Ieee Standard Test Procedures For Ac Highvoltage Circuit Breaker

IEEE Standard Test Procedures for
AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers

with Rated Maximum Voltage
Above 1000 V
IEEE Power and Energy Society
Sponsored by the
Switchgear Committee
IEEE
3 Park Avenue IEEE Std C37.09™-2018
New York, NY 10016-5997 (Revision of
USA IEEE Std C37.09-1999)
Authorized licensed use limited to: Univ of Calif Santa Barbara. Downloaded on October 25,2019 at 22:43:23 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
IEEE Std C37.09™-2018
(Revision of
IEEE Std C37.09-1999)

Above 1000 V
Sponsor
Switchgear Committee
of the
IEEE Power and Energy Society
Approved 5 December 2018
IEEE-SA Standards Board
Abstract: The testing procedures for all high-voltage circuit breakers that include voltage ratings
above 1000 V ac and comprise both indoor and outdoor types having the preferred ratings as listed
in IEEE Std C37.04™ are covered. Typical circuit breakers covered by these standards have
maximum voltage ratings from 4.76 kV through 800 kV, and continuous current ratings of 600 A
through 5000 A associated with the various maximum voltage ratings. The test procedures verify
all assigned ratings, including continuous current, dielectric withstand voltages, short-circuit
current, transient recovery voltage, and capacitor switching, plus associated capabilities such as
mechanical endurance, load current, and out-of-phase switching. Production test procedures are
also included. This standard does not cover generator circuit breakers as these are covered in
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013.
Keywords: arcing time, direct test, IEEE C37.09™, mechanical endurance, operating duty, power
frequency, short-circuit current, short-line fault, single-phase testing, synthetic test, test data
reporting, three-phase testing, transient recovery voltage, unit test
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Participants
At the time this standard was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the C37.09 Working
Group had the following membership:
Xi Zhu, Chair
Victor Hermosillo, Vice Chair
Michael Skidmore, Secretary
Roy Alexander Denis Dufournet Ted W. Olsen

Maurcio Aristizabal Kenneth Edwards Thomas Pellerito
Robert J. Behl Leslie Falkingham Anthony Ricciuti
Stan Billings Douglas Giraud Roderick Sauls
Anne Bosma Helmut Heiermeier Dan Schiffbauer
Arben Bufi Jingxuan (Joanne) Hu Carl Schuetz
Ted Burse Roy Hutchins Devki Sharma
Eldridge Byron Todd Irwin Sushil Shinde
Stephen Cary Hua Ying Liu Dean Sigmon
Steven Chen Albert Livshitz Robert Smith
Chih Chow Russell Long Vernon Toups
Lucus Collette Neil McCord James van de Ligt
Michael Crawford Thomas Mulcahy John Webb
Patrick Di Lillo Terry Woodyard
The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have
voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.
Roy Alexander Douglas Giraud Nigel Mcquin

Chris Ambrose Mietek Glinkowski C. Michael Miller
Mauricio Aristizabal Robert Goodin David Mitchell
Ficheux Arnaud Edwin Goodwin Charles Morse
Thomas Barnes Paul Grein Darryl Moser
Robert J. Behl Randall Groves Thomas Mulcahy
W. J. (Bill) Bergman Ajit Gwal Jerry Murphy
Steven Bezner John Harley Dennis Neitzel
Jean-Marc Biasse Helmut Heiermeier Jeffrey Nelson
Stan Billings Jared Hines Arthur Neubauer
Wallace Binder Werner Hoelzl Michael Newman
Anne Bosma Jingxuan (Joanne) Hu Joe Nims
Ted Burse William Hurst Ted W. Olsen
Eldridge Byron Todd Irwin Lorraine Padden
Paul Cardinal Richard Jackson Mirko Palazzo
Stephen Cary Wayne Johnson Shawn Patterson
Steven Chen Andrew Jones Andrew Peterson
Chih Chow Laszlo Kadar Jim Phillips
Robert Cohn Chad Kennedy Anthony Picagli
Lucas Collette Yuri Khersonsky Iulian Profir
Michael Crawford James Kinney Samala Santosh Reddy
Randall Crellin Joseph L. Koepfinger Johannes Rickmann
Gary Donner Boris Kogan Charles Rogers
Denis Dufournet Jim Kulchisky Tim Rohrer
Edgar Dullni Saumen Kundu Jesse Rorabaugh
Douglas J. Edwards Chung-Yiu Lam Thomas Rozek
Kenneth Edwards John Leach Ryandi Ryandi
Tanner Esco Hua Liu Roderick Sauls
Sergio Flores Albert Livshitz Bartien Sayogo
Keith Flowers Russell Long Daniel Schiffbauer
Paul Forquer Reginaldo Maniego Devki Sharma
Marcel Fortin William McBride Sushil Shinde
6
John Shullaw David Tepen Sukhdev Walia
Dean Sigmon Dennis Thonsgard John Webb
Garett Sims Marcelo Valdes Kenneth White
Michael Skidmore James van de Ligt Matthew Williford
Jeremy Smith Roger Verdolin Terry Woodyard
Jerry Smith John Vergis Larry Yonce
R. Kirkland Smith Mark Waldron Richard York
Donald Swing Jian Yu
When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 5 December 2018, it had the following
membership:
Jean-Philippe Faure, Chair

Gary Hoffman, Vice Chair
John D. Kulick, Past Chair
Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary
Ted Burse Xiaohui Liu Robby Robson

Guido R. Hiertz Deleep Mohla Dorothy Stanley
Christel Hunter Andrew Myles Mehmet Ulema
Joseph L. Koepfinger* Paul Nikolich Phil Wenblom
Thomas Koshy Ronald C. Peterson Philip Winston
Hung Ling Annette D. Reilly Howard Wolfman
Dong Liu Jingyi Zhou
* Member Emeritus
7
Introduction
This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C37.09-2018, IEEE Standard Test Procedures for AC High-Voltage Circuit
Breakers with Rated Maximum Voltage Above 1000 V.
This standard is a major revision of IEEE Std C37.09™-1999 [B23] 1 that includes
IEEE Std C37.09a™-2005 [B25] and IEEE Std C37.09b™-2010 [B26]. This standard is coordinated with
IEEE Std C37.017™ and with the revisions to IEEE Std C37.04™ (in progress) 2 that incorporate
amendments IEEE Std C37.04a™-2003 [B20] and IEEE Std C37.04b™-2008 [B21], rating information
previously in IEEE Std C37.06™-2009 [B22], and information previously in NEMA SG4-2009 [B37]. In
addition, the requirements have been, when appropriate, harmonized with the most recent IEC standards.
Most of the figures are updated with improved quality. This revision is not intended to imply or require that
any additional tests or retesting of existing ac high-voltage circuit breakers tested and qualified to the previous
edition of this standard are necessary.
For information and guidance, some clauses with substantive changes are listed as follows:
 Interrupting time tests (4.7)

 Demonstration of arcing times (4.8.2.3)
 Single-phase or three-phase test duties for short-circuit current tests (Table 1)
 Splitting of test duties (4.8.3.4)
 Multipart testing (4.8.3.7)
 Load current switching tests (4.9)
 Capacitance current switching tests (4.10)
 Out-of-phase switching current tests (4.12)
Acknowledgments
Grateful acknowledgment is made to International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) for permission to

reproduce Information from its International Standards. All such extracts are copyright of IEC Geneva,
Switzerland. All rights reserved. Further information on the IEC is available from www.iec.ch. IEC has no
responsibility for the placement and context in which the extracts and contents are reproduced by the author,
nor is IEC in any way responsible for the other content or accuracy therein.
Subclause 4.8.2.3 modified with permission from IEC 62271-100:2008/AMD2 ed 2.0.
IEEE Std C37.09-2018 requires the use of a color monitor (and color printer)
to view many of the graphics contained in this standard.
Color is essential to the understanding of the graphics.
1
The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex E.
2
Information on references can be found in Clause 2.
8
Contents
1. Scope .........................................................................................................................................................11
2. Normative references.................................................................................................................................11
3. Definitions .................................................................................................................................................12
4. Design tests................................................................................................................................................13
4.1 General ...............................................................................................................................................13
4.2 Maximum voltage tests .......................................................................................................................13
4.3 Power frequency tests .........................................................................................................................13
4.4 Continuous current-carrying tests .......................................................................................................14
4.5 Dielectric withstand tests ....................................................................................................................16
4.6 Standard operating duty (standard duty cycle) tests ...........................................................................21
4.7 Interrupting time tests .........................................................................................................................21
4.8 Short-circuit current making and breaking tests .................................................................................22
4.9 Load current switching tests ...............................................................................................................57
4.10 Capacitance current switching tests ..................................................................................................58
4.11 Inductive load switching ...................................................................................................................75
4.12 Out-of-phase switching current tests ................................................................................................75
4.13 Mechanical endurance and environmental tests................................................................................79
4.14 Alternative operating mechanism .....................................................................................................87
4.15 Control voltage .................................................................................................................................87
4.16 Fluid operating pressure ...................................................................................................................87
4.17 Design tests on pressurized components...........................................................................................87
4.18 Sealed pressure systems tightness tests.............................................................................................88
4.19 Partial discharge tests .......................................................................................................................89
4.20 Radio interference voltage (RIV) tests .............................................................................................89
4.21 Noise (sound) level tests ...................................................................................................................90
4.22 Instrument current transformer tests .................................................................................................90
4.23 Seismic qualification ........................................................................................................................90
5. Production tests ........................................................................................................................................91

5.1 Types of tests ......................................................................................................................................91
5.2 Current and linear coupler transformer tests .......................................................................................91
5.3 High-voltage circuit breaker bushings tests ........................................................................................92
5.4 Gas system pressure tests....................................................................................................................92
5.5 Nameplate check.................................................................................................................................93
5.6 Insulating gas tightness tests ...............................................................................................................93
5.7 Vacuum integrity tests ........................................................................................................................93
5.8 Resistors, heaters, and coils check tests ..............................................................................................93
5.9 Control and secondary wiring check tests ..........................................................................................94
5.10 Clearance and mechanical adjustment check tests ............................................................................94
5.11 Mechanical operation tests ...............................................................................................................94
5.12 Timing tests ......................................................................................................................................95
5.13 Stored energy system tests ................................................................................................................95
5.14 Electrical resistance of current path test ...........................................................................................96
5.15 Power-frequency withstand voltage tests on major insulation components......................................96
5.16 Power-frequency withstand voltage tests on control and secondary wiring .....................................96
6. Conformance tests .....................................................................................................................................96

6.1 General ...............................................................................................................................................96
6.2 Method of conducting conformance tests for lighting impulse withstand voltage ............................96
6.3 Method of conducting conformance tests for switching impulse withstand voltage .........................96
7. Field tests ...................................................................................................................................................97
9
Annex A (normative) Records and reports of type tests for making, breaking, and short-time current
performance ...................................................................................................................................................98
Annex B (informative) Explanatory notes regarding capacitance current switching .................................102
Annex C (informative) Revised test procedure for T100a..........................................................................106
Annex D (normative) Standard methods for determining the values of a sinusoidal current wave and a
power-frequency recovery voltage ..............................................................................................................110
Annex E (informative) Bibliography ..........................................................................................................116
10
Above 1000 V
1. Scope
This standard applies to ac high-voltage circuit breakers with rated maximum voltage above 1000 V. It
defines various tests that are made on ac high-voltage circuit breakers, except for generator circuit breakers,
which are covered in IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2015 [B14] 3 (formerly IEEE Std C37.013™-1997 [B29]). It
specifies the tests and describes the accepted methods used to verify assigned ratings defined in IEEE Std
C37.04™. 4 It also describes the test procedures associated with production and field installation.
The test procedures are divided into the following classifications:
a) Design tests
b) Production tests
c) Conformance tests
d) Field tests
NOTE—Design tests are referred to as “Type” tests, and Production tests are referred to as “Routine” tests in IEC
standards. 5
2. Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must
be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is
explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of
the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies.
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Unfired Pressure Vessels. 6
3
The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex E.
4
Information on references can be found in Clause 2.
5
Notes in text, tables, and figures of a standard are given for information only and do not contain requirements needed to implement
this standard.
6
ASME publications are available from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (http://www.asme.org/).
11
IEEE Std C37.09-2018
IEEE Standard Test Procedures for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers with Rated Maximum Voltage Above 1000 V
IEC 60068-2-17, Basic Environmental Testing Procedures—Part 2: Tests—Test Q: Sealing. 7
IEC 62271-4, High-voltage Switchgear and Controlgear—Part 4: Handling Procedures for Sulfur
Hexafluoride (SF6) and Its Mixtures.
IEC 62271-100, High-Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear—Part 100: Alternating-Current Circuit Breakers.
IEC 62271-101, High-voltage Switchgear and Controlgear—Part 101: Synthetic Testing.
IEC 62271-110, High-voltage Switchgear and Controlgear—Part 110: Inductive Load Switching.
IEC/IEEE 62271-37-082, High-Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear—Part 37-082: Standard Practice for the
Measurement of Sound Pressure Levels on Alternating Current Circuit Breakers. 8, 9
IEEE Std 4™, IEEE Standard for High-Voltage Testing Techniques.
IEEE Std C37.04™, IEEE Standard Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers.
IEEE Std C37.06.1™-2017, IEEE Recommended Practice for Preferred Ratings for High-Voltage
(>1000 volts) AC Circuit Breakers Designated Definite Purpose for Fast Transient Recovery Voltage Rise
Times.
IEEE Std C37.012™, IEEE Guide for the Application of Capacitance Current Switching for AC High-
Voltage Circuit Breakers Above 1000 V.
IEEE Std C37.017™, IEEE Standard for Bushings for High-Voltage [Over 1000V (AC)] Circuit Breakers
and Gas-Insulated Switchgear.
IEEE Std C37.20.2™, IEEE Standard for Metal-Clad Switchgear.
IEEE Std C37.20.3™, IEEE Standard for Metal-Enclosed Interrupter Switchgear (1 kV–38 kV).
IEEE Std C37.100.1™-2007, IEEE Standard of Common Requirements for High Voltage Power Switchgear
Rated Above 1000 V.
IEEE Std C57.13™, IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers.
3. Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The IEEE Standards Dictionary
Online should be consulted for terms not defined in this clause. 10
These definitions are not intended to embrace all possible meanings of the terms. They are intended solely to
establish the meaning of terms used in power switchgear.
7
IEC publications are available from the International Electrotechnical Commission (http://www.iec.ch) and the American National
Standards Institute (http://www.ansi.org/).
8
The IEEE standards or products referred to in Clause 2 are trademarks owned by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
Incorporated.
9
IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (http://www.standardsieee.org/).
10
IEEE Standards Dictionary Online is available at: http://dictionary.ieee.org/. An IEEE Account is required for access to the dictionary,
and one can be created at no charge on the dictionary sign-in page.
12
close–open time: Interval of time between the instant when the contacts touch in the first pole during a
closing operation and the instant when the arcing contacts have separated in all poles during the subsequent
opening operation.
NOTE—Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that the opening release incorporated in the circuit breaker is energized
at the instant when the 52a contacts close in the trip circuit during the closing operation. This represents the minimum
close–open time.
interrupting window: Range of arcing times for which a circuit breaker or a pole of circuit breaker is
required to interrupt.
loop: Part of the wave of the current embraced by two successive current zero crossings. Note that a
distinction is made between a major loop and a minor loop depending on the time interval between two
successive current zero crossings being longer or shorter than the half-period of the alternating component
of the current.
minimum arcing time: Shortest interval of time between the instant of the initiation of an arc and the instant
of arc extinction.
minimum clearing time: Sum of the minimum opening time, minimum relay time (0.5 cycle), and the
shortest arcing time of a minor loop interruption in the phase with intermediate asymmetry that starts with a
minor loop at short-circuit current initiation. Note that this definition is applicable only for the determination
of the test parameters during short-circuit breaking tests according to test duty T100a in a circuit with a time
constant of 45 ms.
minimum opening time: Shortest possible interval of time between the initiation of the opening command
signal and the instant when the arcing contacts have separated in all poles under defined operating conditions.
4. Design tests
4.1 General
The design tests described in this test procedure provide methods of demonstrating the capability of a circuit
breaker to meet the ratings listed in IEEE Std C37.04. This revision is not intended to imply or require that
any additional tests or retesting of existing ac high-voltage circuit breakers tested and qualified to the previous
edition of this standard are necessary.
4.2 Maximum voltage tests
The ability of the circuit breaker to operate successfully at rated maximum voltage is demonstrated by
performing short-circuit current interruption and other current switching rating tests in accordance with
Table 1 and specified values of circuit transient recovery voltage (TRV), as given in IEEE Std C37.04.
4.3 Power frequency tests
The ability of a circuit breaker to operate successfully at rated power frequency is demonstrated by
performing all tests at rated power frequency ±10% or when tests at either 50 Hz or 60 Hz are specifically
allowed by the standards to qualify for both frequencies.
13
4.4 Continuous current-carrying tests
4.4.1 General
Continuous current-carrying tests demonstrate that the circuit breaker can carry its rated continuous current,
at its rated power frequency, without exceeding any of the temperature limitations given in IEEE Std C37.04.
4.4.2 Test conditions
The following test conditions shall be met:
a) The ambient temperature shall be between 10 °C and 40 °C, so that no correction factors need to
be applied.
b) If ambient air flow can affect the test results, the air velocity should be limited to no more than
0.5 m/s.
c) The circuit breaker shall be tested under all other usual service conditions (refer to IEEE Std
C37.04), except as stated in item a).
d) Enclosed circuit breakers shall be tested in their enclosures.
e) Other accessories normally connected in series and closely associated with the circuit breaker,
such as current transformers, primary disconnecting contacts, cell-mounted auxiliary switches,
buses, and connectors, shall be mounted in their regular position.
f) Circuit breakers normally equipped with current transformers shall be tested with transformers in
place and connected to carry rated secondary current.
g) Circuit breakers shall be in a new condition and properly adjusted according to the product
specification provided by the manufacturer.
h) Tests demonstrating current-carrying ability shall be made at rated power frequency except when
tests are performed at 60 Hz; they shall then be considered to be valid for the same current rating
with 50-Hz rated power frequency.
i) Circuit breakers installed outdoors, which are normally installed in such a manner that other
connected apparatus have no appreciable effect on the circuit breaker temperature, shall be tested
with cables or buses of a size corresponding to the circuit breaker current rating connected to the
circuit breaker terminals by means of typical terminal connectors of corresponding rating. External
conductors connected to the test specimen for continuous current tests shall be such that no
significant amount of heat is conducted away from or to the test object, compared with the
connections intended to be used for service. The temperatures at the terminals of the main circuit
and at the temporary connections at a distance of 1 m from the terminals shall be measured. The
difference in temperature rise shall not exceed 5 K. The type and size of temporary connections
shall be recorded in the test report.
j) Circuit breakers for use in metal-enclosed or metal-clad switchgear shall be tested in a minimum
volume enclosure or in the actual switchgear vertical section compartment. Connections to the
switchgear shall be made in accordance with the appropriate switchgear standards.
4.4.3 Test circuit breaker configurations
The following test circuit breaker configurations shall be met:
a) Three-phase circuit breakers shall be tested on a three-phase basis except when there is no
possibility of magnetic or thermal influence between poles or modular units.
b) When there is no possibility of magnetic influence, but there may be thermal influence from other
phases of the circuit breaker, tests may be made with single-phase current passed through the three
poles in series.
c) Single-phase tests may be made on a single pole of a circuit breaker or in a single component of
modular units.
14
4.4.4 Duration of continuous current tests
The continuous current shall be maintained for a period such that the temperature rise of every monitored
point in the assembly has not changed by more than 1.0 °C as indicated by three successive readings at
30-min intervals.
The equipment is considered to have passed the test if the established temperature limits and temperature rise
limits specified in IEEE Std C37.04 have not been exceeded in any of the last three readings.
4.4.5 Measurement of temperatures
Temperatures shall be measured by any of the following methods:
a) Thermocouple
b) Thermometer (allowed method only for ambient temperature measurements; not acceptable for
temperature measurement of current-carrying components)
c) Resistance (preferred method for measuring coil temperatures)
The measuring device shall be located at a point where measurement of the hottest accessible spot can be
made. Measurements shall be made at junction points of insulation and conducting parts to prevent exceeding
temperature limits of the insulation. Holes that destroy the effectiveness of the test (such as in multiturn coils)
shall not be drilled.
4.4.6 Determination of ambient temperatures
The ambient temperature is the average temperature of the surrounding air, external to the circuit breaker
enclosures.
The ambient temperature shall be between 10 °C and 40 °C, so that no correction factors need be applied.
The ambient temperature shall be determined by taking the average of the readings of three measurements
that are made at locations unaffected by drafts approximately 300 mm (12 in), away, horizontally, from the
projected periphery of the circuit breaker or enclosure (for circuit breakers used in metal-enclosed or metal-
clad switchgear, refer to the requirements in IEEE Std C37.20.2™ or IEEE Std C37.20.3™, as applicable),
and approximately in line, vertically, as follows:
a) One approximately 300 mm (12 in) above the circuit breaker or enclosure (including bushings).
b) One approximately 300 mm (12 in) below the circuit breaker or enclosure. In the case of floor-
mounted circuit breakers or enclosures, it shall be 300 mm (12 in) above the floor or mounting
base.
c) One approximately midway between the above two positions.
To avoid errors that are due to the time lag between the temperature of large apparatus and the variations in
the ambient temperature, the measuring device used for determining the ambient temperature shall be
immersed in a suitable liquid, such as oil, which is contained in a suitable heavy metal cup; or bonded directly
to a heavy metal plate of at least 6 mm of thickness and 25 mm on each side or bolted between two plates of
at least 6 mm of thickness and 12 mm on each side.
A convenient form of such an oil cup consists of a metal cylinder with a hole drilled partly through it. The
hole is filled with oil, and the sensing portion of the measuring device is then fully immersed in it. The
response of this method to various rates of temperature change will depend primarily on the kind of material
and the overall mass of the containing cup. The response may be further regulated by adjusting the amount
of liquid in the cup. The larger the apparatus under test, the larger shall be the metal cylinder employed as an
oil cup. The smallest size oil cup employed in any case shall consist of a metal cylinder, 25 mm (1 in) in
diameter and 50 mm (2 in) in height.
15
4.4.7 Measurement of the resistance of the main circuit
The measurement of the resistance of the main circuit shall be made for future comparison between the circuit
breaker originally design tested and all other circuit breakers of the same type subjected to routine tests.
The measurement shall be made with a dc source by measuring the voltage drop or resistance across the
terminals of each pole. The current during the test shall have any convenient value between 100 A and the
rated continuous current.
The measurement of the dc voltage drop or the resistance shall be made before the temperature rise test, with
the circuit breaker at the prevailing ambient temperature, and then again after completion of the temperature
rise test when the temperature of the test circuit breaker has returned to within 10 °C of ambient temperature.
NOTE—Resistance measurement is not a pass–fail criterion, but it is important for establishing references for production
and field tests. Experience shows that an increase in the main circuit resistance may not be a reliable evidence of a bad
contact or connection.
4.5 Dielectric withstand tests
4.5.1 General
The dielectric withstand capability of a circuit breaker is demonstrated by subjecting it to a power frequency,
a lightning impulse test, and when required, a chopped wave lightning impulse and a switching impulse test,
at an average voltage level equal to or greater than those that have been specified in IEEE Std C37.04.
4.5.2 Tests conditions
The following dielectric withstand test conditions shall be met:
a) Withstand tests on circuit breakers shall be made under atmospheric pressure, temperature, and
humidity conditions normally prevailing at the testing facility.
b) The circuit breaker shall be clean and in good condition, and it shall not have been put into
commercial operation.
c) Sealed interrupters that use a pressurized gas shall be tested at the minimum specified operating
pressure of the interrupter.
d) If gaps are to be permanently mounted in parallel with the insulation structure, they shall be in
place during all dielectric tests.
e) The values of correction factors for atmospheric pressure and atmospheric humidity to be used for
impulse and power frequency tests shall be taken from IEEE Std 4™ curves and formulas, except
when otherwise noted.
f) The bushing and rod gap correction factors will not always have the optimum accuracy for a
specific design of circuit breaker. In cases when more accurate correction factors can be made
available for a specific design or class of designs, they may be used.
g) When revisions in correction factors in IEEE Std 4 are made, they shall be applicable to new
designs only and it shall not be necessary to repeat design tests on designs for which such tests
have been completed.
h) Dielectric test voltages shall be measured in accordance with IEEE Std 4 voltage measurement
standards.
i) The configuration of the circuit breaker may cause a test on one terminal to produce the same
electric stress distribution as a test on one or more of the other terminals. When this situation
prevails, and test procedure B of IEEE Std 4 (e.g., “15/2 method”) is being used, it shall be
necessary to apply voltage only to those terminals that produce different distributions of electric
16
stress. When test procedure C of IEEE Std 4 (e.g., “3 × 9 method”) is being used, all three poles
must be tested.
j) Tests, as described in the following clauses, shall be conducted on the complete three-pole circuit
breaker. However, single-pole tests for outdoor circuit breakers shall be sufficient when adjacent
poles have substantially no influence or are simulated by ground shields.
k) Circuit breakers for use in metal-enclosed or metal-clad switchgear shall be tested in a minimum
volume enclosure or in the actual switchgear vertical section compartment. The exact
compartment location shall be denoted in the test report if multiple vertical compartments are used.
l) For dry switching impulse tests, which are only applicable to circuit breakers rated 362 kV and
above, atmospheric temperature and pressure correction factors shall be applied to define the test
voltage. At the manufacturer’s option, the humidity correction factor may be applied.
m) For wet switching impulse and wet power frequency tests, atmospheric temperature and pressure
correction factor shall be applied to define the test voltage. However, the humidity correction
factor shall not be applied.
n) For lightning impulse and chopped wave tests, atmospheric temperature and pressure correction
factors shall be applied to define the test voltage. For circuit breakers intended for installation
outdoors, at the manufacturer’s option, the humidity correction factor may be applied. For circuit
breakers for use in metal-enclosed or metal-clad switchgear, the use of humidity correction factors
is required (see appropriate switchgear standard). When applicable, IEEE Std 4 method 2 may be
followed.
o) Handling and use of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas during manufacture test, and related operations
shall be in accordance with IEC 62271-4.
p) Tolerance of ±3% in the peak shall be allowed for a single impulse test. The test shall be valid as
long as the average corrected test voltage peak is on the positive tolerance side.
4.5.3 Insulation paths
4.5.3.1 General
When performing dielectric tests, the following two classes of insulation paths are to be considered:
a) Atmospheric paths: Paths entirely through atmospheric air, such as along the insulator surface
of an outdoor bushing.
b) Nonatmospheric paths: All other paths, such as through a gas or a vacuum sealed from the
atmosphere, through a liquid such as oil, through a solid, or through a combination thereof.
4.5.3.2 Atmospheric paths
There is no separate atmospheric path requirement for the dielectric tests.
4.5.3.3 Nonatmospheric paths
No correction factors shall be used for testing nonatmospheric paths dielectric withstand capabilities. The
purpose is to apply full stresses to these nonatmospheric paths. Therefore, tests in which a flashover occurs
through an atmospheric path may be ignored. It is permissible to raise the dielectric strength of the
atmospheric paths by artificial means, such as an extra high-voltage shield or a corona ring.
In some atmospheric conditions, it may be desirable to delay testing of the nonatmospheric paths until
conditions improve.
17
4.5.4 Power frequency withstand voltage tests
4.5.4.1 Dry tests procedure
The dry tests are conducted to determine the ability of the circuit breaker to withstand its assigned rated
power frequency withstand voltage. The rated root-mean-square (rms) power frequency withstand voltage
values are listed in IEEE Std C37.04. The voltage test frequency shall be between 45 Hz and 65 Hz.
The tests shall be performed in accordance with the requirements of IEEE Std 4. The voltage shall be applied
to the terminals of the circuit breaker for duration of 1 min, in any desired order, under the following
conditions:
a) With the circuit breaker contacts open, apply the specified test voltage to each terminal of the
circuit breaker individually with all other terminals and the frame of the circuit breaker grounded.
b) With the circuit breaker contacts closed, apply the specified test voltage to each phase of the circuit
breaker individually with the other phases and the frame of the circuit breaker grounded.
There shall be no flashovers during the tests, and no damage to the insulation shall be observed after the tests.
4.5.4.2 Wet tests procedure
The wet tests are conducted only on circuit breakers intended for installation outdoors or on external
components such as bushings, in accordance with the procedure described in IEEE Std C37.017™. For those
bushings, when their voltage distribution is negligibly influenced by their surroundings, and when they have
been tested separately as individual bushings in accordance with IEEE Std C37.017, the tests need not be
repeated in the assembled circuit breaker.
4.5.5 Full-wave lightning impulse withstand voltage tests
These tests are conducted on circuit breakers, under dry conditions, to verify their ability to withstand their
rated full-wave lightning impulse withstand voltages. In these tests, both positive and negative, lightning
impulse voltages having an average peak value equal to or greater than the rated full-wave lightning impulse
withstand voltage, as specified in IEEE Std C37.04, shall be applied to the terminals of the circuit breaker.
Note that some insulating materials retain a charge after an impulse test. For these cases, care should be taken
when reversing the polarity of the test voltage. To allow the insulating materials to discharge, the use of
appropriate methods, such as the application of impulses of the reverse polarity at lower voltages (50% to
75% of rated value), are recommended.
When testing switchgear incorporating an open vacuum interrupter, for each polarity, a maximum of
25 preliminary impulse tests may be performed at up to and including the rated withstand voltage. The
number and level of preliminary impulses is to be stated by the manufacturer. Breakdowns that are observed
during these preliminary tests shall be disregarded for the purposes of the withstand statistics used to
determine the pass or fail performance of the equipment.
4.5.5.1 Waveform for lightning impulse tests
The waveform and application of the full-wave test voltage shall be as described in IEEE Std 4 and shall
have the following limits:
a) Full-wave test voltage with a virtual front time based on the rated full wave impulse test voltage,
equal to or less than 1.2 µs
b) Average peak voltage equal to or greater than the rated full wave impulse voltage
c) Time to the 50% value of the peak voltage, equal to or greater than 50 µs
18
If the capacitance or resistance of the test circuit breaker prevents obtaining the standard impulse waveform,
the closest obtainable waveform should be used, subject to agreement between the user and the manufacturer.
4.5.5.2 Test procedure
The test procedure shall consist of the following tests performed in any order:
a) With the circuit breaker contacts open:

1) Apply a group of three consecutive positive lightning impulse voltage waves to each terminal
of the circuit breaker individually with all other terminals and frame grounded.
2) Apply a group of three consecutive negative lightning impulse voltage waves to each
terminal of the circuit breaker individually with all other terminals and frame grounded.
b) With the circuit breaker contacts closed:
1) Apply a group of three consecutive positive lightning impulse voltage waves individually to
each phase of the circuit breaker with the other phases and the frame grounded.
2) Apply a group of three consecutive negative lightning impulse voltage waves individually to
each phase of the circuit breaker with the other phases and the frame grounded.
If, during the first group of three consecutive tests as applied in item a) and item b), a disruptive discharge
occurs on one test of a group, a second group of nine tests shall be made. If the circuit breaker successfully
withstands all nine of the second group of tests, the disruptive discharge in the first group shall be considered
a random disruptive discharge and the circuit breaker has passed the test. If another disruptive discharge
occurs in the second group of the test, the test is failed.
NOTE 1—This is the preferred procedure. It is often referred to as the 3 × 9 procedure or procedure C in IEEE Std 4.
As an alternative to the test described in this subclause, 15 consecutive lightning or switching impulses at the
rated withstand voltage may be applied for each test condition and each polarity. The equipment has passed
the impulse tests if all the following conditions are fulfilled:
 Each series has at least 15 tests.

