Lesson 3: Parabola

Content Standard: The learner demonstrates understanding of the key concepts of conic sections.
Performance Standard: The learner shall be able to model situations appropriately and solve problems
accurately using conic sections.

Learning Targets:
At the end of the lesson, I can…
a. define a parabola;
b. determine the standard form of the equation of a parabola; and
c. determine the vertex, foci, directrix, latus rectum and axis of symmetry of a parabola.

A parabola is a set of all coplanar points that are equidistant

from a fixed line and a fixed point not on the fixed line. The
fixed line is called the directrix of the parabola and the
Mathivation fixed point is called the focus. (Orines, 2016)

Parabola has a lot of applications in our daily life. It is seen and applied everywhere; one example is in
the game “Angry Birds”. Using the example below, explore the different elements of a parabola by do-
ing what is asked.
1. Determine the vertex of each parabola. Then, write your answer in the blank provided below each
graph.
2. Draw horizontal line that is parallel to the x-axis above the vertex of f(x).
3. Kindly plot an ordered pair which is one-fourth unit downward from the vertex of h(x).

You can do it!

1. _____________________ 2. _________________________

Math Lens
In this part of the lesson, you will learn the concepts of parabolas. This will help
you achieve the competencies mentioned above.

1
 Recall the intersection of a plane to double-napped cones. It is concluded that when the plane
intersects on one and only one cone diagonally and is parallel to the edge of the cone, a parabola is then
formed. Let us formally define a parabola. You may go over the discussion on pages 20-21 of your
TEXTBOOK.

Essential Elements of a Parabola

From the Mathivation Activity, you were given an overview of the different
elements of a parabola, which include the vertex, directrix, and focus.

• The vertex serves as a guide for you to determine the intersection of the
parabola and the axis of symmetry. The vertex of the parabola can be at (0,0)
or at (h,k), where h and k are all real numbers.

• The focus and the directrix will let you determine the opening of the pa-
rabolas.

Lesson 3.1: Parabola with vertex at (0,0)

In order to solve problems involving a parabola, it is important to know first its characteristics.
Read the summary found on page 24 of your TEXTBOOK.

Concept Check!
A parabola with vertex at the origin and y-axis as the axis of symmetry has the equation
___________________.
A parabola with vertex at the origin and x-axis as the axis of symmetry has the equation
___________________.
Do not forget to verify your answers using the key answers provided.

Lesson 3.2: Determining the coordinates of the focus and

equation of the directrix of a parabola with vertex at (0,0)
In this lesson, you will concentrate on finding the coordinates of the focus and the equation of the
directrix for each parabola with vertex (0,0). Always refer to the characteristics of the parabola with
vertex (0,0) when understanding this lesson. You may go over some examples also on pages 25-26 of
your TEXTBOOK. Let us start learning more!

Note: The value of p is actually the distance of the vertex from its focus and is used to determine
the direction of the parabola. If p < 0 (p is negative), then the parabola either opens downard or to
the left. If p > 0 (p is positive), then the parabola either opens upward or to the right. (Tamayo
et.al,2017)

2
 Example 1: Find the coordinates of the focus and the equation of the directrix for each
parabola with vertex (0,0).
a. 𝑦 2 = 12𝑥
b. 𝑦 2 = −32𝑥
c. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 = 0
d. 𝑥 2 = 20𝑦
e. 𝑦 2 − 48𝑥 = 0
Compare the given equations to the equation of the parabola in standard
form given on page 24 of your TEXTBOOK.

𝑎. 𝑦 2 = 12𝑥 The equation is in the form of 𝑦 2 = 4𝑝𝑥.

Solution: 4p=12 Solve for the value of p
4 12
p= ;p=3
4 4
The parabola opens to the right since p > 0
Focus: NOTE: Substitute the value of p in the standard coor-
F (p,0) = F (3,0) dinate of the focus (p,0).

Directrix: NOTE: Substitute the value of p in the standard equa-

x = -p tion of the directrix x = -p.
x=-3

y2=12x Graph of the parabola using the direction,

vertex, focus and directrix:
x = -3

(3,0) Equation: 𝑦 2 = 12𝑥

(0,0)
Direction: Opens Right
Vertex: (0,0)
Focus: (3,0)
Directrix: x = -3

𝑏. 𝑦 2 = −32𝑥 The equation is in the form of 𝑦 2 = 4𝑝𝑥.

