Deccan Education Society’s

FERGUSSON COLLEGE, PUNE

(AUTONOMOUS)

SYLLABUS UNDER AUTONOMY

FIRST YEAR B.Sc.

SEMESTER - I

SYLLABUS FOR F.Y. B.Sc. STATISTICS

Academic Year 2016-2017

 FERGUSSON COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), PUNE
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

Course Structure for F.Y. B.Sc. Statistics

Semester Paper Code Title of Paper No. of Credits

I STS1101 Descriptive Statistics 2
STS1102 Probability Theory 2
STS1103 Statistics Practical - I 2
STS1201 Descriptive Statistics and 2
II
Introduction to R - Software
STS1202 Discrete Probability 2
Distributions - I
STS1203 Statistics Practical - II 2
PAPER CODE: STS1101
PAPER – I: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
[Credit -2: No. of Lectures 36]
Objectives: The main objective of this course is to acquaint students with some basic
concepts in Statistics. They will be introduced to some elementary statistical methods of
analysis of data. At the end of this course students are expected to be able,
(i) to compute various measures of central tendency, dispersion, skewness and kurtosis.
(ii) to analyze data pertaining to attributes and to interpret the results.
(iii) to compute the correlation coefficient for bivariate data and interpret it.
(iv) to fit linear, quadratic and exponential curves to the bivariate data to investigate
relation between two variables.
(v) to fit linear regression model to the bivariate data
(vi) to compute and interpret various index numbers.
Title and Contents No. of
Lectures
Unit - I 1. Introduction to Statistics
1.1 Meaning of Statistics as a Science.
1.2 Importance of Statistics.
1.3 Scope of Statistics: In the field of Industry, Biological 2
sciences, Medical sciences, Economics, Social Sciences,
Management sciences, Agriculture, Insurance,
Information technology, Education and Psychology.
1.4 Statistical organizations in India and their functions:
CSO, ISI, NSS, IIPS (Devnar, Mumbai), Bureau of
Economics and statistics.
Unit - II 2. Population and Sample
2.1 Types of characteristics:
Attributes: Nominal scale, ordinal scale,
Variables: Interval scale, ratio scale, discrete and
continuous variables, difference between linear
scale and circular scale
2.1 Types of data: 5
(a) Primary data, Secondary data
(b) Cross-sectional data, time series data, directional
data.
2.2 Notion of a statistical population: Finite population,
infinite population, homogeneous population and
heterogeneous population. Notion of a sample and a
random sample
2.3 Methods of sampling (Description only): Simple
random sampling with and without replacement
(SRSWR and SRSWOR), stratified random
sampling, systematic sampling, cluster sampling
and two-stage sampling.
Unit - III 3. Summary Statistics.
3.1 Classification: Raw data and its classification,
ungrouped
frequency distribution, Sturges’ rule, grouped 12
frequency
distribution, cumulative frequency distribution,
inclusive
and exclusive methods of classification, Open end
classes,
and relative frequency distribution.
3.2 Measures of Central Tendency
Concept of central tendency of statistical data,
Statistical averages, characteristics of a good
statistical average.
Arithmetic Mean (A.M.): Definition, effect of
change of origin and scale, combined mean of a
number of groups, merits and demerits, trimmed
arithmetic mean.
Mode and Median: Definition, merits and demerits.
Empirical relation between mean, median and
mode.
Partition Values: Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles,
Box Plot.
Geometric Mean (G.M.): Definition, merits and
demerits.
Harmonic Mean (H.M.): Definition , merits and
demerits.
Order relation between arithmetic mean, geometric
mean, harmonic mean Weighted Mean: weighted
A.M., G.M. and H.M.
Situations where one kind of average is preferable
to others.
3.3 Measures of Dispersion