 No disruptive discharges on non–self-restoring insulation shall occur. This is confirmed by five
consecutive impulse withstands following the last disruptive discharge.
 The number of disruptive discharges shall not exceed two for each complete series.
This procedure leads to a maximum possible number of 25 impulses per series.
NOTE 2—This procedure is referred to as the 15/2 procedure or procedure B in IEEE Std 4 and IEC 60060-1:2010 [B8].
The determination of the location of the observed disruptive discharges can be done by the laboratory by
dismantling and inspecting the equipment. If punctures of non–self-restoring insulation or tracking marks on
the nonatmospheric paths of an insulator are observed, the equipment has failed the test.
4.5.6 Impulse voltage test for interrupters and resistors
An additional impulse test is made on circuit breakers that have a rated maximum voltage above 100 kV and
that have isolating gaps in series with the interrupting gaps, or have additional gaps in the resistor or capacitor
circuits.
An impulse voltage having a value and a waveform as specified in IEEE Std C37.04 shall be used. With all
isolating gaps and with the gaps in the resistor and capacitor circuits closed, positive and negative waves
shall be applied three times to each terminal of a pole unit with the other terminal grounded. No damage of
the solid interrupter insulation, associated resistors, or capacitors shall occur.
19
4.5.7 Chopped wave lightning impulse withstand voltage tests
These tests shall be performed on circuit breakers intended for installation outdoors that have a rated
maximum voltage of 15.5 kV or greater to verify their ability to withstand their assigned rated chopped wave
lightning impulse withstand voltage.
The magnitudes of these voltages are given in IEEE Std C37.04. They shall be applied to the terminals of the
circuit breaker, without causing damage or producing a flashover, following the same procedure as that
described in 4.5.5.2.
The waveform and application of the chopped wave test voltage, and the type of rod gap and its location,
shall be as described in IEEE Std 4.
The chopped wave shall have the following limits:
a) The virtual front time, based on the rated chopped wave test voltage, shall be equal to or less than
1.2 µs.
b) The peak voltage shall be equal to or greater than the rated chopped wave test voltage.
c) The time to the point of chop on the tail of the wave shall be no less than the times specified in
IEEE Std C37.04. If the capacitance of a test sample is too high for test equipment to be able to
produce a virtual front time as short as 1.2 µs, while maintaining the peak value, the most rapid
rise obtainable may be used, subject to agreement between the user and the manufacturer.
Note that flashovers external to the circuit breaker at the specified chop times, or longer, do not constitute
failure to pass the test.
4.5.8 Switching impulse voltage withstand tests
Tests are made under wet and dry conditions on circuit breakers rated 362 kV and above to verify their ability
to withstand their assigned rated switching impulse withstand voltages to ground and across the open gap of
the circuit breaker. The test procedure is identical to that described in 4.5.5.2 for the open and closed circuit
breaker, except that instead of a lightning impulse wave, a switching impulse wave of both polarities shall
be used. The waveform shall be as defined in 4.5.8.1 and shall have a peak value equal to or greater than the
rated switching impulse withstand voltage specified in IEEE Std C37.04.
When testing the open circuit breaker on the first group of three consecutive tests, any external flashover to
ground at the energized terminal of the circuit breaker will be considered to be a withstand across the open
break. One flashover across the circuit breaker, either external or internal across the open contacts, is allowed
within the first three tests, provided there is no reoccurrence in the test series. Any flashovers shall cause no
damage and shall be indicated in the test record.
When testing the closed circuit breaker on the first group of three consecutive tests, the one permissible
flashover shall be external to the circuit breaker and from any energized metallic part to ground or to grounded
parts of adjacent phases. Any flashovers shall be indicated in the test record.
Note that the possibility of statistically random flashovers across the contacts is not precluded.
4.5.8.1 Waveform for switching impulse voltage tests
The waveform voltage shall be as described in IEEE Std 4 and shall have the following limits:
a) Full-wave test voltage with a virtual front time, equal to 250 µs ± 50 µs.
b) Peak voltage value equal to or greater than the rated switching impulse withstand voltage specified
in IEEE Std C37.04.
20
c) Time to the 50% value on the tail of the wave equal to 2500 µs ± 1500 µs.
d) This waveform shall be obtained with the circuit breaker in the circuit.
e) When flashovers occur on the front of the wave, the peak voltage value is defined as the peak of
the voltage wave that would have been obtained if no flashover had occurred.
4.5.8.2 Condition of circuit breaker to be tested
Switching impulse voltage tests shall be made with the circuit breaker mounted at an elevation above the
ground plane not exceeding the elevation of the actual installation. Supporting frames shall be the same as
those used in service: they shall be grounded and the exposed metallic surface area shall be no less than the
area used in service.
Conductors shall be connected to both circuit breaker terminals, and unless specifically indicated otherwise,
the connecting conductors shall be mounted horizontally. The diameter of these conductors shall not be more
than that which is normally used in service. The conductors may be terminated in spheres or rings that have
a diameter whose dimension in meters does not exceed an equivalent numerical value that is equal to the
circuit breaker rated maximum voltage (in kilovolts) divided by 655.
No additional rings and shielding shall be employed if they are not a permanent part of the circuit breaker in
its application.
4.6 Standard operating duty (standard duty cycle) tests
The standard duty cycle is demonstrated by test duty T100s of Table 1.
4.7 Interrupting time tests
The interrupting time is established by adding the maximum contact opening time when measured at rated
control voltage and rated operating pressure for mechanical operation to the maximum determined arcing
time [tbm, as calculated in Equation (1)] of the circuit breaker. The contact opening time of the circuit breaker
shall be measured prior to the initiation of the short-circuit tests, under the pressures and control voltages
specified in IEEE Std C37.04. The contact opening time corresponds to the elapsed time between the
energization of the trip coil and the instant when the contacts separate.
The interrupting time of a circuit breaker is the maximum interval between the instant of initialization of the
opening operation (i.e., energizing of the trip circuit) and the instant of interruption of the current in all three
phases during terminal fault test duties T30, T60, and T100s specified in Table 1 under the following
conditions:
 Rated auxiliary supply voltage and frequency

 Rated pressures for operation, insulation, and interruption
The operating times of some circuit breakers may vary with the auxiliary supply voltage. To verify the
interrupting time during these test duties, the maximum interrupting time should be amended to take account
of the lower auxiliary supply voltage and pressures as follows:
18°
tb max = tbm + tw − ( tom − tor ) − T × (1)
360°
where
tb max is the maximum determined interrupting time.
21
tbm is the longest of the three recorded minimum interrupting times of T30, T60, and T100s.
Note that tbm corresponds to the last pole-to-clear in the case of a three-phase test. For single-
phase tests done in substitution for three-phase tests, twe is computed differently to account for
this difference.
tw is the necessary interrupting window expressed in ms.
tw = T × twe / 360°.
T is the period of power frequency (20 ms for 50 Hz, 16.7 ms for 60 Hz).
twe is expressed in electrical degrees.
— for single-phase tests in substitution for three-phase conditions
— noneffectively grounded neutral systems: twe = 150 – dα.
— effectively grounded neutral systems: twe = 180 – dα.
— for three-phase tests
— twe = 60 – dα.
dα is the tripping impulse step in the search for the minimum arcing time, it is equal to
18 electrical degrees.
tom is the maximum recorded opening time on no-load, with minimum auxiliary supply voltage and
pressures for operation or interruption.
tor is the maximum recorded opening time on no-load, with rated auxiliary supply voltage and
pressures for operation.
The determined interrupting time is reduced by T × 18° / 360° to take into account the precision in the
determination of the minimum arcing time. The interrupting time is defined based on the minimum arcing
time because the longest recorded arcing time during the tests can be longer than under the actual field
condition.
If the maximum determined interrupting time (tb max) found in this procedure exceeds the interrupting time,
then the test duty that has given the longest interrupting time may be repeated with auxiliary supply voltage
and pressure for operation and interruption at their rated values.
NOTE—The interrupting time during a make–break operation may be longer than that of a single-break operation for
some circuit breaker designs. Such longer interrupting times may impact system protection strategy and stability if the
delay is longer than the relay time. Users should advise the manufacturer of the maximum allowable interrupting time
during make–break operations.
4.8 Short-circuit current making and breaking tests
4.8.1 General
The short-circuit current interrupting rating of a circuit breaker is demonstrated by a series of tests. These
tests demonstrate the rated short-circuit current and the related required capabilities of the circuit breaker for
applications in either effectively and noneffectively grounded systems.
The test duties used to demonstrate the performance of a circuit breaker are listed in Table 1, where the test
parameters are identified as follows:
a) Test voltage E takes different values depending on the test conditions for duties T10 through
T100a, where
1) The power frequency recovery voltage during breaking tests with kpp as the first pole-to-clear
factor and Ur as the rated maximum voltage
k pp
E ×U r
=
3
22
2) The applied phase-to-phase voltage during three-phase making tests on a three-pole circuit
breaker
r
E =U
3) The applied voltage during single-phase making tests on a three-pole circuit breaker
U
E = r
3
NOTE—With the manufacturer’s consent, it is permissible, for convenience of testing, to apply a voltage
equal to the product of the phase-to-ground voltage and the first-pole-to-clear factor (1.3 or 1.5) of the circuit-
breaker.
b) Test current I is equal to the maximum rated rms symmetrical interrupting current
c) Time tr is equal to
1) 15 s for circuit breakers that are not rated for reclosing duty
2) 0.3 s for circuit breakers rated for reclosing duty
d) Time tr' is equal to 3 min
e) Time T is equal to the specified time shown in IEEE Std C37.04 under the subclause for “Rated
closing, latching, and short-time current-carrying capability”
f) F = 2.6 for 60 Hz or 2.5 for 50 Hz
Table 1—Single-phase or three-phase test duties for short-circuit current tests
Test Short-circuit %
Test Operating Making I
voltage current asymmetry @
duty duty [kA (pk)]
(kV) (kA) contact part
T10 O–tr–CO–tr'–CO E 0.1 I <20
T100s O–tr–CO–tr'–CO or
T100s(a) and E F×I I <20
T100s(b)
T100s(a) C–tr'–C E F×I
T100s(b) O–tr–O–tr'–O E I <20
T100a Three Os E see 4.8.4.4 >20
Single-phase fault tests
T100s 1ph O <20
Ur
T100a 1ph O see 4.8.4.5 >20
3
Single-phase, short-line fault tests
Ur
L75 Three Os 0.7 I to 0.8 I <20
3
Ur
L90 Three Os 0.9 I to 0.95 I <20
3
Short-time current test
STC Closed position F×I I for T seconds
23
Note that test duties T10, T30, T60, T100s, and T100a were formerly test duties 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 in IEEE Std
C37.09™-1999 [B23]. Test duties T100s 1ph and T100a 1ph were formerly test duties 6 and 7 in IEEE Std
C37.09-1999. Test duties L75 and L90 were formerly test duties 8 and 9 in IEEE Std C37.09-1999. Test duty
short-time current (STC) was formerly test duty 10 in IEEE Std C37.09-1999. The requirements for these
tests have changed in some respects.
Circuit breakers previously tested to the requirements of the tests in IEEE Std C37.09-1999 [B23] do not
require retesting unless the design changes in a manner that would affect performance.
The test method given in 4.8.2.3 for the demonstration of arcing times is for the direct test method, meaning
that one test circuit provides both the test current and the voltage. However, due to the limitation on short-
circuit capacities of some test laboratories, many interrupting tests are performed using synthetic test circuits
when the test current and the voltage are from separate test circuits. IEC 62271-101 provides the procedure
for synthetic testing.
4.8.2 Test conditions
4.8.2.1 Power factor
For short-circuit current interrupting tests, the power factor of the testing circuits shall not exceed 5.9%
lagging, which is equivalent to X/R = 17 at 60 Hz, or 7.1% lagging, which is equivalent to X/R = 14 at
50 Hz.
4.8.2.2 Frequency of test circuit
Tests demonstrating short-circuit current interrupting capabilities shall be made at a rated power frequency.
When performing tests at a frequency other than the rated power frequency, special consideration shall be
given to the rate of change of current at current zero since performance of some interrupters is strongly
influenced by the rate of change of current (di / dt) at the instant of current zero.
If a circuit breaker has been completely type-tested for a terminal fault at a given rated power frequency (50
Hz or 60 Hz), its terminal fault making and breaking capability at the other rated power frequency is
demonstrated, for the same rated maximum voltage and the same first-pole-to-clear factor, if the additional
tests indicated as follows are performed successfully:
a) If a circuit breaker has been type-tested as defined in 4.8.2 to 4.8.6 for terminal fault making and
breaking and a rated power frequency of 50 Hz:
1) Test duty T100s shall be performed to prove the terminal fault breaking capability at
60 Hz if the SLF breaking capability has not been demonstrated at 60 Hz and if the peak
making current during the T100s test at 50 Hz is less than 2.6 p.u.
2) Test duty T100a shall be performed at 60 Hz unless the requirements on current asymmetry
(peak value and duration of the major loop before interruption) and arcing time for 60 Hz
are met during the tests at 50 Hz.
b) If a circuit breaker has been type-tested as defined in 4.8.2 to 4.8.6 for terminal fault making and
breaking and a rated power frequency of 60 Hz, test duties T100s and T100a shall be repeated at
50 Hz to prove the terminal fault making and breaking capability at 50 Hz.
For rated power frequencies above 60 Hz or below 50 Hz, which are beyond the scope of this standard, other
test considerations may be required.
24
4.8.2.3 Demonstration of arcing time
4.8.2.3.1 General
This subclause has been modified with permission from IEC 62271-100:2008/AMD2 ed.2.0, © 2017 IEC
Geneva, Switzerland.
The procedures described in this subclause are relevant for the adjustment of prospective arcing times. The
actual arcing times may vary from the prospective ones.
NOTE 1— The arcing times prescribed in this subclause are adequate to cover the effect of the unintentional
nonsimultaneity of the circuit breaker poles.
NOTE 2— The test requirements are based on network conditions and are related to direct tests only. For synthetic tests,
more detailed requirements may be applicable; see IEC 62271-101.
4.8.2.3.2 Arcing time for three-phase test duties T10, T30, T60, T100s, T100s(b), OP1,
and OP2
For these tests, the tripping impulse shall be advanced by 40 electrical degrees (40°) between each opening
operation.
NOTE—The intent of these requirements is to demonstrate performance over the full arc extinguishing window with
three interruptions.
An example of a graphical representation of the three valid breaking operations for the first-pole-to-clear
factor 1.5 is given in Figure 1 and for the first-pole-to-clear factor 1.3 in Figure 2. These figures are examples
to illustrate short-circuit current waveforms only. The current and time values on the coordinates are not of
significance.
The prospective short-circuit current to be interrupted by a circuit breaker shall be determined at the instant
of contact separation.
For T100s, the average prospective rms current of the ac component obtained during three valid tests shall
be equal to or greater than the required value. When three-phase tests are performed, the average prospective
rms current of the ac component in all three phases shall be equal to or greater than the required value. To
avoid overstressing the circuit breaker, the prospective current shall not exceed 110% of the required value.
For T10, T30, and T60 test duties, the average prospective rms current of the ac component obtained during
three valid tests shall be within 5% of the required value. When three-phase tests are performed, the average
prospective rms current in all shall not vary from the required value by more than 10%.
25
Figure 1—Example of three valid symmetrical operations for three-phase tests in a

noneffectively grounded neutral system (first-pole-to-clear factor 1.5)
26
Figure 2—Example of three valid symmetrical operations for three-phase tests in an

effectively grounded neutral system (first-pole-to-clear factor 1.3)
27
4.8.2.3.3 Arcing time for three-phase test duty T100a
Since the severity of the tests for this test duty can vary widely depending on the moment of contact
separation, a procedure has been developed to arrive at realistic stresses on the circuit breaker under test.
Annex C provides an explanation on the test procedure for T100a. The initiation of the short circuit is changed
between tests to transfer the required asymmetry criteria from phase to phase.
The breaking operations are valid if the prospective current meets the following asymmetry criteria:
 The peak short-circuit current during the last loop prior to the interruption is between 90% and
110% of the required value.
 The duration of the short-circuit current loop prior to the interruption is between 90% and 110% of
the required value.
 The product of the prospective short-circuit current peak value and the loop duration must be equal
to or higher than 100% of the product of the specified values. Refer to Table 2 and Table 3.
Table 2 and Table 3 give the required values of the peak short-circuit current and loop duration that should
be attained by the last loop prior to the interruption.
When the last current loop parameters are within the prescribed tolerances, the resulting deviations on the dc
component at current zero, the associated di / dt and the following TRV peak value are within acceptable
limits compared with those calculated with rated values.
The intention is to achieve a series of three valid tests, and the duty is satisfactory if the following conditions
are met. There is no preferred order to demonstrate the three valid tests:
a) One operation when arc extinction occurs in the first-pole-to-clear at the end of a major current
loop in the first phase with the required asymmetry criteria and with the longest possible arcing
time.
b) The longest possible arcing time tarc1 for the first-pole-to-clear is achieved when the following
condition is met:
 dα 
tarc1  ta100s − T ×
=  + ∆ta1
 360° 
c) One operation when arc extinction occurs at the end of an extended major current loop in the
second phase with the required asymmetry criteria and with the longest possible arcing time.
d) The longest possible arcing time tarc2 for the last-pole-to-clear for circuit breakers intended to be
used in noneffectively grounded neutral systems is achieved when the following condition is met:
 dα 
=  + ∆ta 2
 360° 
e) The longest possible arcing time tarc3 for the second-pole-to-clear for circuit breakers intended to
be used in effectively grounded neutral systems is achieved when the following condition is met:
 dα 
=  + ∆ta3
 360° 
f) If the required conditions of item a) and item b) are fulfilled, in the third operation, arc extinction
may occur at the end
28
1) Of a major current loop for first-pole-to-clear conditions

2) Of an extended major current loop for last-pole-to-clear conditions for circuit breakers rated
for kpp = 1.5
3) Of an extended major current loop for second-pole-to-clear conditions for circuit breakers
rated for kpp = 1.3
There are no further requirements regarding the arcing times.
ta100s is the minimum arcing time of terminal fault test duty T100s
Δta1, Δta2, Δta3 are the relevant time parameters to be selected from Table 2 and Table 3
dα is 18°
The conditions for current interruption in test duty T100a for the last-pole-to-clear for circuit breakers
intended to be used in effectively grounded neutral systems are covered by the tests in test duty T100s.
Therefore, no further requirements for the last-pole-to-clear conditions exist.
Some circuit breakers will not clear at the end of a major loop. Arcing then continues during the subsequent
minor current loop. However, this test is considered valid if during a subsequent test, it is proven that the
longest possible arc duration is achieved.
If the behavior of the circuit breaker is such that the required conditions of item c1) and item c2) are not
fulfilled and the circuit breaker has not interrupted after a subsequent minor loop (case mentioned in the
previous paragraph), the relevant tests shall be continued by changing the tripping of the circuit breaker in
steps of 18º. If during tests the required arcing times are not achieved because of minimum arcing times
differing from ta100s, the maximum achievable arcing times shall be demonstrated. The total number of tests
is limited to 6 when attempting to meet the earlier mentioned requirements. The test duty is valid no matter
which arcing times have been obtained.
The circuit breaker may be reconditioned with renewable parts before the extended operations. An additional
test sample can also be used for the extended operations.
A graphical representation of the three valid breaking operations for the first-pole-to-clear factor 1.5 is given
in Figure 3 and for the first-pole-to-clear factor 1.3 in Figure 4. These figures are examples to illustrate short-
circuit current waveforms only. The current and time values on the coordinates are not of significance.
Note that the amplitude and the duration of the last major or major extended current loop shall meet the
applicable values in Table 2 and Table 3.
Note that in the second breaking operation, current in the blue phase is interrupted after a major extended
loop.
29
Figure 3—Example of the three valid asymmetrical operations for three-phase tests in a
noneffectively grounded neutral system (first-pole-to-clear factor 1.5)
30
Figure 4—Example of the three valid asymmetrical operations for three-phase tests in an
effectively grounded neutral system (first-pole-to-clear factor 1.3)
31
Note that the amplitude and the duration of the last major or major extended current loop shall meet the
applicable values in Table 2 and Table 3.
Table 2—Last current loop parameters in three-phase tests and in single-phase tests in
substitution for three-phase conditions in relation with short-circuit test duty T100a—
Tests for 50-Hz operation
τ Minimum Î kpp = 1.5 or 1.3 kpp = 1.5 kpp = 1.3

clearing time
Δt1 Δta1 Δt2 Δta2 Δt3 Δta3
ms ms p.u. ms ms ms ms ms ms
10.0 < t ≤ 27.0 1.52 13.6 4.1 15.0 10.6 14.4 10.0
45 27.0< t ≤ 47.5 1.33 12.2 3.8 13.7 9.8 13.1 9.1
47.5 < t ≤ 68.0 1.21 11.4 3.7 12.9 9.2 12.3 8.6
10.0 < t ≤ 27.0 1.61 14.2 4.3 15.6 11.1 15.1 10.5
27.0 < t ≤ 47.5 1.44 12.9 4.0 14.3 10.2 13.8 9.6
60
47.5 < t ≤ 67.5 1.31 12.1 3.8 13.6 9.7 12.9 9.1
67.5 < t ≤ 88.0 1.22 11.4 3.7 13.0 9.3 12.3 8.6
10.0 < t ≤ 27.0 1.67 14.8 4.4 16.1 11.3 15.6 10.8
27.0 < t ≤ 47.5 1.51 13.4 4.2 14.9 10.6 14.3 10.0
75 47.5 < t ≤ 67.5 1.39 12.6 3.9 14.1 10.1 13.4 9.4
67.5 < t ≤ 87.5 1.30 12.0 3.8 13.5 9.7 12.8 9.0
87.5< t ≤ 108.0 1.23 11.5 3.7 13.1 9.3 12.4 8.7
10.0 < t ≤ 27.0 1.78 15.7 4.8 17.0 11.9 16.6 11.4
27.0 < t ≤ 47.0 1.66 14.6 4.4 15.9 11.3 15.3 10.8
120 47.0 < t ≤ 67.5 1.56 13.8 4.3 15.2 10.8 14.6 10.3
67.5 < t ≤ 87.5 1.47 13.2 4.1 14.6 10.4 14.0 9.8
87.5 < t ≤ 108.0 1.40 12.6 4.0 14.1 10.1 13.5 9.5
τ DC time constant of the rated short-circuit breaking current
Î p.u. value of the peak current of the first-pole-to-clear, the last-pole-to-clear for kpp = 1.5 and the second-pole
to-clear for kpp = 1.3 related to the peak value of the symmetrical short-circuit current
Δt1 duration of the major loop of the first-pole-to-clear
Δt2 duration of the extended major loop of the last-pole-to-clear for kpp = 1.5
Δt3 duration of the extended major loop of the second-pole-to-clear for kpp = 1.3
Δta1 time parameter for determination of the arcing time to be demonstrated for the first-pole-to-clear conditions
Δta2 time parameter for determination of the arcing time to be demonstrated for the last-pole-to-clear conditions for
kpp = 1.5
Δta3 time parameter for determination of the arcing time to be demonstrated for the second-pole-to-clear
conditions for kpp = 1.3
Reprinted with permission from IEC 62271-100:2008/AMD2 ed. 2.0, © 2017 IEC Geneva, Switzerland.
32
Table 3—Last current loop parameters in three-phase tests and in single-phase tests in
substitution for three-phase conditions in relation with short-circuit test duty T100a—
Tests for 60-Hz operation
τ Minimum Î kpp = 1.5 or 1.3 kpp = 1.5 kpp = 1.3

clearing time
Δt1 Δta1 Δt2 Δta2 Δt3 Δta3
ms ms p.u. ms ms ms ms ms ms
8.5 < t ≤ 22.5 1.58 11.6 3.5 12.8 9.1 12.4 8.6
22.5 < t ≤ 39.5 1.40 10.5 3.3 11.8 8.4 11.2 7.9
45
39.5 < t ≤ 56.5 1.27 9.8 3.1 11.1 7.9 10.6 7.4
56.5 < t ≤ 73.0 1.19 9.3 3.0 10.7 7.6 10.1 7.1
8.5 < t ≤ 22.5 1.66 12.2 3.7 13.3 9.4 12.9 9.0
22.5 < t ≤ 39.5 1.50 11.1 3.4 12.4 8.8 11.8 8.3
60 39.5 < t ≤ 56.5 1.38 10.4 3.3 11.7 8.3 11.2 7.8
56.5 < t ≤ 73.0 1.29 9.9 3.1 11.2 8.0 10.6 7.5
73.0 < t ≤ 90.0 1.22 9.5 3.1 10.8 7.7 10.2 7.2
8.5 < t ≤ 22.5 1.72 12.6 3.8 13.7 9.6 13.3 9.2
22.5 < t ≤ 39.5 1.57 11.6 3.6 12.8 9.1 12.3 8.6
39.5 < t ≤ 56.0 1.46 10.9 3.4 12.1 8.6 11.6 8.1
75
56.0 < t ≤ 73.0 1.37 10.3 3.2 11.6 8.3 11.1 7.8
73.0 < t ≤ 90.0 1.30 9.9 3.1 11.2 8.0 10.7 7.5
90.0 < t ≤ 106.5 1.24 9.6 3.1 10.9 7.8 10.4 7.3
8.5 < t ≤ 22.5 1.81 13.4 4.1 14.4 10.1 14.1 9.7
22.5 < t ≤ 39.0 1.71 12.5 3.8 13.6 9.6 13.2 9.2
39.0 < t ≤ 56.0 1.62 11.8 3.7 13.0 9.3 12.5 8.8
120
56.0 < t ≤ 73.0 1.54 11.3 3.5 12.5 8.9 12.0 8.5
73.0 < t ≤ 89.5 1.47 10.9 3.4 12.1 8.7 11.6 8.1
89.5 < t ≤ 106.5 1.41 10.6 3.3 11.8 8.4 11.3 7.9
τ DC time constant of the rated short-circuit breaking current
Î p.u. value of the peak current of the first-pole-to-clear, the last-pole-to-clear for kpp = 1.5 and the second-pole
to-clear for kpp = 1.3 related to the peak value of the symmetrical short-circuit current
Δt1 duration of the major loop of the first-pole-to-clear
Δt2 duration of the extended major loop of the last-pole-to-clear for kpp = 1.5.
Δt3 duration of the extended major loop of the second-pole-to-clear for kpp = 1.3
Δta1 time parameter for determination of the arcing time to be demonstrated for the first-pole-to-clear conditions
Δta2 time parameter for determination of the arcing time to be demonstrated for the last-pole-to-clear conditions for
kpp = 1.5
Δta3 time parameter for determination of the arcing time to be demonstrated for the second-pole-to-clear
conditions for kpp = 1.3
Reprinted with permission from IEC 62271-100:2008/AMD2 ed. 2.0, © 2017 IEC Geneva, Switzerland.
33
4.8.2.3.4 Arcing time for three-phase tests covering both conditions for kpp = 1.3 and
kpp = 1.5
To cover the performance for kpp = 1.3 and kpp = 1.5, two separate series of duties with their specific grounding
of test circuits should be performed.
If a complete series of test duties demonstrating the circuit-breaker performance for kpp = 1.5 is already
performed, it is not necessary to repeat all terminal fault test duties prescribed by this standard for
demonstrating the performance of the circuit-breaker for kpp = 1.3. In that case, test duties T100s and T100a
shall be repeated with a test circuit simulating the grounding condition of an effectively grounded neutral
system (kpp = 1.3).
The repetition of test duties T100s and T100a with a three-phase circuit for an effectively grounded neutral
system can, as an alternative, be replaced by additional single-phase tests specified in item a) and item b) as
follows. Single-phase tests are allowed for all types of circuit breakers except for metal-enclosed circuit
breakers with three phases in one enclosure when direct gas dynamic interaction between phases is involved.
a) Additional single-phase test with symmetrical current:

1) A first test shall demonstrate the performance of the second-pole-to-clear under symmetrical
fault conditions in an effectively grounded neutral system. The arcing time shall be set to
119
tarc  ta100s  T 
360
The TRV parameters shall be adjusted in accordance with Table 4.

