General SENIOR

HIGH
Mathematics SCHOOL

Rational Equation and Module

Inequalities 4
Quarter 3
General Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 4: Rational Equations and Inequalities
First Edition, 2020

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 General SENIOR
HIGH

Mathematics SCHOOL

Module

4
Quarter 3
Representing Real Life Situation Using
Rational Functions and Distinguishes
Rational Function, Rational Equation and
Rational Inequality
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Mathematics for Senior High School Module on Rational
Equations and Inequalities

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators

from Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-In-Charge Schools
Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin in partnership with
the Local Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N.
Sotto.
The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the Most
Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) while overcoming their personal, social,
and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the General Mathematics Module on Rational Equations and

Inequalities

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectation - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module

Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.

Recap - This section will measure what learnings and skills that you
understand from the previous lesson.

Lesson- This section will discuss the topic for this module.

Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform.

Wrap Up- This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.

Valuing-this part will check the integration of values in the learning

competency.

Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module.
 EXPECTATIONS

1. Represents real-life situations using rational functions

2. Distinguishes rational function, rational equation, and rational inequality

PRETEST

Read the questions carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. For the function to be defined as rational, the denominator should be.

A. Not equal to 0 B. Equal to 0 C. Undefined D. Equal to 1

2. Which of the following is a rational function?

𝑥+4 3𝑥−6 √3𝑥+5
A. =5 B. 𝑓(𝑥) = C. 𝑓(𝑥) = D. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 6
3 5𝑥+2 2𝑥−1

For 3-5 refer to the problem given.

A company has a budget of P100, 000 to be divided equally among its various
offices. The administration office of the company receives twice the amount of money than
the other offices.

3. Given 𝑥 as the number of offices in the company, which of the following shows the
function (𝑥) which would give the amount of money each of the non-administration offices
would receive?
100,000 100,000 100,000
A. 𝑓(𝑥) = B. 𝑓(𝑥) = C. 𝑓(𝑥) = D. None
𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥+2

4. If the company had seven offices, which of the amount would the administration office
receive?
A. P12, 500 B. P15, 000 C. P25, 000 D. P30, 000

5. Which of the following amount would the non-administration offices receive?

A. P12, 500 B. P15, 000 C. P25, 000 D. P30, 000
 RECAP

Before going further, let us try to recall about function. A function is a set of ordered pairs
(x, y) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but different y – values. The 𝑥𝑥
coordinates called domain and 𝑦𝑦 coordinates called range.
1. Find the domain and range of the given ordered pairs.
A. f = {(1, a), (2, a), (3, b), (4, b)}
B. 𝑔 = {(1, –1), (2, –3), (0, 5), (–1, 2), (4, –5), (–2, 3), (2, 5)}
2. Refer to #1, which of the two is a function?
3. Which of the following statements represents a function?
A. Student’s grade in Pre-Calculus.
B. Countries to its flag.
C. Cellphone to its charger.
4. Determine which of the equations define a function.
A. 𝑦 = 5𝑥 + 4 B. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 7 C. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2

5. Indicate whether each graph is the graph of a function.

A B C

The following important terms will be used in this module. They are defined as follows:
1. Function – it is a relation for which each value from the set of first components of ordered
pairs is associated with exactly one value from the set of second components of the ordered
pair.
2. Equation – a statement that the values of two mathematical expressions are equal
(indicated by the symbol = .)
3. Inequality – the relation between two expressions that are not equal, employing a sign such
≠ (is not equal), < (is less than), > (is greater than), ≤ (is less than or equal to), and ≥ (is
greater than or equal to).
4. Polynomial – it is an expression consisting of variables and coefficients that involves only the
operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and non-negative integer exponents of
variables.
 LESS0N

Let’s distinguish rational functions, rational equations and rational inequalities based on their
definitions.

Rational Functions:
𝑝(𝑥)
A rational function is a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = , where p(x) and q(x) are polynomials
𝑞(𝑥)
and q(x) is not equal to zero.

Example:
2𝑥 + 1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
𝑥−3

Rational Equation:
It is an equation involving rational expressions.

Example:
2 3 1
− =
𝑥 2𝑥 5

Rational Inequality:
It is an inequality involving rational expression.

Example:
5 2
≤
𝑥−3 𝑥

2 1
Example 1: Is 𝑓(𝑥) = + a rational function, equation or inequality?
𝑥 4

2 1 𝑝(𝑥)
Since 𝑓(𝑥) = + is in the form of 𝑓(𝑥) = , therefore it is a
𝑥 4 𝑞(𝑥)
rational function
 𝑥−1 𝑥−4
Example 2: Is = a rational function, equation, or inequality?
𝑥+2 𝑥−5

As you can observe, the given rational expression have an equal

sign and involves only one variable (which is x), therefore it is a
rational equality.

