Worksheet for Primary vs.

Secondary Sources on the Tejeros Convention (1897​)

Primary Sources: Secondary Sources:

Santiago Alvarez’ Memoirs of a General Teodoro Agoncillo’s Revolt of the Masses.

Author’s Background ❖ Born on July 25, 1872 in Imus, ❖ Born on November 9, 1912 in Lemery,
Cavite Batangas; died on January 14, 1985
❖ A revolutionary general and the ❖ One of the pre-eminent Filipino historians
founder and honorary President of of the 20th century, and was renowned for
the Nacionalista Party promoting nationalist historiography.
❖ Known as “Kidlat ng Apoy” due to ❖ He was also an essayist and a poet.
his inflamed bravery and dedication ❖ In 1985, he was conferred as one of the
as commander of the famous battle National Scientist (the highest honor given
of Cavite by the President to a Filipino man or
❖ He rose to Captain General then woman who has made significant
later became Commander-in-Chief contributions in one of the fields of
of the Magdiwang forces science and technology).
❖ At age 58, he died due to paralysis ❖ His notable works include The History of
in San Pablo City on October 30, the Filipino People; Malolos: The Crisis of
1930. He was buried at San Pablo the Republic; The Writings and Trials of
municipal cemetery Bonifacio; and Revolt of the Masses.

When was the account written?(Context) The account was written at the time when The account was written in 1947 as an entry in a
the events transpired, and was first National Bonifacio Biography contest that was
published in 36 installments, from July 24, held in 1948 and published in 1956 by the College
1927, to April 15, 1928, in Sampaguita - a of Liberal Arts of the University of the
tagalog weekly. It was then translated in Philippines.
English by Paula Carolina Malay.
Mention of Places ❖ Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon ❖ Cavite ​- where the Katipunan is divided
- where the assembly was into two factions - Magdalo and
convened; also the place where Magdiwang
 Baldomero Aguinaldo requested to ❖ Talisay, Batangas - ​where Magdalo
hold the revalidation of the government resides
proceedings of the election. ❖ Nasugbu, Tuwi, and Look - ​where
❖ Parish house of the Catholic Magdiwang government resides
church in Tanza, Santa Cruz de ❖ Zapote - ​where Emilio Aguinaldo,
Malabon ​- where Daniel Tirona and Candido Tirona, and Edilberto Evangilista
others were seen conferring with will meet Andres Bonifacio
Fr. Villafranca; also where the ❖ Mountains of Montalban and Mariquina​ –
Magdalo leaders held their own a delegate look for Supremo where he has
meeting. been staying
❖ Imus​ - the town captured by the ❖ House of Juan Castaneda in Imus​ – where
Spaniards. Bonifacio was brought by the rebel leaders
❖ Bakaw​ - the village where the ❖ San Francisco de Malabon​ – where the
Magdiwang troops intercepted the assembly takes place
Spaniards. ❖ Tanza or Santa Cruz de Malabon​ – it was
❖ Noveleta​ - the barrio captured by this place where the former summer resort
the Spaniards of the friars, that witnessed the first
important election held under the auspices
of the Katipunan government.
❖ Kawit​ - Magdalo's capital before it
❖ Estate house of Tejeros ​- The place where
the leaders of the Magdiwang planned to
hold another convention.
Key Personalities ❖ Secretary Jacinto Lumbreras ❖ Secretary Jacinto Lumbreras - who opened
❖ Supremo Andres Bonifacio and first presided the convention
❖ Mariano Alvarez ❖ Supremo Andres Bonifacio - the Supremo,
❖ Pascual Alvarez who presided the rest of the meeting
❖ Ariston Villanueva ❖ Mariano Alvarez - the president of
❖ Mariano Trias Magdiwang faction and the uncle of
❖ Diego Mojica Andres Bonifacio
❖ Emiliano de Dios ❖ Emilio Aguinaldo - Leading the Magdalo
❖ Santiago Alvarez Soldiers, faced the Spaniards in Salitran
❖ Artemio Ricarte
❖ Luciano San Miguel ❖ Daniel Tirona - who broke the meeting
❖ Severino de las Alas rules and insulted Bonifacio
❖ Baldomero Aguinaldo ❖ Artemio Ricarte - who is the acting
❖ Daniel Tirona Secretary of the convention; Magdalo's
❖ Captain General Apoy military commander brigadier-general
❖ Antonio Montenegro ❖ Baldomero Aguinaldo - the leader of
❖ General Vibora Magdalo; Made the proposal to establish a
❖ Trining and Josephine revolutionary government
❖ Jose del Rosario ❖ Candido Tirona - Magdiwang's minister of
❖ Fr. Cenon Villafranca war
❖ Major Pio Baluyot ❖ Edilberto Evangelista - Magdalo's elected
❖ General Santos Nocon Lieutenant General
❖ General Pio del Pilar ❖ Esteban San Juan - Invited Bonifacio to
attend the demonstration of the
Magdiwang rebels in Noveleta
❖ Ariston Villanueva - Magdiwang's
Minister of War who stood up and said
that if new government was to be
established, Andres Bonifacio who had
organized and planned the entire
revolutionary movement, must of right
occupy presidency without any election
❖ Santiago Alvarez - Magdalo's commander
in chief
❖ Pascual Alvarez - Magdalo's executive
secretary
❖ Luciano San Miguel - Magdiwang
representative
❖ Mariano Trias - Magdalo's minister of
grace and justice
❖ Severino de las Alas - Magdiwang
representative
❖ Santos Nocon - Magdiwang representative
 ❖ Cayetano Topacio - Magdiwang's minister
of finance
❖ Antonio Montenegro - Magdiwang
representative
Sequencing of events(use separate sheet)

