GST 113 Nigerian Peoples & Culture-1

UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI
Maiduguri, Nigeria
CENTRE FOR DISTANCE LEARNING
ARTS
GST 113: NIGERIAN PEOPLES & CULTURE (3 UNITS)
1
STUDY GUIDE
GENERAL INFORMATION
Course Code and Title: GST 113: Nigerian Peoples & Culture
Credit Unit: 2
Year: 2015
Total Hours - 28 hours @ two per Week of Study.
For any queries or Questions contact the Course Lecturer Using your email through the
Centre for Distance Learning Portal.
You are welcome to this study Unit. Each Unit is arranged to simplify your study. In each
topic of the Unit we have introduction, learning outcome, in-text information, in-text
questions and answers, summary and self assessment exercises. In-text questions and
answers serve as motivation for your reading and to encourage to pay attention to major
points in the text. Tutors will be available at designated contact Centre for Tutorial. Meet
them to resolve your questions and other guide. The Centre expects you to plan your work
well. Should you wish to read further you could supplement the study with more information
from the list of references and suggested reading available in each study Unit.
PRACTICE EXERCISES
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISES (SAES)
This is provided at the end of each topic or Study Session. The exercises can help you to
assess whether or not you have actually studied and understood the topic/study session.
Solutions to the exercises are provided at the end of the Study Unit for you to assess yourself.
HOW TO PREPARE FOR EXAMINATION
To prepare for the examination you should read and understand the Study Materials provided
for you on C.D.ROM, prints or downloads from the Portal.
Other things you need to prepare for examination include understanding all sample questions
at the end of every Study Session/topic Reading the suggested/recommended reading texts.
ASSESSMENTS
-The continuous assessment for all courses consist of 30%.
-The Examination shall make up 70% of the total Marks.
-Feedback and advice is a component of the continuous assessment
The Examination shall be conducted at the Centre for Distance learning (Centre). Students
are to come to the Centre on the Examination date with all the necessary requirements. The
Examination is Computer based or e-testing one.
2
(DIVISON OF GENERAL STUDIE)
NIGERIAN PEOPLES AND CULTURE
GST 113
IDRIS MU’AZU
3
COURSE OUTLINE
1. Nigerian perception of his world
i. Cultural areas in Nigeria and their characteristics
ii. Nigerian geopolitical formation
iii. Nigeria’s domestic imperative
iv. Land and people
2. Nigeria and their characteristics

i. the origin of African language
ii. classification of African language
iii. formation of Niger Congo family
iv. Ethnic and religious group in Nigeria
v. live patterns of each geographical zones in Nigeria
vi. the formation of ethnic identities in Nigeria
3. Negative conduct and attitudes

i. Drug addiction/ Abuse
ii. Examination Malpractice
iii. Bribery and corruption
iv. Political thuggery
v. Indecent dressing
vi. Criminal activities
vii. Cultism
4. Indigene and settler phenomena
i. the meaning of indigene and settler
ii. the theoretical explanation on indigene and settler issues in Nigeria
iii. the causes of conflict between indigene and settler in Nigeria
5. Moral obligation of citizens

i. the meaning of obligation and citizenship
4
a. obligation
b. citizenship
ii. patterns of citizenship acquisition
a. citizenship by birth
b. citizenship by registration
c. citizenship by naturalization
d. honorary citizenship
iii. The role of citizens in Nigeria
a. The duty of political participation
b. The duty of economic productivity
c. The duty to pay tax
d. The duty to be responsible
e. Sundry duty
iv. The right of Nigerian citizens
6. Nigerian Art and Culture in Pre-colonial Period

i. the meaning of culture
ii. the types of culture
a. Material culture
b. Non material culture
7. Evolution of Nigeria as a Political Unit

8. The Concept of Trade and Self- reliance
9. Re- Orientation of our Moral and National Values
10. Nigerian environmental problems
i. the meaning of environment
5
ii. the component of environment
iii. the causes of environmental problems
a. Pollution’
b. Poor drainage system
c. Deforestation
d. Improper waste disposal
e. Ecological problem
f. Population Explosion
g. Advancement in Technology
h. overtly breeds environmental problems
i. Unplanned Urbanization
j. Government Negligence
iv. The solutions to environmental problems
a. Promotion of Environmental Education and Awareness
b. Sating of waste bin/dumps
c. Provision and Implementation of Legal Policy Frame Work
6
Study session 1 foundation of Nigerian Peoples and Culture
Introduction
Nigeria is made up of various ethnic groups. Before the British annexation of Nigeria, these
ethnic groups lived in segment of societies and autonomous villages and village groups. Each
ethnic group had a well defined social, economic and political system. Most of these ethnic
groups were intensely democratic. Political authority was dispersed widely among the
component parts and various institutions. While there were provisions for the exercise of
executive, legislative and judicial functions, it did happen that sometimes the lines between
executive, judicial and even religious functions seemed blurred mainly because the same
persons or groups exercise these powers (Ukpabi, 1989:40) Even though there was no clear
demarcation in the pre-colonial political system, the system functioned so well in many parts
of this country and survived for centuries. The reason for the survival of the system is that
there were checks and balances in place. The checks and balances were aimed at preventing
individuals who would want to become dictators. Indeed, one of the systems of checks and
balances had to do with military establishment. Since segment of societies were based on
kinship or cultural ties, each individual in the society was willing to contribute his or her own
quarter to the development of the community.
In the 19th Century, many centralized states and kingdoms existed in various parts of Nigeria.
The well known ones were the kingdoms of Benin, Bornu, Oyo, Nupe, Egba and so on. The
establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate also gave rise to about twenty emirates including
Kano, Katsina, Zaria, Bauchi, Hadeja, and Ilorin. Each of these Emirates had its own leader
who was expected to pay allegiance to the Sultan of Sokoto. In Igboland, there were
“constitutional monarchies” that existed in that part of the world. Specifically, they existed at
Onitsha, Oguta and Aboh. The organization of these institutional monarchies was the direct
result of the intrusion of Benin Culture into these areas. Otherwise most Igbo communities
practiced crude democracy and they lived in stateless societies. It should be noted that each
state or community was mainly concerned with creating sound economic, social and political
system for the well being of its citizens. Each king therefore, devised ways of raising the
profile of his kingdom. Indeed, each ethnic group was at this stage of development when it
was conquered and brought under British colonial rule beginning from 1900. From this
period onwards, the British continued to rule Nigeria until October 1, 1960 when the country
was granted independence. Nigeria is now grappling with the issue of nationhood.
7
Learning Outcomes for Study Section 1
When you studied this session, you should be able to:
1.0 The Nigerian perception of his world

1.1.1 explain the concept of Nigerian perception of his world
1.1.2 Cultural areas in Nigeria and their characteristics
1.1.3 Nigerian geopolitical formation
1.1.4 Nigeria’s domestic imperative
1.1.5 Land and people
1.1.1 Nigerian Perception of His World

The federal republic of Nigeria lies at the extreme inner corner of the gulf of guinea, and is
the largest geo-political unit in West Africa. The country is located in the West African sub-
region surrounded by small francophone countries. The country is one of a great variety of
land forms which occupies a surface area of about 923, 776 square kilometres. This is about
four times the size of United Kingdom; it is also twice size of Cameroon, and nearly three
times the size of Benin Republic. This has given the country a relative advantage of power
such as land, size, population, natural and human resources and geopolitical locations.
1.1.2 Cultural Areas of Nigeria and Their Characteristics

In sub-Saharan Africa, The population of Nigeria stood at about 167 million according to
NPC August, 2012 it is believed to be the highest in Africa. This figure shows that the
population of Nigeria was more than the sum total of thirteen (13) West African countries. It
is common knowledge that within the country’s boundaries, there are over 500 ethnic groups,
each speaking its own language, although some may not necessarily speak the language
identified with their ethnic groups. These ethnic groups range in size from tiny units
consisting of less than 700 people to groups numbering well above 10 million. The well-
known ethnic groups in Nigeria include Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo, Fulani, Kanuri, Efik, Ibibio,
Tiv, Izon (Ijaw) Edo, among others.
8
However, Nigeria is bounded on the west by republic of Niger and Benin republic. On the
east, Nigeria share a boarder with the republic of Cameroon, while to the North/East the
country is bounded with Chad Republic. The most prominent physical feature of Nigeria is
the Niger River from which the country derives its name. The River rises in the mountain
north–east of sierra–Leone, and enters Nigeria in the north-west,
Joins the Benue River at Lokoja, and then flows south into the Gulf of Guinea. However, the
name of Nigeria was suggested during the debate for royal Niger Company by the British and
was published in London at January 8, 1887. Nigeria has a rich cultural heritage that keeps
people together. This cultural heritage has brought mutual relations among diverse ethnic
groups in the country; it also advanced and fostered trade relations between Nigeria and other
countries around the world.
1.1.3 Nigerian geo political formation

Before the colonial rule, the present Nigeria was basically characterized based on different
number of Kingdoms and empires which were generally united. Those empires are: - the
Borno empires, Oyo Empire, Benin and Sokoto caliphate. But the Sokoto caliphate became
more powerful and prominent in the 19th century as a result of its Jihad. And the
consequences of the Jihad gave rise to about 20th Hausa emirates council. There is also access
of trading, inter marriage, exchange of gifts and other forms of community relations within
and between these empires and emirate which served as the building forces. It must be noted
that Hausa traders are located in all Nigerian urban communities, and indeed throughout West
Africa.
However, Nigeria occupied a greatest number of language groups; some are small while
others are large in number. English served as the official national language in the country
because of the impact of British colonialism, but a number of languages have become
prominent in the country because of its widespread manifestation among diverse ethnic
groups. Those languages serve as the language of commerce, politics, and administration
shared widely and spoken by majority of Nigerians, and they are classified as the largest and
fast growing language groups. That is why they were identified as the major ethnic groups in
Nigeria. And they include:-
1. Hausa
2. Igbo
3. Yoruba
4. Fulfude (Fulani)
9
1.1.4 Nigeria’s Domestic Imperatives
1. Agrarian at independence and the main stay of economy-: at the times of independence
Nigeria was mainly an agrarian society and that is the main stay of her economy. And the
vast majority of the people in the country were farmers and that is the source of their income
and consumption.
2. Emergence of oil and its implication for crises-: Nigeria as a country is a producer of oil
which is located in one of her state. But due to interest and selfishness crises dominated the
area as a result of personality. Most of Nigerian leaders faces problem in the oil sector
because is one of the source of her economy and the eyes of Nigerian’s but the rich and poor
are on that aspect that is why crises is all over the area.
3. Changes and transformation-: It was noted that Nigeria like most countries in Africa,
Asia and Latin America has gone through various process of changes and transformation,
because change According to Auguste Comte (1798-1857) in his theory of societal
development, society transform from Theological to metaphysical stage and to positive or
scientific stage. Other scholars like Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), pointed out that societal
transformation past through Organic to Mechanical solidarity, while Herbert Spencer says
changes in society occur through homogeneity to heterogeneity. But in simple term Charles
Darwin in his theory of evolution says that society move from simple to complex and that is
how Nigeria as a country transformed.
4. Leadership challenges-: What characterized Nigeria today was new patterns of life
emerge particularly among the rich and poor. This pattern of life include -: misuse of public
fund or resources and corruption has become the order of the day, crises dominated each an
everywhere in the country. And most of the leaders are lacking concentration and good
administrative qualification.
1.1.5 Land and people