The TRV parameters for the single-phase tests are uc,sp and t3,sp for a two-parameter TRV and
u1,sp, t1,sp, uc,sp, and t2,sp for a four-parameter TRV.
The test voltage is
Ur
1.26
3
and it may be reduced to Ur / √3 after one half cycle of rated frequency after current
interruption.
Table 4—TRV parameters for single-phase tests in substitution for three-phase tests to
demonstrate interruption of second-pole-to-clear and
third-pole-to-clear for kpp = 1.3
Rated voltage
Ur < 100 kV Ur ≥ 100 kV
2-parameter-TRV 4-parameter-TRV
uC,sp t3,sp u1,sp t1,sp uC,sp t2,sp
Second
2 2 2
pole-to- 1.26 kaf  U r t3 uc,sp uc 0.95 U r t1 u1,sp u1 1.26 kaf  U r 4 × t1, sp
clear 3 3 3
Third-
2 t3 uc,sp uc 2 t1 u1,sp u1 2
pole-to- kaf  U r 0.75 U r kaf  U r 4 × t1, sp
clear 3 3 3
34
2) A second test shall demonstrate the performance of the third-pole-to-clear under symmetrical
fault conditions in an effectively grounded neutral system. The arcing time shall be set to
162
tarc  ta100s  T 
360
The TRV parameters have to be adjusted according to Table 4.

The single-phase tests with symmetrical currents can be combined using the prospective TRV
peak value required for the second-pole-to-clear with the arcing time prescribed for the third-
pole-to-clear.
b) Additional single-phase test with asymmetrical current:
An additional single-phase fault test with an asymmetrical current that fulfills the asymmetry
criteria as defined in 4.8.2.3.30 shall be performed. This additional test demonstrates the
performance of the second- and third-pole-to-clear under asymmetrical fault current on the
extended major loop.
The test voltage to be applied is
Ur
1.26
3
for the verification of kpp = 1.3 and may be reduced to Ur / √3 after one quarter of a cycle of rated
frequency after current interruption.
When the last current loop parameters are within the prescribed tolerances, the resulting deviations
on the dc component at current zero, the associated di / dt and the following TRV peak value are
within acceptable limits compared with those calculated with rated values.
The arcing time shall be the maximum arcing time calculated for a three-phase condition
considering the minimum arcing time value found during test-duty T100s performed for kpp = 1.5
 dα 
tarc  ta100s  T    ∆ta3
 360 
where ∆ta3 is the relevant time parameter to be selected from Table 2 and Table 3.
4.8.2.3.5 Arcing time for single-phase tests in substitution for three-phase conditions and
short-line fault tests
The procedure for establishing a minimum arcing time might result in a test with maximum arcing time or
with an arcing time in excess of the maximum arcing time. The aim of the following single-phase tests is to
satisfy the conditions of the first-pole-to-clear, the second-pole-to-clear, and the last pole-to-clear for each
test duty in one test circuit.
The following procedures are applicable if all operations of the rated operating sequence fulfill the
requirements for simultaneity of poles in IEEE Std C37.04. If not, caution shall be exercised when using
Table 2 and Table 3.
a) Arcing time for single-phase test duties T10, T30, T60, T100s, and T100s(b); OP1 and OP2; and
L90, L75, and L60:
To demonstrate the capability of the circuit breaker to interrupt fault currents, the design tests need
to prove three successful interruptions with minimum, maximum, and medium arcing times.
35
A valid breaking operation shall demonstrate interruption with an arcing time as small as possible.
The resultant arcing time is known as the minimum arcing time (tarc min). This is established when
any extra delay in the contact separation with respect to the current waveform results in interruption
at the next current zero. This minimum arcing time is found by changing the setting of the tripping
impulse by steps of 18º.
Another valid breaking operation shall demonstrate interruption with the maximum arcing time.
The required maximum arcing time is known as tarc max and is determined as follows:
For circuit breakers intended to be used in noneffectively grounded neutral systems, by
132 
tarc max  tarc min   T
 360 
For circuit breakers intended to be used in effectively grounded neutral systems and short-line fault
tests, by
162 
tarc max  tarc min   T
 360 
where
tarc min is the minimum arcing time obtained from the first valid operation
T is the period of power frequency
Another valid breaking operation shall demonstrate interruption with an arcing time that is
approximately equal to the average value of those of the first and second valid breaking operations.
This arcing time is known as the medium arcing time (tarc med) and is determined by
tarc max  tarc min 
tarc med 
2
If the circuit breaker does not interrupt at the expected current zero with medium or maximum
arcing time but at a subsequent current zero, no additional testing is required.
A graphical representation of the three valid breaking operations for both effectively and
noneffectively grounded systems with the first-pole-to-clear factor 1.3 or 1.5 is given in Figure 5.
This example illustrates short-circuit current waveforms only. The current and time values on the
coordinates are not of significance.
Note that the polarity of the current may be reversed.
36
Figure 5—Example of three valid symmetrical breaking operations for single-phase tests
in substitution of three-phase conditions in both effectively and noneffectively
grounded neutral systems (first-pole-to-clear factors 1.3 and 1.5)
b) Arcing time for single-phase test duty T100a:

The breaking operations are valid if the prospective current meets the following asymmetry criteria:
1) The peak short-circuit current during the last loop prior to the interruption is between 90%
and 110% of the required value.
2) The duration of the short-circuit current loop Δt1 prior to the interruption is between 90%
and 110% of the required value.
3) The product of the prospective short-circuit current peak value and the loop duration must
be equal to or higher than 100% of the product of the specified values. Refer to Table 2 and
Table 3.
Table 2 and Table 3 provide the required values of the peak short-circuit current and loop duration
that shall be attained by the last loop prior to the interruption. All tests shall be performed with the
current parameters of the first pole-to-clear.
A breaking operation shall demonstrate interruption at the end of the major loop with an arcing
time equivalent to the maximum arcing time under three-phase conditions tarc1 of the first pole-to-
clear. Note that it is allowed for the circuit breaker to interrupt after the subsequent minor loop
with an arcing time increased by the duration of this minor loop.
37
This is achieved when following the condition is met:
dα
t=
arc1 ta100s + ∆ta1 − T ×
360°
Another valid breaking operation shall demonstrate interruption at the end of the major loop with
an arcing time equivalent to the maximum arcing time under three-phase conditions.
tarc2 for the last-pole-to clear of circuit breakers intended to be used in noneffectively grounded
neutral systems.
This is achieved when the following condition is met:
dα
t=
arc2 ta100s + ∆ta 2 − T ×
360°
tarc3 for the second-pole-to-clear for circuit breakers intended to be used in effectively grounded
neutral systems.
This is achieved when the following condition is met:
dα
t=
arc3 ta100s + ∆ta3 − T ×
360°
where Δta1, Δta2, and Δta3 are the relevant time parameters to be selected from Table 2.
Another breaking operation shall demonstrate interruption after a major loop as first-pole-to-clear
or after a major extended loop as last pole-to-clear for circuit breakers rated for kpp = 1.5 or after a
major extended loop as second pole-to-clear for circuit breakers rated for kpp = 1.3. There are no
further requirements regarding arcing times.
If additional tests are necessary, reconditioning of the circuit breaker or the use of an additional
test sample is permitted.
Table 2 and Table 3 consider a relay time of 0.5 cycle of the rated frequency (10 ms at 50 Hz and
8.3 ms at 60 Hz). If the circuit breaker fails to interrupt after the required major loop and interrupts
after the subsequent minor loop, the required maximum arcing time is extended by the duration of
this minor loop.
If the behavior of the circuit breaker is such that the required conditions are not fulfilled, the
relevant tests shall be repeated by changing the tripping of the circuit breaker accordingly. The
total number of tests is limited to 6 when attempting to meet the previously mentioned
requirements. The test duty is valid no matter what arcing times have been obtained.
The circuit breaker may be reconditioned with renewable parts before the extended operations. An
additional test sample can also be used for the extended operations.
A graphical representation of the three valid breaking operations is shown in Figure 6 that is valid
for both first-pole-to-clear factors 1.5 and 1.3. This example illustrates short-circuit current
waveforms only. The current and time values on the coordinates are not of significance.
Note that the polarity of the current may be reversed.
The amplitude and the duration of the last current loop shall meet the applicable values in Table 2
and Table 3.
38
Figure 6—Example of three valid asymmetrical breaking operations for single-phase tests
in substitution of three-phase conditions in both effectively and noneffectively grounded
neutral systems (first-pole-to-clear factors 1.3 and 1.5)
4.8.2.3.6 Arcing time for single-phase test covering both conditions for kpp = 1.3 and
kpp = 1.5
Both conditions kpp = 1.5 and kpp = 1.3 may be combined in one test series. The transient and power frequency
voltages to be used shall be those applicable to a noneffectively grounded neutral system, and the arcing
times shall be those applicable to an effectively grounded neutral system. For test duty T100a, the arcing
times shall be those applicable to a noneffectively grounded neutral system.
4.8.2.4 Recovery voltage
Both circuit TRV and power frequency recovery voltage shall be considered when demonstrating the rating
of a circuit breaker.
The determining factors are the magnitude and the shape of the circuit TRV as a function of time, and the
magnitude and duration of the power frequency recovery voltage.
a) Power frequency recovery voltage: The power frequency recovery voltage shall be equal to the
specified source side recovery voltage with a tolerance of ±5%. Higher voltages may be used with
the concurrence of the manufacturer. When limitations of the test station prevent meeting this
39
requirement, an alternative method of demonstrating the circuit breaker capability may be used
upon agreement between the user and the manufacturer.
b) The power frequency recovery voltage shall be maintained, following current interruption, for at
least 20 cycles of rated power frequency.
c) If a single-phase test is chosen for demonstrating the standard duty cycle, the test voltage E
specified in 4.8.4 shall be maintained for a half cycle of rated power frequency after current
interruption, and thereafter, it may be reduced to 58% of the rated phase-to-phase voltage.
d) TRV: The inherent TRV of the test circuit shall meet or exceed the rated envelopes as defined in
IEEE Std C37.04. The TRV should not exceed 10% of its rated value for 52 kV and below voltage
classes and 5% for classes above 52 kV. The rated envelopes are required for rated symmetrical
short-circuit currents. For short-circuit currents other than rated, the envelope shall be adjusted to
establish the capabilities as stated in IEEE Std C37.04.
The inherent recovery voltage shall be determined before or after the interruption tests using any suitable
method, including current injection or calculation.
NOTE—Care shall be exercised to use a measuring technique that does not introduce transients to the circuit that can
increase the apparent severity of the TRV.
The actual TRV measured during a circuit interruption may differ from the inherent TRV because of arc
resistance, circuit breaker impedance, and so on. These circuit breaker influences are complex functions of
time, current, and voltage. The interaction between the circuit breaker and the circuit, and its modifying
effects on TRV, cannot be determined by simple calculations. The differences between the actual and the
inherent TRV that can result from the interaction process are permissible.
For applications in which the fast rate of rise of TRV exists, other values may be used upon agreement
between the manufacturer and the user. Preferred alternative TRV tests values are given in IEEE Std
C37.06.1™-2017.
For breakers with built-in opening resistors, refer to Annex R of IEC 62271-100 for testing procedures.
4.8.2.5 Short-line fault test conditions
The short-line fault tests are performed on circuit breakers that are intended to be connected directly to an
overhead line.
Short-line fault tests are made on a single-phase basis. The tests may be performed on a single pole of a three-
phase circuit breaker, or in the case of hermetically sealed interrupters, on a single interrupter provided that
the conditions listed in 4.8.3.3 are met.
For these tests, the bus (source) voltage should be equal to Ur / √3 and the magnitude of the short-circuit
current at the circuit breaker terminals shall be as shown in Table 1.
The peak value uc for the source side component of the TRV is equal to Kaf × 0.816 × Ur, where
Kaf = Amplitude factor = 1.4 for circuit breakers above 100 kV or 1.54 for class S2 circuit breakers below
100 kV. This amplitude is obtained for a grounded fault at the circuit breaker terminals only. Additional line
reactance is then used to reduce the current to the test value. This reactance also reduces the amplitude of the
source side component of TRV by a factor of 1 + (Kaf – 1) M, where M is short-circuit current per unit value.
The sawtooth line-side component of the recovery voltage can be described in terms of
a) Line inductance LL
b) Frequency fL
40
c) Peak factor d, which is the ratio of the peak of the sawtooth component to the peak of the voltage
to ground, at the circuit breaker terminals, at the instant of interruption
Let MI be the desired test current, where M represents the ratio of the test current to I. Then the line inductance
LL is
0.58V
LL
 1 M , in unit of Henrys, or H
MωI
The TRV rate of the line-side component RL for a short-line fault is the surge impedance Z multiplied by the slope of the current at
current zero
RL 2ωMI
 Z  1 06 , in units of kV
μs
If the peak factor of the line-side component is d, the first peak e is
2
e  d 1 M  U r , in units of kV
3
The time TL to the line-side peak is then
e
TL  , in units of μs
RL
and the frequency is
106
fL  , in units of Hz
2 e / RL 
or
0.866ωMIZ
f L  , in units of Hz
d 1 M V
where
ω 2πf, where f is the power system frequency

Ur is in units of kV
I is in units of kA
To determine the line-side component circuit, calculate the line inductance LL, verify that the peak factor d,
and adjust the frequency fL to the desired value.
The surge impedance, as specified in IEEE Std C37.04, is Z = 450 Ω, and the peak factor d = 1.6.
The sawtooth recovery voltage on the short-line fault transient is delayed by substation capacitance adjacent
to the circuit breaker and the line. The time delay on the line side tdl is 0.1 µs for circuit breakers rated 15 kV
≤ Ur ≤ 38 kV, 0.2 µs for circuit breakers rated 38 kV < Ur ≤ 170 kV, and 0.5 µs for circuit breakers rated Ur
> 170 kV. The first line-side peak voltage e and the line-side rate of rise of recovery voltage RL are the same
as previously calculated, but the time to first peak voltage is modified.
41
The ramp voltage rising at a rate RL is delayed by the time delay tdl. The voltage then rises linearly to nearly
peak voltage, but the peak occurs at a time (TL + 2tdl) as shown in Figure 7. The right side of the figure
demonstrates how the line-side TRV rate of rise RL is determined by the straight line passing through the
20% and 80% of the peak value.
Figure 7—Short-line fault line side TRV with time delay
4.8.2.6 Initial TRV test conditions
The initial TRV capability may be demonstrated in conjunction with short-line fault testing. Suitable circuit
impedance may be used on the source side to obtain the initial TRV as specified in IEEE Std C37.04.
Testing complexity may be reduced by using an alternative test method to demonstrate the initial TRV
capability as explained with the aid of Figure 8 and Figure 9.
When the initial TRV ui exceeds the four-parameter envelope of reference line for current MI at time
(TL + tdl), the source-side initial TRV can be simulated by a line-side linear ramp transient without time delay
td (see Figure 8). The peak of the line-side transient shall also be increased such that the total peak voltage
across the circuit breaker at time (TL + tdl) is equal to the sum of the normal short-line fault peak voltage e
and the initial TRV ui.
The required line-side peak voltage e and time to peak with time delay is calculated as explained previously
in 4.8.2.5. The reduced initial TRV for the fault current MI and the total circuit breaker stress is then
determined at the time (TL + tdl) as shown in Figure 8. An equivalent line-side TRV is then calculated
assuming only a four-parameter envelope of reference line for the reduced current MI for the source-side
transient. The peak line-side test voltage would be (e + ea), and the voltage should rise linearly to the value
at time (TL + tdl) without a time delay as shown in Figure 9.
When the reduced four-parameter transient for current MI exceeds ui at time (TL + tdl), then the initial TRV
can be simulated by a line-side linear ramp transient without time delay td and the peak shall simply be e at
time (TL + tdl).
Note that
ui  ω 2 MIZ b ti
where Zb is the bus surge impedance defined in IEEE Std C37.04.
Note that it is considered that the combination of short-line fault (SLF) (with the standard time delay) plus
initial transient recovery voltage (ITRV) is equivalent to a test of SLF performed with a line, without time
delay (<0.1 µs).
42
Figure 8—Initial TRV on source side with time delayed

short-line fault transient voltage on line side
Figure 9—Equivalent short-line fault TRV on line side

without initial TRV on source side
43
4.8.2.7 Control voltage
It is preferred that the minimum control voltage be used for all tests. However, for convenience of testing, it
is acceptable to use rated or maximum control voltage to minimize the variations in the contact making and
contact parting times as long as it does not affect the making or breaking performance, provided that at least
one test of T100s is made at the minimum control voltage.
4.8.2.8 Operating conditions
Circuit breaker mechanisms must be set at minimum operating conditions at the initiation of the test sequence.
For circuit breaker mechanisms operated by hydraulic or pneumatic mechanisms, the minimum operating
pressure shall be used at the initiation of the operating sequence.
For circuit breaker interrupters that use pressurized gas as the interrupting medium, the minimum allowable
interrupter gas pressure shall be used for all tests.
4.8.2.9 Conditions during single-pole tests and unit tests
During single-pole tests and unit tests, the closing speed/travel, and the opening speed/travel of the contacts
in the region of arcing, shall be approximately the same as during a corresponding test on the complete
breaker. If the tests are being made on a single-pole or other part of a three-pole circuit breaker, or if the
three-phase short-circuit currents exert a significant influence on the opening and closing speeds of the circuit
breaker, the opening and closing forces shall be adjusted so that the contact travel characteristics obtained on
the operating tests performed in accordance with 4.8.6.3 are within the same 10% band of the no-load
reference characteristic of a complete three-pole circuit breaker (or if unit testing of a complete single pole
if separate operating mechanisms are used for the three-pole circuit breaker) as required in 4.8.6.6. At lower
currents, the contact velocities may be different.
If the short-circuit currents cause appreciable mechanical latch loading or velocity changes, either
acceleration or deceleration during opening, or deceleration during closing, and if a single mechanism
operates all poles, additional tests should be made if they can further test the ability of the circuit breaker to
close and open three-phase faults successfully.
4.8.2.10 Grounding of the circuit breaker and test circuit
The normally grounded parts of the circuit breaker shall be grounded. In all cases, either the short circuit or
the neutral of the supply shall be grounded but not both.
4.8.2.11 Reversal of test connections
Test connections to circuit breakers with a nonsymmetrical configuration shall be reversed during tests, with
the short circuit applied in turn to each side of the circuit breaker. This requirement may be complied with
by reversing the connections between tests duties T100s and T100a from Table 1.
If it can be shown that one connection is more severe than the other, then all tests may be performed under
this condition, and further reversal of the connections is not required.
4.8.2.12 Test enclosures for indoor circuit breakers
Circuit breakers intended for use in enclosures shall be tested in a minimum volume enclosure or in the actual
switchgear vertical section compartment equipped with the maximum complement of mechanism operated
cell (MOC) switches. Connections to the switchgear shall be made in accordance with IEEE Std C37.20.2 or
C37.20.3 as appropriate.
44
4.8.3 Test methods
4.8.3.1 General
A three-phase short circuit, with either the source or the fault ungrounded, is usually the most desirable test
method for a circuit breaker to demonstrate its short-circuit ratings, which are based primarily on the three-
phase conditions. Because of limitations of the test facilities, both in a laboratory and in the field, there are
ratings of circuit breakers for which interrupting tests cannot be conducted up to the full rating, which
includes system voltage, short-circuit current, and system TRV requirements.
The test methods described in 4.8.3.2 through 4.8.3.8 are the preferred methods. The test program shown in
Table 1 shall be applicable with any test method that is used.
4.8.3.2 Method I, three-phase tests
Method I consists of switching, by means of a three-pole circuit breaker, a three-phase circuit source of
reactive power, which has a recovery voltage substantially equal to the service voltage. To verify the rated
short-circuit current of the circuit breaker by Method I, the test procedure given in Table 1 shall be followed.
4.8.3.3 Method II, single-phase tests
Method II tests a single pole of a three-pole circuit breaker with a single-phase source of reactive power. The
test is made by applying to the single pole the same currents and, substantially, the same recovery voltages
that would be impressed on the most highly stressed pole during interruption of a three-phase current by the
complete three-pole circuit breaker under correspondingly similar conditions. The test procedure given in
Table 1 shall be followed.
If there is a possibility that hot gases produced by switching may cause a flashover between poles of a
completely assembled circuit breaker by mingling of the exhaust gases, adequate provisions shall be included
in the single-pole tests to demonstrate that phase-to-phase flashover will not occur in service. Such a
provision might be a grounded temporary screen or barrier, conducting or semiconducting, placed near the
test pole in accordance with the specifications of the manufacturer.
Additionally, if the opening speed of the circuit breaker can be substantially altered as a result of back
pressures developed by each pole during the interruption of a three-phase fault, adequate allowances shall be
made to demonstrate that the instantaneous energy requirement relationship between the interrupter and the
mechanism has been preserved.
4.8.3.4 Single-phase tests with splitting of test duties in test series taking into account
associated TRV for each pole-to-clear
It is recognized that single-phase tests in substitution of three-phase conditions are more severe than three-
phase tests because the arcing time of the last-pole-to-clear is used together with the TRV of the first-pole-
to-clear. As an alternative, the manufacturer may choose to split each test duty into two or three separate test
series, each test series demonstrating a successful interruption with the minimum and maximum arcing times
for each pole-to-clear with its associated TRV.
The standard multipliers for the TRV values for the second and third clearing poles for rated voltages above
72.5 kV are given in Table 5. They are applicable for test duties T10, T30, T60, T100s, OP1, and OP2.
Reconditioning of the circuit breaker after each test series is permitted.
Assuming that the simultaneity of poles during all operations of the rated operating sequence is within the
tolerance limits of IEEE Std C37.04, for tests with symmetrical current the interrupting window for each
phase is within the band stated in Table 5, if the instant of interruption for the first clearing pole with the
minimum arcing time is taken as reference. A graphical representation of the interrupting window and the
45
voltage factor kp, determining the TRV of the individual pole, is given for terminal fault in Figure 10 for
systems with a first-pole-to-clear factor of 1.3 and 1.5. Values are also given for out-of-phase factor 2.0 and
factor 2.5.
Table 5—Interrupting window and standard multipliers for transient recovery voltage
values for second and third clearing poles for rated voltages above 1 kV
First-pole-to-clear Interrupting window Multipliers
factor 2nd clearing pole 3rd clearing pole 2nd clearing pole 3rd clearing pole
Electrical degrees RRRV uc RRRV uc
kpp
For effectively grounded systems
1.3 (Terminal fault) 90°–132° 90°–132° 0.95 0.97 0.70 0.77
2.0 (Out-of-phase)
For noneffectively grounded systems
1.5 (Terminal fault) 77°–119° 120°–162° 0.70 0.58 0.70 0.58
2.5 (Out-of-phase)
NOTE—The interrupting window for the first clearing pole is 0° to 42°.
Figure 10—Interrupting window and voltage factor kp, determining TRV of the individual
pole, for systems with a first-pole-to-clear factor of 1.3 and 1.5
46
4.8.3.5 Method III, unit tests
4.8.3.5.1 General
When the full series of short-circuit current interrupting tests cannot be made by Method I or Method II, and
when the pole that accomplishes the interruption incorporates several identical and independent interrupting
units connected in series, the unit test method may be used to verify the interrupting performance of the
circuit breaker.
Similarly, if each pole that closes the circuit incorporates several identical and independent making units in
series, this method may be used to indicate the making capacity of the circuit breaker. The test procedure
given in Table 1 shall be followed.
The validity of unit tests depends on how closely the conditions imposed on the test unit approximate the
most severe conditions that would be imposed on the unit when used as an integral part of a three-pole circuit
breaker subjected to the simulated voltage, current, and operating duty.
Tests made in accordance with Method III do not evaluate the possibility that hot gases produced by
interruption can cause a flashover through a path other than a normal arcing path. Knowledge of the
characteristics of a particular circuit breaker design may permit demonstration of its adequacy in this respect
by special test arrangements, but it is impractical to prescribe tests that will be valid for any design of circuit
breaker and that are within the limitations of available test facilities.
4.8.3.5.2 Requirements for unit testing
The requirements for unit testing are as follows:
a) Nature of the units: When all units of the circuit breaker are effectively identical in their shape,
dimensions, and conditions of arc-extinguishing medium (temperature, pressure, flow velocity,
etc.), tests may be made on a unit or group of units under the most severe conditions of recovery
voltage. These conditions would be imposed on any such unit or group in a corresponding test on
the complete circuit breaker with due consideration for the effects of circuit grounding and
adjacent objects and of any distortion of voltage distribution by current magnitude, recovery
transient frequency, or postarc conductivity.
When all units are not identical, tests may be made on each type of unit up to the most severe
conditions of recovery voltage that would be imposed on any unit of that type with due
consideration to the effects listed in the preceding paragraph. Units may be tested in groups,
provided that each unit is subjected to its required recovery voltage conditions.
b) Simultaneity of operation: The mechanical operation of the contacts should be such that all
contacts performing the same function in a pole unit touch on closing within an interval of one
quarter of a cycle of the applicable rated power frequency and separate on opening within an
interval of one sixth of a cycle of the corresponding rated power frequency. If a circuit breaker
uses a supply of arc-extinguishing medium, from a source external to the units, the arc-
extinguishing action in all units of one pole should start within an interval of one sixth of a cycle.
c) Supply of the arc-extinguishing medium: For circuit breakers using a supply of arc-
extinguishing medium from a source external to the units specified in item b), the test should be
made in such a way that neither the supply of the arc-extinguishing medium to the unit or units
under test nor the freedom of exhaust of the arc products is increased as a result of the absence of
arcing in other units normally connected in series with the unit or units under test.
d) Exhaust conditions: Ionized gases or vapors that may be present in the exhaust should be so
discharged that they cannot cause malfunctioning of adjacent units in the same or other phases, or
failure of the circuit breaker as a whole by flashover, either partially or totally, through exhaust
gases.
47
4.8.3.5.3 Determination of voltage distribution
The required test voltage is dependent on the voltage distribution among the breaks of a multibreak circuit
breaker. Consequently, this distribution should be determined for the types of tests to be made, and when the
breaks are not symmetrically arranged, the voltage distribution with the connections reversed shall be
evaluated. The types of tests may include making and interrupting tests that can be made on one or more
interrupters as well as on complete poles.
The range of frequencies or rates of rise and amplitudes of the TRVs should be determined; these
determinations may be made by suitable means, such as voltage or current injection with little or no current
through the circuit breaker. Their validity may be tested by the following comparison: Three single-pole tests
in which a complete pole interrupts the maximum current available at 0.87 or 0.75 (see 4.8.4) times the rated
maximum voltage is compared with three single-pole tests in which the same current is interrupted by a test
unit with power frequency and TRVs equal to those determined for the most highly stressed corresponding
unit by the voltage distribution measurements. The performance should be equivalent. For example, if the
asymmetry of the currents is the same and if the current zeros occur at the same times after contact parting,
the arcing times should be equal.
If one half or another fraction of a pole unit can be tested to a higher current with full calculated recovery
voltages, three interrupting tests on it can be compared with three interrupting tests on a smaller unit at the
same current and with power frequency and TRVs equal to those determined for the most highly stressed
unit for the test condition used for the fractional pole test. The number of breaks and the test circuits available
determine the number of comparative tests that can be made to validate the measurements of voltage
distribution. These validation tests may also qualify for demonstrating some of the test duties.
For short-line fault unit tests, the voltage distribution shall be calculated or measured statistically on the basis
of a voltage on the line side at the fundamental frequency of the line oscillation and a voltage on the source
side at the equivalent frequency of the TRV for terminal faults, the common of the two voltages being at
ground potential.
4.8.3.5.4 Factors modifying voltage distribution
The following factors shall modify the voltage distribution:
a) Influence of circuit grounding and adjacent objects: For circuit breakers in which the units are
not arranged symmetrically with respect to ground, the voltage distribution between the different
units may vary according to the position of a fault to ground in relation to the circuit breaker.
b) To take into account the influence of such an unsymmetrical arrangement, when it exists,
determination of the voltage distributions should be made with each terminal of the pole of the
circuit breaker successively connected to ground.
c) Furthermore, for all circuit breakers, except those in which all units of each pole are contained in
a metal enclosure connected to ground, the voltage distribution may vary with the proximity of
adjacent objects.
d) Unless all the parts of a pole are contained in a grounded metal enclosure or unless the units are
shunted by resistors or capacitors of sufficiently low impedance to render the voltage distribution
independent of the proximity of adjacent objects, the tests should be made under the following
conditions:
1) If the test is made on the center pole, all the breaks of the other poles should be shunted and
their metal parts grounded.
2) If the test is made on an outer pole or on a single pole of a circuit breaker, a conducting or
semiconducting partition should be placed near the tested pole at a distance specified by the
manufacturer.
e) Effect of postarc conductivity: Postarc conductivity may influence the proper determination of
the voltage distribution among the units for some microseconds after current zero. The validating
48
tests specified in 4.8.3.5.3 will detect any effect of postarc conductivity on the performance of the
circuit breaker at the current at which the comparison is made.
4.8.3.5.5 Choice of units to be tested and the test voltage
A complete circuit breaker, or a complete pole of a circuit breaker, shall be available and operated during the
tests, as follows:
a) Interrupting tests:
1) Choice of the units for test: Unit tests should be made on the maximum number of units in
series that can be tested at the testing facility, up to the currents corresponding to the required
symmetrical and asymmetrical interrupting capabilities of a circuit breaker with a TRV as
specified in item a2).
2) Recovery voltage: The recovery voltage across the terminals of the test unit or group of units
in series should not be less than the highest recovery voltage recorded across the
corresponding number of units in series during the determination of the voltage distribution
among the units, taking into consideration the influence of adjacent objects, grounding
conditions, and the influence of external pollution.
If, when testing a group of units, the voltage distribution among the different units is more
uniform than in the tests on the complete circuit breaker with reduced currents, the voltage at
the terminals of the group should be increased so that the recovery voltage at the terminals of
a unit is at least equal to the recovery voltage occurring on the most highly stressed unit in
the complete pole of the circuit breaker.
b) Making tests:
1) Choice of units for test: Unit tests should be made on the maximum number of units in series
that can be tested at the testing facility, up to the current corresponding to the required
making capability of the circuit breaker at the initial voltage specified in item b2).
2) Initial voltage: The initial voltage across the terminals of the test unit or group of units in
series should be not less than the highest voltage recorded across the corresponding number
of units in series during the determination of the voltage distribution among the units.
If, during the making tests, the prestrike arc duration is shorter than in tests carried out on the
complete circuit breaker, additional making tests should be made with an increased initial
voltage so that the arc duration is at least equal to that obtained on the complete circuit
breaker.
4.8.3.6 Method IV, pretripped tests
Pretripping may be used with any of the other methods of testing circuit breakers as a means of increasing
the amount of current and voltage available on a test circuit. The tripping impulse is applied to the circuit
breaker before the inception of the short circuit, so that the contacts of the circuit breaker part sooner after
initiation of the short circuit than would otherwise be possible. The short-circuit current during the arcing
period then has the higher AC component and, with proper timing, a higher DC component, which is available
from the generator under this condition.
4.8.3.7 Method V, multipart testing
If all recovery voltage requirements for the given test duty cannot be met simultaneously, the test may be
carried out in two successive parts, for example, as illustrated in Figure 11.
In the first part, the initial portion of the TRV shall not cross the straight line defining the delay time and
shall meet the specified reference line up to the voltage u1 and the time t1.
In the second part, the voltage uc and the time t2 shall be attained.
49
Figure 11—Example of prospective test TRV-waves and