Concept of dispersion, characteristics of good
measure of dispersion.
Range, Semi-interquartile range (Quartile
deviation):
Definition, merits and demerits
Mean deviation:Definition, merits and demerits,
minimality property (without proof)
Variance and standard deviation:
Definition, merits and demerits, effect of change of
origin and scale, combined variance for n
groups(derivation for two groups).
Mean squared deviation: Definition, minimality
property of mean squared deviation ,
Measures of dispersion for comparison:
Coefficient of range, coefficient of quartile deviation
and
 coefficient of mean deviation, coefficient of variation
(C.V.)
Unit – IV 4. Moments, Skewness and Kurtosis
4.1 Moments:
Raw moments (m r) for ungrouped and grouped data.
Central moments (mr) for ungrouped and grouped data,
Effect of change of origin and scale.
Relations between central moments and raw moments,
upto 9
4-th order (without proof).
4.2 Concept of skewness of frequency distribution, positive
skewness, negative skewness, symmetric frequency
distribution.
Bowley’s coefficient of skewness : Bowley’s
coefficient of skewness lies between −1 to 1,
interpretation using Box plot.
Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness.
Measures of skewness based on moments (β1,γ1).
4.3 Concepts of kurtosis, Types of kurtosis, leptokurtic,
mesokrtic and platykurtic frequency distributions.
Measures of kurtosis based on moments (β2,γ2).
Unit –V 5.Theory of Attributes
5.1 Attributes: Concept of a Likert scale, classification,
notion of manifold classification, dichotomy, class-
frequency, order of a class, positive class- frequency,
negative class frequency, ultimate class frequency, 8
relationship among different class frequencies (up to
three attributes), and dot operator to find the relation
between frequencies, fundamental set of class
frequencies.
5.2 Consistency of data upto 3 attributes.
5.3 Concepts of independence and association of two
attributes.
5.4 Yule’s coefficient of association (Q), −1 ≤ Q ≤ 1,
interpretation.
References:
1. Agarwal, B. L. (2003). Programmed Statistics, Second Edition, New Age
International Publishers, New Delhi.
2. Goon, A. M., Gupta, M. K. and Dasgupta, B. (1983). Fundamentals of Statistics,
Vol. 1, Sixth Revised Edition,The World Press Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta.
3. Gupta, S. C. and Kapoor, V. K. (1983). Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics,
Eighth Edition, Sultan Chand and Sons Publishers, New Delhi.
4. Gupta, S. C. and Kapoor, V. K. (1997). Fundamentals of Applied Statistics, Third
Edition, Sultan Chand and Sons Publishers, New Delhi.
5. Freund, J. E. (1977). Modern Elementary Statistics. Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall of
India Private Limited, New Delhi.
6. Purohit, S. G., Gore S. D., Deshmukh S. R. (2008). Statistics Using R, Narosa
 Publishing House, New Delhi.
7. Sarma, K. V. S. (2001). Statistics Made it Simple: Do it yourself on PC.
Prentce Hall of India, New Delhi.
8. Snedecor G. W. and Cochran W. G.(1989). Statistical Methods, Eighth Ed. East-
West Press.
PAPER CODE: STS1102
PAPER – II: PROBABILITY THEORY
[Credit -2: No. of Lectures 36]
Objectives
The main objective of this course is to introduce to the students the basic concepts of
probability, axiomatic theory of probability, concept of random variable, probability
distribution (univariate and bivariate) discrete random variables, expectation and moments
of probability distribution. By the end of the course students are expected to be able
(i) to distinguish between random and non-random experiments.
(ii) to find the probabilities of events.
(iii) to obtain a probability distribution of random variable (one or two dimensional)
in the given situation, and
(iv) to apply standard discrete probability distribution to different situations.