Nigeria is divided into three (3) mainly geopolitical zones -:
1. The savannah Zone: The savannah zone was characterized by an open land with tall
grasses which cover the large portion because of its fast growing. And movement of both
peoples and animals are easily. And the temperatures in the area are usually high except in
the month of December and January when the harmattan blow winds and cold air.
The savannah zone is inhibited by numerous groups of people with distinguish customs,
languages and system of government. The most dominated ethnic group in the savannah zone
10
are-: Hausa, Fulani, Kanuri, Jukun, Nupe, Igala e.t.c. and mostly their major economic
activities is farming and trading. Most of their agricultural activities are maize, groundnut,
millet, beans among others. And their styles of buildings are thatched houses.
2. Forest Zone: The forest zone is occupied by green tall trees and was characterized by
heavily and long lasting rainfall. Agricultural crops found in the area are mainly root-crops
and tress products such as Yams, Cassava, Cocoa, Rubber, Palm Trees and Timber etc. the
various group of people that occupies this zone are the Yoruba’s Edo, Ibibio, and Igbo.
Political organizations were based on blood relation. Mostly people of this area engage in
farming and trading as their major economic activities.
3. The Coastal Zone: This area occupied places like Niger delta and Lagos which they
experienced frequent rainfall and their major productive and economic activities is fishing
and trading. The various ethnic groups found in the coastal area are the Itsekiri, Okrika, and
the Ijaw people etc. They are the most populated and their political organization was
characterized by small communities administered by village elders.
In-text questions and answers (ITQs and ITAs)

ITQ: What is savannah zone?
ITA: The savannah zone can be defined as a characterized area with an open land with tall
grasses which cover the large portion because of its fast growing.
Conclusion
The above session discussed the concept of Nigerian perception of his world. The federal
republic of Nigeria lies at the extreme inner corner of the gulf of guinea, and is the largest
geo-political unit in West Africa. The country is located in the West African sub-region
surrounded by small francophone countries. Nigerian Perception of his world studied that
Nigeria is made up of various ethnic groups. Before the British annexation of Nigeria, these
ethnic groups lived in segment of societies and autonomous villages and village groups. Each
ethnic group had a well defined social, economic and political system. Most of these ethnic
groups were intensely democratic. The cultural areas in Nigeria look at the population of the
country as well as the distinct ethnic group existed within the country. Nigeria geo political
formation revealed that Nigeria Before the colonial rule, the country was basically
characterized based on different number of Kingdoms and empires which were generally
united. Those empires are: - the Borno empires, Oyo Empire, Benin and Sokoto caliphate.
11
While the domestic imperative of Nigeria look at the various group of activities that brought
country to what it is today. And the land and people concentrated in identifying the locations
as well as the cultural zones within Nigeria as a political entity.
Summary of the study session 1

In study session 1 you learnt that:
1. Nigerian perception of his world concerned with what Nigeria as a political unit is and
what are cultural classification within the country Nigeria as well as the population that
brought Nigeria to become the giant of Africa.
2. The cultural areas in Nigeria and their characteristics concerned with the various group of
cultures existed within the country as well as the how those cultures differs with one another
in terms of explaining people’s way of life and the language identification.
3. The Nigeria geo political formation concerned with the way how all the distinct ethnic
groups work together in terms of exchange of gifts as well as inter marriage relation before
the coming of Europeans into the country
4. Domestic imperative concerned with the most important things that brought Nigeria into
reality today. Like the means of agriculture, changes and transformation, the rise in oil sector
as well as the leadership challenges.
5. Land and people concerned with the allocation or knowing the various zones within the
country Nigeria and their patterns of life in terms of culture, trading activities, agricultural
production among others.
Self – Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 1

It is assumed that since you have completed this study session 1, you should be able to
answer the following questions.
SAQ 1.1.1 (test learning outcomes 1.1.1)
 Explain the concepts of Nigerian perception of his world
12
 What do you understand with the concepts the cultural areas in Nigeria and their
characteristics

 Discuss the Nigeria’s geo political formation
SAQ 1.1.4 (test learning outcomes 1.1.4. 1, 2, 3, 4)

 Explain what you know about Nigeria domestic imperatives
a. What is agrarian at independence and the main stay of economy
b. Discuss what you know about the changes and transformation
c. Explain the rise in oil and its implication for crises
d. what is leadership challenges is all about
SAQ 1.1.5 (test learning outcomes 1.1.5. 1, 2, 3)

 what is land and people
a. discuss the savannah zone in Nigeria
b. explain the concept of forest zone in Nigeria
c. explain what you about the coastal zone in Nigeria
References/Further Reading
Ikime, O. (1980), “The People and Kingdoms of the Delta Province”, in Ikime (ed),
Groundwork of Nigerian History, Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books
Ityavyar, D. A. (1992), the Changing Socio-Economic Role of Tiv Women, Jos: Jos
University Press.
Ukpabi, D. (1989:40) Nigeria in the pre colonial period. Ibadan: National conference on the
history of Nigeria and their culture.
www.nou.edu.ng
13
Study session 2 Nigeria and their Characteristics
Introduction
Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa. Continuous human habitation of the area
dates back to pre-historic times. Some artefacts found in Nok in Plateau State date back
39,000 B.C. and many Late Stone Age (15,000 — 5, 000 BC.) artefacts have been found in
the Mejiro Cave (Oyo State), Daima (Borno State) and Rop rock shelters(Plateau State)
among others. All these indicate long human habitation of the area. While detailed ethnic,
linguistic and cultural composition of the area is difficult to explain, it is obvious that by
1500 AD most of the groups have occupied their approximately current locations. In part, due
to the common features shared by most groups, this discussion would highlight the history
and political structure of these groups before the 19th Century.
The cultures and other Nigerian ethnic groups have been shaped by their geographical
environment. Therefore, they do not preserve their world beyond their geographical confines.
This will also provide the number existing in Nigeria.
Learning outcome for study session 2

When you have studied this session, you should be able to:
2.0 Nigeria and their characteristics

2.1.1 The origin of African language
2.1.2 Classification of African language
2.1.3 Formation of Niger Congo family
2.1. 4ethnic and religious group in Nigeria
2.1.5 Live patterns of each geographical zone in Nigeria
2.1.6 The formation of ethnic identities in Nigeria
2.1.1 The origin of African language

African languages are group of languages that are native to Africa. Scholars estimated that
there are approximately at least not less than 2,000 language groups exist in the African
continent. For example, Swahilis and Hausa’s are the two most widely spoken African
languages. On the other hand, not all languages spoken in Africa are native to the continent.
For example, Arabic and English serve as a language of commerce and trading which many
14
people in the north and South speaks as their first language and it was brought to Africa by
immigrants. Though, the Arabic constitute majority in the north. The Arabic was brought
from Arabic countries by Arabs between 7th and the 11th centuries, while the English was
brought to Africa by the British in the 18th and 19th century.
2.1.2 The classification of African language

African language was classified and categorically identified by Joseph H. Greenberg. He
traced the historical origin and development of African language and classified them into four
(4) main groups.
1. The Niger Congo Phylum
2. Afro-Asiatic Phylum
3. Nilo-Saharan Phylum
4. Khoisans Phylum
Scholars emphasized that the largest language group in number of speakers is the Niger-
Congo family through which majority of the ethnic groups in Nigeria belonged to. The Niger-
Congo family covered an area from Senegal River valley in West Africa to the Shores of
Indian Oceans.
2.1.3 The formation of Niger Congo

However, the Niger-Congo family itself can be sub-divided into four (4) main groups.
i. The Kwa: it is widely spoken among group of Yoruba’s in the South west of Nigeria
and the Ashanti of Ghana.
ii. The Bantu: It is usually spoken by the people of Southern part of Nigeria, Republic
of Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda etc.
iii. Swahili: It is usually and widely spoken in the eastern and central part of Africa.
iv. Chadiac: This includes the Hausa’s widely spoken in Nigeria and more especially
northern Nigeria.
2.1.4 Ethnic and Religious group in Nigeria

Categorically, it is believed that within Nigeria there are about 248 distinct ethnic groups.
And each of the group speaks its own language. Although, some may not necessarily speak
the language identified by their groups as a result of migration or the environment through
which they find themselves. Mostly a large group of speakers adopt the following language
as their lingua franca and it is widely distributed all over Nigeria. For example, the
Hausa/Fulani are widely distributed all over Nigeria but they constitute majority in the north
15
and they attain their greatest importance in Kano, Kaduna and Sokoto State. It is estimated
that more than 40 percent of the population of the old northern region speaks Hausa as their
mother tongue. However, the Igbo’s can be found predominantly in the eastern part of
Nigeria, while the Yoruba’s are mostly found in the south west.
2.1.5 Live patterns of each geo graphical zones in Nigeria