their combined envelope in two-part test
Multipart testing may also be carried out to obtain the power frequency recovery voltage for the terminal
fault after one half-cycle of rated frequency during single-phase tests in substitution for three-phase tests.
The number of tests for each part shall be the same as the number required for the test duty, and the arcing
times for each part shall meet the requirements of 4.8.2.3. The arcing times in separate tests forming part of
one multipart test shall be the same with a tolerance of ±1 ms. Moreover, if the minimum arcing time in one
part differs from that established in the other part by more than 1 ms, then the maximum arcing time
associated with the longer of the two minimum arcing times shall be used for both parts.
When multipart testing is used to meet separately the requirements for TRV and for the power frequency
recovery voltage, during tests with power frequency recovery voltage, it is not necessary to search for the
minimum arcing time. Arcing times shall be based on the minimum arcing time obtained during tests with
TRV.
The circuit breaker may be reconditioned between the parts of the multipart testing procedure.
In rare cases, it may be necessary to perform the test in more than two parts. In such cases, the principles
stated earlier shall be applied.
4.8.3.8 Method VI, synthetic tests
Synthetic tests are tests in which a low-voltage source supplies short-circuit current to the circuit breaker up
to the time of interruption, and a source capable of supplying a high recovery voltage is applied to the circuit
breaker at about the time of interruption (see IEC 62271-101). Thus, the circuit breaker has the duty of
carrying the high short-circuit current of the low-voltage source up to the time of arc interruption and shall
then withstand the high recovery voltage of the second source. In this manner, the duty of interrupting the
50
high current at the high voltage is simulated. If synthetic testing is selected as the method to demonstrate
interrupting performance, the tests shall be conducted in accordance with IEC 62271-101.
The accuracy with which a synthetic test represents a test in which the same voltage causes the current to
flow and provides the recovery voltage, as in Method I and Method II, depends on several conditions. These
are listed as follows and shall be considered in planning and evaluating a synthetic test:
a) The arc voltage should be low and should cause little or no distortion of the current wave. As the
magnitude of the arc voltage is larger with respect to the voltage of the current source than it is
with respect to the voltage of the circuit being represented, the arc voltage has a greater effect in
reducing the magnitude and shortening the duration of those loops of current during which arcing
takes place. If the current distortion is appreciable, the interrupted current assigned to the test
should be the product of the value measured in the conventional way, at contact parting, and a
factor that compensates for the distortion.
b) The TRV should appear across the terminals of a pole unit in the same manner as the TRV does
in the tests made in accordance with Methods I and II, and that is as follows:
1) It should appear at the precise instant of arc extinction.
2) The circuit TRV should increase at least as rapidly and to at least as high a value as the circuit
TRV being simulated.
3) The parameters of the high-voltage sources should be such that the effect of postarc
conductivity on the TRV is no greater than that in the circuit being simulated, or failing this,
the characteristics of the TRV should be judged on the basis of the actual voltage appearing
across the circuit breaker contacts instead of the circuit TRV.
c) The arcing time should be controlled so that it covers the range of arcing time that will occur when
the circuit breaker interrupts the power being simulated.
4.8.4 Test duties
4.8.4.1 General
Test duties used to demonstrate the performance of a circuit breaker are listed in Table 1 in 4.8.1.
4.8.4.2 Test duties T10, T30, and T60
Test duties T10, T30, and T60 shown in Table 1 consist of the standard operating duty with three symmetrical
(<20% DC) current interruption tests made with the appropriate current values, where I represents the rated
short-circuit interrupting current value.
These tests demonstrate the capability of the circuit breaker for switching low magnitudes of short-circuit
currents. The circuit TRV used in test duties T10, T30, and T60 shall be in accordance with the related
capability envelope given in IEEE Std C37.04.
For ease of testing, it is permissible to omit the making operations for test duties T10, T30, and T60 and to
complete a series of three opening operations provided the time intervals required by the rated reclosing duty
are maintained. Tests performed to the requirements of reclosing duty satisfy the requirements for standard
(non-reclosing) duty.
4.8.4.3 Test duty T100s
Test duty T100s in Table 1 demonstrate the standard operating duty or the reclosing duty cycle at rated short-
circuit capability by interrupting a symmetrical current I of the rated value with a power frequency recovery
voltage associated with the rated maximum voltage and with a circuit TRV defined by IEEE Std C37.04.
51
For these tests, the current shall be symmetrical (<20% DC) at the time of contact part for all three opening
operations. This requirement can be met by delaying the opening, which follows the close operation.
In the event that operating test duty T100s cannot be performed as shown, due to limitations of the test
laboratory, the alternative methods T100s(a) and T100s(b) may be applied.
Refer to 4.8.2.3 for specific requirements for demonstrating the most severe switching conditions.
4.8.4.4 Test duty T100a
Test duty T100a in Table 1 consists of a minimum of three opening operations made not more than 15 min
apart at 100% of the rated short-circuit breaking current and power frequency recovery voltages as specified
in Table 1 and 4.8.2.4. If additional tests are required to meet the required asymmetry criteria regarding the
peak and duration of the last major loop and the related arcing conditions given in 4.8.2.3.30 and 4.8.2.3.4
for three-phase tests and in 4.8.2.3.5 for single-phase tests in substitution for three-phase tests. These tests
may be performed at any convenient interval.
4.8.4.5 Single-phase test duties T100s and T100a
Single-phase duties T100s 1ph and T100a 1ph in Table 1 are single-phase tests made at 58% of the maximum
rated voltage. These tests are intended to demonstrate the capabilities of the circuit breaker for interrupting a
single phase-to-ground fault under the most severe switching condition for the circuit breaker.
These single-phase test duties are not required if test duties T100s and T100a are performed by single-phase
tests in substitution for three-phase tests (see 4.8.2.3.5).
Test duty T100s 1ph is performed with a symmetrical current equal to the rated short-circuit current and with
a maximum arcing time as defined as follows:
Arcing time = minimum arcing time + 0.75 × tl
where tl = time for one-half cycle of rated power frequency (10 ms or 8.33 ms for 50 Hz or 60 Hz,
respectively)
Test duty T100a 1ph is made at 100% of the rated short-circuit breaking current with the required asymmetry
criteria regarding the peak and duration of the last major loop and the maximum arcing time given in item b)
of 4.8.2.3.5.
The TRV for T100s 1ph is derived in the following way from the TRV specified for T100s:
For circuit breakers with Ur less than 100 kV, a two-parameter TRV is specified as having
 Peak uc 1ph equal to uc specified for T100s divided by the first-pole-to-clear factor
 Time t3 1ph equal to t3 specified for T100s divided by the first-pole-to-clear factor
For circuit breakers with Ur equal to or higher than 100 kV, a four-parameter TRV is specified as having
 Voltage u1 1ph equal to u1 specified for T100s divided by the first-pole-to-clear factor
 Time t1 1ph equal to t1 specified for T100s divided by the first-pole-to-clear factor
 Peak uc 1ph equal to uc specified for T100s divided by the first-pole-to-clear factor
The other related TRV parameters are derived as indicated in Table 2 of IEEE Std C37.04.
52
The test circuit for T100a is the same as for T100s; the TRV for T100a is adjusted automatically as function
of current asymmetry.
4.8.4.6 Test duties L75 and L90
Test duties L75 and L90 in Table 1 are single-phase tests made at line-to-ground value (approximately 58%)
of the maximum rated voltage. These tests are intended to demonstrate the short-line fault capability of the
circuit breaker.
Test duties L75 and L90 are required only for circuit breakers directly connected to overhead lines. Circuit
breakers with a rated maximum voltage less than 100 kV, connecting to an overhead line with capacitance
less than 5 nF, shall be treated as directly connected to the overhead line.
4.8.5 Tests for short-circuit current required related capabilities
4.8.5.1 General
For rating structures of high-voltage circuit breakers, refer to IEEE Std C37.04.
4.8.5.2 Closing and latch tests
The required capability to close against a fault current, and to latch closed, as specified in IEEE Std C37.04,
is demonstrated by performing a closing test when the peak current has a value equal to 2.6 × I for 60 Hz or
2.5 × I for 50 Hz.
The test may be performed as part of test duty T100s or its alternatives. The latching portion of the test is
demonstrated by sustaining the current flow after the closing operation for a duration equivalent to at least
10 cycles of the rated power frequency. When closing and latching is not done as part of test duty T100s,
after completion of the closing and latching test, the circuit breaker shall be allowed to cool for at least 5 min,
and then it shall be opened under no-load conditions to demonstrate that welding of the contacts has not
occurred. The circuit breaker shall have passed the test provided it opens successfully.
For circuit breakers in which all three poles are operated by a common operating mechanism, these tests shall
be performed using either of the following two methods:
a) Three-phase source circuit in which the maximum offset current is applied to one of the outer
phase poles.
b) Single-phase source circuit in which two poles are connected in parallel and then in series with
the third pole. The single pole in the series connection shall be one of the outside poles of the
circuit breaker.
For circuit breakers, whose poles are independently operated, only a single-phase test source is required.
4.8.5.3 Short-time current-carrying tests
The required short-time current-carrying capability of a circuit breaker is demonstrated by test duty STC in
Table 1. The duration of the current flow shall be in accordance with the requirements of IEEE Std C37.04.
In some cases, the duration of the test demonstrating the short-time current-carrying capability may not be
exactly as specified. However, as the heating of the current-carrying parts is nearly proportional to I2 × T and
the cooling time is short, the test is valid if the duration of the short-circuit current is within 25% of the
specified time, and the actual average current squared multiplied by the actual test time exceeds the rated
current squared multiplied by the rated duration. Refer to D.1.6.
53
After completion of the short-time current-carrying tests, the circuit breaker shall be allowed to cool for at
least 5 min and then it shall be opened under no-load conditions to demonstrate that welding of the contacts
has not occurred. The circuit breaker will have passed the test provided it opens successfully.
4.8.5.4 Service capability and circuit breaker condition
The service capability is demonstrated by performing a combination of terminal fault test duties T60, T100s,
and T100a on the same pole in either single-phase tests or three-phase tests. Alternatively, it is possible to
perform T100s with at least six or eight interruptions at 100% rated short-circuit current depending on the
circuit breaker voltage class as described as follows:
a) Eight times the rated short-circuit breaking current (Irated), for circuit breakers rated below 72.5 kV
b) Six times Irated for circuit breakers rated 72.5 kV and above
These alternative tests shall be performed with the medium arcing time obtained during test duty T100s.
Current interrupted during calibration tests for a test duty can be included in the accumulation if the current
is equal to or greater than 0.6 × I and the arcing times are equal to or greater than the medium arcing time in
the case of test duties T60 and T100s (refer to item a) in 4.8.2.3.5 for medium arcing time determination).
Current interrupted during calibration tests for T100a can be included in the accumulation if the current
interrupted is equal to or greater than 0.6 × I and if the arcing time is equal to or greater than the minimum
arcing time with interruption after a major loop of current.
Each T100s and T100a operation shall be included as 1 × I in the accumulation. The degradation of the
interrupter for each breaking test is considered to be a power function of the current. The power function is
the ratio of the test current Itest to I, raised to the power of 1.8. The contribution of each current interruption
to the service capability shall be determined by formula
1.8
 I test 
 I 
 
with the following conditions:
 Contributions of breaking test currents less than 0.6 × I are not included in the accumulation.
 No more than five (5) T60 tests can be included in the accumulation.
4.8.5.4.1 Circuit breakers rated below 72.5 kV
The sum of the currents is a minimum of eight times the rated short-circuit current of the circuit breakers.
4.8.5.4.2 Circuit breakers rated 72.5 kV and higher
The sum of the currents is a minimum of six times the rated short-circuit current of the circuit breakers.
The calculation of accumulated fault currents shall be done as in 4.8.5.4.
4.8.5.4.3 Condition check after meeting service capability tests
A test circuit breaker insulation condition check can be performed after current accumulation duty specified
in the service capability duty requirements of IEEE Std C37.04. The voltage withstand test can be performed
by direct method in the high-voltage laboratory or indirect method using synthetic circuit in the high-power
laboratory as listed as follows. The direct method is preferred if the high-voltage laboratory is close to the
54
high power laboratory and does not require recovery of used SF6 gas from the short-circuit test to empty
bottles for shipment to the high-voltage laboratory:
a) For circuit breakers rated <72.5 kV:

b) A one-minute power frequency withstand tests at 80% of the original rated withstand value.
c) For circuit breakers rated ≥72.5 kV and <362 kV:
1) If the test is done with the direct test method, a lightning impulse test with both polarities
having a peak value equal to 80% of the rated lightning withstand voltage should be applied.
The circuit breaker is to be tested with five impulse voltages and no disruptive discharge is
allowed.
2) If the test is done with the synthetic test method, impulse waveforms with both polarities
similar to that of the applicable rated TRV as used in test duty T10 with a peak voltage equal
to 60% of the corresponding rated lightning impulse should be applied. The circuit breaker
is to be tested with five impulse voltages and no disruptive discharge is allowed.
d) For circuit breakers rated ≥362 kV:
1) If the test is done with the direct test method, a switching impulse test with both polarities
having a peak value equal to 80% of the rated switching withstand voltage should be applied.
The circuit breaker is to be tested with five impulse voltages and no disruptive discharge is
allowed.
2) If the test is done with the synthetic test method, impulse waveforms with both polarities
similar to that of the applicable rated TRV as used in test duty T10 with a peak voltage equal
to 80% of the corresponding rated switching impulse should be applied. The circuit breaker
is to be tested with five impulse voltages and no disruptive discharge is allowed.
Correction factors shall not be applied in these tests. No disruptive discharge should be observed to be
considered successfully passing the condition check test.
4.8.6 Condition of circuit breaker tested
4.8.6.1 General
At the initiation of the short-circuit test program, the circuit breaker shall be new and in good condition. The
circuit breaker shall be representative of the type, style, or model, as required for all design tests.
Circuit breakers intended for use in enclosures shall comply with 4.8.2.12.
4.8.6.2 Circuit breakers test samples
For demonstrating the service capability of the circuit breaker as required by 4.8.5.4, a single test sample
shall be used. For the balance of tests, although test samples may be used for more than one test, there is no
limit on the number of test samples that may be used.
4.8.6.3 Circuit breaker operating characteristics prior to test initiation
The following circuit breaker characteristics shall be measured and recorded prior to the initiation of
interruption tests:
a) Opening time and speed/travel with rated control voltage and mechanism operating pressure (if
applicable)
b) Opening time and speed/travel with maximum control voltage and maximum mechanism
operating pressure (if applicable)
c) Closing time and speed/travel with rated control voltage and minimum mechanism operating
pressure (if applicable)
55
d) Contact resistance
4.8.6.4 Reconditioning of circuit breaker during testing
The expendable parts of a circuit breaker may be replaced during a test series, except that no reconditioning
is permitted until the summation of the interrupted currents in one pole equals or exceeds the required service
capability (see 4.8.5.4).
4.8.6.5 Circuit breaker operating characteristics after test
The circuit breaker opening time shall be measured and recorded at the completion of interruption tests, and
they shall be compared with those measured and recorded at the initiation of the tests (see 4.8.6.3).
4.8.6.6 Condition of circuit breaker after test
After completion of either the L90 or the T100s design test, the circuit breaker shall be in the following
condition:
a) The circuit breaker shall be in substantially the same mechanical condition as it was before the
performance of the required duty cycles. The no-load contact travel curves shall be used for
determining the limits of the allowable deviations over or under the travel curve obtained in
4.8.6.3. From this reference curve, two envelope curves shall be drawn from the instant of contact
separation to the end of the contact travel for the opening operation and from the beginning of the
contact travel to the instant of contact touch for the closing operation. The distance of the two
envelopes from the original course shall be ±5% of the total stroke. In the case of circuit-breakers
with a total stroke of 40 mm or less, the distance of the two envelopes from the original course
shall be ±2 mm; or some lesser value as defined by the manufacturer to verify the proper operation
of the circuit breaker. The tolerance band thus determined may be placed such that the original
curve lies anywhere within the 10% total allowable tolerance band, but once defined, it shall
remain unchanged for both opening and closing operations. for example, –0%, +10%, or –10%,
with +0% representing the extreme cases. It is recognized for some designs of circuit breakers that
these methods may be unsuitable. In such cases, the manufacturer shall define an appropriate
method to verify the proper operation of the circuit breaker.
b) The circuit breaker shall be capable of withstanding its rated maximum voltage in the open
position.
c) The circuit breaker shall be capable of withstanding a 1-min power frequency or a modified
impulse voltage test as specified in 4.8.6.7.
d) The resistance of the continuous current-carrying circuit, from terminal to terminal when
measured with a DC current source in which at least 100 A are flowing, shall be less than 250%
of the maximum value given by the manufacturer.
e) The opening time of the circuit breaker shall not exceed 110% of the corresponding initial value
measured before the test.
4.8.6.7 Voltage withstand tests
The tests described in 4.8.5.4.3 shall be performed after completion of either the L90 or the T100s design
test.
4.8.7 Suggested short-circuit current interruption performance data form
Test data are preferably presented in a form with an accompanying tabulation of pertinent data similar to that
shown in Annex A.
56
4.9 Load current switching tests
4.9.1 Determination of when to test
Load current switching tests are additional to the basic short-circuit test duties covered by Table 1 and are
required only on circuit breakers with rated voltage lower than 52 kV when any one or more of the following
conditions exist:
a) Minimum arcing times in any of the test duties T10, T30, or T60 or calibrations for these test
duties is one half-cycle or more longer than the minimum arcing times in test duties T100s or
T100a. For three-phase tests, the arcing times of all three phases shall be taken into account.
b) Specific components in the circuit breaker aid in low-current interruptions.
c) Circuit breaker uses a new technology and reasonable doubt exists over its ability to handle normal
or low load currents.
4.9.2 Load current switching test conditions
Load current switching tests shall be made for 52 kV and below circuit breakers (when required) under the
following conditions to demonstrate the capability of the circuit breaker to switch load currents such as may
be encountered in normal service and test for critical currents as defined in item a) of 4.9.1:
a) The test current levels shall be as follows:

1) 3% to 7% of the rated continuous current.
2) 95% to 100% of the rated continuous current.
b) The power factor of the test circuits shall be 80% lagging or less with a parallel connected load.
c) Tests at lower power factors are not required but may be made at the option of the manufacturer.
d) For three-phase tests, three close–open operations shall be made at each current level. For single-
phase tests, nine close–open operations shall be made at each current level with the contact parting
time to be varied by 30° intervals, on one reference phase, between tests.
e) If three-phase tests are made, they shall be made with power frequency initial and recovery
voltages at least equal to the rated maximum voltage of the circuit breaker. If single-phase tests
are made, they shall be made with power frequency initial and recovery voltages at least equal to
87% of the rated maximum voltage.
f) If three-phase tests are made, either the neutral of the switched circuit or of the supply shall be
ungrounded except in the case of circuit breakers, which are only intended for grounded neutral
service, or when otherwise specified.
g) The normally grounded parts of the circuit breaker shall be grounded.
h) If the interrupter or interrupters are not symmetrical with respect to the terminals, part of the tests
shall be made with the source connected to one side of the circuit breaker and then repeated with
the source connected to the other side of the circuit breaker.
i) Note that if the most severe configuration has been previously determined during short-circuit
testing, then that side shall be used for all tests.
j) The tests shall be made at rated power frequency, except that tests done at 60 Hz satisfy
requirements for 50 Hz and vice versa unless prior testing indicates that the conditions in 4.9.1
exists that require load current switching tests to be performed are more severe at one frequency
than the other; in which case, the test shall be performed under the more severe conditions.
k) All tests shall be made at rated control voltage and operating gas or oil mechanism pressure, if
applicable.
l) With all interrupters using pressurized gas, all operations shall be made to demonstrate the circuit
breaker capability for interrupting load currents at the minimum pressure of the interrupting
medium.
57
4.9.3 Load current endurance switching tests
Load current endurance switching capability is demonstrated by completing the service capability
requirement of 4.8.5.4. Although not required, the manufacturer may choose to demonstrate further the load
current switching capability by performing the number of load switching operations shown in IEEE Std
C37.04 by opening the circuit breaker and interrupting a current equal to the rated continuous current at rated
maximum voltage with a power factor between 80% leading and 80% lagging and by closing circuits having
making currents of 600% of rated continuous current.
4.10 Capacitance current switching tests
4.10.1 Applicability
Capacitance current switching tests are applicable to all circuit breakers because the line switching capability
is mandatory for all class S2 circuit breakers, and the cable charging switching capability is mandatory for
all class S1 circuit breakers. Tests are required to demonstrate the following ratings when assigned:
a) Rated line-charging breaking current (required for all S2 circuit breakers, optional for S1 circuit
breakers)
b) Rated cable-charging breaking current (required for S1 circuit breakers, optional for S2 circuit
breakers)
c) Rated single-capacitor bank breaking current (optional for all circuit breakers)
d) Rated back-to-back capacitor bank breaking current (optional for all circuit breakers)
e) Rated back-to-back capacitor bank inrush making current (optional for all circuit breakers)
Preferred values of rated capacitance switching currents are given in IEEE Std C37.04.
NOTE 1—The determination of overvoltages when switching capacitor currents is not covered by this standard. See
IEEE Std 1036™-2010 [B18] for guidance.
NOTE 2—An explanatory note on capacitance current switching is given in B.3.
4.10.2 General
Reignitions during the capacitance current switching tests are permitted. Three classes of circuit breakers are
defined as follows according to their restrike performances:
a) Class C2: Very low probability of restrike during capacitance current breaking as demonstrated
by specific type tests (4.10.9.1).
b) Class C1: Low probability of restrike during capacitance current breaking as demonstrated by
specific type tests (4.10.9.2).
c) Class C0: Unspecified probability of restrike during capacitance current breaking allows up to
one restrike per operation. Suitability for capacitance current switching is demonstrated by
successfully performing either the C1 or C2 test program with up to one restrike per operation
(4.10.11.3).
NOTE—The probability is related to the performance during the series of design tests.
In laboratory tests, the lines and cables may be partly or fully replaced by artificial circuits with lumped
elements of capacitors, reactors, or resistors.
The test circuit frequency shall be the rated frequency with a tolerance of ±2%.
58
Phenomena occurring after a restrike or a reignition event are not representative of service conditions as the
test circuit may not adequately reproduce reignition/restrike energy or the postevent voltage conditions.
A circuit breaker can be class C2 for some ratings, class C1 for other ratings, or class C0 for other ratings.
For example, a circuit breaker could be class C2 for line charging and cable charging, class C1 for capacitor
bank switching, and class C0 for back-to-back capacitor bank switching; or a circuit breaker could be class
C2 for “normal” switching, and class C1 when switching in the presence of a ground fault.
Tests at 60 Hz may be considered to prove the breaking characteristics at 50 Hz.
Tests at 50 Hz may be considered to prove the characteristics at 60 Hz, provided that the voltage across
the circuit breaker is not less during the critical portions of the first 8.3 ms than it would be during a test at
60 Hz with the specified voltage. For restrike performance, the area of interest is from ~5 ms to 8.3 ms after
current zero. This means that V50 Hz/V60 Hz = 1.3 will be sufficient. If restrikes occur after 8.3 ms, due to the
instantaneous voltage being higher than it would be during a test at 60 Hz with the specified voltage, the test
duty should be repeated at 60 Hz.
The specification of the circuits may be replaced by a specification of the recovery voltage.
Capacitance current switching test duty abbreviations are defined as follows:
 Line-charging current, test duty LC1

