Name

Section

LET’S FIRST DISCUSS WHAT IS AN INTERLOCKING

INTERLOCKING
An arrangement in which the operation of one part or mechanism automatically brings about or prevents the
operation of another. Look at the diagram below it shows an interlocking function in a circuit. Now look at the two
normally close R2, R1 this two contact cut the flow of the circuit when their coil was energized to prevent the
operation of the another circuit. Now let’s do the step by step on how to make an interlocking circuit.

SAMPLE PROBLEM NO. 1

(Kamay sa dibdib alam ko naman familiar kayo sa game show ni kuya Wil)
In a game show composed of 2 Teams (Team Red, Team Green) and a Host. Team red and green can't press their
button if the host is not yet ready to start. Once the host says ready, team red and team green can press the push
button if they know the answer (paunahan). In first question team red hit the pushbutton first, even if the team
green push their button it will not work because team red pushed their button first. On the second question the
host reset and say ready to team red and green, now this time team green got the first team to push their button
and team red can’t push their button. Team green got the correct answer and they are now tie at 1 point each.
Now let’s make a diagram using this LEGEND

LEGEND
INPUT OUTPUT
PB0 - RESET or OFF R0
PB1 - START R1
PB2 R2
PB3 LAMP 1 - RED
LAMP 2 - GREEN

START RESET or OFF

NORMALLY CLOSED
CONTACTS
Step 1. Let’s do the first rung

OFF PB1 is PRESSED

In our first rung we have a memory or latch in it

Step 2. Now the second rung

PB2 was pushed and R1 was energized

Look carefully on our second rung, it shows that it has also a memory or latch function so why? In order to do an
interlocking we need to retain the electricity in the coil so it will prevent the other relay to open. Now what is the
function of the N.C contact of R2 there? When we press the pushbutton 2 (PB2) NC Contact R2 will prevent the
electricity to flow into the Relay 1(R1) if Relay R2 is energized.

PB3 was pushed and R2 was not energized

Step 3. Last rung our third rung

N.C to Open

Now what will happen if we press the PB3 in the 3rd rung? The electricity will not flow to the coil of R2 because of
R1 NORMALLY CLOSED contact that becomes OPEN after pressing PB2 in the second rung which energized R1 coil.
When the R1 N.C contact becomes OPEN, it prevents the electricity to flow into R2.
Let’s press the Start button or the PB1, as you can see all R0 NORMALLY OPEN contacts becomes CLOSED...
Now let’s press the PB2 first before PB3...
...

R1 becomes energized when we press Pb2 so the R2 coil will

not be energized even if we pressed
p the pb3

Since we push the PB2 first before the PB B3, the R1 coil will be energized because R2 can no longer prevent the
electricity to flow with R2 N.C. contact, and the R1 NORMALLY CLOSED contact that OPENED below in the 3rd rung is
now preventing the electricity to flow into
in the R2 coil.

Now what happen if we press Pb3 first before Pb2?

R2 becomes energized when wee press PB3 so the R1 coil will not be energized even if w
we pressed the PB2
(yung interlocking simply to prevent the flow of electricity on another circuit using their normally closed contact...
contact
Kung mapapansin ninyo, yung closed contact ang ginagamet pang interlock, why? Kase pag na energized na yung
normally closed contact magiging open at hindi na dadaloy ang kuryente. Now in this diagram kung sino ang
maunang mag press ng push button, siya ang unang iilaw at ang mahuhule ay hindi makakapag energized ng coil
kase wala nang dadaloy na kuryente.)

Now what is the function of our PB0?

PB0 ay pang turn off or reset nang ating latch remember on our last module hindi mamatay ang
an ating latch or
memory kung hindi natin siya lalagyan ng turn off button which is the PB0 para tuluyang mamatay ang ating circuit
kailangan naten I press si pushbutton 0.