Historically, the way how Nigeria is divided geographically has also affected the pattern of
lives and social orientation of each ethnic group. for example, the people Who lives in the
coastal area most especially a place like River state and Lagos are mostly fishers men whose
activities is mainly on fishing and trading, net making and canoe designs. While for those in
the savannah and forest zones are constantly engage in farming and trading. Though people
of the savannah zone because of the nature of their area they plant things like maize, millet,
beans and groundnut etc. While in the residency they live in the thatched houses with conical
roofing of the Sudanese type. Unlike the forest people who engage in trading and farming
root crops and trees like cassava, yam, cocoa, palm trees, kola nuts etc.
In another perspective, the people of Nigeria can easily be identified by other ethnic groups
or members of a different community because of the nature of their work such as artistic
design and craft. Sometimes the identification will be determined with the tribal mark on
people faces and their dressings. Other sources of identification can be done through the
language spoken by the members various ethnic groups as their mother tongue.
2.1.6 The formation of ethnic identities in Nigeria

1. Language: It is believed that language is a human system of communication that uses
arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gesture, or written symbols. And one of the most
important characteristics of Nigerian’s today is language which served as a primary maker
throughout the country because it links people to a specific place of origin. The language also
served as a powerful tool for communication and a symbol of national identity.
2. Religion: the word religion is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and
world views that relate humanity to an order of existence. In Nigeria, a person’s religion
sometimes is the crucial factor defining his or her identity because sociologically, religion is
perceived as a set of beliefs and practices related to moral behaviour on earth and to the live
after death. Then, each Nigerian society developed its own distinctive version despite the
diversity. For example, some people practice Islam and Christianity as their first religion,
while some other groups prefer traditional Religion.
16
3. Dressing: Dressings is a piece of materials which people used in other to cover or
protect their body from being seeing by others. In Nigeria, different ethnic groups wear
dressing that-distinguishes them with one another. But some of the dress cut across regional
and cultural line. For example, in Northern Nigeria where the sun is always high people wear
light dresses because of the geographical influence unlike the south and east part of the
country where people prefer wearing strong and tick materials or clothing because of the
nature of their area.
4. Style of Building: in Nigeria, the style of building and other architectural and artistic
designs is identified with the location or the type of people found in a particular area. For
example, some people live in the river area and build their houses around the river side; this
is usually common among fisher men in Nigeria. While some live in the thatched house with
conical roofing’s of the Sudanese type
5. Food: The types of traditional food people eat often differentiate them with other
communities around the country. For example, the type of traditional food of the Yoruba’s
people may not be the same with that of the Igbo’s and other ethnic groups in the north or in
Nigeria at large.
6. Traditional music or dance group: identically, the cultural activity of the various
ethnic groups has promoted the history of Nigeria in the world. In this perspective, the
various arts and culture among large number of different ethnic groups serve as a way of
socialization, recreation and entertainment.
However, it is therefore important to note that cultural activities in Nigeria are extremely
diverse. Arts, Music and oral literature serve to reinforce existing religion and social patterns.
for example during the colonial period, some educated city dwellers rejected traditional
Nigerian culture in favour of western culture as a result of civilization, but as time goes on
some cultural revival sprang up with the rise of African nationalism in order to change people
westernization. To this extent some countries in Africa has sponsored national dance and
music groups, artist and writers for the purpose of cultural revival.

ITQ: What is religion?
ITA: The word religion is an organized collection of beliefs, cultural systems, and world
views that relate humanity to the order of existence.
17
Conclusion
The above session explained Nigeria and their characteristics and the origin of African,
classification of African language as well as the formation of Niger Congo family. It also
explained ethnic and religious group in Nigeria, the live patterns of each geographical zones
in Nigeria and the formation of ethnic identities.
Summary of the study session 2

In the study session 2 you have learnt that:
1. The Nigeria and their characteristic is concerned with how African language were founded
and how they were been used by different ethnic groups in Nigeria.
2. The origin of African language is concerned with how African languages were originated.
3. The classification of African language dealt with how African languages were
categorically identified by Joseph H. Greenberg.
4. The formation of Niger Congo family is concerned with how African languages were been
formed in terms of communication among different ethnic groups in Nigeria.
5. Ethnic and religious group in Nigeria is concerned with the distinct ethnic groups in
Nigeria and how is been use by different cultural groups in the country.
6. Live patterns of each geographical zone in Nigeria explained how each and every one of
the ethnic groups played their roles based on the area they belong.
7. The formation of ethnic identities in Nigeria is concerned with how each ethnic groups in
Nigeria can easily be identified based on what they do, what they eat and what they wear or
speaks.

This session requires you to examine yourself based on what you have read and understood
under study session 2

 what do you understand with the origin of African language

 what are classification of African language
a. explain what you about Niger Congo phylum
18
b. Afro Asiatic phylum
c. Nilo Sahara phylum
d. Khoisan phylum

 Discuss the formation on Niger Congo family
a. Kwa
b. Bantu
c. Swahili
d. Chadiac

 What do you by the term ethnic and religious group in Nigeria

 What are the live patterns of each geographical zones in Nigeria
SAQ 2.1.6 (test learning outcomes 2.1.6. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,)

 Explain the formation of ethnic identities
a. Language
b. Religion
c. Dressing
d. Style of building
e. Food
f. traditional music/dance
References/ Further Reading

Ejharevba, J. U. (1968), a Short History of Benin and Ibadan, Ibadan: University Press.
Falola,T. & Heaton, M.M. (2008). A History of Nigeria. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Nzemeke, A. D. & Erhagbe, E. 0. (eds) (1997). Nigerian Peoples and Culture, Benin: Mindex
Publishing Company.
Obafemi, A. (1980), States and Peoples of the Niger-Benue Confluence Area, Ibadan:
www.nou.edu.ng
19
Study Session 3 Negative Conduct and Attitudes
Introduction
From all perspectives, the negative conducts and attitude of some Nigerians has continued to
pose some serious threat to national unity and the security of individuals. This problem has
perhaps explained the reasons why the Nigerian society is lacking proper organization as well
as good moral values and behaviour.
It is also morally to point out that the negative conducts and attitudes has continued to
generate matter of serious concern because of its effects on developmental aspect and
security challenges in the country.
3.0 Negative conducts and attitudes

3.1 explain the factors influencing negative conduct and attitudes
3.1.1 Drug addiction/ Abuse

3.1.2. Examination Malpractice
3.1.3 Bribery and corruption
3.1.4. Political thuggery
3.1.5. Indecent dressing
3.1.6 Criminal activities
3.1.7 Cultism
3.1 Factors influencing Negative Conducts and Attitudes
3.1.1 Drug Abuse: drug abuse is a public health problem that affects almost every
community and family in some ways. Each year’s, drug abuse causes millions of
serious illness or injuries among Nigerian’s. An abused drug includes.
i. Amphetamines
ii. Anabolic steroids
iii. Club drugs
iv. Cocaine
20
v. Heroin
vi. Inhalants
vii. Marijuana
viii. Prescription drugs etc.
The use of these drugs is common among youths in Nigeria most especially youths from
broken home, youths that lack proper socialization and good parental care and control can
easily fall into such behaviour. And the use of these drugs can lead people to lack of respect,
criminality, Delinquency, psychological disorder and constraints among others.
3.1.2 Examination mal practice: examination malpractice shall be defined as all
forms of cheating which directly or indirectly falsify the ability of the students outside an
examination hall and any involvement in all illegal examination related offences within and
outside the examination hall.
As a result of examination malpractice, the educational sector in Nigeria is characterized by
serious crises and contradiction because the output is qualitatively poor and quantitatively
high. And this process of cheating in examination destroys the relationship between teachers
and students on which the good moral teaching depends. Much emphasis and concentration
was also given to paper qualification without having much regards to the skills obtained.
Factors encouraging examination malpractice