Differences between the two accounts According to Revolutionary leader According to historian Teoro Agoncillo, these are
Santiago Alvarez, these are the facts the facts surrounding the below-listed concepts:
surrounding the below-listed concepts: ❖ Date of the convention - occurred on
❖ Date of the convention - occurred March 22, 1897 (Emilio Aguinaldo’s
on March 25, 1897 birthday)
❖ Details of Events - concise and ❖ Details of Events - comprehensive since it
straight to the point; only gave full particulars of the events; this
discussing what needs to be started with the Katipunan of Cavite,
conveyed. This was seen at the which was divided into two factions, the
conveyance of the Tejeros Magdiwang and the Magdalo. The
Convention - when the details disputes between the two factions gave
pertaining to the assembly were way to unite the conflicting factions
missed. thereby establishing a new government.
❖ Events after the Convention - it was ❖ Events after the Convention - it was not
not mentioned that Andres mentioned that Magdalo President
Bonifacio wrote a letter to his Baldomero Aguinaldo intended to
uncle-in-law which stated his continue the disrupted assembly, but the
nullification of everything that had Magdalo members still did not show up on
been agreed upon due to Daniel the agreed place. Rather, the members
Tirona’s actions. were secretly gathered in Tanza to take
their oaths of office.
In the primary source, the story line has
been delivered short yet brief, that it made In the secondary source, before going straight to
the whole story not quite detailed the details of the said convention in Tejeros, the
compared to the secondary source, because author first covered what happened before the
there are some part in this source that have convention occurred. The misunderstanding and
been stated directly such as the setting in disputes between Santiago and Montenegro was
 the Tejeros Convention which the story tackled. In here, the success and failures of the
brought us to the events that will happen in revolutions were discussed. It also provided
the story without further detail. Also in this detailed information with regards to the emotion
source there are certain events that are not of every person included. It paid attention to every
present in the secondary source such as the detail of the event. However, there are also
skirmish that happened in the last part of incidents that happened which differ to the
the story, and based on the story the author primary source.
is favoring Bonifacio. Also, some of the
names in this story differ in the secondary
source and there are mentioned names here
that are not present also in the other. But as
we all know that in the historical system of
writing it is quite direct to the point
especially in stating an information. This
also provided us to know the objectivity of
the story.
YOUR OWN ANALYSIS of the differences
between two accounts The author of the Memoirs of a General The author of the Revolt of the Masses tackled
focused on giving the details of what what happened before and after the meeting,
happened in the convention like how the proving the fact that this account is indeed very
election went. Although the details of the detailed about almost everything that transpired
convention was clear, the author did not during the event - from how the election became a
give details of what happened before the null and was then dismissed.
event, so it was also kind of incomplete
leaving the readers wondering what was There was also additional information that was
the convention for or why the convention not included in the primary source such as the
needed to happen. Tldr; Alvarez’s account letter that was sent by Bonifacio to his
was not detailed enough to truly uncle-in-law, Mariano Alvarez, and also to Emilio
understand what happened before and after Jacinto.
the event. This was due to the briefness of
the explanation of each event in his Upon further inspection, the events explained in
account. Agoncillo’s account were focused more on the
In this account, many people, especially conflicts the people encountered and on what
those elected, opposed Andres Bonifacio’s really happened on the election (during and after).
decision to make the decisions null and
void. This explains that Alvarez’s account
focuses more on the election that occurred,
showcasing the opposition of the officers
present to Bonifacio’s decision of
declaring the election null and void.
 Primary Sources: Secondary Sources:
Santiago Alvarez’ Memoirs of a Teodoro Agoncillo’s Revolt of the
General Masses.