ACTIVITY 1
In a game show composed of 2 Teams (Team Yellow, Team Blue) and a Host. Team Yellow and Blue can't press their
button if the host is not yet ready to start.
start Once the host says ready, team Yellow and team Blue can press the push
button if they know the answer (paunahan).
(paunahan In first question team Yellow hit the pushbutton first,
first even if the team
Blue push their button it will not work because team Yellow pushed their button first and got a correct answer.
answer On
the second question the host reset and say ready to team Yellow and Blue, now this time team Blue got the first
team to push their button and team Yellow can’t push their button. Team Blue got the correct answer and they are
now tie at 1 point each.

In a short bond
nd paper make 2 diagram ( MAGKAIBANG BONDPAPER
B NDPAPER PER DIAGRAM AND PLEASE DON’T FORGET NA
LAGYAN NANG PANGALAN PAREHAS KAHIT NAKA STAPLE)
The first diagram is when the host says ready
ready and team yellow push their pushbutton first.
The second diagram is when the host says ready and team blue push their pushbutton first .
Use this legend
INPUT OUTPUT
PB0 - RESET or OFF R0
PB1 - START R1
PB2 R2
PB3 LAMP 1 - YELLOW
LAMP 2 - BLUE

Lagyan ng color red kung dinadaluyan

ng electricity ang rung or kung
energized siya.
 Pneumatic systems
A pneumatic system is a system that uses compressed air to transmit and control energy. Pneumatic
systems are used in controlling train doors, automatic production lines, mechanical clamps, etc

(a) Automobile production lines (b) Pneumatic system of an automatic machine

Common pneumatic systems used in the industrial sector

The advantages of pneumatic systems

Pneumatic control systems are widely used in our society, especially in the industrial sectors for the
driving of automatic machines. Pneumatic systems have a lot of advantages.
High effectiveness
Many factories have equipped their production lines with compressed air supplies and movable
compressors. There is an unlimited supply of air in our atmosphere to produce compressed air. Moreover, the
use of compressed air is not restricted by distance, as it can easily be transported through pipes. After use,
compressed air can be released directly into the atmosphere without the need of processing.
High durability and reliability
Pneumatic components are extremely durable and can not be damaged easily. Compared to
electromotive components, pneumatic components are more durable and reliable.
Simple design
The designs of pneumatic components are relatively simple. They are thus more suitable for use in simple
automatic control systems.
High adaptability to harsh environment
Compared to the elements of other systems, compressed air is less affected by high temperature, dust,
corrosion, etc.
Safety
Pneumatic systems are safer than electromotive systems because they can work in inflammable
environment without causing fire or explosion. Apart from that, overloading in pneumatic system will only
lead to sliding or cessation of operation. Unlike electromotive components, pneumatic components do not
burn or get overheated when overloaded.
Easy selection of speed and pressure
The speeds of rectilinear and oscillating movement of pneumatic systems are easy to adjust and subject
to few limitations. The pressure and the volume of air can easily be adjusted by a pressure regulator.
Environmental friendly
The operation of pneumatic systems do not produce pollutants. The air released is also processed in
special ways. Therefore, pneumatic systems can work in environments that demand high level of cleanliness.
One example is the production lines of integrated circuits.
Economical
As pneumatic components are not expensive, the costs of pneumatic systems are quite low. Moreover,
as pneumatic systems are very durable, the cost of repair is significantly lower than that of other systems.
 Limitations of pneumatic systems
Although pneumatic systems possess a lot of advantages, they are also subject to many limitations.
Relatively low accuracy
As pneumatic systems are powered by the force provided by compressed air, their operation is subject
to the volume of the compressed air. As the volume of air may change when compressed or heated, the
supply of air to the system may not be accurate, causing a decrease in the overall accuracy of the system.
Low loading
As the cylinders of pneumatic components are not very large, a pneumatic system cannot drive loads
that are too heavy.
Processing required before use
Compressed air must be processed before use to ensure the absence of water vapour or dust.
Otherwise, the moving parts of the pneumatic components may wear out quickly due to friction.
Uneven moving speed
As air can easily be compressed, the moving speeds of the pistons are relatively uneven.
Noise
Noise will be produced when compressed air is released from the pneumatic components