The following are some of the factors that encourage examination malpractice:
i. Lack of arrangement for examination
ii. Coping from one another or exchanging questions or answer sheet.
iii. Bringing in prepared answers, coping from textbooks, notebooks, laboratory
specimens or other instructional aides smuggled into the examination hall.
iv. Over crowding in the examination hall.
v. Collaboration with an invigilator or lecturer where it involves the lecturer providing
written or oral answers to students in the examination hall.
vi. Poor School facilities.
vii. Oral written or communication between or among students
viii. Entering into the examination hall with handset or mobile phone.
ix. Refusal to stop writing at the end of the examination
21
x. Manipulation of registration forms or identification number in order to sit for an
examination for which the student is not qualified.
Consequences of examination malpractice
i. It leads to Poor Manpower
ii. It lead to loss of credibility and the certificate obtained will not be a reflection of
knowledge and competent.
iii It discourage students from studying or reading hard for their exams
iv. It leads to production of unqualified and unprofessional graduates trainees.
3.1.3 Bribery and Corruption: Bribery and corruption has long being perceived as a
major obstacles for socio economic development distorting national and international
economic relation of every country. Many Nigerian’s involve in bribery and
corruption and it has become a matter of serious and great concern because the act of
bribing and corruption has become a process in which both the giver and the receiver
are guilty of acts.
Effects of bribery and corruption
1. It undermines the rule of law
2. It involve loss of resource and unwanted criminality
3. It poses a serious threat to economic development of the country.
4. It undermines the legitimacy of government.
3.1.4 Political Thuggery: political thuggery and electoral manipulation have become so
prevalent in democratic dispensation in Nigeria. The social, political and economic power of
those involved made it both national and international concern. These categories of people
who possess these powers are the potential ruling elites, and their activities have been
institutionalized to the point of subverting the constitution for their selfish and economic
gain. According to Gboyega (2004) observed that political godfathers are design to go against
the law of the land including the constitution. They and their thugs can carry arms without
hindrance. They are entitled to police escorts and are immune to the crime of abduction,
harassment, and vandalism. Most of these thugs are recruited and trained for various political
purposes such as intimidation, harassment, violence, assassination and rigging during election
or even snatching of ballot boxes. Some of them are placed under salaries with remuneration.
Similarly, some of them are employed as special advisers, special assistants, while those who
do not fit in for the positions are possibly made as contractors to the government at federal,
state or local government area.
22
3.1.5 Indecent Dressing: Indecent dressing is a social malady that cuts across many
countries in the world. Indecent appearance is highly pronounced in higher learning in
Nigerian most especially female youths in Nigeria institutions. There is hardly any higher
institution of learning in this country that is free from this nauseating problem. The way
students on campuses dress particularly the females, they dress seductively leaves much to be
desired. What the girls call skirts that they wear is just “one inch” longer than their inner
wears. When they ‘put on such dresses, they struggle to sit down , finding difficulty in
climbing machines or any long property or materials, finding difficulty in crossing gutters, as
well as picking anything from the ground. Apart from the skimpy and tight fitting nature of
dresses, they are again transparent; revealing certain parts of their bodies that under normal
dressing ought to be hidden away from the glare of people. In the case of boys, their pattern
of dress is different. It make them to look so dirty and very unattractive with un kept hair and
dirty jeans having pocket of hole deliberately created around the knees and lower part of the
trousers allowed to flow on the ground because they go through their heals into their legs as
socks.
However, the use of Western culture has reinforced moral laxity in our society. It is believe
that some youth see indecent dressing as a fashion, but in a real sense, it is an abuse of
morality because it reduces the personality and respect of an individual. The society becomes
morally bankrupt especially with the emergence of internet where some channels offer free
pornographic sites and to some channels in the DSTV also teaches immoral fashion dressing.
3.1.6 Criminal Activities: by the way of definition, crime is the violation of norms and
values thought to threaten a society. Crime is the universal phenomenon and differs only in
degree among the various nation of the world. The Nigerian crime problem is
multidimensional and is capable of undermining its corporate existence as well as efforts
towards sustainable development. It is believe that desire and opportunity makes people to
commit crime, and it also varies from frequency duration, preponderance, propinquity and
priority
Sociologically, Durkheim pointed out that where ever there is crime there must be
punishment. Because punishment according to him is an act of vengeance and what are
avenge is what criminal expect as outrage of morality. The socialization process prevent most
deviant behaviour those who are interested in moral norms of society cannot crime because
self-conscience will not permit them to commit crime only the associate individual feel the
moral classification of criminology.
23
Causes of crime
1. Poor socialization and poverty
2. Lack of education and over population
3. Unemployment among youths and racism
4. Broken Homes
5. Drugs addiction and violence.
Solutions to crime
1. Provide job opportunity
2. Improve standard of living and proper socialization should be made available
in the society
3. Enough access to education and quality life
4. Need for adequate skills in training for business and other hand work should
be made available in the society.
3.1.7 Cultism: Some Nigerians are members of secret cults. General Yakubu Gowon, one
time Nigeria’s Head of State, on one occasion remarked that cultism in our tertiary
institutions is a threat to peace and national security (Gowon, 1998). There are many cases of
cultism in Nigerian higher institutions. We should be aware that cultism, is an evil association
engaged in negative activities that can destroy one’s career and can also ruin one’s life. Not
only that, cultism can be a stumbling block to Nigeria’s quest for peace and prosperity.
Besides, the idea of a secret cult is falsehood and avant-garde.

ITQ: What is a crime?
ITA: By the way of definition, crime is the violation of norms and values thought to threaten
a society. Crime is the universal phenomenon and differs only in degree among the various
nation of the world.
Conclusion
The session above explained the negative aspect of Nigerians through which in one way or
the other people may find their self committing such act as a result of the influence gain from
society, broken home, drugs addiction among others. The negative conduct and attitudes
concerned with the solutions on how people should abide or tackle such act among youths
24
within the country Nigeria. While for cultism is an evil association engaged in negative
activities that can destroy one’s career and can also ruin one’s life.
Summary of study session 3

In study session 1, you have learnt that:
1) Drugs abuse is a public health problem that affects almost every community and family in
some ways.
2) Examination malpractice is concerned with all forms of cheating which directly or
indirectly falsify the ability of the students outside an examination hall and any involvement
in all illegal examination related offences within and outside the examination hall.
3) Bribery and corruption has long being perceived as a major obstacles for socio economic
development distorting national and international economic relation of every country.
4) Political thuggery and electoral manipulation have become so prevalent in democratic
dispensation in Nigeria. The social, political and economic power of those involved made it
both national and international concern.
5) Indecent dressing is a social malady that cuts across many countries in the world. Indecent
appearance is highly pronounced in higher learning in Nigerian most especially female
youths in Nigeria institutions. There is hardly any higher institution of learning in this
country that is free from this nauseating problem.
6) Criminal activities in Nigerian are multidimensional problems and are capable of
undermining its corporate existence as well as efforts towards sustainable development in the
country.
7) Cultism is an evil association engaged in negative activities that can destroy one’s career.

SAQ 3.1 (test learning outcomes 3.1.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

 What do you understand by the term drugs addiction
a. List some of the major hard drugs that are common among people in the country.
 Explain what you know about examination Malpractice

a. What are the factors encouraging examination malpractice
b. What are the consequences of examination malpractice
25
 Discuss the major obstacles in bribery and corruption
a. What are the effects of bribery and corruption
 Examine what you know about political thuggery
 Explain in details what you know about indecent dressing
 Discuss with concrete examples the criminal activities among youth in Nigeria
a. What are the causes of crime
b. Mention some of the solutions to crime
 Explain what you understand by cultism
Abdulrahman B. Z (2001) criminology and criminal justice system.
Edwin H. S (1864) criminal justice system in the third world. Fifth edition: U.K library
Emile D. (1858) theories of crime and criminal behaiour. Third edition: California
Nzemeke, A. D. & Erhagbe, E. 0. (eds) (1997). Nigerian Peoples and Culture, Benin: Mindex
Publishing Company.
Obafemi, A. (1980), States and Peoples of the Niger-Benue Confluence Area, Ibadan:
Ogbu M. (2002) crime rate in Nigeria and the case of socialization among youths in the south
east and northern Nigeria. Paper presentation at university of Ibadan.
www.nou.edu.ng
26
Study Session 4 Indigene and Settler Phenomena
Introduction
Federal states all over the world vary in many ways, such as; in the nature, character and
significance of the underling political, economic, cultural and social diversities. consequently,
the Nigerian federalism like those of other developing countries are confronted with a lot of
complex challenges which on many occasions have shook the Nigerian states to its
foundation. One of such challenges is the settler and indigene phenomenon. This problem
like more than any other one has posed a lot of difficulty to the Nigerian state. Government at
all level seems to be helpless and hopeless in the resolution of the crises and conflict arising
from it. Most Nigerian’s who had lived peacefully together for years will suddenly take arms
against themselves on issue bothering on indigene or non-indigene status of those concerned.
However, land, politics and economic interests of the elites are the heart of this problem. In
Africa, land is seen as a major inheritance, as such, Africans do not joke with it. Therefore,
anything that threatens their accessibility to land is seriously viewed. In addition to this is the
economic interest of the elites. Due to their desire for political power and governmental
patronage elites will always instigate the masses to stave off those they perceive to constitute
an obstacle to this desire. In other words, the crises and conflict associated with indigene and
non-indigene in Nigerian federalism are encouraged by the elites. Since independent till date,
conflict between “indigenes” of a particular localities and “settler” have intermittently
occurred with records of varying degree of casualties.
Practically, Nigeria has experienced various crises between Indigenes and Settlers. At times
differences in religion and language constitute major aspect of the crises. Other areas which
facilitate crisis between indigenes and settlers could be attributed to Struggle over power
Relations and land matters. The Indigenes and Settlers issue in Nigeria was perceived
holistically as an obstacle to nation building and national integration.
27
4.0 Indigene and settler phenomena
4.1.1 Explain the meaning of indigene and settler
4.1.2 Discuss the theoretical explanation on indigene and settler issues in Nigeria
4.1.3 Identify the causes of conflict between indigene and settler in Nigeria
4.1.1 Meaning of indigene and settler
a. Indigene the term indigene in its broad term refers to as “natives of a particular region or
sons of the soil”.
b. Settlers are those who joined the Indigenes after formal establishment. A settler is a
person who migrated to an area and established a permanent residence, often colonize the
area.
4.1.2 Theoretical explanations on indigene and settler in Nigeria
It is appropriate at this juncture to give some theoretical approach concerning the problem
between the indigene and settler issue in Nigeria. Therefore, political economy approach is
used in analyzing the problem of indigene and settler in Nigerian federalism. Richard (1975)
and Hamza Alavi (1978) have noted that political economy approach would provide a
thorough understanding of national issues particularly in Africa since the approach will
always situated such issues within a conceptual global perspective.
Political economy approach scientifically studies the society in its totality and takes into
consideration the interconnection of social relations, class conflict and the organic
relationship between the substructure (economy) and the super structure (policy). Thus,
political economy helps in understanding societies in its wide spread manifestation. The
theory is relevant here when discussing the rivalry and conflicts between groups particularly
as regarding to land, politics, and power relations.
Moreover, political economy of Nigerian federalism is not merely focusing on the
distribution of power and wealth in the country but equally examining the origin and morality
of this distribution as well as the means to change it. The political economy approach
28
concerning indigene and settler phenomenon is the study that equally look at the
consequences of settler and indigene crisis on the Nigerian states.
4.1.3 Causes of conflict between indigene and settler
i. tribalism
ii. resource control
iii. land disputes
iv. religious differences
v. trade relation disputes

ITQ: What do you understand by settler?
ITA: A settler is a person who migrated to an area and established a permanent residence,
often colonize the area.
Conclusion
Conclusively, the above session revealed that the term indigene in its broad term refers to as
“natives of a particular region or sons of the soil” While a settlers are those who joined the
Indigenes after formal establishment.

1. It believed that the meaning of indigene and settler issue in Nigeria is inseparable because:
a. Indigene is concerned with the native of a particular region or someone who has a total
power in a particular land he was brought up.
b. A settler is that person who joins an indigene after formal establishment of a particular
land or community.
2. Theoretical approach concerning indigene and settler issues in Nigeria revealed that it is a
political economy approach that is used in analyzing the problem of indigene and settler in
Nigerian federalism. Political economy helps in understanding societies in its wide spread
manifestation. The theory is relevant here when discussing the rivalry and conflicts between
groups particularly as regarding to land, politics, and power relations.
29
3. Causes of conflict between indigene and settler concerned with the circumstance that result
a settler or indigene into conflict.