 Line-charging current, test duty LC2
 Cable-charging current, test duty CC1
 Cable-charging current, test duty CC2
 Capacitor bank current, test duty BC1
 Capacitor bank current, test duty BC2
4.10.3 Characteristics of supply circuits
The test circuit shall fulfill the following requirements:
a) The characteristics of the test circuit shall be such that the power frequency voltage variation,
when switching, shall be less than 2% for test duties LC1, CC1, and BC1 and less than 5% for test
duties LC2, CC2, and BC2. When the voltage variation is higher than that specified, it is
alternatively permissible to perform tests with specified recovery voltage (see 4.10.10) or
synthetic tests.
b) The impedance of the supply circuit shall not be so low that its short-circuit current exceeds the
rated short-circuit current of the circuit breaker.
For line-charging, cable-charging, or single capacitor bank current switching tests, the prospective transient
recovery voltage of the supply circuit shall be no more severe than the transient recovery voltage specified
for short-circuit test duty T100s in Table 1.
For back-to-back capacitor bank breaking current tests, the capacitance of the supply circuit and the
impedance between the capacitors on the supply and load sides shall be such as to give the rated back-to-
back capacitor bank inrush making current when testing with 100% of the rated back-to-back capacitor bank
breaking current.
If a circuit breaker is intended to be used in a system with appreciable lengths of cable on the supply side, a
supply circuit incorporating appropriate additional capacitance should be used. An appreciable cable length
is one having a charging current >10% of the overhead line charging or cable-charging current rating.
59
For back-to-back capacitor bank switching current tests when separate making tests are performed, a lower
capacitance of the supply circuit may be chosen for the breaking tests. The capacitance should, however, not
be so low that the prospective transient recovery voltage of the supply side exceeds that specified for short-
circuit in test duty T100s in Table 1, with TRV values as in IEEE Std C37.04.
4.10.4 Grounding of the supply circuit
For single-phase laboratory tests, either terminal of the single-phase supply circuit can be grounded.
However, when it is necessary to make sure that the correct voltage distribution exists between the units of
the circuit breaker, another point of the supply circuit may be connected to ground.
For three-phase tests the grounding shall be as follows:
a) For capacitor bank current switching tests, the neutral of the supply circuit shall be grounded. For
capacitor banks with grounded neutral, the zero-sequence impedance shall be no less than three
times the positive sequence impedance. For isolated neutral capacitor banks, this ratio is not
relevant.
b) For line-charging and cable-charging current switching tests, the grounding of the supply circuit
shall, in principle, correspond to the grounding conditions in circuits for which the circuit breaker
is to be used.
c) For three-phase tests of a circuit breaker intended for use in grounded neutral systems, the neutral
point of the supply circuit shall be grounded and its zero-sequence impedance shall be no less than
three times its positive sequence impedance.
d) For three-phase tests of a circuit breaker intended for use in isolated neutral and resonant grounded
systems the neutral point of the supply side shall be isolated.
For convenience of testing, an alternative test circuit can be used as long as the testing authority can prove
that equivalent values of the recovery voltage will be obtained, for example a test circuit with a grounded
neutral system and an isolated capacitor bank can be replaced, in many cases, by a test circuit with an isolated
neutral system and a grounded capacitor bank.
Moreover, attention should be given to the influence of TRV control capacitors on the values of the recovery
voltage especially for low capacitance currents. Table 8 gives values of the required recovery voltage.
4.10.5 Characteristics of the capacitive circuit to be switched
The characteristics of the capacitive circuit shall, with all necessary measuring devices included (such as
voltage dividers), be such that the decay of the voltage across the circuit breaker does not exceed 10% at the
end of an interval of 300 ms after final arc extinction.
If above circuit condition cannot be met, separate test needs to be performed. At a minimum, a test with an
opening operation of the circuit breaker shall be made at the minimum functional pressure for interruption,
with the full recovery voltage across the circuit breaker and with a decay of no more than 10% for 300ms.
NOTE—This additional test takes into account that capacitive currents are too small to influence the recovery voltage
withstand.
4.10.5.1 Line-charging current switching tests
There are three possibilities for line-charging current switching tests. They are as follows:
a) Three-phase tests, when it is permissible to use parallel lines or to partly, or fully, replace the real
three-phase line with lumped capacitor banks. The resulting positive sequence capacitance shall
be approximately twice the zero-sequence capacitance for rated voltages 72.5 kV and above, and
three times the zero-sequence capacitance for rated voltages less than 72.5 kV.
60
b) Single-phase tests in a three-phase test circuit with two phases of the capacitive circuit connected
directly to the three-phase supply circuit and one phase connected to the supply circuit through
the circuit breaker pole to be tested.
c) Single-phase laboratory tests, when it is allowed to replace partly or fully the real lines by lumped
capacitor banks and to use any parallel connection of the conductors in the individual phases with
the return current through ground or through a conductor.
When capacitors are used to simulate overhead lines, a noninductive resistor of a maximum value of 450 Ω
may be inserted in series with the capacitors. Higher values may unduly influence the recovery voltage. If,
with this resistor connected, the peak inrush current is still unacceptably high, then an alternative impedance
(e.g., LR) may be used instead of the resistor, provided that the current and voltage conditions at the instant
of breaking and the recovery voltage do not differ significantly (i.e., by more than 2%) from the specified
values.
Caution is needed when using such alternative impedances, since this impedance can generate an overvoltage
after reignition, which may lead to further reignitions or restrikes.
4.10.5.2 Cable-charging current switching tests
Capacitors may be used to simulate shielded and belted cables. For three-phase tests representing three-core
belted cables, the positive sequence capacitance shall be approximately twice the zero-sequence capacitance.
NOTE 1— A belted cable has no grounded shield on the individual phase conductors. Therefore, there is a phase-to-
phase capacitance as well as a phase-to-ground capacitance.
When capacitors are used to simulate cables, a noninductive resistor of a maximum value of 25 Ω may be
inserted in series with the capacitors. Higher values may unduly influence the recovery voltage. If, with this
resistor connected, the peak inrush current is still unacceptably high, then an alternative impedance (e.g., LR)
may be used instead of the resistor, provided that the current and voltage conditions at the instant of breaking
and the recovery voltage do not differ significantly (i.e., by more than 2%) from the specified values.
Caution is needed when using such alternative impedances since this impedance can generate an overvoltage
after reignition, which may lead to further reignitions or restrikes.
NOTE 2— A short overhead line may be used in series with a cable for the tests, provided the line charging current does
not exceed 1% of the cable-charging current.
4.10.5.3 Capacitor bank current switching tests
The neutral of the capacitor shall be isolated except that, for rated voltages above 72.5 kV, the grounding
conditions of the test capacitor shall be the same as for the capacitor when in service if the circuit breaker is
intended for use in grounded neutral systems.
4.10.6 Waveform of the current
The waveform of the current to be interrupted should, as nearly as possible, be sinusoidal. This condition is
considered to be complied with if the ratio of the rms value of the current to the rms value of the fundamental
component does not exceed 1.20. However, if the capacitance current is more than 0.1 times the maximum
symmetrical interrupting rating, then the rate of change of the current within 100 µs of current zero shall not
be greater than two times the maximum di / dt of the power frequency component of the capacitance current.
The current to be interrupted shall not go through zero more than once per half-cycle of power frequency.
61
4.10.7 Test voltage
For direct three-phase tests and for single-phase tests with the capacitive circuit to be switched according to
the arrangement in item b) of 4.10.5.1, the test voltage measured between the phases at the circuit breaker
location immediately prior to opening shall be not less than the rated voltage [V] of the circuit breaker.
For direct single-phase laboratory tests, the test voltage measured at the circuit breaker location immediately
before the opening shall be not less than the product of V and the following capacitive voltage factor kc:
a) 1.0 for tests corresponding to normal service in grounded neutral systems without significant
mutual influence of adjacent phases of the capacitive circuit, typically capacitor banks with
grounded neutral and shielded cables.
b) 1.2 for tests on belted cables and for line-charging current switching tests according to item c) of
4.10.5.1 corresponding to normal service conditions in grounded neutral systems for circuit
breakers with rated voltages above 72.5 kV.
c) 1.4 for tests corresponding to
1) Breaking during normal service conditions in systems other than grounded neutral systems.
2) Breaking of capacitor banks with isolated neutral.
Moreover, the factor 1.4 will be applied for tests on belted cables (CC1) and for line-charging
current switching (LC1) according to item c) of 4.10.5.1 corresponding to normal service
conditions in ungrounded neutral systems for rated voltages less than or equal to 72.5 kV.
When verification of capacitance current switching is required in the presence of single- or two-
phase ground faults, the following factors apply (see also 4.10.9.4 for the test currents). Line
charging breaking tests in the presence of single phase to ground faults are required for circuit
breakers rated 362 kV and above.
d) 1.4 for tests corresponding to breaking in the presence of single- or two-phase ground faults in
grounded neutral systems.
e) 1.7 for tests corresponding to breaking in systems other than grounded neutral systems in the
presence of single- or two-phase ground faults.
NOTE 1— At best, class C1 performance is expected when kc = 1.7.
In summary, the voltage factors for direct single-phase laboratory tests are as follows:
kc = 1.4 for test duties LC1, LC2, CC1, CC2, BC1, BC2 for voltage ratings 72.5 kV and below (see
NOTE 2)
kc = 1.4 for test duties LC1, LC2 for voltages 362 kV and above. In this case, item a) of 4.10.9.4 applies
kc = 1.2 for test duties LC1, LC2 for voltages greater than 72.5 kV and less than 362 kV
kc = 1.0 for test duties CC1, CC2, BC1, BC2 for voltages greater than 72.5 kV (unless specified higher
by the user)
For special cases that may require higher values of kc when verification of capacitance current switching is
required in the presence of single- or two-phase ground faults, see IEEE Std C37.012™.
For unit tests, the test voltage shall be chosen to correspond to the most stressed unit of the pole of the circuit
breaker.
The power frequency test voltage and the dc voltage resulting from the trapped charge on the capacitive
circuit shall be maintained for a period of at least 0.3 s after breaking. For class C1 and C0 after a restrike
clears, the power frequency test voltage and the dc voltage on the capacitive circuit must remain for at least
0.3 s.
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NOTE 2—The voltage factors in item a) to item c) earlier in this subclause are applicable to single circuit line
construction. Switching test requirements for multiple circuit overhead line constructions may be greater than these
factors. (See IEEE Std C37.012.)
4.10.8 Test current
Preferred values of rated capacitance currents are specified in IEEE Std C37.04.
4.10.9 Test duties
The tests for class C0, class C1, or class C2 shall be performed on one specimen without any maintenance.
The abbreviations of 4.10.5 apply.
4.10.9.1 Test conditions for class C2 circuit breakers
4.10.9.1.1 Class C2 test preconditioning
Capacitance current switching tests for class C2 circuit breakers shall be made after performing short-circuit
test duty T60 in Table 1 as a preconditioning test. The breaker’s condition should remain unchanged after
T60 test and before C2 test. However, if this is not possible and local rules and regulations require
depressurizing to enter the test cell, it is allowed to decrease the pressure in the circuit breaker provided that
the gas is reused when refilling the circuit breaker.
As an alternative, the preconditioning test may be conducted by three opening operations under the following
conditions:
a) Same current as in test duty T60

b) Low voltage and no specified TRV
c) Arcing time: as for test duty T60 or expected test duty T60 arcing time values given by the
manufacturer
d) Rated or lock-out conditions
For practical reasons, for circuit breakers rated less than 72.5 kV, the manufacturer may choose to add other
test duties to the test duty T60 preconditioning tests.
If several capacitance current switching tests (e.g., line-charging, cable-charging, and capacitor bank current
switching tests) are performed with the same circuit breaker without reconditioning, the test duty T60
preconditioning tests shall be performed only once at the beginning of the capacitance current switching test.
4.10.9.1.2 Class C2 tests duties
The capacitance current switching tests shall consist of the test duties as specified in Table 6.
For sealed-for-life fluid circuit breakers, the minimum functional pressure is replaced by the rated pressure
for interruption less the pressure drops due to leakage during life duration. For vacuum circuit breakers, the
pressure conditions for interruption are not applicable.
For make–break tests, the contacts of the circuit breaker shall not be separated until the transient currents
have subsided. To achieve this, the time between the closing and the opening operations may need to be
adjusted but shall remain as close as possible to the close–open time.
No appreciable charge shall remain on the capacitive circuits before the making operations.
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Table 6—Class C2 test dutiesa

Test current as
Pressure for percentage of the Type of operation
Operating voltages
Test duty operation and rated capacitance or operating
of the releases
interruption breaking current sequence
(%)
Minimum
Duty 1: LC1, CC1,
Maximum voltage functional 10 to 40 O
BC1b
pressure
Duty 2: LC2, CC2,
Maximum voltage Rated pressure Not less than 100 O and CO or CO
BC2
a
The tests are performed at maximum operating voltage of the releases to facilitate consistent control of the opening operation.
b
For convenience of testing, CO operations may be performed in test duties LC1, CC1, and BC1.
For all capacitor bank making operations, the making shall occur within ±25° of the peak value of applied
voltage (on one phase for three-phase tests). The prospective making current shall be equal to the rated back-
to-back capacitor bank inrush making current (Ibb), and the frequency shall be 80% to 150% of the rated back-
to-back capacitor bank inrush making frequency (fbb).
4.10.9.1.3 Class C2 alternative of separate making tests
When, due to limitations of the test plant, it is not possible to comply with the requirements during the CO
operation, then it is permitted to perform the requirements of test duties LC2, CC2, and BC2 as a series of
separate making tests followed by a series of CO tests.
The separate making tests of this test series shall comprise the following:
a) The same number of operations.
b) The making current shall be appropriate to the capacitance current switching duty, to demonstrate
back-to-back capacitor bank switching ratings, the making current shall be equal to the rated back-
to-back capacitor bank inrush making current (Ibi), and the frequency shall be at least equal to the
tested back-to-back capacitor bank inrush making frequency (fbi).
c) The test voltage shall be the phase to ground voltage.
d) Closing shall occur within 25° of the peak value (on the same phase for three-phase tests).
After the separate making operations, the CO operations, following the same procedure for the separate
making tests described previously, shall be performed with no-load conditions on the closing.
4.10.9.1.4 Class C2 test damping factor for inrush currents
The prospective damping factor for the inrush current during back-to-back switching, that is, the ratio
between the second peak and the first peak of the same polarity, shall be equal to or greater than 0.75 for
circuit breakers having a rated voltage less than 72.5 kV and equal to or greater than 0.85 for circuit breakers
having a rated voltage equal to or greater than 72.5 kV.
4.10.9.1.5 Class C2 test determination of minimum arcing time
For opening operations, the minimum arcing time is determined by changing the setting of the contact
separation on opening by periods of approximately 300 µs. Using this method, several tests may be necessary
to demonstrate the minimum arcing time and the maximum arcing time.
To obtain more consistent opening and closing times of the circuit breaker, by agreement of the manufacturer,
voltages even higher than the relevant upper tolerance limit of the supply voltages of the operating devices
may be applied during these tests.
64
If a maximum arcing time is obtained instead of an expected minimum arcing time, this is a valid test and
shall be included in the count for the total requirement. In such an event, the following will be necessary, and
may have to be iterated until minimum arcing time is achieved:
 Advance the setting of the control of the tripping impulse by 300 µs, and repeat the test. The new
setting shall be kept for other tests at minimum arcing time.
 Make one less opening operation to retain the overall total count of tests.
The number of operations at minimum arcing time as stated in 4.10.9.1.7 to 4.10.9.1.10 shall be achieved in
any case, even if the specified total number of operations is exceeded.
A reignition followed by interruption at a later current zero shall be treated as a breaking operation with a
long arcing time.
4.10.9.1.6 Order of class C2 testing
The preferred order for the line-charging or cable-charging current switching tests is as follows:
 Terminal fault test duty T60 (Table 1) (mandatory at the beginning)
 Capacitance current switching, test duty LC1 or CC1
 Capacitance current switching, test duty LC2 or CC2
The mandatory order for capacitor bank (single or back-to-back) current switching tests is as follows:
 Terminal fault test duty T60 (Table 1)
 Capacitance current switching, test duty BC2
 Capacitance current switching, test duty BC1
Within each test duty, the order of the operations as written in 4.10.9.1.7 to 4.10.9.1.10 is suggested but not
mandatory.
For circuit breakers with a nonsymmetrical current path, the terminal connections shall be reversed between
test duty LC1, CC1, and BC1 and test duty LC2, CC2, and BC2.
These test duties may be combined to demonstrate the performance of a circuit breaker for covering several
applications or ratings (e.g., LC and/or CC and/or BC). If such a combination method is used, the following
rules apply:
a) The test voltage, as defined in 4.10.7, shall be equal to the highest value for which the circuit
breaker performance is required to be demonstrated. For circuit breakers with rated maximum
voltage 362 kV and greater, a minimum of 48 tests shall be done with kc = 1.4.
b) The test duties and test currents shall be as follows:
1) A test duty 1, covering test duties LC1 and/or CC1 and/or BC1, with a current between 10%
and 40% of the lowest capacitive current rating to be demonstrated.
2) A test duty 2, covering test duties LC2 and/or CC2 and/or BC2, with a current not less than
100% of the highest capacitive current rating to be demonstrated.
3) If the required current to be used in test duty 2 exceeds 10 times the current value used in
test duty 1, a third test duty (test duty 3) shall be performed with a test current between 10%
and 40% of the test current for test duty 2. For this third test duty, the testing procedures of
the test duties LC1 and/or CC1 and/or BC1 apply.
4) The number of operations for each of the test duties shall be the highest of those defined for
the ratings to be demonstrated (e.g., LC, CC, or BC). When CO operations are specified for
one application and O operations for a different one, CO operations are considered to cover
O operations if the testing conditions are the same.
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4.10.9.1.7 Three-phase line-charging and cable-charging current switching tests

for class C2
Each test duty shall comprise a total of 24 operations as follows:

a) Test duty LC1 and CC1:
1) 4 O, distributed on one polarity (step: 15°)
2) 6 O at minimum arcing time on one polarity
3) 4 O, distributed on the other polarity (step: 15°)
4) 6 O at minimum arcing time on the other polarity
5) Additional tests to achieve 24 O, distributed (step: 15°)
b) Test duty LC2 and CC2:
1) 4 CO, distributed on one polarity (step: 15°)
2) 6 CO at minimum arcing time on one polarity
3) 4 CO, distributed on the other polarity (step: 15°)
4) 6 CO at minimum arcing time on the other polarity
5) Additional tests to achieve 24 CO, distributed (step: 15°)
The C operations may be no-load operations. In this case, a series of separate making tests according to
4.10.9.1.3 shall be performed.
During these tests, all minimum arcing times shall occur on the same phase.
If the opening time of the circuit breaker prevents accurate control of contact separation, the requirement for
minimum arcing times to be on the same phase can be ignored.
4.10.9.1.8 Single-phase line-charging and cable-charging current switching tests

for class C2
Each test duty shall comprise a total requirement of 48 operations as follows:
For rated voltages 362 kV and higher, when a voltage factor kc of 1.4 is required for LC1 and LC2, the number
of tests shall be reduced by one half. (See 4.10.9.4.) This means a total of 24 for LC1 and of 24 for LC2.
a) Test duty LC1 and CC1:
b) Test duty LC2 and CC2:
1) 6 O and 6 CO, distributed on one polarity (step: 30°)
2) 3 O and 3 CO at minimum arcing time on one polarity
3) 6 O and 6 CO, distributed on the other polarity (step: 30°)
4) 3 O and 3 CO at minimum arcing time on the other polarity
5) Additional tests to achieve 24 O and 24 CO, distributed (step: 30°)
66
4.10.9.1.9 Three-phase capacitor bank (single or back to back) current switching tests for
class C2
Test duty BC1 shall comprise a total of 24 O tests. Test duty BC2 shall comprise a total of 80 CO tests:
a) Test duty BC1:

b) Test duty BC2:
3) 4 CO, distributed on the other polarity (step: 15°);
5) Additional tests to achieve 80 CO, distributed (step:15°)
During these tests, all minimum arcing times shall be obtained on the same phase.
4.10.9.1.10 Single-phase capacitor bank (single or back-to-back) current switching tests

for class C2
Test duty BC1 shall comprise a total of 48 O tests. Test duty BC2 shall comprise a total of 120 CO tests.
a) Test duty BC1:

b) Test duty BC2:
3) 12 CO, distributed on the other polarity (step: 15°)
NOTE—This subclause closely resembles 4.10.9.1 but with the lesser requirements for class C1. Each of these groups is
presented as a “stand alone” grouping.
67
4.10.9.2.1 Class C1 test duties
The capacitance current switching tests for class C1 circuit breakers shall consist of test duties as specified
in Table 7 without preconditioning (4.10.9.1.1).
Tests performed in an attempt to qualify for class C2 certification may be applied to class C1 certification.
Table 7—Class C1 test dutiesc

Test current as
Operating Pressure for percentage of the Type of operation
Test duty voltages of the operation and rated capacitance or operating
releases interruption breaking current sequence
(%)
Duty 1: LC1, CC1, BC1 Maximum voltage Rated pressure a 10 to 40 O
Duty 2: LC2, CC2, BC2 b Maximum voltage Rated pressure a Not less than 100 CO
a
If applicable, pressure for operation shall be the minimum functional pressure conditions for at least three CO operations, one at the
minimum arcing time and two at the maximum arcing time.
b
For convenience of testing, CO operations may be performed in test duty 1.
c
The tests are performed at maximum operating voltage of the releases to facilitate consistent control of the opening operation.
4.10.9.2.2 Class C1 test making operations
For the make–break tests, the contacts of the circuit breaker shall not be separated until the transient currents
have subsided. To achieve this, the time between the closing and opening operations may need to be adjusted
but shall remain as close as possible to the close–open time.
No appreciable charge shall remain on the capacitive circuits before the making operations.
For all capacitor bank-making operations, the making shall occur within ±25° of the peak value of applied
voltage (on one phase for three-phase tests). The making current shall be appropriate to the capacitance
current switching duty. To demonstrate back-to-back capacitor bank switching ratings, the making current
shall be at least equal to the rated back-to-back capacitor bank inrush making current (Ibi), and the frequency
shall be at least equal to the tested back-to-back capacitor bank inrush making frequency (fbi).
4.10.9.2.3 Class C1 alternative separate making tests
When, due to limitations of the test plant, it is not possible to comply with the requirements during the CO
operation, then it is permitted to perform the requirements of test duty LC2, CC2, and BC2 as a series of
separate making tests followed by a series of CO tests.
The separate making tests of this test series shall comprise:

 The same number of operations.
 The making current shall be appropriate to the capacitance current switching duty, to demonstrate
back-to-back capacitor bank switching ratings, the making current shall be equal to the rated back-
to-back capacitor bank inrush making current (Ibi), and the frequency shall be at least equal to the
rated back-to-back capacitor bank inrush making frequency (fbi).
 The test voltage shall be the phase to ground voltage.
 Closing shall occur within 25° of the peak value (on the same phase for three-phase tests).
After the separate making operations, the CO operations, following the same procedure for the separate
making tests described previously, shall be performed with no-load conditions on the closing.
NOTE—When switching capacitance currents, the opening operation in a CO operation is not influenced by the pre-arc
of the preceding closing operation but may be impacted by the actual behavior of the fluid for interruption caused by the
68
closing operation (e.g., local differences in density, turbulence, and fluid motion). Therefore, the closing and opening
operations may be separated as mentioned earlier with regard to the electrical stress but not with regard to the motion
conditions of the fluid for interruption. A no-load closing operation prior to the opening operation is necessary for these
reasons.
4.10.9.2.4 Class C1 test damping factors for inrush currents
The prospective damping factor for the inrush current during back-to-back switching, that is, the ratio
between the second peak and the first peak of the same polarity, shall be equal to or greater than 0.75 for
circuit breakers having a rated voltage less than 72.5 kV and equal to or greater than 0.85 for circuit breakers
having a rated voltage equal to or greater than 72.5 kV.
4.10.9.2.5 Class C1 test determination of minimum arcing time
For opening operations, the minimum arcing time is determined by changing the setting of the contact
separation on opening by six electrical degrees. Using this method, several tests may be necessary to
demonstrate the minimum arcing time and the maximum arcing time.
To obtain more consistent opening and closing times of the circuit breaker, by agreement of the manufacturer,
voltages even higher than the relevant upper tolerance limit of the supply voltages of the operating devices
may be applied during these tests.
If a maximum arcing time is obtained instead of an expected minimum arcing time, this is a valid test and
shall be included in the count for the total requirement. In such an event, the following will be necessary and
may have to be iterated until the minimum arcing time is achieved:
 Advance the setting of the control of the tripping impulse by 300 µs, and repeat the test. The new
setting shall be kept for other tests at minimum arcing time.
 Make one less opening operation to retain the overall total count of tests.
A reignition followed by interruption at a later current zero shall be treated as a breaking operation with a
long arcing time.
4.10.9.2.6 Class C1 test order of testing
Within each test duty, the order of the operations, as written in 4.10.9.2.7, is suggested but not mandatory.
For circuit breakers with a nonsymmetrical current path, the terminal connections shall be reversed between
test duty 1 (LC1, CC1, and BC1) and test duty 2 (LC2, CC2, and BC2).
These test duties may be combined to demonstrate the performance of a circuit breaker for covering several
applications or ratings (e.g., LC and/or CC and/or BC). If such a combination method is used, the following
rules apply:
a) The test voltage, as defined in 4.10.7, shall be equal to the highest value for which the circuit
breaker performance is required to be demonstrated. For circuit breakers with rated maximum
voltage 362 kV and greater, a minimum of 48 tests shall be done with kc = 1.4.
b) The test duties and test currents shall be as follows:
1) A test duty 1, covering test duties LC1 and/or CC1 and/or BC1, with a current between 10%
and 40% of the lowest capacitive current rating to be demonstrated.
2) A test duty 2, covering test duties LC2 and/or CC2 and/or BC2, with a current not less than
100% of the highest capacitive current rating to be demonstrated.
3) If the required current to be used in test duty 2 exceeds 10 times the current value used in
test duty 1, a third test duty (test duty 3) shall be performed with a test current between 10%
69
and 40% of the test current for test duty 2. For this third test duty, the testing procedures of
the test duties LC1 and/or CC1 and/or BC1 apply.
4) The number of operations for each of the test duties shall be the highest of those defined for
the ratings to be demonstrated (e.g., LC, CC, or BC). When CO operations are specified for
one application and O operations for a different one, CO operations are considered to cover
O operations if the testing conditions are the same.
4.10.9.2.7 Single-phase and three-phase capacitance current switching tests for class C1
Test duty 1 (LC1, CC1, and BC1) shall comprise a total of 24 O tests. Test duty 2 (LC2, CC2, and BC2) shall
comprise a total of 24 CO tests.
For rated voltages 362 kV and higher, when a voltage factor kc of 1.4 is required for LC1 and LC2, the number
of tests shall be reduced by one half (See 4.10.9.4). This means a total of 12 for LC1 and 12 for LC2.
a) Test duty 1 (LC1, CC1, BC1):