Main pneumatic components

Pneumatic components can be divided into two categories:

1. Components that produce and transport compressed air.

2. Components that consume compressed air.

All main pneumatic components can be represented by simple pneumatic symbols. Each symbol shows only
the function of the component it represents, but not its structure. Pneumatic symbols can be combined to
form pneumatic diagrams. A pneumatic diagram describes the relations between each pneumatic component,
that is, the design of the system.

1. The production and transportation of compressed air

Examples of components that produce and transport compressed air include compressors and pressure
regulating components

Compressor
A compressor can compress air to the required pressures. It can convert the mechanical energy from motors
and engines into the potential energy in compressed air (Fig. 2). A single central compressor can supply various
pneumatic components with compressed air, which is transported through pipes from the cylinder to the
pneumatic components. Compressors can be divided into two classes: reciprocator and rotary.

(a) Compressor used in schools (b) Compressor used in laboratories (c) Pneumatic symbol of a compressor
Pressure regulating component
Pressure regulating components are formed by various components, each of which has its own pneumatic
symbol:
Filter – can remove impurities from compressed air before it is fed to the pneumatic components.
Pressure regulator – to stabilise the pressure and regulate the operation of pneumatic components
Lubricator – To provide lubrication for pneumatic components

(a) Pressure regulating component (b) Pneumatic symbols of the pneumatic

components within a pressure
regulating component

2. The consumption of compressed air

Examples of components that consume compressed air include execution components (cylinders), directional
control valves and assistant valves.

Execution component
Pneumatic execution components provide rectilinear or rotary movement. Examples of pneumatic execution
components include cylinder pistons, pneumatic motors, etc. Rectilinear motion is produced by cylinder pistons,
while pneumatic motors provide continuous rotations. There are many kinds of cylinders, such as single acting
cylinders and double acting cylinders.

Single acting cylinder

A single acting cylinder has only one entrance that allows compressed air to flow through. Therefore, it can
only produce thrust in one direction. The piston rod is propelled in the opposite direction by an internal spring, or by
the external force provided by mechanical movement or weight of a load

Cross section of a single acting cylinder

Single acting cylinder Pneumatic symbol of a single acting cylinder

 The thrust from the piston rod is greatly lowered because it has to overcome the force from the spring.
Therefore, in order to provide the driving force for machines, the diameter of the cylinder should be increased. In
order to match the length of the spring, the length of the cylinder should also be increased, thus limiting the length
of the path. Single acting cylinders are used in stamping, printing, moving materials, etc.

Double acting cylinder

In a double acting cylinder, air pressure is applied alternately to the relative surface of the piston, producing a
propelling force and a retracting force (Fig. 6). As the effective area of the piston is small, the thrust produced during
retraction is relatively weak. The impeccable tubes of double acting cylinders are usually made of steel. The working
surfaces are also polished and coated with chromium to reduce friction.

Cross section of a double acting cylinder

Pneumatic symbol of a double

Double acting cylinder acting cylinder
Directional control valve

Directional control valves ensure the flow of air between air ports by opening, closing and switching their
internal connections. Their classification is determined by the number of ports, the number of switching positions,
the normal position of the valve and its method of operation. Common types of directional control valves include
2/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc. The first number represents the number of ports; the second number represents the number of
positions. A directional control valve that has two ports and five positions can be represented by the drawing in Fig.
8, as well as its own unique pneumatic symbol.