SAQ 4.1.1 (test learning outcomes 4.1.1. 1, 2)

 explain in details what you know with term indigene
 discuss the settler issues in Nigeria

 discuss the theoretical approach concerning indigene and settler in Nigeria

 List some of the causes of conflict between indigene and settlers issues in Nigeria.
Alagoa,E.J.& Adadonye, F.A (1964), Chronicle of Grand Bonny. Ibadan: Ibadan University
Press.
Heinmann Publications Olademi, O (1989). A Good Works: The Nation Builder, Lagos:
Citizens BureauOnwuejeogwu, M. A. (1972), “An Outline Account of the Dawn of Igbo
Civilization in the Igbo Cultural Area”, a Journal of Odinani, vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 15-56
Hamza A. and Richard (1975 & 1978) political economy approach concerning indigene and
settler issues in Nigeria. A paper presented at conference of National Human right
commission. Ibadan Lagos Nigeria.
www.files.journalofregionald.org
30
Study Section 5 Moral obligation of citizens
Introduction
Moral obligations are duties or responsibilities someone feels honoured and bound to perform
because of personal beliefs and values. This concept is explored in fields like philosophy,
ethics, and psychology, where people are interested in the origins of human behaviour and the
roots of the decision making process. Some scholars suggest that such obligations are the
result of external factors and pressures on the individual, while others feel they are internal,
and some think a mix of both is involved.
Learning Outcomes for Study Session 5
5.0 Moral obligation of citizens

5.1.1 explain the meaning of obligation and citizenship
1. obligation
2. citizenship
5.1.2 patterns of citizenship acquisition
1. citizenship by birth
2. citizenship by registration
3. citizenship by naturalization
4. honorary citizenship
5.1.3 The role of citizens in Nigeria
f. The duty of political participation
g. The duty of economic productivity
h. The duty to pay tax
i. The duty to be responsible
31
j. Sundry duty
5.1.4 The right of Nigerian citizens
his loyalty to a particular country and expects security and protection from the country.
5.1.1 Meaning of obligation and citizenship
1. Obligations are the responsibilities that the citizens most have or do note only to the state,
but also to themselves for effectiveness functioning of his or her country. The rights of the
citizens go with the responsibilities, that is, to say, wherever there is right there is a
corresponding duty attach to it. This therefore, implies that every right or privileges involves
responsibility on the part of the citizens. Obligations are like duties expected from citizens,
though obligations are not impose by law; they are the expectation dictated by conscience to
contribute immensely or positively to the development of community, state or nation in
general. A common example of moral obligation is the act of charity. Generally, people are
not legally required to give charities but they may feel a personal obligation to do so because
they believe it is the right things to do.
2. Citizen is an individual that has full political and legal rights in a state. It is a person that
belongs to and gives his loyalty to a particular country and expects security and protection
from the country. The negative attitudes and conduct of some Nigerians have continued to
pose serious problems to the nation’s march towards industrial and technological
development. The country is now faced with the problems of cultism, drug abuse,
examination misconduct, armed robbery, sexual laxity, arson and so on. Every individual has
a role to play in a society. Whether each member gets more or less than he/she contributes
depends on the way the society is organized and one’s place in it. It is not difficult to point
out the moral obligations of the citizens to the government. With the emergence of modern
state, virtually all rights which were prevalent in Europe in the 19th Century were lost and
only obligations were obvious. Thus, the gradual and painful struggle for freedom was
concentrated on identifying and enumerating the rights, and not the moral obligations. The
cumulative result is that citizens of today are keenly aware of their rights and are quick to
assert them, but are sadly lacking in the knowledge of their own side of the social contract:
their duties as citizens.
5.1.2 The pattern of citizenship acquisition
32
Citizenship can be acquired through the following ways:
1. Citizenship by Birth: When one is born into a country of which both parents are
members, automatically one becomes a member of that country.
2. Citizenship by Registration: A person can become a citizen of another country by
registration by going through the guidelines stipulated by the law of the land. For
example, in Nigeria any woman who is married to a Nigerian, those born outside
Nigeria but whose grandparents are Nigerians and any person born outside Nigeria
but whose parents are Nigerians can apply for citizenship through registration. This,
however, is predicated on government’s approval of such an application.
3. Citizenship by Naturalization: One can become a citizen of another country through
naturalization. Before this can happen, there are certain conditions that one must have
fulfilled in that country before applying to naturalize.
4. Honorary Citizenship: The government of a country can honour distinguished
eminent personalities with the rights of citizenship.
5.1.3 The role of citizens in Nigeria
1. The Duty of Political Participation

Some philosophers believe that the highest duty of a citizen is that of political participation,
for this is what will preserve political rights and keep the system going. If the citizens refuse
to participate, or leave everything in the hands of a law, then they are giving up their rights,
and also slowly killing the system. For instance, in democracy, it is the duty of the citizens to
register as voters, and also to come out and vote on Election Day. Furthermore, it is their duty
to scrutinize the party manifestoes and programmes, and also the personality of the
candidates. It is also their duty to monitor the performance of their elected representatives
and apply sanctions where necessary. Failure to do this will turn the system into a joke.
Political participation can go beyond this and extend to actual formation of parties and
standing for elections. Clearly, therefore, the right of political freedom goes with the duty of
political participation.
2. The Duty of Economic Productivity

Every citizen has the duty to be economically productive within his/her ability. The wealth
and prosperity enjoyed by any country depends on the productivity of the population. This
33
wealth is also the main determinant of what the government can do for the citizenry. Yet, the
total productivity of the population is made up of the industrial contributions of citizens. Now
in any country, there is a sizeable proportion of the population that is not productive. This
includes the very young, the old, the infirm and the unemployed. All of them must eat, clothe
and get medical care and shelter. The burden for all these rests on the shoulders of those who
are productive. They must provide for themselves and for the others, either directly or
indirectly. Thus it is the duty of all who are within the productive bracket to produce to the
maximum of their ability. It is their duty to make the effort to find something to do, and not
to become a burden upon others. Sometimes they may be idle through no fault of their own,
but the important thing is to make a genuine effort to be productive.
3. The Duty to Pay Tax
In Nigeria today, taxes form only a minute proportion of government revenue. Even with
indirect taxation such as import tariffs and VAT, the total amount realized is small compared
to the scale of government expenditure. Certainly, the total contribution of taxes to the
revenue of Federal, State and Local Governments is less than five percent (5%). This is not a
normal situation. This state of affairs has been created by the large amount of revenue
accruing from the petroleum sector. In a normal situation, all or most of government revenue
comes from taxes. Indeed, before the oil boom, this was the situation in Nigeria. It has,
therefore, always been considered that the payment of taxes is one of the most important
duties of the citizens. It is also the main base of their freedom and the justification of their
rights .Tax evaders are regarded as parasites who enjoy benefits at the expense of others than
the contributors.
4. The Duty to be Responsible
This involves a lot of things, ranging from leading a good and exemplary life, sending
children to school to prepare them for serving the country, being honest in whatever capacity
people find themselves, defending the nation’s good name in words and deeds. These are
normal duties, the discharge of which depends on one’s upbringing, perception and
conscience.
5. Sundry Duties
Apart from the specific duties enumerated above and others that have not been mentioned due
to lack of space, there are duties that may arise from time to time, and others that are too
general to draw special attention. For instance, it is the duty of citizens to give evidence in
cases where they have information. It is also a matter of duty to inform the relevant
authorities whenever one becomes aware of criminal activities or the activities of spies and so
34
on. Similarly, it is a duty to cooperate with authorities in the prevention and detection of
crimes, and in the implementation of national policies. In times of war, it is the duty of
citizens to join the fighting forces whenever they are called upon to do so, and also to help
the national pride in all ways possible. All these are sundry duties which a citizen has in his
country. The knowledge of the right and duties of citizens is so important that it should be
made a compulsory part of all school curriculums. A nation in which the citizens are ignorant
of their rights and duties cannot be expected to make much progress. Therefore, it has to
become one of the important functions of government and nongovernmental organizations to
try and embark on enlightenment campaigns aimed at educating the people on their rights and
duties. All too often, non-governmental organizations concentrate on defending the people’s
rights. This is not bad, but it is not good enough. The people should also be mobilized to
perform their duties. Indeed, it is when they perform their duties well that they will find that
the authorities are compelled to respect their rights. The high level of illiteracy and ignorance
in Nigeria is largely responsible for our ignorance of our rights and duties as citizens. The
present drive for formal and non-formal education should, therefore, continue to be pursued
with great vigour so as to address the situation.
Moreover, the following are also some of the voluntary duties of Nigerian citizens:
1. Helps in exposing crimes and criminal activities.
2. Participate in community and communal efforts
3. Respect for elders and sympathy for both physically and mentally challenged citizens.
4. Non-interference in other people business.
5. Voluntary participation in community work and other social services such as:
a. Community development
b. Road Safety
c. First aid
d. Helping accident victims
e. Protection of life and property etc.
5.1.4 The right of Nigerian citizens
1. Right to life
2. Right to dignity of human persons
3. Right to personal liberty
4. Right to fair hearing
5. Right to education
35
6. Right to freedom of movement
7. Right to private family life
8. Right to freedoms of speech/opinion
9. Right to vote and be voted for during election

ITQ: What is citizen?
ITA: A citizen is an individual that has full political and legal rights in a state. It is a person
that belongs to and gives
Conclusion
The above session explain the meaning of obligation and citizenship. Obligations are the
responsibilities that the citizens most have or do note only to the state, but also to themselves
for effectiveness functioning of his or her country. While a citizen, is a person that belongs to
a particular country and gives his loyalty to a particular country and expects security and
protection from the country.

5.1 Concerned with the meaning of Obligations and citizenship
1. An obligation is a responsibility imposes on someone as a member of a particular
nation.
2. A citizen on the other hand is member of a particular country who has right and
responsibility to live freely.
5.2 The pattern of citizenship acquisition is concerned with how citizenship can be acquired
in the society either by birth, registration, naturalisation or honorary citizenship.
5.3 The role of citizen in Nigeria concerned with position a citizen most play in his country
like duty to economic productivity, payment of tax, political participation, duty to be
responsible and sundry duty.
5.4 Right of Nigerian citizen concerned with the basic right a citizen most have as a member
of a particular country. Like right to dignity of human persons, right to personal liberty, right
to fair hearing, right to education, right to freedom of movement, right to private family life,
right to freedoms of speech/opinion and right to vote and be voted for during election.
36

 Explain the meaning of:
1. Obligations
2. Citizenship

 Discuss the pattern of citizenship acquisition
1. Citizen by birth
2. Citizen by registration
3. Citizenship by naturalisation
4. Honorary citizenship.

