff for that
particular catchment

• Fannings’ Formula, Q = 12.8 M5/8 S - Slope of the area in meter per thousand meter,
• Talbot’s Formula, Q = 22.4 M1/4 M - drainage area in sq. km.,
A – drainage area in hectare
Empirical formulae for rainfall intensities
• These relationships between rainfall intensity and duration are
developed based on long term experience in field
• Under Indian conditions, intensity of rainfall in design is usually in the
range 12 mm/h to 20 mm/h
• In general, the empirical relationship has the following forms:
a) General formula is i = (25.4a) / (t + b)
(i = rainfall intensity in mm/hr; t = duration of rainfall in mins.)
Where, a & b are constants
i) a = 30 & b = 10 when duration of storm is 5 – 20 mins
ii) A = 40 & b = 20 when duration of storm is 20 – 100 mins
b) Localities where rainfall is frequent (intensity of rainfall which occurs
once in 5 years)
i = 3430 /(t + 18)
c) For storms occurring once in 10 years:
i = 180 / (√t)
d) For storms occurring once in a year
i = 150/t0.625
e) Kuichling’s formula,
i = 2667 / (t + 20) – for storms occurring once in 10 years

i = 3048 / (t + 20) – for storms occurring once in 15 years