3) 3 O at minimum arcing time on other polarity
4) 6 O at maximum arcing time on the other polarity
6) For class C0, the maximum number of operations required shall be 36 regardless of arcing
time
b) Test duty 2 (LC2, CC2, BC2):
4) 6 CO at maximum arcing time on the other polarity
6) For class C0, the maximum number of operations required shall be 36 regardless of arcing
time
The preferred order for the tests is the following:
 Capacitance current switching, test duty 1 (LC1 or CC1 or BC1)

 Capacitance current switching, test duty 2 (LC2 or CC2 or BC2)
See 4.10.11.3.
The test circuit used to demonstrate class C0 shall be capable of producing multiple restrikes and shall provide
sufficient energy for each restrike to charge the load capacitor to 3.0 times of phase-to-ground peak test
voltage.
4.10.9.4 Test conditions corresponding to breaking in the presence of ground faults
The following test conditions correspond to breaking in the presence of ground faults:
70
a) Lines and cables:

When tests corresponding to switching of line and cable-charging currents in the presence of
ground faults are required, the following shall apply.
Single-phase laboratory tests shall be made with a test voltage as given in 4.10.7 and a capacitive
current equal to
1) 1.25 times the rated capacitance breaking current in grounded neutral systems.
2) 1.7 times the rated capacitance breaking current in systems other than grounded neutral
systems.
Test procedures are as given in 4.10.9.1 and 4.10.9.2, except that the total number of tests required
is divided by two for each relevant test duty.
If the tests corresponding to breaking in the presence of ground faults are carried out using the
number of operations stated in 4.10.9.1 or 4.10.9.2, respectively, these tests cover the requirements
given in 4.10.9.1 or 4.10.9.2 and the tests to 4.10.9.1 or 4.10.9.2 need not be performed.
b) Single capacitor banks:
Tests are not necessary for capacitor banks in grounded neutral systems.
Switching grounded neutral capacitor banks on systems other than grounded neutral systems can
result in higher stresses. As this is not a normal system condition, such test requirements are not
considered in this standard.
c) Back-to-back capacitor banks:
As switching back-to-back capacitors in the presence of a fault is not a normal system condition,
such test requirements are not considered in this standard.
4.10.10 Tests with specified TRV
As an alternative to using the test circuits defined in 4.10.3, switching tests may be performed in circuits that
fulfill the following requirements for the prospective recovery voltage:
With the envelope of the prospective test recovery voltage defined as
u 'c  uc
t '2  t 2
where
u'c is the actual capacitive recovery voltage
t'2 is the actual time to crest of the capacitive recovery voltage
In addition, the initial part of the prospective recovery voltage shall remain below the line from the origin to
the point defined by u1 and t1.
uc is the required power frequency recovery voltage in per unit crest of the single-phase test voltage Utest.
kcU r 2
U test 
3
where
kc is the test voltage factor per 4.10.7
71
V is the rated maximum voltage

u1 is the maximum allowed “voltage jump” on interrupting (breaking) the capacitive current, and is
expressed in per unit of the single-phase test voltage Utest
t1 is the time to crest of the “voltage jump” recovery voltage on interrupting (breaking) the capacitance
current
t2 is the minimum time to crest of the power frequency recovery voltage after capacitive interruption
(breaking)
Specified values of u1, t1, uc, and t2 are given in Table 8.
See B.11 to derive t1 values from IEEE Std C37.04.
4.10.11 Criteria to pass the test
When combined testing in accordance with 4.10.9.1.6 (class C2) or 4.10.9.2.6 (class C1) is carried out, the
criteria to pass the test apply to each of the following combinations of test duties:
 Test duty 1 and test duty 2 corresponding to item b1) and item b2) of 4.10.9.1.6 [or 4.10.9.2.6 as
appropriate]
 When applicable, test duties 2 and 3 corresponding to item b2) and item b3) of 4.10.9.1.6 [or
4.10.9.2.6 as appropriate]
Table 8—Specified values of u1, t1, uc, and t2
Recovery voltage values in relation to

Time values
Test duties the peak value of the test voltage
uc u1
t1 t2
p.u. p.u.
1 >1.98 <0.02kaf * >t1 or t3 in for terminal 8.7 ms for 50 Hz
fault 7.3 ms for 60 Hz
2 >1.95 <0.05kaf *
NOTE—For tests with specified recovery voltage, the prospective recovery voltage is calculated based on the test
voltage of the corresponding single-phase direct test.
kaf = amplitude factor = 1.4 for class S1 circuit breakers and for circuit breakers with rated voltage of 100 kV up to and
including 800 kV
kaf = amplitude factor = 1.5 for circuit breakers with rated voltage higher than 800 kV
kaf = amplitude factor = 1.54 for class S2 circuit breakers
4.10.11.1 Criteria for class C2
The circuit breaker shall have successfully passed the tests for class C2 (4.10.9.1) if the following conditions
are met:
a) External flashover and phase-to-ground flashover shall not occur. Either no restrikes occurred
during test duties 1 (LC1or CC1 or BC1) and 2 (LC2 or CC2 or BC2); or if one restrike occurs
during the complete test duties 1 (LC1 or CC1 or BC1) or 2 (LC2 or CC2 or BC2) or combination
test, then all test duties shall be repeated on the same apparatus without any maintenance. No
restrike shall occur during the second series of tests. The condition of the circuit breaker after the
test series corresponds to the conditions given in 4.10.11.5. If no restrike occurred during the
complete test duties, visual inspection is sufficient.
b) In the case of combined testing according to 4.10.9.1.6, the circuit breaker shall have passed the
test for the application or rating with the lower capacitive breaking current, if the tests to item b1)
72
and item b2) of 4.10.9.1.6 were successful, and the test for the application or rating with the higher
capacitive breaking current, if the tests to item b2) and item b3) of 4.10.9.1.6 were successful.
When due to restrikes test duties have to be repeated, at least two test duties shall be repeated,
either the tests to item b1) and item b2) of 4.10.9.1.6 or the tests to item b2) and item b3),
depending on in which test duty the restrike took place. If a restrike occurred in LC2 and/or CC2
and/or BC2 [see item b2) of 4.10.9.1.6], this test and any one of tests per item b2) or item b3) of
4.10.9.1.6 shall be repeated.
The circuit breaker shall have successfully passed the tests if up to one restrike occurred during test duties
1 (LC1 or CC1 or BC1) and 2 (LC2 or CC2 or BC2).
If two restrikes occurred during the complete test duties 1 (LC1 or CC1 or BC1) and 2 (LC2 or CC2 or BC2),
then both test duties shall be repeated on the same apparatus without any maintenance. If no more than one
additional restrike happens during this extended series of tests, the circuit breaker shall have successfully
passed the tests. External flashover and phase-to-ground flashover shall not take place.
A circuit breaker tested in accordance with the class C2 test program (4.10.9.1) can be qualified as a class
C1 circuit breaker if the voltage after clearing a restrike is maintained; that is, the power frequency test
voltage plus the DC trapped charge voltage on the capacitive load has been maintained for at least 0.3 s and
if at least one of the following conditions is met:
a) The criteria for class C2 to pass the test are met.
b) The total number of restrikes during line charging current switching tests (LC1 and LC2) or cable
charging current switching tests (CC1 and CC2) is not greater than
1) Two in the first series of operations, that is, 96 in the case of single-phase tests and 48 in the
case of three-phase tests (no repetition series is carried out).
2) One during the first test series of operations, that is, 96 in the case of single-phase tests and
48 in the case of three-phase tests, regardless of the number of restrikes observed during the
repetition of the test series; the test may be stopped if a second restrike occurs during the
repetition of the test series.
c) The total number of restrikes during capacitor bank switching tests (BC1 and BC2) is not greater
than
1) Five in the first series of operations, that is, 168 in the case of single-phase tests and 104 in
the case of three-phase tests (no repetition series is carried out).
2) One during the first test series of operations, that is, 168 in the case of single-phase tests and
104 in the case of three-phase tests, regardless of the number of restrikes observed during
the repetition of the test series; the test may be stopped, if a second restrike occurs during
the repetition of the test series.
In the case of combined testing according to 4.10.9.1.6, the circuit breaker shall have passed the test for the
application or rating with the lower capacitive breaking current, if the tests to item b1) and item b2) of
4.10.9.1.6 were successful, and the test for the application or rating with the higher capacitive breaking
current, if the tests to item b2) and item b3) of 4.10.9.1.6 were successful. When, due to restrikes, test duties
have to be repeated, at least two test duties shall be repeated, either the tests to item b1) and item b2) of
4.10.9.1.6 or the tests to item b2) and item b3), depending on in which test duty the restrike took place. If a
restrike occurred in LC2 and/or CC2 and/or BC2 [test to item b2) in 4.10.9.1.6], this one and any one of the
tests to item b1) and item b3) shall be repeated.
Class C0 may be demonstrated by completing either the C1 test program (4.10.9.2) or C2 test program
(4.10.9.1) allowing up to one restrike per operation. External flashover and phase-to-ground flashover shall
73
not occur. The condition of the circuit breaker after the test series shall correspond to the conditions given in
4.10.11.5. If the desired number of operations at the specified arcing times cannot be achieved, the maximum
number of operations required for each test duty is 36 to attain class C0. This means the maximum number
of operations required is 36 for test duty 1 and 36 for test duty 2 (72 total).
To qualify a class C0 circuit breaker, the test circuit shall be able to support restrikes beyond the first restrike
(if it happens). Therefore, a direct test circuit may be required for this test.
4.10.11.4 Behavior of circuit breaker during capacitance current switching tests
If failures occur during a test series that are neither persistent nor due to defect in design, but are due to errors
in assembly or maintenance, the faults can be rectified and the circuit breaker subjected to the repeated test
duty concerned. In these cases, the test report shall include reference to the invalid tests.
Nonsustained disruptive discharges (NSDDs) may occur during the recovery voltage period following a
breaking operation, and they shall not be considered a sign of distress as long as no power frequency, or
capacitive load natural frequency current, flows into the capacitive load.
The occurrence of NSDDs does not affect the performance of a switching device. Therefore, their number is
of no significance to interpreting the performance of the device under test. However, NSDD activities should
be noted in the test report to differentiate them from restrikes.
NOTE—An explanatory note on NSDDs is given in B.2.
4.10.11.5 Condition after a capacitance current switching test series
The circuit breaker shall, after performing the line-charging, cable-charging and capacitor bank current
switching test series specified in 4.10.9, and before reconditioning, show no signs that it is not capable of any
making and breaking current up to its rated short-circuit making and breaking current at rated voltage.
In addition, the circuit breaker shall meet the requirement of item b) of 4.8.6.6. There shall be no evidence
of puncture, flashover, or tracking of internal insulating materials, except that moderate wear of the parts of
arc control devices exposed to the arc is permissible.
Degradation of the components in the current-carrying path shall not reduce the integrity of the normal
current-carrying path.
If, during the capacitance current switching tests, any restrike occurs, the dielectric condition checking test
according to 4.8.6.7 shall be performed before visual inspection, provided that the tested peak recovery
voltage during the capacitance current switching tests is lower than the peak voltage of the specified dielectric
condition checking test. The subsequent visual inspection shall demonstrate that the restrike occurred
between the arcing contacts only. There shall be no evidence of puncture, flashover, or permanent tracking
of internal insulating materials. Wear of the parts of arc control devices exposed to the arc is permissible as
long as it does not impair the breaking capability. Moreover, the inspection of the insulating gap between the
main contacts, if they are different from the arcing contacts, shall not show any trace of a restrike.
If no restrike occurred during the capacitance current switching tests, visual inspection is sufficient. The
dielectric condition checking test according to 4.8.6.7 need not be performed.
When further tests will be performed on the same pole, the dielectric condition checking test shall be
performed after the capacitance current switching test. If no restrike occurred during the capacitive current
switching test, this dielectric condition checking test need not be performed.
If the circuit breaker fails during the additional tests, this procedure may make the capacitance current
switching tests invalid.
74
For circuit breakers with sealed-for-life interrupter units, the dielectric condition checking test according to
4.8.6.7 shall be performed, whether a restrike occurs during testing or not, provided that the tested peak
recovery voltage during the capacitance current switching tests is lower than the peak voltage of the specified
dielectric condition checking test.
4.11 Inductive load switching
No rating is assigned in IEEE Std C37.04. This switching test duty is optional and applicable to circuit
breakers that are used to switch high-voltage motor currents and shunt reactor currents. Switching of
inductive loads (high-voltage shunt reactors) is described in application guide IEEE Std C37.015™-2017
[B30]. Reactor switching is an operation in which small differences in circuit parameters can produce large
differences in the severity of the duty. The results from any one series of tests cannot simply be applied to a
different set of conditions.
When inductive load switching tests are required, IEC 62271-110 shall be used. In addition to the
requirements of subclause 6.114.9 of IEC 62271-110:2012 [B13], the test report shall include a chopping
number of the circuit breaker or, when this is not possible, it is allowed to provide the chopping number in a
separate document.
NOTE—The requirement to provide a chopping number is not applicable to vacuum breakers.
4.12 Out-of-phase switching current tests
4.12.1 General
The tests specified in this subclause are made only if an out-of-phase switching current rating has been
assigned to the circuit breaker by the manufacturer. These tests are outlined in Table 9 and are described in
4.12.2 to 4.12.8.
The test requirements in Table 9 demonstrate out-of-phase switching capability for the majority of out-of-
phase switching conditions. Attention is called to suggest preventive measures described in IEEE Std
C37.010™-2016 [B27].
Table 9—Test to demonstrate out-of-phase capabilities
Test duty Operating duty Current I

OP1a O–O–O 0.05 I to 0.10 I
OP2(a)b,c C*O–O–O 0.25 I
OP2(b)b,c C*–C**O–O–O 0.25 I
a OP 1 and OP2 have changed from the requirements of test duties 1 and 2 of IEEE Std
C37.09-1999 [B23].
b C* = Close at full voltage; C** = Close at no-load.
c OP2(a) and OP2(b) are alternatives to each other. Only one of them is needed to
demonstrate the capabilities.
Test duty OP1 is performed only in certain cases (see 4.12.6).
Tests shall be made to determine the ability of a circuit breaker to make and interrupt currents during out-of-
phase conditions.
The tests may be made using any of the test methods described previously for short-circuit tests and using
the same guidelines for applicability specified for short-circuit testing conditions. If these conditions are not
fulfilled, three-phase tests should be made.
The out-of-phase switching current capacity performance in a test shall be stated in terms of the following:
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a) The value of the out-of-phase switching current

b) The value of the out-of-phase recovery voltage
c) The value of the peak, time-to-peak, and wave shape of the TRV
4.12.2 Arrangement of circuit breaker for tests
The circuit breaker subjected to out-of-phase switching current tests shall be a representative of the type
being certified in all details of construction and operation as recorded in certified drawings or specifications,
or both.
Circuit breaker operating mechanisms shall be operated at the specified minimum control voltage or the
specified minimum operating pressure, or both.
The air or gas pressure in air or gas-blast circuit breakers shall be the minimum operating pressure for the
rated (short-circuit) interrupting capacity.
Circuit breakers intended for use in enclosures shall be tested in compliance with 4.8.2.12.
If single-phase or unit tests are performed, the test unit shall be equivalent to, but not in a more favorable
condition than, the complete three-phase circuit breaker with respect to the following:
a) Speed of closing and opening

b) Arc-extinguishing medium
c) Energy output of operating mechanism
d) Rigidity of the structure
4.12.3 Test circuit
The following conditions for the test circuit shall be met:
a) The power factor of the test circuit shall not exceed 0.15 lagging.
b) For single-phase tests, the test circuit shall be arranged so that approximately one half of the
applied voltage and of the recovery voltage is on each side of the circuit breaker (see Figure 12).
If it is not feasible to use this circuit in the testing station, it is permissible to use either of the circuits shown
in Figure 13 and Figure 14 at the option of the manufacturer.
 Two identical voltages separated in phase by 120° instead of 180° may be used, provided the total
voltage across the circuit breaker is as stated in 4.12.4 (see Figure 13).
 Tests with one terminal of the circuit breaker grounded may be used (see Figure 14).
4.12.4 Test voltage
4.12.4.1 Single phase
For single-phase tests as called for in test duties 1 and 2 of Table 9, both the applied voltage E (as shown in
Figure 12, Figure 13, and Figure 14) and the power frequency recovery test voltage shall be equal to or greater
than the following:
a) For effectively grounded neutral, E shall be 2.0 times the rated maximum voltage Ur divided by
3.
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b) For systems other than neutral grounded, the test voltage E shall be 2.5 times the rated maximum
voltage V divided by 3 .
c) The inherent TRV of the test circuit shall have a two- or a four-parameter wave shape as listed in
IEEE Std C37.04.
For the alternative single-phase, close–open test called for in test duty 2a of Table 9, the applied voltage shall
be equal to or greater than 1.5 times the rated maximum voltage Ur divided by 3 .
This corresponds approximately to limiting the out-of-phase closing angle to 90° (see IEEE Std C37.010™-
2016 [B27]).
Figure 12—Dual-voltage testing 180°
Figure 13—Dual-voltage testing 1200
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Figure 14—Single-voltage testing one side grounded
Symbol Y in Figure 12, Figure 13, and Figure 14 represents combinations of capacitances and resistances.
4.12.4.2 Three phase
For three-phase tests, the recovery voltage of the first pole to clear shall have the appropriate value as stated
earlier for single-phase tests.
4.12.5 Test frequency
See 4.8.2.2.
4.12.6 Test duties
The out-of-phase switching duties are shown in Table 9. Refer to 4.8.2.3 for arcing time requirements.
The test duty OP1 is only to be performed if the minimum arcing time in test-duty T10 is more than one half-
cycle longer than the minimum arcing time in test-duty T30.
For the opening operation of each test duty, the dc component of the breaking current at contact separation
shall be less than 20% of the ac component. For the closing operation of the close–open cycle of test duty 2,
the applied voltage shall be 1.5
 U r /  3 ; for convenience of testing, the applied voltage may be increased
to 2.0
 U r /  3 for circuit breakers intended to be used in effectively grounded neutral systems and to
2.5
 U r /  3 for circuit breakers intended to be used in noneffectively grounded neutral systems with the
agreement of the manufacturer.
The making shall occur within 15° of the peak of the applied voltage.
The making shall produce a symmetrical current with the longest pre-arcing time. The making current shall
be equal to the rated out-of-phase making current.
a) If the pre-arcing time when making at the peak of the applied voltage is shorter than or equal to
half a cycle of the rated frequency, then the making current may be reduced to any smaller value
but not less than 1 kA.
b) If the pre-arcing time when making at the peak of the applied voltage does not exceed one-quarter
cycle of power frequency with a tolerance of 20%, due to possible limitations of the testing
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facilities, it is allowed to replace the test duty 2 by test duty 2a using the following sequence for
the CO operation:
1) C at full voltage
2) CO with C at no load
4.12.7 Condition of circuit breaker after tests
After performing the specified test, the circuit breaker shall be capable of meeting the requirements set forth
in 4.8.6.5, and 4.8.6.6. For a circuit breaker with rated voltage below 72.5 kV, an additional power frequency
withstand test should be conducted following procedures in item a) in 4.8.6.6.
4.12.8 Test report
The test report shall contain the data necessary to prove that the circuit breaker complies with this standard.
Suggested oscillographic and other records include the following:
a) Switching current in each phase

b) Voltage across each phase
c) Instant of energizing trip coil
d) Travel of moving contacts, if practicable
e) Current in closing coil
f) Timing wave
g) Gas pressure before test
h) Voltage of the supply circuit
i) Interrupting time
j) Resistor current in each phase (when applicable)
k) Laboratory or measurement error margin
Any substantive deviation from this subclause shall be clearly stated in the test report.
4.13 Mechanical endurance and environmental tests
4.13.1 General
No-load mechanical operation tests and simulated environmental conditions are imposed on the circuit
breaker to confirm its satisfactory operation in service.
4.13.2 Mechanical endurance test object and conditions
No-load mechanical endurance tests shall be made under the following conditions:
a) The mechanical endurance test shall be performed at the ambient conditions of the test location.
These conditions shall be recorded in the test report.
b) The circuit breaker shall be mounted in the same manner as intended by the manufacturer.
c) The test object shall be pressurized to the rated fill pressure of the insulating medium (if
applicable).
d) Multiple pole circuit breakers with ganged operation and a common mounting structure shall be
tested as a complete breaker. Multiple pole circuit breakers with individual pole operation and a
common mounting structure shall be tested as a complete breaker or as a single pole as agreed to
between the manufacturer and the user.
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e) Multiple pole circuit breakers with individual pole operation and each pole mounted on a separate
structure shall be tested as a complete circuit breaker or as a full individual pole at the discretion
of the manufacturer. In the case of the latter, the test of an individual pole shall not represent a
more favorable condition than the complete breaker.
f) The test object shall be new or reconditioned at the option of the manufacturer.
g) The test object shall contain all major components, appurtenances, and accessories including the
maximum number of available auxiliary contacts.
h) Circuit breakers intended for use in enclosures shall be installed in the appropriate vertical section
compartment of the switchgear suggested by the manufacturer (see appropriate standards). When
prior testing or experience indicates that the location of the circuit breaker compartment within
the switchgear does not affect performance, a suitably equipped minimum enclosure may be used
for this test. The compartment shall have the maximum number of cell switch contacts
(mechanism operated cell and truck operated cell) available for the design.
i) Recognize that variations exist in the circuit breaker configuration that may affect the mechanical
endurance test. The manufacturer shall determine which combination(s) of components shall be
tested and which components are qualified by similarity.
4.13.3 Circuit breaker operational characteristics
Performance characteristics describe the data taken before, during, and after the mechanical endurance test.
These data are grouped into datasets 1, 2, 3, and 4, which are defined in Table 10.
Table 10—Mechanical endurance and cold test datasets

Dataset Reference
Item Characteristic clause
1 2 3 4
a Closing Time X X
b Opening Time X X
c Contact Δ within one phase (if applicable) X X
d Contact Δ between phases (if applicable) X X
e Time-Travel Curve X X
f Current Trace of Open Signal X X
g Current Trace of Close Signal X X
h Recharge Time X X
i Monitor density switch contacts (if applicable) X
j Resistance Test of the Main Circuit X X 5.14
k Tightness Test (if applicable) X X 5.6
l Vacuum Integrity Test (if applicable) X X 5.7
Power Frequency Voltage Test of the Main Circuit
m (apply 100% for pretest and 80% for posttest per IEEE C37.04 X 4.5.4.1
values)
n Control and Auxiliary Circuit Function Check X X 5.8, 5.9
o Control and Auxiliary Circuit Continuity Check X X 5.8, 5.9
p Control and Auxiliary Circuit Power Frequency Voltage Test X X 5.16
Current Transformer power frequency withstand
q X 5.2d)
(if applicable)
a Not all characteristics are applicable for each type of switchgear. The manufacturer shall determine which characteristics
are applicable.
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4.13.4 Mechanical endurance M1 and M2 test sequences
The M1 mechanical endurance test sequence is outlined in Table 11.
Table 11—M1 mechanical endurance test sequence

Dataset Auxiliary Number of
Operating Operating
Step Description (see supply operating
sequence pressure e
Table 10) voltage sequences a, b
1 Pretest Checks — 1 — — —
O, C, O–tr–C, Minimum Minimum 1
Pretest
2 O–tr–CO, CO, 2 Rated Rated 1
Operations c
C Maximum Maximum 1
C–ta–O–ta None Maximum Rated 50
C–ta–O–ta None Minimum Rated 50
Test Operation
3 O–tr–CO–ta– None Rated Rated 25
Sequence d
C–ta
C–ta–O–ta None Rated Rated Remainder
O, C, O–tr–C, Minimum Minimum 1
Posttest
4 O–tr–CO, CO, 2 Rated Rated 1
Operations c
C Maximum Maximum 1
Posttest
5 — 1 — — —
Checks
a
The total number of operations is defined in Table 24 of IEEE Std C37.04.
b
One operation consists of one O and one C.
c
If applicable, each nonprimary trip and close circuit shall be operated during step 2) and step 4).
d
ta is the intentional test delay between successive operations and shall not be more than tr .
e
Applies only to pneumatic and hydraulic accumulator stored energy.
f
M1 service intervals and the definition of servicing are given in Table 24 of IEEE Std C37.04.
4.13.5 Mechanical endurance qualification criteria
The mechanical endurance qualification criteria are as follows:
a) The circuit breaker shall be inspected to verify that it is in operable condition and that it meets the
requirements set forth in IEEE Std C37.04.
b) The characteristics of a representative number of test operations shall be within their respective
tolerances as defined by the manufacturer.
c) During step 2) through step 5) in Table 11, the circuit breaker operates on command and does not
operate without command.
d) The resistance of the main circuit shall conform to the limits specified in Table 24 of IEEE Std
C37.04.
e) The main circuit shall successfully complete the power frequency voltage withstand tests.
f) Control and auxiliary circuits shall function as intended and shall successfully complete the power
frequency voltage withstand tests.
g) Current transformers (if applicable) shall successfully pass the power frequency voltage withstand
test.
h) Gas tightness (if applicable) shall conform to the manufacturer’s permitted leakage rate FP.
i) During pre- and posttest operations, the transient voltage produced by the control circuit associated
with the circuit breaker itself shall not exceed the 1500-V peak when the control circuit was
interrupted.
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The M2 mechanical endurance test sequence is outlined in Table 12.
Table 12—M2 mechanical endurance test sequence

Auxiliary Number of
Operating Dataset Operating
Step Description supply operating
sequence (see Table 10) pressure d
voltage sequences a
Pretest
1 — 1 — — —
Checks
O, C, O–tr–C, minimum minimum 1
Pretest
2 O–tr–CO, 2 rated rated 1
Operations b
CO, C maximum maximum 1
C–ta–O–ta maximum rated 500
Test C–ta–O–ta minimum rated 500
3A Operation C–ta–O–ta None rated rated 500
Sequence c O–tr–CO–ta–
rated rated 250
C–ta
3B Operation C–ta–O–ta None rated rated 500
rated rated 250
C–ta
3C Operation C–ta–O–ta None rated rated 500
rated rated 250
C–ta
3D Operation C–ta–O–ta None rated rated 500
rated rated 250
C–ta
3E Operation C–ta–O–ta None rated rated 500
rated rated 250
C–ta
O, C, O–tr–C, minimum minimum 1
Posttest
4 O–tr–CO, 2 rated rated 1
Operations b
CO, C maximum maximum 1
Posttest
5 — 1 — — —
Checks
Total number of accumulated test operations e, f, g: 10 000
a
One operation consists of one O and one C.
b
If applicable, each nonprimary trip and close circuit shall be operated during step 2) and step 4).
c
d
Applies only to pneumatic and hydraulic accumulator stored energy.
e
For test sequences 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, and 3E, the cumulative number of operations at each auxiliary supply voltage may be combined
for ease of testing.
f
The manufacturer may insert an additional block of step 4 and step 5 after any step 3 to satisfy the M1 test sequence as part of M2. In
this case, the number of operations in subsequent parts of step 3 may be reduced so that the total number of accumulated operations
remains 10 000.
g
During the M2 test operation sequence, lubrication is permitted in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. After each step
3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, and 3E, adjustment is also permitted in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Replacement of components
or subassemblies is not permitted except for routine maintenance. The manufacturer shall define routine maintenance in both the test
report and the instruction book.
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4.13.6 Mechanical endurance test report requirements
Mechanical endurance tests shall meet the following report requirements:
a) The test object shall be identified in accordance with Annex D of IEEE Std C37.100.1™ -2007.
b) The type test report shall contain the information defined in subclause 6.1.2 of IEEE Std
C37.100.1-2007.
4.13.7 Low-temperature test object and conditions
Low-temperature tests shall be made under the following conditions:
a) The test air temperature shall be calculated as the average of three locations as defined in 6.5.4 of
IEEE Std C37.100.1-2007 except as indicated here:
1) The horizontal distance from the side of the test object to the ambient temperature
thermocouples shall be 1 m.
2) If the available dimensions are such that a 1-m standoff is impractical, the horizontal distance
shall be selected to provide the best possible representation of the average chamber
temperature.
b) If applicable, insulating gas alarm contacts, block operation contacts, and heater circuits shall be
monitored during the entire test.
c) The circuit breaker shall be adjusted in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. No
maintenance, replacement of parts, lubrication, or readjustment of the circuit breaker is
permissible during the test.
d) For single-enclosure circuit breakers or multi-enclosure circuit breakers with a common operating
device, three pole tests shall be made. For multi-enclosure circuit breakers with independent pole
operation, testing of one complete pole is permitted.
e) Owing to limitations of test facilities, multi-enclosure circuit breakers may be tested using one or
more of the following alternatives provided that the circuit breaker in its testing arrangement is
not in a more favorable than normal condition for either thermal or mechanical operation.
1) Reduced pole spacing
2) Reduced number of phases
f) Vacuum interrupters are not subject to tightness tests during the low-temperature test. Vacuum
integrity is determined during the Posttest Checks.
g) Circuit breakers intended for use in metal-clad or metal-enclosed switchgear may be tested in a
single, complete vertical structure, equipped with space heaters if normally provided, or at the
option of the manufacturer may be tested without the enclosure; however, in such a case, no space
heaters other than those that may be normally supplied with the circuit breaker may be employed,
and a suitable arrangement to simulate the load of any MOC switches must be present.
4.13.8 Low temperature test data and sequence
The low temperature test sequence is provided in Table 13.
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Table 13—Low-temperature test sequence