 Discuss the role of citizenship in Nigeria.
1. Economic productivity
2. Payment of tax
3. Political participation
4. Duty to be responsible
5. Sundry duty.

 Explain the right of citizenship.
1. Right to life
2. Right to dignity of human persons
3. Right to personal liberty
4. Right to fair hearing
5. Right to education
6. Right to freedom of movement
7. Right to private family life
8. Right to freedoms of speech/opinion
37
Uwaoma, N (2001). Citizenship Education in Modern Nigeria. Enugu: Barlos Publisher.
Uwaoma, N (2001). Citizenship Education in Modern Nigeria. Enugu: Barlos publisher.
Right to vote and be voted for during election
www.nou.edu.ng
38
39
Study Session 6 Nigeria Art and Culture in Pre-Colonial Period
Introduction
The polity called Nigeria as we know it today was before colonial rule made up of several
independent states variously referred to as kingdoms, empires, chiefdoms, etc. Each state was
independent of the other but there were numerous layers of relationships among them. The
politically strong ones just before the onset of colonial rule were the SokotoCaliphate, Borno,
the Hausa states and Nupe in the north and Oyo and Benin in the south. This is in addition to
several small kingdoms and numerous states without clearly defined political leadership beyo
nd the family or clan referred to as politically non-centralized states. These states were at the
onset of British colonial rule gradually amalgamated and administered as one colonial entity
known as the colony and protectorate of Nigeria. It was this colonial creation that became
independent in 1960 as the Republic of Nigeria.
6.0 Nigeria Art and Culture in Pre-Colonial Period

6.1.1 Explain the meaning of culture
6.1.2 Discuss the types of culture
1. Material culture
2. Non material culture
6.1.1 Meaning of Culture

The various art and culture of Nigeria are means through which the country can be identified.
Culture is defined as the fabric of ideas, beliefs, skills, tools, aesthetic objects, method of
thinking, of eating and of talking as well as customs and institutions into which each member
of the society is born (Ukye, 1973). Culture includes the way each individual makes a living,
the music he plays, celebrations and festivals, modes of communication and transportation,
the house we live in and the food we eat (Nkwam, et. al, 2001:91).
40
6.1.2 Types of Culture
1. Material culture means those visible and tangible aspects of our cultures. For instance,
baskets, woven cloth and style of dressing, food, types of weapons, furniture, farming
implements etc.
2. Non-material culture means those abstract aspects of people’s culture such as language,
myth, music, dances, philosophy etc.
On the other hand, art is part of culture. It is difficult to define art because it cuts across so
many things. However, what everyone seems to be saying is that for an object to be qualified
as a work of art, it must have “Something” beyond mere utilitarian value. This “Something”
can only be sensed. Some people call it aesthetic value, some beauty, but each of these words
has different meaning.
It is the individual who decides which of the pieces illustrated, he likes. Basically, art and
culture cannot be separated from society. Specifically, society is what culture makes it to be,
and culture is what society makes it to be. As pointed out by Nkwam, et al (loc. cit.) “People
and their culture are in a perpetual state of interaction, mutual influence, of inter-dependence
and progressive reciprocal adoption”.
In pre-colonial Nigeria, different works of art and culture existed. The Yoruba, Hausa, Igbo,
Ibibio, Kanuri etc, all had their ways of life. The ways of life of these peoples were
conditioned by the geographical environment in which they live. The Kanuri way of dressing
was quite different from that of Igbo or the Yoruba people.
So also, with the rest of the ethnic groups in Nigeria However, some of the native attire worn
during pre-colonial period was conditioned not by environment, but by religion. In the north
where the sun is always high, the people living there wore an open or light garments (‘Dan
Ciki’). Women wore light dresses. The same could not be said of the people of western,
eastern and south-south Nigeria. Because of the nature of their environment, they wore heavy
dresses to protect them from cool weather. Various types of artwork existed during the pre-
colonial period. The Nok culture which has been dated by radio carbon to 900 BC and AD
200 was well noted for art work. Beside Nok culture, most of the archaeological excavations
of works in Yoruba land were carried out in Ile – Ife. The findings revealed a number of
bronze sculptures of various sizes. In short, every ethnic group in the pre-colonial era had
rich central heritage through their work of art. However, majority of these works of art have
disappeared and have found their ways to museums in America, Britain, and Germany etc.
This has denied Nigerians the opportunity of seeing some of the artworks of their forefathers.
41
Frantic efforts are now being made by the government of Nigeria to recover these stolen
Nigerian cultural heritages.

ITQ: What is culture?
ITA: Culture is defined as the fabric of ideas, beliefs, skills, tools, aesthetic objects, method
of thinking, of eating and of talking as well as customs and institutions into which each
member of the society is born.
Conclusion
The above session explained the meaning of culture as a total ways of life through which
people get access to their beliefs, skills, style of building as well as the dressings among
others.

6.1 Cultures are the way of life that link people to their language, belief, arts among others.
6.2 Material culture are the visible aspect of our culture like food, dressing, etc. while non
material culture are the invisible aspect of our culture like language, myth, dance etc.


 Explain the meaning of culture.
SAQ 6.1.2 (test learning outcomes 6.1.2. 1, 2)

 Discuss what you understand by material culture
 What do you understand by non material culture
42
Alagoa,E.J.&Adadonye, F.A (1964), Chronicle of Grand Bonny. Ibadan: Ibadan
UniversityPress.
Falola,T. & Heaton, M.M. (2008). A History of Nigeria. Cambridge: Cambridge

UniversityPress.
Ikime, O. (1980), “The People and Kingdoms of the Delta Province”, in Ikime
(ed),Groundwork of Nigerian History, Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books
Nzemeke, A. D. &Erhagbe, E. 0. (eds) (1997). Nigerian Peoples and Culture, Benin:Mindex

Publishing Company.
Onwueje O. M. A. (2002), African Civilization: Origin, Growth and Development,

Lagos:Uto Publications.
www.dowencollege.org
43
Study Session 7 Evolution of Nigeria as a Political Unit
Introduction
What is known today as Nigeria was created by the British colonial masters. Early European
activities in Nigeria began as early as the 15th Century. They came to trade with the
indigenous population in goods. Later on, this trade was transformed into trade in humans,
which ran for several centuries. This trade in humans came to be called the Atlantic Slave
Trade. It is estimated that about 400 to 600 million Africans were sold in this obnoxious
trade. Majority of these Africans came from Nigeria. They were taken to Europe and the
Americas.
7.0 The evolution of Nigeria as a Political Unit

7.1.1 Explain the concept of evolution of Nigeria
7.1.1 Evolution of Nigeria
However, because of the combination of several factors, the Atlantic slave trade was to be
stopped. With the abolition of this slave trade, the British introduced the so-called ‘legitimate
trade’, i.e. trade in palm oil, groundnut oil, cotton etc. Indeed because of their experience
with the early set of Europeans, many Africans refused to cooperate with this new set of
Europeans. In particular, the Yoruba in Lagos refused to cooperate with British traders.
Consequently, Lagos was bombarded by the British Naval Gunboat in 1861 and made a
British colony (Crown Colony). From Lagos, the British continued to extend their influence
to other parts of Nigeria. In the process, they signed trade treaties with the rulers of these
places they traded with. In 1900, these paper treaties were translated into reality. But before
the translation of the paper treaties into reality, the act of possessing the areas north and south
of the river Niger (later Nigeria) was cemented at the Berlin Conference of 1884/1885. Since
then, the British traders that were assigned areas south and north of the Niger-Benue
confluence began to organize them into protectorates and colonies. Thus, there was the
Southern Protectorate and Northern Protectorate, which were declared by Lord Lugard on 1st
January, 1900. In 1906, the colony of Lagos was merged with the Protectorate of Southern
44
Nigeria. Each of the protectorates was a sprawling territory of separate linguistic groups.
Each of the groups had its own distinctive history, language, social custom, and beliefs. In
1914, the amalgamation of the southern and northern protectorates was carried out by the
British colonialists. Needless to say, this was a turning point in the history of Nigeria. It was
from that point (1914) that Nigeria, as a geographical entity became a reality. According to
Okwori (2003:3), “in bringing the north and south together it was British interest not the
peoples that informed the decision.” From 1914 to 1960 the British continued to divide
Nigeria into various administrative units with the Central Government based in Lagos. It was
this administrative arrangement that was to lay the foundation for modern government in
Nigeria. Besides, it was in 1914 that the area north and south of the River Niger became
Nigeria from the phrase “Niger area.” It was Lady Flora Shaw who later becomes the wife of
Lord Lugard, the architect of indirect rule in Nigeria that suggested the name in the London
Times of January 8, 1887. The name “Nigeria” was however officially recognized during the
debate of the Royal Niger Company Bill in July 1899. Since then the area north and south of
River Niger has continued to bear the name ‘Nigeria’.

ITQ: What do you understand by evolution?
ITA: Evolution can be defined as changes that occur in society from simple to complex.
Conclusion
The above session explained the concept of evolution of Nigeria as a political unit. What is
known today as Nigeria was created by the British colonial masters. Early European activities
in Nigeria began as early as the 15th Century. They came to trade with the indigenous
population in goods. Later on, this trade was transformed into trade in humans, which ran for
several centuries.

7.1 Concerned with how Nigeria changed from trading of goods and services with Europe’s
as human trading became the order of day due to their penetration into African countries.