𝑥−1 𝑥−4
Example 3: Is ≥ a rational function, equation, or inequality?
𝑥−3 𝑥−5

The given rational expression involves the ‘greater than or equal

to’ symbol (≥). Therefore it is a rational inequality.

The given expression above is neither a rational function, equation, nor inequality because the
1
variable x has a fractional exponent. It means that the numerator 𝑥 2 is not a polynomial which
violates the definition of a rational expression.

Take note: In general, an expression in fraction form is not considered a rational expression if
one of the following is present: a variable with fractional exponent, a negative exponent, or a
variable/s inside a radical sign.
1
𝑥2 1
Example 4: Is = a rational function, equation, or inequality?
𝑥−2 5

Instruction: Consider the given mathematical sentences in the box below and answer the following
questions.

1
1 4𝑥 1 𝑥 √𝑥 1
+ =1 𝑦= + 𝑥5 + =
3𝑥 6 𝑥 5 9 3

1 9 1 2𝑥+1
≤ 𝑥+1= =8
7 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥−1

1
𝑥+3 7
𝑓(𝑥) = −6 2𝑥 ≥ 𝑥 3 > √𝑥 + 2
𝑥 2 −5 𝑥+4

Questions:
 1. Which of them are rational functions?
2. Which of them are rational equations?
3. Which of them are rational inequalities?
4. Which of them do not belong to rational function, rational equation and rational inequality?

What is the use of rational functions?

Rational functions can be a useful tool for representing real-life situations and for finding answers to
real problems.

Example: A school organization has Php. 20,000.00 budget for the culmination of their annual
activity. If the allotted budget will be split evenly to n committees, which of the following will
represent the amount of money that each committee will receive?

a. 𝑓(𝑛) = 20,000𝑛
𝑛 Since the problem being asked is for the amount of money
b. 𝑓(𝑛) =
20,000 that each committee will receive evenly, we just need to
divide the amount (Php20, 000.00) to the number of
20,000
c. 𝑓(𝑛) = committees (n). Therefore the answer would be letter c.
𝑛

20,000
20,000 𝑓(𝑛) =
d. 𝑓(𝑛) = 𝑛
2𝑛

Representing real-life situations is about expressing the problem into a single function, specifically,
you are to represent these situations using rational functions.

In representing real-life situations using rational functions, we must follow these steps:

Steps on Representing Real-Life Situations using Rational Functions

1. What is asked? (Determine what the problem requires you to do.)

2. What is given? (Identify the given data in the problem.)
3. What operation to be used? (Decide the operation to be used as required by the problem.)
4. Write a number sentence. (Represent the problem using a function notation. If possible,
simplify the function.)

Sample Problems:

Example 1: Jack is running around the school oval. Represent his speed as a function of the time it
𝑑
would take him to run 150 meters in the track. (Use the formula for speed: = .)
𝑡

(To fully understand how to represent the problem using rational function, always follow the steps
mentioned above.)

1. What is asked? (Determine what the problem requires you to do.)

- Represent Jack’s speed as a function of the time it would take him to run 150 meters in
the track.
 2. What is given? (Identify the given data in the problem.)
- 150 meters – Jack’s needed distance to run in the track

3. What operation to be used? (Decide the operation to be used as required by the problem.)
𝑑
- Division (Hint: The problem stated to use the formula for speed which is 𝑠 = .)
𝑡

4. Write a number sentence. (Represent the problem using a function notation. If possible,
simplify the function.)
- Let 𝑓(𝑡) be the function that will represent Jack’s speed in terms of the time it takes him
to run 150 meters in the track.

(Using the formula for speed, substitute 150 meters to distance (d). thus the function
will be…)
150
𝑓(𝑡) =
𝑡

Example 2: A telephone company offers a new phone for Php. 5,000.00 with a monthly plan of
Php. 750.00. Represent the average monthly cost of using the phone service as a function x.

1. What is asked? (Determine what the problem requires you to do.)

Represent the average monthly cost of using the phone service as a function x.

2. What is given? (Identify the given data in the problem.)

- Php. 5,000.00 – One-time payment for the new phone
- Php. 750.00 – Monthly payment for the phone service

3. What operation to be used? (Decide the operation to be used as required by the problem.)
- Addition (Since there is a one-time payment it should be added to the monthly
payment.)
- Division (Since the problem is asking for the average monthly cost)

4. Write a number sentence. (Represent the problem using a function notation. If possible,
simplify the function.)
- Let 𝑓(𝑥) be the function that will represent the average monthly cost of using the phone
service.
5000 + 750𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
 ACTIVITIES

Activity 1: What I Am!

Determine whether the given is a rational function, a rational equation, a rational

inequality or none of these.

2𝑥
1. 4 =
5

𝑥
2. + 3 ≤ 2𝑦
2

8 𝑥
3. −8=
𝑥 2𝑥−1

𝑥−1
4. = 𝑥2
𝑥+1

7𝑥 3 −4√𝑥+1
5. 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥 2 +3

Activity 2. Solve the given problem below.