Title and Contents No. of

Lectures
Unit -I 1. Review of probability, conditional probability,
independence (6L)
1.1 Experiments/Models, Ideas of deterministic and non-
deterministic models. Random Experiment, concept of
statistical regularity.
1.2 Definitions of - (i) Sample space, (ii) Discrete sample
space: finite and countably infinite, (iii) Event, 6
(iv) Elementary event, (v) Complement of an event.
(vi) Certain event (vii) Impossible event
1.3 Concept of occurrence of an event.
1.4 Algebra of events and its representation in set theory
notation.
Occurrence of following events.
(i) at least one of the given events
(ii) none of the given events,
(iii) all of the given events,
(iv) mutually exclusive events,
(v) mutually exhaustive events,
(vi) exactly one event out of the given events.
1.5 Classical definition of probability and its limitations.
1.6 Probability model, probability of an event, equiprobable
and
non-equiprobable sample space,
1.7 Axiomatic definition of probability.
1.8 Conditional probability of an event.
1.9 Independence of two events
1.10 Pairwise independence and mutual independence for
three events
 1.11 Multiplication theorem P(A∩ B) = P(A) · P(B|A).
Generalization to P(A ∩ B ∩ C).
1.12 Examples and Problems.

Unit -II 2. Bayes’ Theorem

2.1 Partition of the sample space 3
2.2 Proof of Bayes’ theorem. Applications of Bayes’ theorem
in
real life
2.3 Examples and Problems
Unit –III 3.Univariate Probability Distributions

3.1 Concept and definition of a discrete random variable.

3.2 Probability mass function (p.m.f.) and distribution
function (d.f.),
F(·) of discrete random variable, properties of
distribution
function.
3.3 Mode and median of a univariate discrete probability
distribution. 12
3.4 Definition of expectation (Mean) of a random variable,
expectation of a function of a random variable, moment
generating function (m.g.f.) and cumulant generating
function
(c.g.f. ) and their properties
3.5 Definitions of variance, standard deviation ( s.d.) and
Coefficient of variation (c.v.) of univariate probability
distribution, effect of change of origin and scale on
mean, variance and s.d.
3.6 Definition of raw, central moments and factorial raw
moments upto order two of univariate probability
distributions and their interrelations.
3.7 Coefficients of skewness and kurtosis based on
moments.
3.8 Examples and Problems.
Unit –IV 4. Discrete Probability Distributions (15 L)
4.1 Degenerate distribution (one point distribution), with
pmf P(X=c) =1, mean and variance.
4.2 Uniform discrete distribution on integers 1 to n: p.m.f.,
mean, variance var
4.3 Bernoulli Distribution: p.m.f., mean, variance.
4.4 Binomial Distribution: p.m.f.
 n
P( X = x ) =   p x q (n  x ) , x = 0, 1, … , n.
 x
15

0 otherwise.
 Notation : X ~ B(n, p).
4.5 Examples and Problems.
Recurrence relation for successive probabilities,
computation of probabilities of different events, mode of
the distribution, mean, variance, m.g.f. and c.g.f.
moments , skewness (comments when p = 0.5, p > 0.5, p
< 0.5). Situations where this distribution is applicable.
4.6 Hypergeometric Distribution : p.m.f

 M  N  M 
  
 x  n  x 
P( X = x ) = , x = 0, 1, … min{ n , M }
 N
 
n
0 otherwise.

Notation : X ~ H(N,M,n).
Computation of probability, mean and variance,
situations where
this distribution is applicable, binomial approximation to
hypergeometric distribution.

References:
1. Agarwal B. L. (2003). Programmed Statistics, second edition, New Age International
Publishers, New Delhi.
2. Gupta, S.C. and Kapoor, V. K. (1983). Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics,
Eighth Edition, Sultan Chand and Sons Publishers, New Delhi.
3. Hoel P. G. (1971). Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, John Wiley and Sons,
New York.
4. Hogg, R. V. and Craig R. G. (1989). Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, Ed.
4. MacMillan Publishing Co., New York.
5. Mayer, P. (1972). Introductory Probability and Statistical Applications, Addison
Wesley Publishing Co., London.
6. Mood, A. M. and Graybill, F. A. and Boes D.C. (1974). Introduction to the Theory
of Statistics, Ed. 3, McGraw Hill Book Company.
7. Ross S. (2002). A First Course in Probability, Sixth Edition, Pearson Education, Inc.
& Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc.
 PAPER CODE: STS1103
PAPER – III: STATISTICS PRACTICAL - I
[Credit -2: No. of Practicals 10]
Pre-requisites: Knowledge of the topics in theory papers I and II.
Objectives: At the end of this course students are expected to be
able
(i) to use various graphical and diagrammatic techniques and
interpret.
(ii) to compute various measures of central tendency,
dispersion, skewness and kurtosis,
(iii) to compute correlation coefficient, regression coefficients,
(iv) to fit binomial and Poisson distributions,
(v) to analyse data pertaining to discrete and continuous variables
and to interpret the results,
(vi) to compute probabilities of bivariate distributions,
(vii) to interpret summary statistics of
computer output.
(viii) to summarize and analyze the data using computer
(ix) to draw random samples from Poisson and binomial
distributions.

Title of Experiment/ Practical

1 Diagrammatic representation of statistical data: simple and subdivided
bar diagrams, multiple bar diagram, percentage bar diagram, pie
diagram
2 Graphical representation of statistical data: histogram, frequency
curve and ogive curves. Determination of mode and median
graphically
3 Use of random number tables to draw SRSWOR, SRSWR, stratified
sample and systematic sample
4 Computation of measures of central tendency and dispersion (ungrouped
data). Use of an appropriate measure and interpretation of results and
computation of partition values
5 Computation of measures of central tendency and dispersion (grouped
data). Use of an appropriate measure and interpretation of results and
computation of partition values
6 Measures of skewness and kurtosis, Box plot
7 Fitting of binomial distribution and computation of expected
frequencies.
8 Application of binomial and hypergeometric distribution.
9 Graphical and diagrammatic representation of statistical data using MS -
Excel
10 Computation of summary statistics using MS Excel

Note: Per practical number of lectures are 4.

 Deccan Education Society’s
FERGUSSON COLLEGE, PUNE
(AUTONOMOUS)

SYLLABUS UNDER AUTONOMY

FIRST YEAR B.Sc.