45
 Discuss the evolution of Nigeria as a political unit
UniversityPress.

Ejharevba, J. U. (1968), a Short History of Benin and Ibadan, Ibadan: University Press.
www.nou.edu.ng
46
47
Study Session 8 the Concept of Trade and Self-reliance
Introduction
In Nigeria, there are men and women who have acquired various technical skills which are
assets to the nation. The recognition of these technical skills and their application will be the
beginning of our industrial development. However, both trade and self-reliance will only be
practicalized and materialized in an orderly society where there is peaceful coexistence.
8.0 The Concept of Trade and Self-reliance

8.1.1 Explain the concept of trade and self-reliance
8.1.1 Trade and Self-reliance

In this presentation, the term trade is used to refer to a pursuit followed by an occupation or
means of livelihood requiring technical skills. On the other hand, self-reliance connotes
reliance on one’s own resources, efforts and ability.
Nigerians should therefore know that necessity is the mother of invention. Self-reliance and
self-sufficiency can only be achieved through seriousness of purpose by all those who acquire
technical skills and all workers. In this regard all Nigerians should cooperate with one
another so that our dream of self-reliance and self-sufficiency can be realized. ( Oludemi,
1989 : 115). Nigerians must change their attitude of excessive use the inventions of other
nations. Our traditional technologies as the former Minister of Science and Technology,
Professor E.U. Emovon had observed, should be seen as “ the base stations to which we must
retreat and start to assemble our required knowledge for the reconstruction of our
technological infrastructure” (Emovon, 1989). The countries and peoples noted for their
earliest practices in the various textiles and fibres have continued to show excellence in these
areas through the improvement of the earliest skills and production (Obayemi, 1991:
Nigerians are not an inferior race nor do they have an inferior education. Nigeria must not
continue to look beyond her boundaries for her domestic and industrial needs. Rather, the
nation should strive hard to produce much of its food and raw materials. As we have noted
earlier, the attainment of self-sufficiency for Nigeria demands that all Nigerians take part in
the country’s attempt to develop industrial and commercial base. We must stop the lukewarm
48
attitude to work, laziness, cheating, deceit and arrogance, which are by no means helpful
elements in Nigeria’s march towards progress. There is no country in the world that has
developed without using her technical skills. Besides, the citizens of those so- called
developed nations of the world have made their own sacrifice before they attained the present
status. Nigerians too must make an effort in order to achieve their own development. As
Oladume (1991) rightly observes, “we must purge ourselves of the idea-which this country
must continue to be a nation whose citizens are importers, commission agents and
manufacturer’s representatives”. Since we have men and women who have acquired various
technical skills, they should acquire new attitude of pride to produce our own goods with the
willingness to buy them as charity begins at home. Nigerians must begin to patronize their
own goods rather than patronizing goods that are not made in Nigeria.

ITQ: What is a trade?
ITA: The term trade is used to refer to a pursuit followed by an occupation or means of
livelihood requiring technical skills.
Conclusion
The above session explained the concept of trade and self-reliance which revealed that trade
refers to a pursuit followed by an occupation or means of livelihood requiring technical skills.
While self-reliance, connotes reliance on one’s own resources, efforts and ability.

8.1 This is concerned with what trade and self-reliance is all about. Trade is the ability earns
occupation or means to live. While self reliance, is the ability for a person to be independent.


 Explain the concept of trade and self-reliance
49
UniversityPress.

www.joiurnal.globejournal.org
50
51
Study Session 9 the Re Orientation of our Moral and National
Values
Introduction
The policy of national ethics provided that citizens should be disciplined, patriotic, self-
reliant, and tolerant. They must also be able to show respect for dignity of labour and social
justice. Nigerians are by this policy enjoined to abide by the demands of their duties in order
to attain the national goals and objectives. Perhaps, it is the need to strengthen this state
policy that made Alhaji Shehu Shagari, Nigeria’s President in the Second Republic to come
out with what he called “ethical revolution”. Similarly, Major General Muhammad Buhari’s
regime also waged ‘War against Indiscipline’. Similar programmes were introduced later by
subsequent governments, all of which were aimed at bringing about some form of sanity and
discipline to our corrupt and undisciplined society.
9.0 The Re Orientation of Moral and National Values

9.1 explain the concept of moral orientation and national values
9.1.1 Moral Orientation and National Values

Lack of tolerance, respect for elders, patriotism, and social justice are still prevalent in
Nigeria. Even then, there is still room for correcting this behaviour. What Nigerians need to
do is to change their attitudes. In particular, the formula of state policies and implementers
should start the battle by adhering strictly to what they put on paper. In fact, members of the
National Assembly (the Senate and House of Representatives) ought to be objective and firm
in their policy formulations. The Presidency and all agencies and parastatals under it should
have a human face and be patriotic in the implementations of national policies and
programmes. The judiciary, as a matter of urgency, be reorganized and members re-oriented
in the areas of human dignity and feelings. Above all, every Nigerian must wake up and
answer the call for patriotism and nationalism. We have to accept the slogan, “Nigeria is our
country and we must do all to make it survive” We must be seen to be fair and just in our
dealings with government, friends, leaders, relatives, enemies, neighbours etc. In fact, justice
and fair play are the fundamental laws of nature. These are the birth rights of every citizen in
52
Nigeria, whether rich or poor, black or white. When exercising powers as President of
Student Union Government or as President of the country, we must allow justice and fair play
to reign supreme. The last hope of the oppressed is justice. Justice must not only be seen to be
done, it must be done, as justice delayed is justice denied. Therefore, if you want social
justice do social justice to others. There is the need for all Nigerians to respect one another
and those in authority. All Nigerians should respect laws of the land, institutions,
organizations etc. It should be noted that no leadership can administer successfully in a
confused and chaotic situation.
And no citizen will enjoy his freedom if government fails to enforce laws. Besides, Nigerians
should be accountable for their actions and inactions. Leaders should adhere to the principles
of social justice and accountability. For a nation to prosper and be economically viable, it
must have patriotic, disciplined and dedicated citizens. We must tolerate one another in all
areas especially our customs, traditions etc. Nigerians must be seen to be honest and
dedicated to their duties. In fact, honesty is the best policy. Any person with honesty of
purpose shall last, triumph, and succeed in all his endeavours. A society cannot survive if its
citizens are dishonest in all their dealings. Loyal service and honesty require self –sacrifice,
self dedication and discipline.

ITQ: What is moral orientation?
ITA: Moral orientation can be defined as tolerance, respect for elders, patriotism, and social
justice among the citizens of a particular country.
Conclusion
The above session discussed the re orientation of our moral and national value. It is believed
that re orientation of our moral and national values has to do with the respect for elders and
sympathy for the less privilege. There is also need to be able to show respect for dignity of
labour and social justice.

9.1) explained the reorientation of our moral national values which has to do with respect for
elders or sympathy and dignity of human labour and social justice.
53

 Explain in details the concept of reorientation of our moral and national values.
Oga, S.A. (ed) (2003) Geographies of citizenship in Nigeria, Zaria: Tamaza publishing Ltd.
Onwueje O. M. A. (2002), African Civilization: Origin, Growth and Development, Lagos:
Uto Publications.
Uwaoma, N (2001). Citizenship Education in Modern Nigeria. Enugu: Barlos publisher.
www.apjmr.com
54
55
Study Session 10 the Nigerian environmental Problems
Introduction
The environment is an important element in the preservation of life on earth. Man’s activities
are centred on exploiting it for survival. The expanding manner in which man is exploiting its
environment has brought about environmental problems. These problems manifest in various
ways and equally impact adversely on the development of man and his environment. Hence,
the need to examine what constitutes environmental problems and how they can be managed
for sustainability.
10.0 The Nigerian environmental Problems
10.1.1 Explain the meaning of environment
10.1.2 Discuss the component of environment
10.1.3 Examine the causes of environmental problems
1. Pollution’
2. Poor drainage system
3. Deforestation
4. Improper waste disposal
5. Ecological problem
6. Population Explosion
8. Advancement in Technology
9. Poverty breeds environmental problems
10. Unplanned Urbanization
56
11. Government Negligence
10.1.4 Discuss the solutions to environmental problems
1. Promotion of Environmental Education and Awareness
2. Sating of waste bin/dumps
3. Provision and Implementation of Legal Policy Frame Work
10.1.1Meaning of environment
For our discussion to be meaningful there is the need to define environment and how it can
constitute a problem to human beings. When we talk of environment we are referring to land,
water, animals, plants, air or atmosphere and objects within man’s living surroundings
(Bukar, 2001:144). Olemeford and Obabi (2000) define environment as “the totality of
things, conditions or circumstances that affect the existence and development of an organism,
and individual, or population group on the earth’s surface.” Environment, therefore, is seen as
the totality of all the surroundings, including the material and nonmaterial things which affect
the existence, growth and development of a living being. Environment may become
problematic to human beings if not properly handled.
In 1972, the United Nations declared that “a point has been reached in history when we must
shape our nations throughout the world with more prudent care for our environmental
consequences”. The declaration further says that “through ignorance or indifference, we can
do massive and irreversible harm to the earthly environment on which our life and well being
depend”. Indeed, oil pillage in Nigeria has now become a major problem to the country. It
has caused considerable damage to lives and property in many parts of Nigeria, Talking about
oil pillage in Nigeria, the former Minister of Petroleum Resources, Alhaji Rilwanu Lukman
observed that while oil business activities have generated immense financial benefits for the
country, they have at the same time created serious health and environmental problems
especially in the oil activity areas”. There is no doubt that this situation calls for a well-
articulated policy that encourages national development of Nigerian’s petroleum resources
with proper environmental considerations. It should be understood that the failure of the
Nigerian governments and the international oil companies to evolve a well articulated policy
has continued to result in high level environmental oil pollution, devastation and degradation.
Care must be taken in handling our pipelines. The Nigerian citizens who are used to oil
bunkering should stop this devilish act. If these elements continue to carry out their nefarious
57
activities, it can also cause them their lives as happened in Akwana in Taraba state where oil
bunkers were engulfed in the fire disaster which broke out from the oil pipeline. Apart from
oil pillage, the consequences of flood hazards should be a matter of serious concern to all
Nigerians. Indeed, flood disasters in Nigeria have become much more severe and
pronounced. The Maiduguri and Ilorin flood disasters of 1983 and 1976 respectively are
examples of flood events in the country. Flood disasters are not peculiar to Nigeria alone.
Recently, the world witnessed the Tsunami flood disaster which led to loss of lives and
property in Somalia, India, and Indonesia etc. In Maiduguri flood disaster, many lives and
property were lost. Apart from heavy rainfall which normally causes flood disasters, the
abuse of water channels through human activities is a major factor that accelerates the
severity and occurrence of flood events in Nigeria (Falade, 1999:115). It is advisable for us
not to build our houses on water channels or do anything that will block them. Rather, we
should allow our water to take their natural cause. Other environmental problems confronting
Nigeria are desertification, soil erosion, and whirlwind and fire disasters. Desertification is
more pronounced in the Sahel region of Nigeria. Climatically, the Sahel region of Nigeria has
a long dry season of about nine months from September till May. It is generally believed that
the annual rainfall is decreasing over the years and in fact, short of rain during the years has
caused drought in this area. This problem is compounded by extensive use of firewood by the
rural and some urban population through cutting down of trees. The cutting down of trees has
resulted into desertification not only in the Sahel region of Nigeria but in other parts of the
country as well. We need to fight desert encroachment by planting more trees, instead of
cutting them. We also need water to fight desertification. Related to desert encroachment is
the issue of soil erosion of agricultural lands. This problem is detrimental to agriculture as it
could destroy the nutrient of the topsoil. This may result in very low agricultural yields. The
North -Eastern States of Nigeria and most parts of Eastern and South-south Nigeria have
recorded a very high rate of soil erosion. Extensive farming and high intensity winds are the
main causes of soil erosion. It should be noted that soil erosion also influences the rate of
desert encroachment. Yet, whirlwind and fire outbreak constitutes serious problems to
Nigeria. The incident of whirlwind in Nigeria is minimal. It is in the area of fire outbreak that
Nigeria is seriously affected. Most states in Nigeria are prone to fire disasters. Fire disasters
are rampant during the dry season, especially during hunting expeditions. But fire outbreak
may occur anytime due to carelessness. We must therefore handle fire with utmost care.
Inflammable products should be kept away from fire. Candles should be properly placed in
58
candle stands before lighting them. This is to avoid the candle falling down on the ground,
thereby igniting fire or burning anything that is highly susceptible to fire.
10.1.2 Environmental components
The major components of the natural environment are: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the
lithosphere and the biosphere. The atmosphere is the medium above the surface of the earth
extending for about 170 kilometers consisting mainly of a mixture of gases. The hydrosphere
is the water medium of the surface of the earth, oceans, seas, lakes and rivers; the lithosphere
is the hard, rigid upper crust of the earth extending for about 80 kilometers. It is the inner
core of the earth, the atmosphere, being less rigid in form. And the biosphere is the zone of
the earth’s planet that contains living organisms. The social environment or man-made
environment is the system which man has instituted in order to organize himself to satisfy his
needs. The social environment consists of the physical and social structures, systems or
institutions created by man to meet his needs, which includes food, education, clothing,
shelter, health, companies, etc. The idea is that the social environment influences the natural
environment. The exploitative venture of man in the social environment over time is what has
resulted in environmental problems. Environmental problems are due to man’s exploitation of
the environment. Due partly to increase in population and the level of advancement in
technology, the environment has been heavily abused giving rise to various types of problems
in the environment, which now constitutes a problem to man.
10.1.3 Causes of environmental problems
There are various forms of environmental problems that human activities have caused.
Some of these include:
1. Pollution: Pollution is the end result of the unfavourableexploitation of the environment