1. The Katipunan forces in Cavite 1. The Katipunan of Cavite divided

Sequencing of Events were suffering consecutive defeats into two factions, the Magdiwang
and loss of life with Spaniards and the Magdalo.
acquiring Magdalo territories. 2. The leaders of both factions never
2. Supremo Bonifacio scheduled a got along together to elect one
meeting between the Magdalo and supreme council over the entire
Magdiwang factions on 3/24/1897. province. The Magdalo and
3. With the death of Lt. Gen. Magdiwang factions elected
Crispulo Aguinaldo, the meeting leaders for each faction
was postponed for the next day. independently.
4. The Magdalo party came on the 3. An attempt was made by both
same day (3/24) to announce the factions to make their respective
death of Crispulo Aguinaldo and armies wear the same uniform.
Diego Mojica proposed a However, the plan did not
ceremony of prayers for the materialize due to insufficient
deceased to which Supremo funds of the rebels and allies.
Bonifacio objected to. 4. When Cavite, led by its rival
5. Ariston Villanueva of Magdiwang factions, successfully rose in
Council received information of revolt, the leaders fell into
the plans of Daniel Tirona of the disputes, arising from the desire of
Magdalo Council of undermining one group to lord it over the other.
the proceedings of the assembly. 5. Men of the Magdiwang faction
6. The assembly at Tejeros was invited Andres Bonifacio to Cavite
finally convened on 3/25/1897. to witness the accomplishments of
the revolutionists in that area and
7. Secretary Jacinto Lumbreras of the to intervene in the conflict.
Magdiwang Council presided over 6. At the first invitations, Bonifacio
the meeting. refused to heed the request of the
Magdiwang chieftains. However,
8. Chairman Jacinto declared the he agreed upon the third invitation
assembly open and announced the from Artemio Ricarte and Mariano
main topic which was how to Alvarez.
strengthen the defenses of the 7. A misunderstanding arose from
areas still under the Magdiwang this preliminary meeting between
control. the Magdalo leaders and
9. At the same time, Severino de las Bonifacio.
Alas declared how the meeting 8. Bonifacio was brought by the rebel
should first discuss the major issue leaders to the house of Juan
which is to decide on what kind of Castaneda in Imus.
government the Philippines shall 9. At the Magdalo area,
have. misunderstandings happened yet
10. Lumbreras deemed the Katipunan again upon the arrival of certain
as the authority over the nation Magdalo leaders. It was at this
since the group has long point the Supremo realized how he
established government and had very little influence in the
brotherhood over the islands. Magdalo territory.
Lumbreras reiterated how the 10. On 1/2/1897, a disheartened
primary focus of the meeting Bonifacio wrote to his
should be on strengthening the uncle-in-law, Mariano Alvarez.
Magdiwang force on the remaining 11. Esteban San Juan invited
parts of Cavite. Bonifacio to attend the
11. Discussions about the symbolisms demonstration of the Magdiwang
in the flag, such as the “K” arose. rebels in Noveleta.
Mr. de las Alas made a remark 12. On 12/31/1896, the two factions
about how the sun and letter “K” met. Bonifacio occupied the chair
did not represent the revolutionary and beckoned to the Magdiwang
nation’s type of government. Ministers to sit at his right side.
12. The Supremo stressed that the This act was viewed as an obvious
Katipunan was united in its respect partiality by the Magdalo men.