SEMESTER - II

SYLLABUS FOR F.Y. B.Sc. STATISTICS

Academic Year 2016-2017

PAPER CODE: STS1201
PAPER – I: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND INTRODUCTION TO R -
SOFTWARE
[Credit -2: No. of Lectures 36]
Title and Contents No. of
Lectures
Unit -I 1. Correlation
1.1 Bivariate data, Scatter diagram and
interpretation.
1.2 Concept of correlation between two variables,
positive correlation, negative correlation, no
correlation.
1.3 Covariance between two variables (m11) :
Definition, computation, effect of change of
origin and scale.
1.4 Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation (r) : 10
Definition, computation for ungrouped data
and interpretation. Properties:
(i) −1 ≤ r ≤1 (with proof),
(ii) Effect of change of origin and scale
(with proof).
1.5 Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient:
Definition, derivation of formula, computation
and interpretation (without ties). In case of ties,
compute Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient
between ranks. (Spearman’s rank correlation
coefficient formula with correction for ties not
expected.)
Unit -II 2. Regression
2.1 Meaning of regression, difference between
correlation and regression,
2.2 Concept of error in regression, error modeled as 14
a continuous random variable. Simple linear
regression model: Y= a + b X + ε, where ε is
a continuous random variable with E(ε) =0,
V(ε) = σ2 . Estimation of a, b by the method of
least squares. Interpretation of parameters.
Statement of the estimator of σ2.
2.3 Concept of residual, plot of residual against X,
concept of coefficient of determination.
2.4 Fitting of second degree curve (Y = a + b X + c
X2),
2.5 Fitting of exponential curves of the type Y = a
bX and Y = aXb.
In all these curves parameters are estimated by
the method of least squares.
Unit –III 3. Index Numbers
3.1 Introduction.
 3.2 Definition and Meaning.
3.3 Problems/considerations in the construction of
index numbers.
3.4 Simple and weighted price index numbers
based on price relatives. 8
3.5 Simple and weighted price index numbers
based on aggregates.
3.6 Laspeyre’s, Paasche’s and Fisher’s Index
numbers
3.7 Consumer price index number: Considerations
in its construction.
3.8 Methods of construction of consumer price
index number - (i) family budget method (ii)
aggregate expenditure method.
3.9 Shifting of base, splicing, deflating, purchasing
power.
3.10 Description of the BSE sensitivity and similar
index numbers.
Unit –IV 4. Fundamentals of R-Software:
4.1 Introduction to R, features of R, starting and
ending R session, getting help
in R, R commands and case sensitivity.
4.2 Vectors and vector arithmetic
a) creation of vectors using functions c, seq, 4
rep
b) Arithmetic operations on vectors using
operators +, - , * , / , ^ .
c) Numerical functions: log10, log, sort, max,
min, unique, range, length, var, prod, sum,
summary, fivenum etc.
d) accessing vectors
4.3 Data frames : creation using data.frame, subset
and transform commands.
4.4 Resident data sets : Accession and summary p,
q, d, r functions.
References:
1 Agarwal, B. L. (2003). Programmed Statistics, Second Edition, New Age
International Publishers, New Delhi.
2 Goon, A. M., Gupta, M. K. and Dasgupta, B. (1983). Fundamentals of
Statistics, Vol. 1, Sixth Revised Edition,The World Press Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta.
3 Gupta, S. C. and Kapoor, V. K. (1983). Fundamentals of Mathematical
Statistics, Eighth Edition, Sultan Chand and Sons Publishers, New Delhi.
4 Gupta, S. C. and Kapoor, V. K. (1997). Fundamentals of Applied Statistics,
Third Edition, Sultan Chand and Sons Publishers, New Delhi.
5 Freund, J. E. (1977). Modern Elementary Statistics. Fourth Edition, Prentice
Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.
6 Purohit, S. G., Gore S. D., Deshmukh S. R. (2008). Statistics Using R,
Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
7 Sarma, K. V. S. (2001). Statistics Made it Simple: Do it yourself
on PC. Prentce Hall of India, New Delhi.
8 Snedecor G. W. and Cochran W. G.(1989). Statistical Methods, Eighth Ed.
East- West Press.
PAPER CODE: STS1202
PAPER – II: DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS - I
[Credit - 2: No. of Lectures 36]
Title and Contents No. of
Lectures
Unit - I 1. Discrete Probability Distributions

1.1 Poisson distribution: Notation : X ~ P(λ).

e   x
p(x) = , x= 0,1,2 …… ,
x!
λ>0
0 otherwise
Mean, variance, and m.g.f, c.g.f. moments , 18
skewness ,
kurtosis
Situations where this distribution is applicable.
1.2 Geometric distribution: Notation: X ~ G(p),
Geometric distribution on support (0, 1, 2… )
with p.m.f. p(x) = pqx , x = 0, 1,
2…
0
otherwise
Geometric distribution on support (1,
2,…….)
with p.m.f. p(x) = pqx-1 , x = 1, 2… 0 < p < 1, q
= 1 -p.
0
otherwise
Mean, variance, m.g.f, moments , lack of memory
property.
Situations where this distribution is applicable.
1.3 Negative Binomial Distribution:
p. m. f. :

P(X=x) =
0 ≤ p ≤ 1 , q = 1-p

0 otherwise

Notation: X ~ NB (k, p).

