module1

(15ARC 5.2)

materials and methods in building construction - v

The roof system functions as the primary shelter elements for interior spaces of the
building. The construction of the roof should also control the passage of moisture vapor,
the infiltration of air and the flow of heat and solar radiation.

A roof must be structured to span across space and carry its own weight, the weight of the
attached equipment and rain/snow/wind.

Roofs?
 Which Roof?

design . structural limitations . span . material . time

A broad classification of single storey roofs

Short span : upto 7.5m

Medium span : 7.5 – 25.0m
Long span : above 25.0m
 truss?
• A truss is a structural frame based on the geometric rigidity of the triangle; composed of
linear members subject only to axial tension or compression.
• Trusses usually occur at regular intervals, linked by longitudinal members such as
purlins. The space between each truss is known as a bay.

Top / bottom chord (

primary members)

web( integral
members that connect
top & bottom chords)

web panel
(space btw the web of
truss between the
panel points)

Heel
(Support end)
 STEEL TRUSSES HAVE FOLLOWING ADVANTAGES OVER TIMBER TRUSSES
1. The sections comprising of a steel truss are readily available in required
dimensions, resulting in minimum wastage of material

2. Steel trusses are light in weight, and can be fabricated in any shape depending
upon structural and architectural requirements.

3. Steel trusses are stronger and more rigid in comparison to timber trusses. The
members are equally strong in tension as well as compression.

4. Steel trusses can be used over any span, while timber trusses are suitable only
upto 15m span.

5. Steel trusses are fire proof.

6. They are termite proof

7. Steel trusses are most resistant to other environmental agencies, and have
longer life.

8. The fabrication of steel is easier and quicker, since the sections can be
machined and shaped in the workshop, and then be transported to
construction site for erection.
 basic types
- symmetrical & asymmetrical
• Steel trusses maybe grouped in the following categories:

• Closed trusses • Multi span roofs

• Pratt truss • Monitor truss
• Howe truss • North light truss
• Belgian truss • Saw tooth roof
• Fink truss
• Warren truss
• Bowstring truss

• Raised chord truss

• Crescent truss • Raised chord truss
• Scissor truss • Crescent truss
• Scissor truss
Pratt truss
Pratt trusses have vertical web members in compression and diagonal web members are in
tension.

Howe truss Howe trusses have vertical web members in tension and diagonal web
members
in compression
Belgian truss
have only inclined
web members.

Fink trusses are Belgian trusses having sub-diagonals to reduce the length of
compression web members toward the centre line of the span.
fink truss
Diagonals connect a top to bottom chord. Sub-diagonals join a chord
with a main diagonal
 Flat truss has parallel top and
bottom chord.
These trusses are generally not as
efficient as pitched or
bowstring trusses
The span range up to 37m (120ft)
flat trusses

Warren trusses have inclined web

members forming a series of
equilateral
triangles.

Vertical web members are

sometimes introduced to
reduce the panel length of
the top chord, which is in
compression

warren trusses
 Vertical web members are
sometimes introduced to
reduce the panel length of
the top chord, which is in
compression

Bowstring trusses
Bowstring trusses have a curved
top chord meeting a straight
bottom chord at
each end
crescent
truss

scissors truss
Closed trusses for different spans
Closed trusses for different spans
Closed trusses for different spans
Common trusses
“north light & lattice girder or saw tooth”
The roof consists of a skeleton of light section asymmetrical lattice steel frames supporting light
section steel purlins. The south facing slope is pitched btw 22.5 – 30 deg. And covered with light
weight roof covering. The north facing slope is pitched btw 60-90 deg. And is covered with glass.

A series of trusses fixed to girders. The near vertical side of the truss is glazed so that when the
roof is in the northern hemisphere the glazed portion faces north for best light; in the southern
hemisphere the glazing would face south for the same reason.
“north lights” use patent glass for the glazing façade.
“monitor roof lights”
Generally a flat roof with raised portions called MONITORS to admit light. This roof system gives
more uniform light than the north lights
 Steel trusses are more economical for larger spans. structural members
• However, steel trusses are more commonly used these days, for all spans-small or large, since
they are:
• More economical
• Easy to construct or fabricate
• Fire proof
• More rigid
• Permanent.
• Steel trusses are fabricated from rolled steel structural members such as channels, angles, T-
sections and plates.
• Most of the roof trusses are fabricated from angle-sections because they can resist
effectively both tension as well as compression, and their jointing is easy.
 angular truss

Angular truss is made up of a single or double angles acting as top chord, Bottom chord and webbing.

For shorter spans single angle trusses are used and the members are welded together

For longer spans trusses double angles are used and are usually bolted or welded to a gusset plate at the
joints

These steel angles can have equal or un equal sections but uniform thickness
• Steel roof trusses are commonly fabricated
from angle sections and plates, though
channel sections and T-sections can be used.

• The principal rafter as well as the main tie are

generally made of two angle sections placed
side by side, while the struts and ties are
generally made of single angle sections.

• The members are joined together by a gusset

plate, either through rivets or by welding.

• Generally , 15mm diameter rivets are used for smaller spans and
20mm rivets are used for larger spans.

• At least two rivets should be used at each point

• Gusset plate should not be less then 6mm,though its thickness is

designed on the basis of forces carried by members to be jointed.
Steel truss suitable for medium spans ( upto 25M)
fixing detail with wall as support
(with gutter)
fixing detail with steel column as support
 tubular truss

ADVANTAGES OF TUBULAR TRUSS OVER ANGLE TRUSS

• Tubular sections have uniform cross_section and its position does not have to be adjusted for maximum
strength as in angular section.

• Surface area of tubular sections is considerable less than that of an angle section of similar strength.
ADVANTAGES OF TUBULAR TRUSS OVER ANGLE TRUSS

• The tubular section members collect dirt less readily: it also has less area liable to rusting thus requiring
less painting

• They are lighter in weight with consequent slight reduction of load on supports and foundations.

• They are cleaner in appearance due to more slender looking members and neat welded connections
 Alterations and additions can be made easily in
the existing structures.
Welded structures are smooth in appearance,
therefore it looks pleasing.
A welded joint has a great strength. Often a
welded joint has the strength of the parent
metal itself.
It is easily possible to weld any part of a
structure at any point. But riveting requires
enough clearance.
The process of making welding joints takes less
time than the riveted joints.
Shape like cylindrical steel pipes can be easily
welded. But they are difficulty for riveting.
The welding provides very strong joints. which
can’t be bended easily. This is in line with the
modern trend of providing rigid frames.
In welded connections, the tension members
are not weakened as in the case of riveted
joints. almost throughout the world at reasonable prices since
Steel tubes are readily available
these are not only used Disadvantages:
for structural steel work but also for water supply piping systems.
However, the jointing ofFor making
round weldisjoints
surfaces using
difficult; weld
butt symbols
and fillet welding of properly cut and
shaped tubes is possiblerequires
but slowa andhighly skilled labour
expensive. andof gusset plates is almost
The use
inevitable if structurallysupervision.
sound and efficient connections are expected. When using tubes,
the number of connections Since there
per trussisshould
an uneven heatingas
be reduced and cooling
much in
as possible.