for universal brotherhood and 13. The assembly opened with
equality and it stood for people’s Bonifacio as Chairman and
sovereignty. Baldomero Aguinaldo proposed to
13. Antonio Montenegro spoke in establish a revolutionary
defense of delas Alas and called government. This proposal was
the revolutionists “pack of bandits met with mixed opinions. The
or of wild, mindless animals” if Magdalo men did not see the
they would not agree on what kind reason to continue with the
of government they would have. Katipunan government as it would
14. An offended General Apoy and not fit the situation. The
defended the Katipunan’s Magdiwang men argued that the
reputation and ordered for the Katipunan had already established
arrest of Montenegro. a constitution and by-laws
15. Afterwhile, Trining and Josephine supported by most of the people
pleaded with Gen. Apoy not to and that there was no need to
arrest Montenegro. change that system.
16. Others wanted the meeting to be 14. The Magdiwang Minister of War
adjourned because of the suggested that if a new
commotion but Supremo government was to be established,
persuaded for the meeting to Supremo Bonifacio should be the
continue. Secretary Lumbreras rightful leader since he organized
refused to preside over the meeting the entire revolutionary movement
and delegated the chair to after all. This suggestion was not
Supremo Bonifacio. received well by the members of
17. Mr. Lumbreras spoke how the the Magdalo faction.
rightful president of this new type 15. The leaders of the Magdiwang
of government should be Supremo planned to hold another
Bonifacio since he is the Father of convention in the estate-house of
the Katipunan and the Revolution. Tejeros.
18. The Supremo agreed and 16. Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo led the
sympathized with the sentiments Magdalo soldiers to battle the
of Lumbreras but wished to Spaniards in Salitran on
respect the opinion of the majority. 3/22/1897.
19. The chair proceeded to prepare for 17. On the same day, the assembly
an election to the positions: convened at Tejeros.
president, vice-president, minister
 of finance, minister of welfare, 18. Jacinto Lumbreras took the chair
minister of justice, and captain and opened the convention.
general. 19. Severino de las Alas suggested to
20. Before the election began, the proceed with the discussion upon
Supremo proposed that the the kind of government to
candidate who would get the administer the whole country. This
majority of the votes should be the caused a stir in the assembly.
winner no matter his status of 20. Antonio Montenegro of Magdalo
living and educational background. made a statement which offended
The only important matter to the Magdiwang men, particularly
consider that this candidate should Santiago Alvarez.
not be a traitor to the cause of the 21. Lumbreras yielded his position as
Motherland. The proposal was chair to Andres Bonifacio.
received well by everyone. Bonifacio called for an election
21. The Supremo appointed Gen. and proposed an agreement to
Artemio Ricarte as secretary. respect whoever won the elections
Daniel Tirona helped to distribute despite their educational
the ballots. background and social condition.
22. Diego Mojica warned the Supremo 22. The ballots were prepared and
that the ballots had already been distributed.
fabricated to which the Supremo 23. After an hour, the ballots were cast
ignored. for the presidency, and Emilio
23. The votes for president were Aguinaldo won in ​absentia ​over
counted and Emilio Aguinaldo of Bonifacio.