Dataset Number of
Operating Supply Operating
Item Description (see operating
sequence voltage energy
Table 10) sequences
a Pretest Checks — 3 — — —
Minimum Rated 2
Pretest
b O, C, O–trr–CO 2 Maximum Rated 2
Operations b
Rated Rated 2
c Circuit Breaker CLOSED – Cool Down
d Tightness Test
Low Temperature
e O, C, O–tr–CO 4 Rated Rated Variable c
Operations
Auxiliary Heaters OFF
Minimum Density
f O 4 Rated Rated 0.5
Operation d
Auxiliary Heaters ON
g Circuit Breaker OPEN
h Tightness Test
C–3 min–O 4 1
Low-Temp
i CO–3 min 4 Rated Rated 3
Operations a
C–ta–O–ta None 46
Rising
C–ta–O–ta–C–30min–
j Temperature 4 Rated Rated Variable e
O–ta–C–ta–O–30min
Operations a
Minimum Rated 2
Posttest
k O, C, O-tr–CO 2 Maximum Rated 2
Operations b
Rated Rated 2
l Posttest Checks — 3 — — —
a
b
If applicable, each nonprimary trip and close circuit shall be operated during step b and step k.
c
The manufacturer shall determine the number of operations necessary to demonstrate the low-temperature operating characteristics.
d
This operation is performed as the test object approaches the minimum functional density. The intent is to demonstrate acceptable
travel characteristics as close as practical to the minimum functional density.
e
The actual number of operations will be determined by the rate of temperature increase within the test cell; see item j) in 4.13.8.
The single low-temperature (TL) test sequence is defined graphically in Figure 15.
An additional low-temperature (TLL) may be tested within the same sequence by following Figure 16.
However, note that the test object configuration shall not be altered in any way.
a) Pretest checks of the assembly shall be made. The tightness test (if applicable) shall determine the
initial leak rate F.
b) Pretest operational characteristics shall be measured and evaluated against the manufacturer’s
published data. These tests are performed at ambient temperature (TA) between 15 °C and 25 °C.
c) With the circuit breaker in the closed position and all heater circuits energized, the test cell
temperature shall be decreased to the minimum test temperature (TL or TLL). The circuit breaker
shall remain in the closed position for 24 h after the test cell temperature has stabilized at TL or
TLL.
d) During the final 8 h of the 24-h soak at TL or TLL, a tightness test shall be performed (if applicable).
e) After 24 h at TL or TLL, the low-temperature operation sequence shall be performed.
f) With all test object thermocouples and density monitors stabilized, all auxiliary heater circuits are
de-energized for 2 h. As the test object approaches minimum functional density (if applicable),
perform a single O operation. Record the occurrence of alarm and block operation conditions (if
applicable). Record temperature conditions within the mechanism and control enclosures.
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Reenergize all heater circuits. Record the recovery from block operation and alarm conditions (if
applicable). Record the temperature recovery within mechanism and control enclosures.
g) The circuit breaker shall remain in the open position for 24 h at TL or TLL.
h) During the final 8 h of the 24-h soak at TL or TLL, a tightness test shall be performed (if applicable).
i) After 24 h at TL or TLL, the low-temperature operation sequence shall be performed.
j) After completion of the test operation sequence, the test cell temperature shall be increased to
ambient temperature at approximately 10 °C per hour. During this time, alternating C–ta–O–ta–
C–30 min–O–ta–C–ta–O–30 min operations shall be performed.
k) After the circuit breaker has stabilized thermally at ambient temperature, posttest operational
characteristics shall be measured and evaluated against the manufacturer’s published data as well
as against the pretest data.
l) Posttest checks of the assembly shall be made. The tightness test (if applicable) shall determine
the final and overall leak rate F.
Figure 15—Single-rating, low-temperature test sequence
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Figure 16—Dual-rating, low-temperature test sequence
4.13.9 Low-temperature qualification criteria
The low-temperature qualification criteria are as follows:
a) The characteristics of all test operations shall be within their respective tolerances as defined by
the manufacturer.
b) During step b), step e), step f), step i), step j), and step k), the circuit breaker operates on command
and does not operate without command.
c) The resistance of the main circuit shall conform to the limits defined by the manufacturer.
d) Control and auxiliary circuits shall function as intended and shall successfully complete the power
frequency voltage withstand test.
e) Gas tightness (if applicable) shall conform to the manufacturer’s permitted leakage rate FP.
Absolute low-temperature leakage rate shall be less than or equal to 3 × FP for switchgear tested
as low as –40 °C and shall be less than or equal to 6 × FP for switchgear tested between –40 °C
and –50 °C.
f) Auxiliary heaters (if applicable) are sufficient to enable operation of the switchgear when
uninterrupted auxiliary power is available.
g) After 2 h of auxiliary power interruption, resumption of auxiliary power enables unrestricted
operation of the switchgear after recovery.
4.13.10 Low-temperature test report requirements
The following requirements represent the minimum content expectation for the low-temperature test report:
a) The test object shall be identified in accordance with Annex D of IEEE Std C37.100.1-2007.
b) The type test report shall contain the information defined in clause 6.1.2 of IEEE Std C37.100.1-
2007.
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4.14 Alternative operating mechanism
The following type tests shall be performed on circuit breakers with alternative operating mechanisms:
 Mechanical operation tests at ambient temperature (according to 4.13).

 High- and low-temperature tests (according to 4.13).
 Short-circuit making and breaking tests: T100s shall be repeated and in the particular case when the
minimum clearing time is shorter, test duty T100a shall be performed.
 Short-time withstand current and peak withstand current tests on circuit-breakers having main
contacts of the nonsliding type (according to 4.8.5.3).
4.15 Control voltage
Proper operation of the circuit breaker at rated control voltage, at the minimum voltage, and at the maximum
control voltage corresponding to it, is demonstrated during mechanical operation tests and the short-circuit
switching tests.
4.16 Fluid operating pressure
Proper operation of the circuit breaker mechanism and of the interrupting chamber at rated fluid operating
pressure and over its range is demonstrated during the mechanical operation tests and during the short-circuit
switching tests.
4.17 Design tests on pressurized components
4.17.1 Isolating vessels and components
This subclause applies to bushing insulators (components) and live tank breaker insulators (vessels) of both
ceramic and composite materials.
These vessels and components shall be tested according to IEEE Std C37.017.
In addition to these tests, when pressurized ceramic elements with end flanges having an internal or an
external gas gauge pressure greater than 207 kPa absolute (with no limitation on size) are subjected to
cantilever stress in a circuit breaker application, a representative of each ceramic element, after all glazing,
firing, and grinding operations are completed, shall withstand for 5 min a total stress equivalent to the end
plate loading from maximum allowable working pressure plus three times the maximum rated cantilever
stress.
The values specified in the tables in IEEE Std C37.017 are minimum withstand values and do not include
additional forces due to short circuit, seismic, wind over 70 Pa, gravity, or ice loadings. All other terminal
loading in excess of these values is considered special, and application shall be checked with the
manufacturer. The user shall consider all forces acting on the conductors connected to the terminals.
4.17.2 Nonisolating vessels
This subclause applies to nonisolating (conductive) vessels with internal or external operating gas pressure
greater than 207 kPa absolute or inside diameter greater than 152 mm.
These vessels shall be tested in accordance with the latest edition of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code, Section VIII, and any state and local codes that apply at the point of original installation. Application
of the ASME code stamp is determined by the legal requirements of the local jurisdiction.
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4.17.3 Intended pressure application
This subclause applies to vessels that experience significant pressure cycling (in excess of diurnal) due to the
operation of the circuit breaker.
4.17.3.1 Vessels intended for internal pressure only
In addition to the requirements of 4.17.1 or 4.17.2, at least one prototype vessel shall be subjected to a cyclic
pressure test at the maximum operating temperature but not less than 65 °C. The pressure shall be cycled
from atmospheric to maximum working and back 100 000 times, except that vessels with internal liners or
external jackets, whether integral or not, shall be cycled for 10 000 cycles at the minimum operating
temperature and for 90 000 cycles at the maximum operating temperature. The cyclic pressure test is followed
by an internal hydrostatic pressure test according to 4.17.1 or 4.17.2. No leakage shall occur, and the vessel
shall not burst during these tests.
4.17.3.2 Vessels intended for both internal and external pressure
In addition to the requirements of 4.17.1 or 4.17.2, at least one prototype vessel intended for both internal
and external pressure service shall be subjected to a cyclic pressure test at the maximum operating
temperature but not less than 65 °C and in accordance with 4.17.3.1 except that the pressure shall be cycled
from the external maximum allowable working pressure to the internal maximum allowable working pressure
and back 100 000 times. At the manufacturer’s option, the cyclic pressure test may be carried out in two
steps, as follows:
a) The pressure shall be cycled from the internal maximum working pressure to atmospheric pressure
and back 100 000 times.
b) The pressure shall be cycled from the external maximum working pressure to atmospheric
pressure and back 100 000 times.
The prototype vessel, after being subjected to the external hydrostatic pressure test, shall then be subjected
to an internal hydrostatic pressure test in accordance with the requirements of 4.17.1 or 4.17.2. No leakage
shall occur, and the vessel shall not burst during these tests.
4.17.3.3 Vessels intended for external pressure only
In addition to the requirements of 4.17.1 or 4.17.2, at least one prototype vessel shall be subjected to a cyclic
pressure test at the maximum operating temperature but not less than 65 °C. The pressure shall be cycled
from atmospheric to maximum working and back 100 000 times, except that vessels with internal liners or
external jackets, whether integral or not, shall be cycled for 10 000 cycles at the minimum operating
temperature and for 90 000 cycles at the maximum operating temperature. The cyclic pressure test is followed
by an external hydrostatic pressure test according to 4.17.1 or 4.17.2. No leakage shall occur, and the vessel
shall not lose structural integrity during these tests.
4.18 Sealed pressure systems tightness tests
This requirement applies to all high circuit breakers that use a gas other than air at atmospheric pressure as
interrupting, insulating, or operating medium.
4.18.1 Design tests
The purpose of tightness tests is to demonstrate that the absolute leakage rate, Fa, does not exceed the
specified value of the permissible leakage rate Fp (see “Pressurized systems” in IEEE Std C37.04).
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When possible, the tests should be performed on a complete system; if this is not practical, the tests may be
performed on parts, components, or subassemblies. In such cases, the leakage rate of the total system shall
be determined by summation of the component leakage rates. The possible leakages between subassemblies
of different pressures shall also be taken into account, as follows:
 The tightness test of a circuit breaker shall be performed both in the closed and the open position of
the device unless the leakage rate is independent of the position of the main contacts.
 The tightness tests shall be performed before and after the mechanical operation test or during the
operation tests at extreme temperatures.
An increased leakage rate at extreme temperatures (if such tests are required) is acceptable, provided that this
rate resets to a value not higher than the maximum permissible value at normal ambient air temperature.
The increased temporary leakage rate shall not exceed three times the specified permissible value Fp.
In general, only cumulative leakage measurements allow calculation of leakage rates. Leakage measurements
shall be done in accordance with IEC 60068-2-17.
4.18.2 Relative leakage rate
The relative leakage rate Fr shall be checked by measuring the pressure drop ∆P over a time period t that is
of sufficient length to permit a determination of the pressure drop. A correction should be made to take into
account the variation of ambient air temperature. During this period, the replenishment device shall be
inoperative.
4.18.3 Test report
The test report for these design tests should include the following information as a minimum:
a) Description of the object under test, including its internal volume and the nature of the filling gas
b) Whether the object under test is in the closed or open position
c) Pressures and temperatures recorded at the beginning and end of the test, and the number of
replenishments (if any needed)
d) Cut-in and cut-off pressure settings of the pressure (or density) control, or monitoring device
e) Indication of the calibration of meters used to detect leakage rates
f) Results of the measurements
g) If applicable, the test gas and the conversion factor to assess the results
h) Laboratory or measurement system accuracy margins according to calibration certificates
4.19 Partial discharge tests
Partial discharge tests are not normally required to be performed on the complete circuit breaker. However,
in the case of circuit breakers using components for which a relevant IEEE standard exists that includes
partial discharge measurements (e.g., bushings), evidence shall be produced by the manufacturer showing
that those components have passed the partial discharge tests as laid down in the relevant IEEE standard.
Partial discharge tests should be performed according to IEEE Std C37.301™-2009 [B36].
4.20 Radio interference voltage (RIV) tests
Radio interference test subclause 6.3 of IEEE Std C37.100.1-2007 applies with the following addition.
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Radio influence voltage limits apply for circuit breakers rated 123 kV and above. For lower voltage ratings,
the radio influence voltage is negligible and tests are not required.
4.21 Noise (sound) level tests
Noise (sound) level design tests are not normally required as the sound levels of modern outdoor circuit
breakers are well below the limits of applicable regulations. If necessary, sound level tests for circuit breakers
shall be performed in accordance with IEC/IEEE 62271-37-082. Circuit breakers used in enclosures may be
tested either inside their intended enclosure or as a freestanding unit at the discretion of the manufacturer.
4.22 Instrument current transformer tests
The design test requirements and procedures for bushing-type current transformers and instrument current
transformers that are shipped with the circuit breaker or free-standing shall be as specified in IEEE Std
C57.13™ and in accordance with the following additional requirements:
a) When rated dielectric strength is not demonstrated in accordance with IEEE Std C57.13, the test
requirements and procedures as specified in IEEE Std C37.04 and this document shall be used.
b) Wet dielectric tests are required for outdoor circuit breakers only and shall be made with values
in accordance with IEEE Std C37.04 and this document. When the current transformer is part of
the circuit breaker structure, the wet tests on the circuit breaker shall include the current
transformer. When the current transformer is not part of the circuit breaker or when it can be set
apart from the circuit breaker, the current transformer shall be tested separately.
c) Dielectric tests shall be made in accordance with this document. When current transformers are
closely associated with the circuit breaker that is mounted on the circuit breaker-supporting
structure or on separate pedestals at the end of the pole units, the dielectric tests shall be made on
the combined circuit breaker and current transformer unless it can be established otherwise that
there is no reduction of insulation withstand strength because of the adjacent apparatus.
d) Switching surge withstand voltage tests, when applicable, shall be made in accordance with IEEE
Std C37.04 and this document.
4.23 Seismic qualification
Depending on the installation geographic location seismic activity and specific application needs, a circuit
breaker may need additional seismic tests or analysis to prove its adequacy for the application.
IEEE Std 693™-2005 [B17] contains recommendations for the seismic design of substation buildings,
structures, and equipment excluding class 1E equipment for nuclear power generation stations. The
qualification is classified in three levels: low, medium, and high.
Annex C of IEEE Std 693-2005 [B17] is specific to circuit breakers. Seismic withstand capability shall be
demonstrated in accordance with IEEE Std 693-2005 [B17].
Seismic qualification for circuit breakers used for nuclear power generation stations is not covered by IEEE
Std 693-2005 [B17]. For these applications, refer to the following documents for qualification requirements:
 IEEE Std 344™-2013 [B16]
 IEEE Std 323™-1974 [B15]
 IEEE Std C37.81™-2017 [B34]
 IEEE Std C37.82™-2017 [B35]
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5. Production tests
5.1 Types of tests
Production tests are normally made by the manufacturer at the factory as part of the process of producing the
circuit breaker. If the circuit breaker is completely assembled prior to shipment, some production tests are
made after final assembly, but other tests can often be made more effectively on components and
subassemblies during or after manufacture.
If the circuit breaker is not completely assembled at the factory prior to shipment, appropriate tests on
component parts shall be made to check the quality of workmanship and uniformity of material used and to
assure satisfactory performance when properly assembled at its destination. This performance may be
verified by making tests after delivery.
Production tests shall be made and shall include the following as appropriate for the type of circuit breaker
concerned:
a) Current and linear coupler transformer tests.

b) Bushing tests.
c) Gas receiver tests.
d) Pressure tests.
e) Nameplate check.
f) Tightness tests.
g) Resistors, heaters, and coils check tests.
h) Control and secondary wiring check tests.
i) Clearance and mechanical adjustment check tests.
j) Mechanical operation tests.
k) Timing tests.
l) Stored energy system tests.
m) Conductivity of current path test.
n) Power frequency withstand voltage tests on primary insulation components.
o) Power frequency withstand voltage tests on control, secondary wiring, and components, to include
motors, release coils, and so on.
p) Drawout circuit breakers used in enclosures shall meet interchangeability requirements of IEEE
Std C37.20.2.
5.2 Current and linear coupler transformer tests
All current transformers used with high-voltage circuit breakers shall be designed in accordance with the
IEEE standards for transformers (IEEE Std C57.13).
Current and linear coupler transformers shall receive the following tests when applicable:
a) Each transformer shall be checked for presence of correct nameplate, terminal, and polarity
markings.
b) Each transformer shall be checked electrically to confirm proper direction of winding to give the
correct polarity.
c) Each transformer shall be given the following sufficient tests to confirm that the electrical and
magnetic properties are within the necessary limits to meet the ratio and accuracy classification
requirements:
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1) Relaying transformers shall receive ratio or mutual reactance tests to confirm proper turn
ratios. Multiratio transformers are given sufficient ratio tests to confirm the correctness of
the winding for each tap section. For bushing current transformers, two check points on the
excitation curve may be made to confirm that the unit meets its relaying accuracy
classification.
2) Metering transformers shall receive ratio and phase angle tests at 10% and 100% rated
primary current at one burden to confirm that the unit meets its metering accuracy
classification.
d) After installation in the circuit breaker, each transformer shall be given a 1-min power frequency
withstand test of 2500 V between the shorted secondary winding (including leads) and ground
(see also 5.15). In addition, each unit shall receive a polarity and ratio check to confirm correct
installation in the circuit breaker.
5.3 High-voltage circuit breaker bushings tests
High-voltage circuit breaker bushings for free-standing circuit breakers, when tested separately from the
circuit breaker, shall be tested in accordance with IEEE Std C37.017.
5.4 Gas system pressure tests
5.4.1 Metal vessels
All metal vessels, except those having an internal or external operating gas pressure not exceeding 208-kPa
absolute pressure or 104-kPa gauge (30 psi absolute or 15 psi gauge; with no limitation on size) or those
having an inside diameter not exceeding 150 mm (6 in), with no limitation on pressure, shall be tested in
accordance with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Unfired Pressure Vessels, and
any state and local codes that apply at the point of original installation.
5.4.2 Ceramic components
All ground surfaces of pressurized ceramic elements shall be individually dye checked after grinding to
confirm its freedom from cracks. Other methods are permitted by agreement between user and manufacturer.
All ceramic insulators, ceramic housings, or ceramic tubes having an internal or external gas pressure
exceeding 208-kPa absolute pressure or 104-kPa gauge (30 psi absolute or 15 psi gauge), with no limitation
on size, shall individually withstand for 5 min a pressure equal to three times the maximum allowable
working pressure after all glazing, firing, and grinding operations are completed. When the ceramic element
utilizes end flanges, the test pressure shall be applied on a complete assembly, using bolted end plates and
loading the flanges in tension. If the ceramic element does not have end flanges and is used in an assembly
that is held together by longitudinal compression (center clamping), the end plates shall be restrained by the
test fixture and the ceramic element loaded only in hoop stress.
5.4.3 Nonceramic insulating components
The under-thickness deviation in any area of a production vessel shall not exceed 10% of the vessel from
design tests. Each vessel shall weigh at least 95% of the weight of the prototype vessels used in design tests.
Each vessel shall be subjected to a tightness test.
5.4.4 Pressurized assemblies
Each separate assembled gas system, comprising metal vessels, ceramic and nonceramic insulating vessels,
associated valves, piping, and other auxiliary pressure devices shall be tested in the factory by raising the
pressure to the maximum allowable working pressure and holding it for 5 min. If each gas system is not
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completely assembled at the factory prior to shipment, each major assembly shall be tested in the factory by
raising the pressure to the maximum allowable working pressure and holding it for 5 min.
5.5 Nameplate check
The nameplates shall be checked for accuracy and completeness of information and rating.
5.6 Insulating gas tightness tests
The purpose of tightness–leakage tests is to demonstrate that the absolute leakage rate Fa does not exceed the
specified value of the permissible leakage rate Fp. Tightness tests shall be performed at normal ambient air
temperature with the circuit breaker filled at a test pressure/density specified by the manufacturer.
5.6.1 Controlled pressure systems for gas
Check relative leakage rate Fr according to subclause 6.3 of IEEE Std C37.100.1-2007.
5.6.2 Closed pressure systems for gas
Check absolute leakage rate Fa according to subclause 6.3 of IEEE Std C37.100.1-2007.
5.6.3 Sealed pressure systems
Tightness tests are performed to determine the expected operating life for the sealed pressure system. The
tests shall be performed according to 5.6.2.
5.7 Vacuum integrity tests
The purpose of vacuum integrity tests is to demonstrate that the pressure on the vacuum interrupter is still
below the maximum level required for the acceptable performance of the switching and insulating functions.
The vacuum level will have been checked by the vacuum interrupter manufacturer before shipping the unit
to the circuit breaker manufacturer. Therefore, the tests identified in this standard are to demonstrate that the
assembly of the vacuum interrupter into the circuit breaker and the operation of the circuit breaker do not
affect the vacuum integrity of the interrupters.
Measuring the pressure inside of a vacuum interrupter is a difficult task, and those measurements can only
be performed on a vacuum interrupter by itself, not when installed in a circuit breaker. Therefore, the
requirements of this standard are limited to the use of a voltage withstand test to verify that the vacuum
pressure is still within the acceptable limits.
After assembly, the vacuum circuit breaker shall be subjected to a dielectric withstand test to demonstrate its
integrity. The test voltage shall be stated by the manufacturer, and the final dielectric test shall be carried out
after the routine mechanical production tests. This test may be combined with the requirements of 5.15.
5.8 Resistors, heaters, and coils check tests
All resistors and heaters shall be checked by either operation or resistance measurements. All closing,
tripping, control valve, and relay coils shall be checked by either resistance measurement or turn counters
and shall be within prescribed manufacturing limits.
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5.9 Control and secondary wiring check tests
Secondary wiring shall be checked to confirm that all connections are made in accordance with the wiring
diagram. Relays and other devices should be checked by actual operation, if feasible. Those circuits for which
operation is not feasible should be checked for continuity.
A check shall be made for proper sequence of operation of mechanically operated auxiliary switches and
devices.
5.10 Clearance and mechanical adjustment check tests
The clearances and mechanism adjustments shall be checked by closing the circuit breaker and verifying that
the engagement of the contacts, positions of critical members of the operating linkage, and important
clearances, including positions of any latches, are within prescribed manufacturing limits.
Close the circuit breaker using control power, and repeat the checks in the preceding paragraph.
Open the unit being tested, and check that it has opened completely.
5.11 Mechanical operation tests
Mechanical operation tests are made to check the adjustments and to determine the ability of the circuit
breaker or certain of its components to operate correctly over the entire range of control voltage specified for
its rated control voltage in IEEE Std C37.04 and, when applicable, over the entire range of
pneumatic/hydraulic mechanism operating pressure without damage to parts or substantial change in
adjustments.
After these tests are completed, the components shall be inspected visually to determine that no critical parts
have sustained damage and all are in a first-class operating condition. Normally, this is accomplished without
disassembly.
All mechanical operation tests shall include the following:
a) At minimum control voltage and (when applicable) maximum pneumatic/hydraulic mechanism

operating pressure:
1) Five close operations.
2) Five open operations.
b) At maximum control voltage and (when applicable) maximum pneumatic/hydraulic mechanism
operating pressure:
c) At rated control voltage and (when applicable) rated pneumatic/hydraulic mechanism operating
pressure:
3) Five close–open operations with the shunt trip coil circuit electrically energized prior to
giving the closing signal so that the trip coil is energized, as the circuit breaker closes,
simultaneously with the closing of the auxiliary “a” contacts. During these tests, the control
switch is held in the close position to demonstrate that the circuit breaker is electrically trip
free. During these tests, the circuit breaker contacts are allowed to touch momentarily (see
IEEE Std C37.11™-2014 [B32]).
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4) Five close–open operations with the mechanical trip command applied and held prior to the
application of the closing signal (mechanical or electrical). For several tests, an electric close
command shall be applied and several more tests shall have a mechanical close command.
During these tests, the contacts shall not close, even momentarily. During these tests, the
control switch is held in the close position to demonstrate that the circuit breaker is
electrically trip free (see IEEE Std C37.11-2014 [B32]).
5) Five close–open operations with the closing signal applied electrically and held for a period
of time. After the closing command, an electrical trip signal is given. The closing signal shall
be held for a sufficiently long period of time (15 s to 20 s) after the application of the trip
signal. The circuit breaker shall close in response to the initial close command, shall open in
response to the trip command, and shall not close again until the closing signal is first
removed and then reapplied. This test is designed to demonstrate the anti-pump function.
6) Five reclosing operations (if the circuit breaker is intended for reclosing service).
d) Check to make certain that the closing operation will be completed after momentary contact of the
closing control switch (seal-in feature) (see IEEE Std C37.11-2014 [B32]).
e) The circuit breaker shall also be tripped by slowly moving the shunt trip armature manually in the
direction of tripping.
f) Check to make certain that all interlocks function as intended.
g) Check to make certain that all shock absorbing devices function as intended.
5.12 Timing tests
Timing tests are made to determine the time required for circuit breakers or components to operate on open,
close, close-open, and reclosing operations.
Timing tests may be made by any of the following methods:
a) Oscillograph with suitable travel indicators connected to an appropriate point or points of the
circuit breaker linkage or contacts
b) Cycle counter or interval timer to determine the time interval after the energizing of the closing or
tripping circuit to the parting, closing, or reclosing of contacts
c) Time-travel recorder to record graphically or electronically, as a function of time, the position of
the part to which it is mechanically attached
Oscillographs with travel indicators and time travel recorders can produce records from which the speed of
the part can be calculated.
These tests, when used as production tests, are a means of checking the operation of a new circuit breaker
within the speed range selected during development of this type of circuit breaker. After a circuit breaker has
been in service, these tests may be used to determine whether it is still operating correctly.
Opening times shall be obtained and recorded for all circuit breakers.
Travel-time curves shall be obtained for all S2 class circuit breakers with an interrupting time of three cycles
or less.
5.13 Stored energy system tests
The production test should be done to verify that the circuit breaker can perform the required standard
operating duty (standard duty cycle).
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5.14 Electrical resistance of current path test
The DC resistance of the primary circuit, from terminal to terminal of each pole unit, in the close position
shall be measured with at least 100 A of DC current flowing in the circuit and shall not exceed the limit set
for the rating of the circuit breaker by the manufacturer.
5.15 Power-frequency withstand voltage tests on major insulation components
Power-frequency withstand voltage tests shall be made for 1 min either on completely assembled circuit
breakers at the voltages and conditions specified in 4.5.4.1 or on major insulation components, such as
bushings, insulation braces, and operating rods.
5.16 Power-frequency withstand voltage tests on control and secondary wiring
All control wiring associated with current and linear coupler transformer secondaries and potential device
secondaries shall receive a power-frequency withstand test of 2500 V for 1 min. All other control wiring shall
receive a power-frequency withstand test of 1500 V for 1 min or 1,800 V for 1 s.
If the circuit breaker control circuit includes a motor, the motor may be disconnected during the dielectric
test on the control circuit and subsequently tested, in place, at its specified dielectric withstand voltage but at
not less than 900 V.
6. Conformance tests
6.1 General
Conformance tests are certain tests agreed to between the customer and the manufacturer to demonstrate
compliance with the applicable standards. The test specimen is normally subjected to all production tests
prior to the conformance tests.
NOTE 1—Conformance tests may or may not be similar to certain design tests. Demonstration of margin (capabilities)
beyond the standards is not required.
NOTE 2—For circuit breakers applied as removable elements in metal-enclosed switchgear, refer to ANSI C37.54-2002
[B1].
6.2 Method of conducting conformance tests for lighting impulse

withstand voltage
When conformance tests are required for lighting impulse voltage, the tests are to be made in accordance
with 4.5.5, 4.5.5.1, and 4.5.5.2, with the following exceptions:
a) The peak voltage value shall not be required to be greater than the rated lightning impulse voltage
values specified.
b) The time to half-value on the tail of the wave shall not be required to be in excess of 50 µs.
6.3 Method of conducting conformance tests for switching impulse

withstand voltage
Conformance tests are to be made in accordance with 4.5.8, with the following exceptions:
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a) The peak voltage value shall not be required to be greater than the rated switching impulse voltage
values specified.
b) The time to half-value on the tail of the wave shall not be required to be in excess of 2500 µs.
7. Field tests
After a circuit breaker is installed in the field, part of the production tests may be necessary to be repeated to
confirm the quality of the product after transportation or storage before the energization. As circuit breaker
designs differ between manufacturers, each manufacturer should provide a detailed list of tests to be
performed after erection in the instructions manual. A list of recommended tests is provided as follows:
 Gas tightness test (if applicable)