Solution: 4p = -32 Solve for the value of p
4 −32
p= ; p = -8
4 4
The parabola opens to the left since p < 0
Focus: NOTE: Substitute the value of p in the standard coor-
F(p,0) = F (-8,0) dinate of the focus (p,0).

Directrix: NOTE: Substitute the value of p in the standard equa-

x = -p tion of the directrix x = -p. The negative sign in the
x = -(-8) equation is a constant sign, so x = -(-8), the result is x
x=8 = 8.

𝑦 2 = −32𝑥

Graph of the parabola using the direction,

vertex, focus and directrix:
x=8

(-8,0)
Equation: 𝑦 2 = −32𝑥
(0,0)
Direction: Opens Left
Vertex: (0,0)
Focus: (-8,0)
Directrix: x = 8

3
 𝑐. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 = 0 The equation is of the form 𝑥 2 = 4𝑝𝑦.
𝑥 2 = 2𝑦
NOTE: Transpose the linear term of y term to the right
side of the equation then retain the quadratic term of
the x term on the left side of the equation.

Solution: 4p = 2 Solve for the value of p

4 2 𝟏
p= ;p=
4 4 𝟐
The parabola opens upward since p > 0
Focus: NOTE: Substitute the value of p in the standard coor-
1
F (0, p) = F (0, ) dinate of the focus (0, p).
2

Directrix: NOTE: Substitute the value of p in the standard equa-

y = -p tion of the directrix y = -p.
𝟏
y=-( )
𝟐
𝟏
y=−
𝟐

x2 = 2y Graph of the parabola using the direction,

vertex, focus and directrix:

(0, ½ ) Equation: 𝑦 2 = 12𝑥

(0,0)
y=-½ Direction: Opens up
Vertex: (0,0)
Focus: (0, ½ )
Directrix: y = - ½

Then, based on the examples above, try to solve these! Fill in the blanks with the correct answers.

𝑑. 𝑥 2 = 20𝑦 The equation is in the form of _________.

Solution:
Solve for the value of p

The parabola opens to the _____ since p __ 0.

Focus: ______________________ NOTE: Substitute the value of p in the standard coor-

dinate of the focus (__,___).

Directrix: ____________________ NOTE: Substitute the value of p in the standard equa-

tion of the directrix ____________.

Graph

4
 𝑒. 𝑦 2 − 48𝑥 = 0 The equation is in the form of _________.

NOTE: Transpose the linear term of x term to the left

side of the equation then retain the quadratic term of
the y term on the right side of the equation.

Solution:
Solve for the value of p

The parabola opens _____ since p __ 0.

Focus: ______________________ NOTE: Substitute the value of p in the standard coor-

dinate of the focus (__,___).

Directrix: ____________________ NOTE: Substitute the value of p in the standard equa-

tion of the directrix ____________.

Good job! You already know how to determine the coordinates of the focus and the equation of the
directrix of a given parabola with vertex at (0,0). Do not forget to verify your answers using the key
answers provided for you.

Math Checkpoint 3.2

In this part of the module, you will be solving practice exercises to check if you have understood the
concepts in determining the coordinates of the focus and the equation of the directrix of the parabola
with vertex at (0,0). (Refer to Math Selfie A, page 39 of your TEXTBOOK).

Time Allotment: 20 min

A. Find the coordinates of the focus and the equation of the directrix for each parabola.
2. Given: ________________ 4. Given: ________________ 6. Given: ________________
Solution: Solution: Solution:

Focus: ___________________ Focus: ___________________ Focus: ___________________

Directrix: __________________ Directrix: __________________ Directrix: __________________
Do not forget to verify your answers using the key answers provided for you. Try to do the remaining
numbers on page 39 of your TEXTBOOK for mastery.

5
Lesson 3.3: Determining the Standard Form of the
Equation of a Parabola with Vertex at (0,0)
Now, you will determine the standard form of the parabola given its elements. To do this, you
have to read and analyze the examples on pages 27-28 of your TEXTBOOK. You can also refer to the
examples given below for further explanations.

Example 2: Write the equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin that satisfies the
given condition.
a. The focus has coordinates (0, 6).
b. The equation of the directrix is y – 4 = 0.
c. The length of the latus rectum is 8 and the parabola opens downward.
d. The parabola contains the point (1,3) and opens to the right.
e. The parabola contains the point (-2,1) and opens to the left.

Here are some suggested steps that may be helpful for you:
Step 1: Identify what form of parabola equation should be used.
Step 2: Find the value of p.
Step 3: Substitute p in the equation and simplify 4p.