Magdalo won over Supremo 24. Severino de las Alas suggested
Andres Bonifacio. that Bonifacio should be the
24. Mr. de las Alas suggested that vice-president since he received
since Supremo received the second the second largest number of
highest vote, he should be the votes. The men appeared
vice-president. lukewarm to the suggestion so
25. Nobody signified they went on to continue.
approval/disapproval to de las Alas 25. The remaining positions were soon
filled with Mariano Trias as
 proposal so Supremo decided to vice-president, Artemio Ricarte as
resume with the election. captain-general, Emiliano de Dios
26. Mariano Trias won as as director of war, and Andres
vice-president, General Vibora as Bonifacio as director of interior.
captain, Emiliano de Dios as 26. Daniel Tirona of Magdalo
secretary of war, and Supremo protested against the victory of
Bonifacio as secretary of the Andres Bonifacio as the director of
interior. interior and suggested that it
27. Then, Mr. Daniel Tirona halted the should be the lawyer Jose del
celebration of the election and Rosario.
went to talk about how being the 27. Feeling insulted, Bonifacio
secretary of interior should be a demanded Tirona to retract what
job for someone with a degree in he had said.
law and loudly endorsed Mr. Jose 28. Tirona ignored Bonifacio and tried
del Rosario as the rightful man for to lose himself in the crowd then
the position. tried to aim at Tirona with his
28. An embarrassed Supremo pistol.
Bonifacio stood up to remind 29. Bonifacio dissolved the meeting
everyone of the agreement they and annulled all that has been
had earlier: that whoever won by approved and resolved; and then
majority should be respected as the left.
man for the position no matter his 30. Bonifacio wrote to his
background; he then demanded an uncle-in-law, Mariano Alvarez,
apology from Tirona. and separately to his friend Emilio
29. Then the Supremo aimed his Jacinto.
revolver at Mr. Tirona. Perhaps 31. In his letter to Jacinto, Andres
because of fear, Tirona slid away Bonifacio revealed that he
and got lost in the crowd. The discovered the dirty works of the
room was in chaos as the meeting even before the election
convention secretary tried to began.
disarm the Supremo.
30. The Supremo adjourned the
meeting and declared all that had
happened null and void.
31. Mr. Baldomero Aguinaldo,
president of the Magdalo faction
convinced the Magdiwang leaders
to reconvene the disrupted meeting
the following day to which the
Magdiwang leaders agreed.
32. Rumors spread of how several
leaders from the Magdalo faction
conferred with the priest Cenon
Villafranca of Santa Cruz de
Malabon.
33. On the request of Mr. Baldomero
Aguinaldo, members of the
Magdiwang faction waited until
five in the afternoon at the estate
house in Tejeros to reconvene the
disrupted meeting, but no one from
the Magdalo faction came.
34. That same night, it was rumored
that the Magdalo leaders were
holding their own meeting at the
parish house in Tanza.
35. On 3/27/1897, eyewitnesses
revealed that indeed a meeting had
taken place at the Tanza parish
house and that the Supremo’s
decisions regarding the election at
the Tejeros house were not
respected.
 36. At the Tanza parish house, those
elected at the Tejeros convention
swore their oaths, but Supremo
was not invited despite him being
elected as the secretary of interior.

MEMBERS

AMARO, Nicole

ASPE, Fatima Angelica

BERSABAL, Lyneth Andrea

CORTEZANO, Nathaniel

MADRIGAL, Francine Isabelle

PADUA, Jairus

PERALTA, Alyssa Loraine

ROMERO, Dominic