Nature of p. m. f., negative binomial distribution as a
waiting time distribution,
Mean, variance, m.g.f, c.g.f, moments , skewness ,
and
kurtosis. (recurrence relation between
moments is not expected).
Poisson approximation to negative binomial
distribution.
Real life situations.
 1.4 Examples and Problems.

2. Bivariate Discrete Probability Distribution (6L)

Unit -II 2.1 Definition of two-dimensional discrete random variable,
its
joint p.m.f. and its distribution function and their
properties,
concept of identically distributed r.vs.
2.2 Computation of probabilities of events in bivariate
probability
distribution. 18
2.3 Concepts of marginal and conditional probability
distributions.
2.4 Independence of two discrete random variables based
on joint
and marginal p.m.f.s
2.5 Definition of raw and central moments
2.6 Theorems on expectations of sum and product of two
jointly distributed random variables.
2.7 Conditional expectation.
2.8 Definitions of conditional mean and conditional
variance.
2.9 Definition of covariance, coefficient of
correlation,
independence and uncorrelation.
2.10 Variance of linear combination of variables i.e. Var( aX
+ bY).
2.11 Additive property of binomial and Poisson
distributions
Conditional probability distribution of X given (X+Y)
for independent Poisson variables.
negative binomial distribution as sum of k
i.i.d.geometric random variables.
Relation between geometric and negative binomial
distribution.
2.12 Examples and Problems.

References:
1 Agarwal B. L. (2003). Programmed Statistics, second edition, New Age
International Publishers, New Delhi.
2 Gupta, S.C. and Kapoor, V. K. (1983). Fundamentals of Mathematical
Statistics,
Eighth Edition, Sultan Chand and Sons Publishers, New Delhi.
3 Hoel P. G. (1971). Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, John Wiley and
Sons, New York.
4 Hogg, R. V. and Craig R. G. (1989). Introduction to Mathematical
Statistics, Ed.
MacMillan Publishing Co., New York.
5 Mayer, P. (1972). Introductory Probability and Statistical Applications,
 Addison
Wesley Publishing Co., London.
6 Mood, A. M. and Graybill, F. A. and Boes D.C. (1974). Introduction to the
Theory
of Statistics, Ed. 3, McGraw Hill Book Company.
7 Ross S. (2002). A First Course in Probability, Sixth Edition, Pearson
Education, Inc. & Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc.
 PAPER CODE: STS1203
PAPER – III: STATISTICS PRACTICAL - II
[Credit -2: No. of Practicals 10]
Pre-requisites: Knowledge of the topics in theory papers I and II.
Objectives: At the end of this course students are expected to be
able
(i) to use various graphical and diagrammatic techniques and
interpret.
(ii) to compute various measures of central tendency, dispersion,
skewness and kurtosis,
(iii) to compute correlation coefficient, regression coefficients,
(iv) to fit binomial and Poisson distributions,
(v) to analyse data pertaining to discrete and continuous variables
and to interpret the results,
(vi) to compute probabilities of bivariate distributions,
(vii) to interpret summary statistics of computer output.
(viii) to summarize and analyze the data using
computer
(ix) to draw random samples from Poisson and binomial distributions.

Title of Experiment / Practical

1 Scatter diagram, correlation coefficient (ungrouped data), fitting of line
of regression, residual plot
2 Scatter diagram, correlation coefficient, fitting a line of regression, fitting
of second degree curve, using MS Excel
3 Fitting of second degree curve, exponential curve of type y = abx,
y = axb, comparison, finding the best fit using residual s.s. and
coefficient of determination
4 Index numbers
5 Fitting of Poisson distribution and computation of expected frequencies.
6 Applications of Poisson and geometric distributions
7 Model sampling from poisson and binomial distributions.
8 Bivariate Probability Distributions
9 Use of R- Software and computation of probabilities using R- Software
10 Fitting of binomial and Poisson distribution and computation of
expected frequencies using R- Software

Note: Per practical number of lectures are 4.