1. The focus has coordinates (0, 6).

Form of Equation: Since the focus is in the form F(0, p), use the form x2 = 4py.
Value of p: F(0,p) = F(0,6)
Thus, p = 6.
Substitute and Simplify: x2 = 4(6)y
x2 = 24y
Therefore, the equation of the parabola with vertex (0,0) and focus (0,6) is x2 = 24y.

2. The equation of the directrix is y – 4 = 0.

Isolating the linear term on the left side of the equation, the resulting equation of the directrix is then
y = 4.
Form of Equation: Since the equation of the directrix is in the form y = -p, the equation
of the parabola is in the form x2 = 4py.
Value of p: y = -p
4 = −p
-p = 4
-p/-1 = 4/-1
Thus, p = -4.
Substitute and Simplify: x2 = 4(-4)y
x2 = -16y
Therefore, the equation of the parabola with vertex (0,0) and directrix y – 4 = 0 is x2 = -16y.

3. The length of the latus rectum is 8 and the parabola opens downward.
Form of Equation: Since the parabola opens downward, the equation of the parabola is
in the form x2 = 4py.
Value of p: Recall that the length of the latus rectum equals 4p. By substitution,
4p = 8.
Thus, p = 2.
Substitute and Simplify: x2 = 4(2)y
x2 = 8y
Therefore, the equation of the parabola with vertex (0,0) and whose latus rectum has a length of 8 is x2
= 8y.
6
4. The parabola contains the point (1,3) and opens to the right.
Form of Equation: Since the parabola opens to the right, the equation of the parabola
is in the form y2 = 4px.
Value of p: To find the value of p, we may use the coordinates of the given
point (1,3). That is, substitute x = 1 and y=3 to the equation y2 =
4px.
y2 = 4px
32 = (4p)(1)
9 = 4p
9/4 = 4p/4
9/4 = p

Thus, p = 9/4.
Substitute and Simplify: y2 = 4px
y2 = 4(9/4)x
y2 = 9x
Therefore, the equation of the parabola with vertex (0,0), contains the point (1,3), and opens to the right
is y2 = 9x.

Then, based on the examples above, try to solve these!

5. The parabola contains the point (2,1) and opens to the right.
Form of Equation: Since the parabola opens to the _______, the equation of the
parabola is in the form __________.
Value of p: To find the value of p, we may use the coordinates of the given
point ________. That is, substitute x = ____ and y=____ to the
equation _______.

Thus, _________
Substitute and Simplify:

Therefore, the equation of the parabola with vertex (0,0), contains the point ________, and opens to the
________ is ____________.

Math Checkpoint 3.3

In this part of the module, you will be solving practice exercises in writing the equation of a parabola
with vertex at the origin given its element/s. (Refer to Math Selfie B on page 39 of your
TEXTBOOK.)
Time Allotment: 30 min
A. Write the equation of the parabola with vertex at the origin that satisfies the given condition.
1. The focus has coordinates ______ 2. The focus has coordinates ________
Solution: Solution:

Standard Equation: _____________ Standard Equation: _______________

7
3. The equation of the directrix is ______. 4. The equation of the directrix is ________.
Solution: Solution:

Standard Equation: _____________ Standard Equation: _______________

Do not forget to verify your answers using the key answers provided to keep you on track. Try to do
other items on Math Selfie B on your TEXTBOOK for mastery.

Lesson 3.4: Word Problems Involving Parabolas

Math Lens
Parabolas may seem too abstract, but parabolas have many real-life ap-
plications. Click the link below to get acquainted with the wonders of parab-
olas "Real Life Parabola Examples “:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbMir1UAO4I

Examples of Real life applications of Parabola

Everyday Parabolas

Parabolas can, in fact, be seen everywhere, in nature as well as manmade items. Here are some examples cited
by Dotson,J from Sciencing(2020).

Anyone who rides a roller coaster will be familiar with the rise and
fall created by the track’s parabolas.

Consider a fountain. The water shot into the air by the fountain falls back in a
parabolic path.

A ball thrown into the air also follows a parabolic path. Galileo had demonstrated
this.

Parabolas in Architecture and Engineering

The famous Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, California, has parabolas on each side
of its side spans or towers.

Using Parabolic Reflectors to Focus Light

Parabolas are also commonly used when light needs to be focused. Over the centuries, lighthouses underwent
many variations and improvements to the light they could emit. Flat sur-
faces scattered light too much to be useful to mariners. Spherical reflec-
tors increased brightness, but could not give a powerful beam. But using
a parabola-shaped reflector helped focus light into a beam that could be
seen for long distances.