Describing a 5/2 directional control valve

Directional control valve

When a pressure pulse is input into the pressure control port ‘P’, the spool will move to the left, connecting
inlet ‘P’ and work passage ‘B’. Work passage ‘A’ will then make a release of air through ‘R1’ and ‘R2’. The directional
valves will remain in this operational position until signals of the contrary are received. Therefore, this type of
directional control valves is said to have the function of ‘memory’.
 5/2 directional control valve Cross section Pneumatic symbol
directional control valve
Pneumatic circuit
Pneumatic control systems can be designed in the form of pneumatic circuits. A pneumatic circuit is formed by
various pneumatic components, such as cylinders, directional control valves, flow control valves, etc. Pneumatic
circuits have the following functions:

1. To control the injection and release of compressed air in the cylinders.

2. To use one valve to control another valve.

Pneumatic circuit diagram

A pneumatic circuit diagram uses pneumatic symbols to describe its design. Some basic rules must be followed
when drawing pneumatic diagrams.

Basic rules

1. A pneumatic circuit diagram represents the circuit in static form and assumes there is no supply of pressure.
The placement of the pneumatic components on the circuit also follows this assumption.
2. The pneumatic symbol of a directional control valve is formed by one or more squares. The inlet and exhaust
are drawn underneath the square, while the outlet is drawn on the top. Each function of the valve (the
position of the valve) shall be represented by a square. If there are two or more functions, the squares
should be arranged horizontally.

3/2 directional control valve 3/2 directional control valve

(normally closed type) (normally closed type)
3. Arrows "↓↖" are used to indicate the flow direction of air current. If the external port is not connected to
the internal parts, the symbol “┬” is used. The symbol “⊙” underneath the square represents the air input,
▽
while the symbol “ ” represents the exhaust.
 4. The pneumatic symbols of operational components should be drawn on the outside of the squares. They can
be divided into two classes: mechanical and manual

Vertical piston lever Pulley lever Unilateral pulley lever

Standard Pull & push Manually operated

PNEUMATIC COMPONENTS
There may exist differences in appearance and sizes of pneumatic components produced by different
manufacturers. However, the functions and operating methods among these components are similar. The following
are the pictures and cross section diagrams of the pneumatic components made by another manufacturer for your
reference.

1. Pneumatic components for the production and transportation of compressed air

Compressor

(a) Compressor (b) Pneumatic symbol

Pressure regulating component

(a) Pressure regulating component (b) Cross section of pressure

regulating component

(c) Pneumatic symbol

2. Pneumatic components for consumption of compressed air
Single acting cylinder

Single acting cylinder Cross section of a single acting cylinder Pneumatic symbol

Double acting cylinder

Double acting cylinder Cross section of a double acting cylinder Pneumatic symbol

3/2 Directional control valve

3/2 Directional control valve Cross section of a 3/2 directional

control valve

Pneumatic symbols Normally closed type Normally open type

5/2 Directional control valve

5/2 Directional control valve Cross section Pneumatic symbol

Flow control valve

Flow control valve Cross section Pneumatic symbol

Shuttle valve

Shuttle valve Cross section Pneumatic symbol

3. Other component
Connecting pipe / Plastic Tubing
 ACTIVITY 1

Direction: write your answer in a yellow paper

1. Give at least 5 advantages of using pneumatic systems.

2. State the limitations of using pneumatic systems.

3. State the difference(s) between a single acting cylinder and a double acting cylinder.

4. State the functions of directional control valves.

5. What are the basic functions of a pneumatic control system?

10 Points Draw the following symbols of the pneumatic components:

Type Symbol Type Symbol

(h) Manual Control

(a) Compressor
Valve

(i) Push Button

(b) Cylinder
Control Valve

(j) Vertical Piston

(c) Filter
Lever Control Valve

(d) Single acting (k) Pulley Lever

cylinder Control Valve

(e) Double acting (l) Flow Control

cylinder Valve

(f) 3/2 directional

control valve

(g) 5/2 directional

control valve

10 Points... On the opposite or back of this page. Draw a pneumatic circuit with memory or latch function using 1
lamp only as output.