by man. The types of pollution that can result due to man’s undue manipulation of the
environment are: air pollution, noise pollution, water pollution, and land pollution.
2. Poor drainage system: The improper planning of towns and cities, has led to the
emergence of poor drainage system. These drainages often cause serious environmental
problem.
59
3. Deforestation: This is the act of cutting down or burning trees in the environment. This
may be due to overgrazing, unsustainable farming methods or cutting firewood for local
usage.
4. Improper waste disposal: Improper disposal of waste has become a serious

environmental problem. This is the result of rising level of population of the country.
5. Ecological problem: Ecological problems arising from excessive rainfall which culminate
in flooding and erosion thereby causing havoc in the environment.
The following are some of the factors responsible for environmental problems.
6. Population explosion: The geometric increase in population around the world is a major
cause of environmental problems. This increase has given rise to undue pressure on them
environment.
7. Advancement in technology: This is equally one of the factors that have contributed to
environmental problems in great measure. The growth and the consequent wastes emitted in
the course of technological exploration are danger to the environment and human beings.
8. Poverty Breeds Environmental problems: It prevents the provision of quality and

adequate social amenities which are required for the improvement of life. Poverty promotes
underdevelopment and this easily attracts environmental problems.
9. Unplanned Urbanization: This has to do with improper planning of the environment.

Unplanned urbanization leads to environmental abuses, which in a large scale deface the
environment causing environmental problems.
10. Government Negligence: When government fails to live up to expectation in the

discharge of its responsibilities, it reflects in the environment. For example, when
environmental agencies refuse to execute their responsibilities, the consequences are
environmental problems.
10.1.4 Solutions to Environmental Problems
Environmental problems can be solved in the following ways:
60
1. Promotion of Environmental Education and Awareness: The Nigerian Government is
making concerted efforts to create awareness on environmental abuse, challenges and
management. When awareness is created on how to utilize the environment, the orientation of
people will change concerning conservation and proper utilization of the environment.
2. Sating of Waste bins/dumps: Waste dumps are usually in the form of incineration or
simple dump sites, the provision of these facilities at the right places will help to check the
abuse of the environment. However, dump sites or bins should be regularly cleared to make
the site functional, effective and clean.
3. Provision and implementation of Legal Policy Framework: Government should

promulgate laws or policies that will help to curb abuses of the environment and make sure
those violators of such policies are severely punished to encourage proper use of the
environment. The recycling of materials, improving mining methods, devising more efficient
engines that consume less fuel, and recovering minor minerals during processing or mining
will go a long way in protecting the environment.

ITQ: What is an environment?
ITA: Environment is referring to a land, water, animals, plants, air or atmosphere and objects
within man’s living surroundings or area.
Conclusion
The above session explained the meaning of environment which is defined as “the totality of
things, conditions or circumstances that affect the existence and development of an organism,
and individual, or population group on the earth’s surface. “It also explained the component
of environment, the causes and solutions to the environmental problems.

1) Environment isreferring to land, water, animals, plants, air or atmosphere and objects
within man’s living surroundings.
2) Component of environment dealt with the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the lithosphere
and the biosphere.
61
3) Causes of environmental problem are the pollution, poor drainage system, deforestation,
improper waste disposal, ecological problems, population explosion, advancement in
technology; poverty breeds environmental problems, unplanned urbanization and government
negligence.
4) Solutions to environmental problems explained the promotion of environmental education
and awareness, sating of waste bin/dumps and provision and implementation of legal policy
framework.


 Explain in details the meaning of environment

 What are the environmental component

 Discuss the causes of environmental problems
a. Pollution
b. poor drainage system
c. deforestation
d. improper waste disposal
e. ecological problems
f. population explosion
g. advancement in technology
h. poverty breeds environmental problems
i. unplanned urbanization
j. Government negligence
 Discuss the solutions to environmental problems

a. promotion of environmental education and awareness
62
b. sating of waste bin/dumps
c. provision and implementation of legal policy framework
Alagoa,E.J.& Adadonye, F.A (1964), Chronicle of Grand Bonny. Ibadan: Ibadan University
Press.
Bukar, A.A (2006). Citizenship Education; Issues, Trends and Practices, Owerri:
BarlosPublishers.
Bukar, S. (1989) Culture, Economy and National Development, Lagos.
Heinmann Publications Olademi, O (1989). A Good Works: The Nation Builder, Lagos:
Civilization in the Igbo Cultural Area”, a Journal of Odinani, vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 15-56
Oga, S.A. (ed) (2003) Geographies of citizenship in Nigeria, Zaria: Tamaza publishing Ltd.
www.nou.edu.ng or www.krepublishers.com
63

GST 113 Nigerian Peoples & Culture-1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GST 113 Nigerian Peoples & Culture-1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

GST 113 Nigerian Peoples & Culture-1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI

GST 113: NIGERIAN PEOPLES & CULTURE (3 UNITS)

Examination is Computer based or e-testing one.

ii. Nigerian geopolitical formation

iii. Nigeria’s domestic imperative

iv. Land and people

2. Nigeria and their characteristics

ii. classification of African language

iii. formation of Niger Congo family

iv. Ethnic and religious group in Nigeria

v. live patterns of each geographical zones in Nigeria

vi. the formation of ethnic identities in Nigeria

3. Negative conduct and attitudes

ii. the theoretical explanation on indigene and settler issues in Nigeria

iii. the causes of conflict between indigene and settler in Nigeria

5. Moral obligation of citizens

ii. patterns of citizenship acquisition

iii. The role of citizens in Nigeria

a. The duty of political participation

b. The duty of economic productivity

c. The duty to pay tax

d. The duty to be responsible

iv. The right of Nigerian citizens

6. Nigerian Art and Culture in Pre-colonial Period

ii. the types of culture

b. Non material culture

7. Evolution of Nigeria as a Political Unit

iii. the causes of environmental problems

b. Poor drainage system

d. Improper waste disposal

h. overtly breeds environmental problems

iv. The solutions to environmental problems

a. Promotion of Environmental Education and Awareness

b. Sating of waste bin/dumps

c. Provision and Implementation of Legal Policy Frame Work

When you studied this session, you should be able to:

1.0 The Nigerian perception of his world

1.1.2 Cultural areas in Nigeria and their characteristics

1.1.3 Nigerian geopolitical formation

1.1.4 Nigeria’s domestic imperative

1.1.5 Land and people

1.1.1 Nigerian Perception of His World

1.1.2 Cultural Areas of Nigeria and Their Characteristics

1.1.3 Nigerian geo political formation

1.1.5 Land and people

In-text questions and answers (ITQs and ITAs)

Summary of the study session 1

Self – Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 1

SAQ 1.1.1 (test learning outcomes 1.1.1)

 Explain the concepts of Nigerian perception of his world

SAQ 1.1.3 (test learning outcomes 1.1.3)

SAQ 1.1.4 (test learning outcomes 1.1.4. 1, 2, 3, 4)

a. What is agrarian at independence and the main stay of economy

b. Discuss what you know about the changes and transformation

c. Explain the rise in oil and its implication for crises

d. what is leadership challenges is all about

SAQ 1.1.5 (test learning outcomes 1.1.5. 1, 2, 3)

a. discuss the savannah zone in Nigeria

b. explain the concept of forest zone in Nigeria

c. explain what you about the coastal zone in Nigeria