8
Parabolas in Spaceflight

The shimmering, stretched arc of a rocket launch gives perhaps the most striking example of a parabola. When
a rocket, or other ballistic object, is launched, it follows a parabolic path, or trajec-
tory. This parabolic trajectory has been used in spaceflight for decades. In fact, air-
planes can create zero- and high-gravity environments by flying in parabolas. Special
airplanes fly at a steep angle, giving a higher-gravity experience, and then drop into
what is called freefall, giving a zero-gravity experience. Also, such parabolic flights
save money by not having to perform every experiment in space itself.

Now that you are already familiar with some real-life applications of parabolas, you are now ready
to solve word problems involving parabolas. Proceed to page 88 of your TEXTBOOK first and analyze
how the word problems were solved. Note that it is important to comprehend the word problem first
before you proceed with the solution.

Example: Solve the following problems involving parabolas.

1. A satellite dish is a parabola used to retrieve sounds or other waves. Assuming the vertex is at
(0,0), where would the focus be on a satellite dish that is 12 feet wide and 2 feet deep? Consider
a parabola that has an upward orientation.
2. A suspension bridge has twin towers that are 125 meters high above the road and are 500 meters
apart. The cable is parabolic in shape, and its ends are suspended from the top of the towers. The
cable touches the road surface at the center of the bridge. What is the height of the cable at a
point 50 meters from the center?
3. During a wedding, the entrance to the altar has an archway in the shape of a parabola. It has a
height of 8 feet and a base width of 4 feet. If the vertex lies at the origin, state the focus and the
focal length. What equation will best model the shape of the parabola?
1. A satellite dish is a parabola used to retrieve sounds or other waves. Assuming
the vertex is at (0,0), where would the focus be on a satellite dish that is 12 feet
wide and 2 feet deep? Consider a parabola that has an upward orientation.

Steps: Solutions:
1. Read, analyze
12 feet wide
and visualize the
situation.

2 feet deep

2. Identify the The satellite dish is 12 feet wide and 2 feet deep.
given information.
3. Identify what is The problem asks us to locate the focus of the satellite dish, given its width
asked. and depth.
4. Identify the We can make an assumption that the parabolic satellite dish has its vertex at
equation that will (0,0) and we consider that it has an upward orientation. Thus, we can use 𝑥 2 =
model the given 4𝑝𝑦 as the working equation, where x is the distance of an endpoint of the
situation. satellite’s width from its vertex; p is the focal length; and y is the depth of
the satellite dish. Thus, x = 6, y = 2; and p is unknown.

9
 Note: Substitute 𝑥 2 = 4𝑝𝑦
the values of x and (6)2 = 4𝑝(2)
y to the working 36 = 8p
equation. 36 8𝑝
=
8 8
4.5 = p
5. Simplify the Therefore, the focus of the satellite dish must be 4.5 feet from its vertex.
answer and label it
with correct units.

2. A suspension bridge has twin towers that are 125 meters high above the road and are 500 meters apart.
The cable is parabolic in shape, and its ends are suspended from the top of the towers. The cable
touches the road surface at the center of the bridge. What is the height of the cable at a point 50 meters
from the center?

Steps: Solutions:
1. Read,
analyze and 500m wide
visualize the
situation.

125m high

2. Identify the The towers supporting the cables are 125 meters high and are 500 meters apart. The
given cable is parabolic in shape and its ends are suspended from the top of the tower.
information.
3. Identify The problem asks us to determine the height of the cable at a point 50 meters from
what is asked. the center of the suspension bridge.

4. Identify the We can make an assumption that the cable has its vertex at (0,0) and we consider
equation that that it has an upward orientation since the ends of the cable are suspended from the
will model the top of the tower , then 𝑥 2 = 4𝑝𝑦 can be used as the working equation, where x is
given the distance of a tower from the center of the bridge; p is the focal length; and y
situation. is the height of the cable at a certain point from the center. Thus, x = 250, y =
125; and p is unknown.