1. Lito loves to travel. Two years ago, he went to Sagada and fell in love with that place
because of cold weather. The total distance he travelled from Manila to Sagada was
approximately 650 kilometers.
a. How long will it take him to get to Sagada if his average speed is 50 kilometers per
hour? 60 kilometers per hour? 100 kilometers per hour?
b. Construct a function (𝑠), where 𝑠𝑠 is the speed of travel, which describes the time it
takes to drive from Manila to Sagada.
 WRAP-UP

Fill in the missing words or symbols in the space provided.

1. Rational Equation is an expression which can be expressed as

_________of two integers.

2. Rational Function is a function of the form ______where p(x) and q(x)

are polynomial functions and q(x) is not the zero function.

3. is a number which cannot be expressesas a ratio of two integer.

4. Rational Inequality is a Rational expression that uses ___, ___, ___,

___to express the ration of polynomials.

Steps on Representing Real-Life Situations using Rational Functions

5. What is asked? (Determine what the problem requires you to do.)

6. What is given? (Identify the given data in the problem.)
7. What operation to be used? (Decide the operation to be used as required by the problem.)
8. Write a number sentence. (Represent the problem using a function notation. If possible,
simplify the function.)

VALUING

One of the characteristics of a human person is the capability to give reason. This makes human
distinctive in all creatures that God made on earth. For this reason, human is considered as a rational
person. According to Collins English Dictionary, “a rational person is someone who is sensible and is
able to make decisions based on intelligent thinking rather than an emotion.” Given this definition,
would you consider yourself as a rational person? Why or why not?
 POSTTEST

Read the questions carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following terms is defined as a ratio of two polynomials?

A. Rational expression C. Rational Equation
B. Rational function D. Rational inequality

3𝑥+4 2
2. The expression < is an example of
𝑥−2 3
A. Rational expression C. Rational Equation
B. Rational function D. Rational inequality

3. Which of the following is a rational function?

𝑥+4 3𝑥−6 2𝑥+6 3−4𝑥 −2
A. =5 B. 𝑓(𝑥) = C. ≤0 D. 𝑓(𝑥) =
3 4+5𝑥 𝑥−1 2+5𝑥

4. Which of the following terms is defined as the quotient of two polynomial functions where the
denominator is not a zero function?
A. Rational expression C. Rational Equation
B. Rational function D. Rational inequality

3 10𝑥+3 7𝑥
5. The expression − = is an example of.
4 𝑥+2 8
A. Rational expression C. Rational equation
B. Rational function D. Rational inequality

For nos. 6 – 8, refer to the problem below.

A company has a budget of P200, 000 to be divided equally among its various offices. The
accounting office of the company receives twice the amount of money than the other
offices.

6. Given 𝑥 as the number of offices in the company, which of the following shows the function (𝑥)
which would give the amount of money each of the non-administration offices would receive?
200,000 200,000 200,000
A. (𝑥)= B. 𝑓(𝑥)= C. 𝑓(x)= D. None
𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥+2

7. If the company had nine offices, which of the amount would the accounting office receive?
A. P10, 000 B. P15, 000 C. P20, 000 D. P40, 000

8. Which of the following amount would the non-accounting offices receive?

A. P10, 000 B. P15, 000 C. P20, 000 D. P40, 000
 K EY TO CORRECTION

PRETEST

1. A 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. A
RECAP
1. A. Domain: {1, 2, 3, 4}, Range: {a, b}
B. Domain: {-2,-1, 0, 1, 2, 4}, Range: {-5, -3, -1, 2, 3, 5}
2. A. Function B. Not a Function
3. A. Function B. Function C. Not a Function
4. A. Function B. Function C. Not a Function
5. A. Function B. Function C. Not a Function

ACTIVITY 1

1. Rational Equation
2. Rational Inequality
3. Rational Equation
4. Rational equation
5. None of these

ACTIVITY 2

1. A. 13 hours B. 10.83 hours C. 6.5 hours

𝑑
2. Since time is the quotient of distance and speed, we can write the function as (𝑠) = .
𝑠
650
The distance is fixed at 650 km. So, the final function we have is (𝑠)= .
𝑠

WRAP-UP
1. Ratio
𝑝(𝑥)
2. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑞(𝑥)
3. Irrational Number
4. <, >, ≤, ≥

POST TEST

1. A 5. C
2. D 6. B
3. B 7. D
4. B 8. A
 REFERENCES

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) (2016)

General Mathematics Learner’s Material. Lexicon Press Inc., Philippines

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) (2016)

Grade 8 Learner’s Module, Philippines

Jose-Dilao, et.al, Department of Education (2009) Intermediate Algebra Textbook for Second Year,
Philippines