Note: Consider the point (250,125). This implies that at a distance 250 meters away from
Substitute the the center of the bridge, the height of the cable is 125 meters.
values of x
and y to the 𝑥 2 = 4𝑝𝑦
working (250)2 = 4𝑝(125)
equation to 62,500 = 500p
determine the 62,500 500𝑝
value of p. =
500 500
125 = p

After determining the value of p substitute this in the equation and consider the
point (50, y).
Note: The point (50, y) represents the point that is 50 meters from the center of the bridge
10
 Substitute the with its height unknown yet.
values of x 𝑥 2 = 4𝑝𝑦
and p to the (50)2 = 4(125)𝑦
working 2,500 = 500y
equation to 2,500 500𝑦
determine the =
500 500
height of the 5=y
cable 50
meters from
the center of
the bridge.
5. Simplify Therefore, the cable at a point 50 meters from the center of the bridge is 5 meters
the answer high.
and label it
with correct
units.

3. During a wedding, the entrance to the altar has an archway in the shape of a parabola. It has a height
of 8 feet and a base width of 4 feet. If the vertex lies at the origin, state the focus and the focal length.
What equation will best model the shape of the parabola?
Steps: Solutions:
1. Read, analyze, and
visualize the situation.

8 feet deep
H
;
,

4 feet wide
2. Identify the given The archway has a height of 8 feet and a base width of 4 feet.
information.
3. Identify what is The problem asks us to find the equation, the focus and the focal length.
asked.
4. Identify the We can make an assumption that the archway has its vertex at (0,0) and we
equation that will consider that it has a downward orientation. Thus, we can use 𝑥 2 = −4𝑝𝑦 as
model the given the working equation, where x is the distance of an endpoint of the base
situation. width from its vertex; p is the focal length; and y is the height of the
archway. We will use coordinate (2,-8) that will represent the value of x and
y to be substituted on the equation.
Note: Substitute the 𝑥 2 = −4𝑝𝑦
values of x and y to (2)2 = −4𝑝(−8)
the working equation 4 = 32p
to determine the value 4 32𝑝
of p. =
32 32
11
 1
=p
8
1
Therefore, p = , so, the equation is;
8
𝑥 2 = −4𝑝𝑦
1
𝑥 2 = −4( )𝑦
8
1
𝑥2 = − 𝑦
2
5. Simplify the answer Therefore, the focus of the archway is at (0,− 1) and the focal length is
8
and label it with
0.125 feet.
correct units.

MATH’S BIG IDEAS

To solve the problems that involve parabolas, apply the following steps below.
1. Read, analyze, and visualize the situation.
2. Identify the given information.
3. Identify what is asked
4. Identify the equation that will model the given situation.
5. Simplify the answer and label it with correct units.

Math Checkpoint 3.4

In this part of the module, you will be answering practice exercises in solving a word problem
involving parabolas. (Refer to MATHgroupie A on page 100 of your TEXTBOOK.

Time Allotment: 30 mins.

Solve the problem. Present your solutions using the same format presented on the examples above.

(#1 item in your TEXTBOOK)

Steps: Solutions:
1. Read, analyze and
visualize the situation.

2. Identify the given

information.

3. Identify what is asked.

12
4. Identify the equation
that will model the given
situation.

Note: Substitute the values

of x and y to the working
equation to determine the
value of p.

5. Simplify the answer and

label it with correct units.

13
 AssessMath Time

Name: __________________________________ Grade & Sec: ___________Time Allotment:1 hr.

A. SOLUTION ANALYSIS. Write the equation of the parabola with vertex at the origin (0,0) that
satisfies the given condition. Show your COMPLETE SOLUTION on the space provided. (20
points)
1. The focus has coordinates (0,12) 2. The focus has coordinates (6,0)
Solution: Solution:

Standard Equation: _____________ Standard Equation: _______________

3. The equation of the directrix is y – 45 = 0. 4. The length of the latus rectum is -12 and the
parabola opens downward.
Solution: Solution:

Standard Equation: _____________ Standard Equation: _______________

B. PROBLEM SOLVING. Read and solve the word problem carefully. Present your solutions using the
same format presented on the examples above.

During the Baguio Day Celebration, a firework is projected vertically into the air and reaches a maximum
height of 100 m. The path of the firework is parabolic and lands 30m from the launch site. Determine an
equation that models the height of the firework as a function of the horizontal distance travelled. How
high is the firework after travelling a horizontal distance of 10m?
Steps: Solutions:
1. Read, analyze and
visualize the situation.

2. Identify the given

information.

14
 3. Identify what is asked.

4. Identify the equation

that will model the given
situation.

Note: Substitute the values

of x and y to the working
equation to determine the
value of p.

5. Simplify the answer and

label it with correct units.

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