 Gas quality test (if applicable)
 Operation and timing tests
 Mechanical travel characteristics
 Power frequency withstand voltage test (if applicable)
 Measurement of main circuit resistance
 Current transformer test (if applicable)
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Annex A
(normative)
Records and reports of type tests for making, breaking, and short-time
current performance
A.1 Information and results to be recorded
All relevant information and results of making, breaking, and short-time current tests shall be included in the
type-test report. Typical sample oscillograms shall be made of all short-circuit operations and included in the
type-test report.
The accuracy of each measurement by oscillograph, including associated equipment, of the quantities that
determine the ratings (e.g., short-circuit current, applied voltage, and recovery voltage) shall be within ±5%.
Photographs should be taken to illustrate the condition of the circuit breaker before and after the series of
tests.
The type-test report shall include a statement of the performance of the circuit breaker during each test duty
and of the condition of the circuit breaker after each test duty, insofar as an examination is made, and at the
end of the series of test duties. The statement shall include the following particulars:
a) Condition of circuit breaker, giving details of any replacements or adjustments made and condition
of contacts and arc control devices; statement of any damage to arc shields, enclosures, insulators,
and bushings
b) Description of performance during test duty, including observations regarding emission of oil,
gas, or flame
A.2 Information to be included in the reports
A.2.1 General
The following general information shall be included:
a) Date of tests
b) Reference of report number
c) Test numbers
d) Oscillogram numbers
A.2.2 Apparatus tested
The apparatus tested shall be included as follows:
a) Type or list number

b) Description (by the manufacturer), including number of poles
c) Manufacturer
d) Photograph numbers
e) Drawing numbers
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A.2.3 Rating assigned by manufacturer
The report shall include a list of the rating assigned by the manufacturer, as follows:
a) Voltage (kV)
b) Rated continuous current (A)
c) Rated power frequency (Hz)
d) Short-circuit breaking current:
1) RMS value of the ac component of current (kA)
2) Percentage dc component
e) Minimum opening time (ms)
f) TRV:
1) Peak value (kV)
2) Rate-of-rise (kV/µs)
g) Short-line fault surge impedance (Ω and amplitude constant)
h) Short-circuit peak making current (kA)
i) Out-of-phase breaking current (kA)
j) Duration of short circuit (s)
k) Operating sequence
l) Line-charging breaking current (A)
m) Cable charging breaking current (A)
n) Capacitor bank breaking (and making) current (A)
o) Small inductive breaking current (A)
p) Supply voltages (V):
1) Closing device
2) Opening device
q) Operating gas pressure range (mPa or bars)
A.2.4 Test conditions for each series of tests
The test conditions for each series of tests shall be listed as follows:
a) Number of poles
b) Power factor
c) Frequency (Hz)
d) Generator neutral (grounded or isolated)
e) Transformer neutral (grounded or isolated)
f) Short-circuit point or load-side neutral (grounded or isolated)
g) Diagram of test circuit including connection(s) to ground
A.2.5 Short-circuit breaking and making tests
The results of the short-circuit breaking and making tests shall be reported as follows:
a) Operating sequence and time intervals

b) Applied voltage (kV)
c) Making current (peak value) (kA)
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d) Breaking current:
1) RMS value of ac component for each phase and average (kA)
2) Percentage dc component
e) Power frequency recovery voltage (kV)
f) Prospective TRV
g) Arcing time (ms)
h) Opening time (ms)
i) Interrupting time (ms)
j) When applicable, break times up to the instant of extinction of the main arc and up to the instant
of the breaking of resistance current shall be given.
k) Physical behavior:
1) Emission of flame, gas, oil, etc.; and
2) Behavior, conditions, and remarks.
A.2.6 Short-time current test
The results of the short-time current test shall be reported as follows:
a) Current
1) RMS value (kA)
2) Peak value (kA)
b) Duration (s)
c) Physical behavior
A.2.7 No-load operation
The no-load operation conditions shall be reported as follows:
a) Before making and breaking tests

b) After making and breaking tests
A.2.8 Out-of-phase making and breaking tests
The results of the out-of-phase making and breaking tests shall be reported as follows:
a) Breaking current in each phase (kA)

b) Voltage across each phase (kV)
c) Gas pressure before tests (when applicable) (mPa or bars)
d) Break time (ms)
e) Resistor current in each phase (when applicable) (A)
A.2.9 Capacitive current switching tests
The results of the capacitive current switching tests shall be reported as follows:
a) Test voltage (kV)

b) Breaking current in each phase (A)
c) Peak values of the voltage between each phase and ground (kV):
1) Supply side of circuit breaker
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2) Load side of circuit breaker

d) Number of restrikes (if any)
e) Number of test operations
f) Details of point-on-wave setting
g) Details of test circuit used
h) Behavior of circuit breaker during test
i) Condition of circuit breaker after test
A.2.10 Oscillographic and other records
Oscillograms shall record the whole of the operation. The following parameters shall be recorded. Some of
these parameters may be recorded separately from the oscillograms, and several oscillographs with different
time scales may be necessary:
a) Applied voltage
b) Current in each pole
c) Recovery voltage (voltages on supply and load side of circuit breaker for charging current tests)
d) Current in closing coil
e) Current in opening coil
f) Suitable time scale
g) Travel of moving contacts (if practicable)
All cases in which the requirements of this standard are not strictly complied with and all deviations shall be
explicitly mentioned at the beginning of the test report.
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Annex B
(informative)
Explanatory notes regarding capacitance current switching
B.1 General
Three classes of circuit breaker regarding restriking performance are specified. Class C0 allows up to one
restrike per operation, during either the C1 or the C2 test program. Class C0 is intended to replace the former
“general purpose circuit breaker.” Class C1 has a restriking performance similar to the old “definite purpose
circuit breaker” defined in IEEE Std C37.04™-1999 [B19] and is called “low probability of restrike.” Class
C2 is intended to have a very low probability of restriking, about one tenth or less than that of a class C1
circuit breaker. A probability of restrike classification is applicable to each rated capacitance current rating.
For circuit breakers rated 362 kV and above, a single-phase test voltage factor of 1.4 (recovery voltage of
2.8 p.u.) is required for the overhead line switching test duties. (This is an option in IEC 62271-100.) The
purpose of this requirement is to acknowledge the long transmission lines and low coefficient of grounding,
which are common in North America. This is an increase from the 1.2 single-phase test voltage factor
(2.4 p.u. recovery voltage) requirement in IEEE Std C37.04-1999 [B19]. For circuit breakers rated 72.5 kV
and below, the same 1.4 single-phase test voltage factor is required for all capacitance current switching
duties. This is to allow for the many ungrounded systems that exist at 72.5 kV and below. IEC 62271-100
requires this only at 52 kV and below. This is a slight decrease in the requirement for a 1.5 single-phase test
voltage factor (3.0 p.u. recovery voltage) for capacitance current testing in IEEE Std C37.09-1999 [B23].
B.2 Explanatory note on NSDDs (4.10.11.4)
Nonsustained disruptive discharges (NSDDs) have been observed under laboratory test conditions but have
not been identified in actual service. The definition of NSDD can be found in IEEE Std C37.100.5.
An NSDD exhibits itself as a partial voltage change. Such changes can sometimes be clearly seen with normal
time-resolution measurements. This is particularly true in three-phase ungrounded tests when the same
polarity and magnitude of voltage change is observed in all three phases as a result of a shift in the voltage
of the inherent capacitance to ground of an ungrounded load produced by an NSDD. In other cases, a clear
identification of an NSDD may require a short time-resolution measurement to observe the high-frequency
current or voltage pulse of an NSDD.
The occurrence of NSDDs should not be viewed as a sign of distress of the switching device. Therefore, their
number is of no significance to interrupting performance of the device under test. However, NSDD activities
should be noted in the test report to differentiate them from restrikes.
B.3 Explanatory note regarding capacitance current switching tests (4.10.2)
B.3.1 Restrike performance
As all circuit breakers have a certain restrike probability in service, it is not possible to design a restrike-free
circuit breaker. Instead, it seems more logical to introduce the notion of a restrike performance in service.
The level of restrike probability also depends on the service conditions (e.g., insulation coordination, number
of operations per year, and maintenance policy of the user), so it is impossible to introduce a common
probability level related to service condition.
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To classify their restrike performance, three classes of circuit breakers are therefore introduced: class C0,
class C1, and class C2.
B.3.2 Test program
In defining the test program for these three classes, the following elements have been taken into account:
 Average number of operations per year carried out by circuit breakers switching capacitive loads.
 Ability to reduce the number of tests by performing an increased number of switching operations at
the minimum arcing time, usually the most difficult capacitive switching operation for circuit
breakers, thus, keeping a high level of reliability.
 Recommendations of CIGRE working group 13.04 (ELECTRA No 155 [B7]). The expected restrike
probability is exclusively related to the type tests. Due to the severity of the type tests, an improved
switching performance in service can be expected.
The proposed number of tests may be questioned because of different assumptions for probability
calculations.
Nevertheless, these values represent a good compromise (which is the role of the standard when conflicting
views exist), reflecting the needs of users (in response to market demand), and above all, they avoid
unrealistic demands. These tests are not reliability tests but type tests to demonstrate the satisfactory
capacitance current switching capability of the equipment in service.
B.4 Referring to 4.10.3
The variation of the power frequency voltage has been chosen as 5% for test duties 2 (LC2, CC2, and BC2)
and 2% for test duties 1 (LC1, CC1, and BC1). These values are a compromise, taking the limitations of
testing laboratories into account. Considering the design test as a whole, because of the different stresses in
the individual test duties, any undue reduction of the electric stress during the tests is avoided. The actual
values for the power frequency voltage variation depending on the short-circuit power of the system and the
capacitive load) are in the range of 0.1% to 5%.
B.5 Referring to 4.10.9.1.1 to 4.10.9.1.6
Close–open operations may be performed with no-load closing operations. In any case, the complete
sequence shall be tested to test the circuit breaker during opening in a dynamic condition, that is, during the
motion of the fluid caused by the previous closing operation.
B.6 Referring to 4.10.9.1.1 to 4.10.9.1.6 and 4.10.9.2.1 to 4.10.9.2.6
The test sequences have been tested in a laboratory (particularly the adjustment of the minimum arcing time
by steps of 300 µs) and are well adapted to the philosophy of the tests.
Performing some tests at rated pressure is a more pragmatic approach to the notion of type testing, knowing
that the circuit breaker does not always stand under the worst functioning conditions. Additionally, flow
dynamics could make testing at full pressure more susceptible to restrikes than at minimum pressure.
B.7 Referring to 4.10.9.1.7 and 4.10.9.1.8
In test duty 2 of single-phase line-charging and cable-charging tests (LC2 and CC2), the tests are split into
open operations and close–open operations (4.10.9.1.8) to follow more or less the actual service conditions.
103
However, for practical reasons, due to the small number of tests, in three-phase tests (4.10.9.1.7) in test duty
2 (LC2 and CC2), close–open operations are performed exclusively.
B.8 Referring to 4.10.9.1.7 to 4.10.9.1.10
Close–open operations are important for capacitor bank switching because of the effect of inrush current.
Close–open operations are not significant for line- or cable-switching applications; therefore, for line- and
cable-switching tests, only a few close–open operations are requested (closing may be performed as a no-
load operation).
A rough parity of the number of three-phase and single-phase tests has been maintained.
The mandatory order for capacitor bank switching tests is due to the necessity to introduce the effect of inrush
current at the beginning of the tests.
B.9 Referring to 4.10.9.1.9 and 4.10.9.1.10
Because of the large number of operations in actual service compared with the limited number of operations
during type testing, a high number (80 or 120, respectively) of close–open operations shall be carried out in
capacitor bank tests to simulate the wear in service even if the close–open operation is not the normal
switching sequence.
For capacitor bank switching tests, test duty BC1 also needs to be performed, even if the actual service
switching duty is always at 100% nominal current, for the following reasons:
 The tests at 10% to 40% nominal current cover an increased number of actual currents.
 Knowledge of the capacitance current switching performance is improved.
B.10 Referring to 4.10.9.2
Requirements for class C1 tests are derived from IEEE Std C37.09™-1979 [B23] except the restrike is moved
from 120° to 90°.
B.11 Referring to 4.10.10 and Table 8
To derive these variables from IEEE Std C37.06-2009 [B22]
t1  T2
where
T2 is taken from column 6 of Table 1 for S1 class circuit breakers (referred to as “indoor” in IEEE
Std C37.06-2009 [B22]), Column 6 of Table 2 for S2 class circuit breakers (referred to as
“outdoor” in IEEE Std C37.06-2009 [B22]) rated 72.5 kV and below, and column 5 of Table 3
for S2 class circuit breakers (referred to as “outdoor” in IEEE Std C37.06-2009 [B22]) rated
123 kV and above.
104
Table B.1—Summary of required number of tests and voltage factors

Capacitance Rated voltage Single-phase Number of tests
current switching range test voltage Class C2 Class C1
Rating assigned (kV) factor Three phase Single phase Single or three
phase
Line or cable 1.4 48 96 48
charging
Line or cable 1.7 Not applicable Not required 24
charging
Capacitor bank Ur ≤ 72.5 1.4 104 168 48
Capacitor bank 1.7 Not applicable Not required 24
with ground fault
present
Line charging 1.2 48 96 48
Line or cable 1.4 Not applicable 48 24
charging with
ground fault
present 72.5 < Ur < 362
Capacitor bank (or 1.0 104 168 48
cable charging) (1.0)a (48)a (96)a (48)a
Capacitor bank (or 1.4 Not applicable 84 24
cable charging)
with ground fault
present
Line charging 1.4 Not applicable 48 24
Line charging with Covered earlier. This is the basic requirement.
ground fault
present
Capacitor bank (or Ur ≥ 362 1.0 104 168 48
cable charging) (1.0)a (48)a (96)a (48)a
Capacitor bank (or 1.4 Not applicable 84 24
cable charging) (1.4)a (48)a (24)a
with ground fault
present
a Values in parenthesis are for cable charging applications.
105
Annex C
(informative)
Revised test procedure for T100a
C.1 General
A revised test procedure is introduced for test duty T100a in this standard (also in Amendment 2 to IEC
62271-100) to have a better correspondence between the test conditions during three-phase tests and single-
phase tests made in substitution for three-phase tests (same amplitude of the major loop, arcing times, etc.).
The new test procedure is based on the fact that the relevant major loop of current with full asymmetry to
consider before current interruption for the two main test conditions (interruption of the first pole to clear
after a major loop of current with required asymmetry and longest arcing time, and interruption of a last pole
to clear after a major extended loop of current with required asymmetry and longest arcing time) depends on
the capability of the circuit breaker to interrupt after a minor loop of current with intermediate asymmetry.
This consideration is explained in C.2.
A new definition has been introduced to define the minimum clearing time of a circuit breaker: it is the sum
of the minimum opening time, minimum relay time (0.5 cycle), and the shortest arcing time of a minor loop
interruption in the phase with intermediate asymmetry that starts with a minor loop at short-circuit current
initiation. It will be illustrated by the examples in C.2.
C.2 Basis for the new test procedure T100a
To illustrate the different cases of three-phase fault interruption presented hereafter, the following parameters
are chosen:
Rated frequency = 50 Hz, relay time = 10 ms, kpp = 1.5, and τ = 45 ms
Opening time = 11.5 ms
Shortest arcing time (interruption after a minor loop in blue phase) = 5 ms
Minimum clearing time = 10 + 11.5 + 5 = 26.5 ms
The example chosen corresponds to the first line in Table 2.
Case 1
Figure C.1 illustrates a first case of three-phase fault interruption in which a first pole (blue phase) clears
after a minor loop of current with intermediate asymmetry. This is possible as the minimum clearing time is
lower than the duration of 27 ms between initiation of the short-circuit current and passage through zero of
current in the blue phase.
106
Figure C.1—Case 1 with interruption by a first pole (blue phase) after minor loop of current
with intermediate asymmetry
Case 2
If contact separation is delayed by 18° (1 ms at 50 Hz) as illustrated in Figure C.2, a first pole interrupts after
a symmetrical loop of current (yellow phase) and a last pole clears a major extended loop with required
asymmetry and the longest possible arcing time. This is one of the two breaking conditions for which
interruption shall be proved.
Figure C.2—Case 2 with interruption by a last pole-to-clear after a major extended loop of
current with required asymmetry and longest arcing time
The major extended loop of current in the red phase has an amplitude of 1.52 p.u. and a duration Δt2 of 15 ms,
as given in first line of Table 2.
107
Case 3
If contact separation is delayed by 4 ms, Figure C.3 shows that the test condition is less severe as the last
pole that clears in the red phase with a major extended loop has a shorter arcing time.
Figure C.3—Case 3 with interruption by a last pole-to-clear after a major extended loop of
current with required asymmetry but not the longest arcing time
Case 4
If contact separation is further delayed by 1 ms, Figure C.4 shows that the first pole clears in the red phase
after a major loop with required asymmetry and the longest arcing time for a first-pole-to-clear. It is the
second breaking condition for which interruption shall be proved. It should be noted that the major loop with
maximum asymmetry to consider for the first-pole-to-clear is the same as seen in case 2 (for a last pole
to clear). It is also a function of the minimum clearing time. The major loop of current has an amplitude of
1.52 p.u. and a duration Δt1of 13.6 ms, as given in first line of Table 2.
108
Figure C.4—Case 4 with interruption by the first pole in the red phase after a major loop of
current with required asymmetry and the longest arcing time (for a first-pole-to-clear)
The parameters considered in this example correspond to the first line of Table 2, that is, with a minimum
clearing time in the interval greater than 10 ms and equal to or less than 27 ms. The other intervals of
minimum clearing time given in Table 2 are the intervals between each possible instant of interruption after
a minor loop in phase blue.
109
Annex D
(normative)
Standard methods for determining the values of a sinusoidal current wave

and a power-frequency recovery voltage
This annex describes the following methods for measuring oscillograms to determine the transient currents
in a short circuit and the power-frequency recovery voltages after the interruption of a short circuit:
a) RMS or effective value, measured from the envelope of an asymmetrical sinusoidal wave at a time
such as the time of the maximum peak of the time of contact parting
b) RMS value of a short-circuit current over several cycles
c) RMS value of a power-frequency recovery voltage after circuit interruption
D.1 Currents
D.1.1 Significance of rms values used in the standards on ac high-voltage circuit breakers
RMS values of sinusoidal currents vary with the time over which the square of the current is integrated. For
the purpose of current measurements on ac high-voltage circuit breakers, an rms value is used that varies
with the values of the components determined from the envelope of the current wave.
When a current is specified as an rms value at a given instant determined from the envelope of the current
wave, the dc component and the peak-to-peak value of the ac component are assumed to remain constant at
the values existing at the given instant, and the integration is made over a time of one cycle.
When a current is specified as an rms value over a time of several cycles, the integration may be based on
the instantaneous values of current over this time or, more easily, the rms current may be determined by the
method in D.1.6.
D.1.2 Classification of current wave
Sinusoidal waves may be divided into those that are symmetrical about the zero axis and those that are
asymmetrical with respect to the zero axis.
D.1.3 RMS value of a symmetrical sinusoidal wave at a particular instant
A symmetrical sinusoidal wave has an rms value equal to its peak-to-peak value divided by 2.828.
To determine the rms value at a given instant, draw the envelope of the current wave (through the center of
the trace), determine the peak-to-peak value, (A) at the given instant, and divide by 2.828 (see Figure D.1).
D.1.4 RMS value of an asymmetrical sinusoidal wave at a particular instant
An asymmetrical sinusoidal wave can be considered to be composed of two components: an alternating

current component and a direct current component. The rms value of such a current at a given instant is the
square root of the sum of the squares of the dc and ac components of current at the instant the measurement
is made (see Figure D.2).
110
Figure D.1—Measurement of rms value of a symmetrical wave
Figure D.2—Measurement of rms value of an asymmetrical wave
111
D.1.4.1 Alternating component
The alternating component has a peak-to-peak value (A) equal to the distance between the upper and lower
envelopes of the current, and the axis of the wave is located midway between the envelopes. The peak value
of this current is given by
Major ordinate + Minor ordinate A  B 
Peak value of ac component  
2 2
D.1.4.2 Direct component
The amplitude of the direct current component is measured with respect to the displaced axis of the alternating
component and is equal to
Major ordinate – Minor ordinate A  B 
DC component  
2 2
D.1.4.3 Calculation of the rms value of an asymmetrical sinusoidal wave
See Figure D.2 for the method of calculation.
D.1.5 Alternative methods of stating the making current
The making current may be stated as either an rms current, measured from the envelope of the current wave
at the time of the maximum peak, or as the instantaneous value of the current at the peak. These values are
equally significant in the description of asymmetrical making currents, but the units shall be clearly stated to
avoid confusion. The ratio of the peak value of current to the rms value varies with asymmetry (Table D.1)
as follows.
The ratio of the peak value to the rms value is 1.69 ± 2% if the asymmetry is between 22% and 94% and 1.69
± 3% if the asymmetry is from 20% to 100%. The variation in this ratio is so small that 1.69 can be used
without introducing serious error. Currents having 20% or less asymmetry are considered to be symmetrical
and should not be used for demonstrating required current making capability.
Table D.1—Asymmetrical currents tabulated values
% Peak RMS Peak value to

asymmetry value value rms value
100 2.83 1.73 1.63
90 2.69 1.62 1.66
80 2.55 1.51 1.69
70 2.40 1.41 1.71
60 2.26 1.31 1.73
50 2.12 1.23 1.73
40 1.98 1.15 1.72
30 1.84 1.09 1.69
24 1.75 1.06 1.66
20 1.70 1.04 1.63
10 1.56 1.01 1.54
0 1.41 1.00 1.41
112
D.1.6 Measurement of the rms value of a current during a short circuit of several
cycles duration
The oscillogram shown in Figure D.3 represents a record of a short circuit of several cycles duration. Time
is shown on the axis 0X and the current values on the 0Y axis. The origin 0 of the coordinates represents the
beginning of the short circuit, and 0T represents the duration of the current flowing through the circuit
breaker.
Figure D.3—Determination of the equivalent rms value of a short-time current
The rms value of the current Irms during the time interval 0 to T is given by the following formula:
T
1 2
T 0
I rms = i dt
where
i = instantaneous value of the current
The equivalent rms value of the current may be determined with sufficient accuracy by the following
application of the Simpson’s formula:
a) Divide the time interval OT into 10 equal parts.

b) For the 11 instants 0 through 10, determine the total rms currents, I0 through I10 (the method
described in D.1.4.3 may be used). The values then are substituted in the formula as follows:
1 é 2
I rms = 2
I0 + I10 + 4 (I12 + I32 + I52 + I72 + I92 ) + 2 (I 22 + I 24 + I62 + I82 )ùú
30 ëê û
113
In using this formula on currents with a dc component that decays to less than 5% of its initial value during
the first time interval, it is more accurate to ignore the dc component than to consider it.
In some cases, the duration of a test demonstrating short-circuit current carrying may not be exactly as
specified. However, since the heating of the current-carrying parts is nearly proportional to the product of the
square of the rms current value and its duration, and the time for cooling is short, the rms test current IA
determined by this method is considered to demonstrate the ability of the circuit breaker to carry the specified
current IB, if the duration TA of the short-circuit current is within 25% of the specified time TB and if IA2 TA
is equal to or greater than IB2 TB.
D.2 Power-frequency recovery voltage
Power-frequency recovery voltage shall be determined from the envelope of each voltage wave at a point in
time coincident with that peak that occurs more than one-half cycle and not more than one cycle after final
arc extinction in the last phase-to-clear. The power frequency phase-to-phase recovery voltage for a three-
phase short circuit shall be taken as 3 times the average of the three values obtained in this manner for the
three voltage waves (Figure D.4).
114
Figure D.4—Determination of power-frequency pole unit recovery voltage
115
Annex E
(informative)
Bibliography
Bibliographical references are resources that provide additional or helpful material but do not need to be
understood or used to implement this standard. Reference to these resources is made for informational use only.
[B1] ANSI C37.54-2002, For Indoor Alternating-Current High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Applied as
Removable Elements in Metal-Enclosed Switchgear—Conformance Test Procedures. 11
[B2] ANSI C84.1-2016, Electric Power Systems and Equipment—Voltage Ratings (60 Hertz).
[B3] ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013, American National Standard Acoustical Terminology (Acoustical Society of
America Standard Methods for the Measurement of Sound Pressure Levels of AC Power Circuit Breakers). 12
[B4] ANSI/ASA S1.4-1985, American National Standard Specification for Sound Level Meters.
[B5] ANSI/ASA S1.13-2005, American National Standard Measurements of Sound Pressure Levels in Air.
[B6] ASME BPVC-X-2019, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section X, Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure
Vessels. 13
[B7] ELECTRA, Capacitive Current Switching—State of the Art, no. 155, pp. 53–63, Aug. 1994 (CIGRE
WG 13.04). 14
[B8] IEC 60060-1:2010, High-Voltage Test Techniques—Part 1: General Definitions and Test
Requirements. 15
[B9] IEC 60137:2017, Insulated Bushings for Alternating Voltages Above 1000 V.
[B10] IEC 61462:2007, Composite Hollow Insulators—Pressurized and Unpressurized Insulators for Use in
Electrical Equipment with Rated Voltage Greater Than 1000 V—Definitions, Test Methods, Acceptance
Criteria and Design Recommendations.
[B11] IEC 62155:2003, Hollow Pressurized and Unpressurized Ceramic and Glass Insulators for Use in
Electrical Equipment with Rated Voltages Greater Than 1000 V.
[B12] IEC 62271-1:2017, High-Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear—Part 1: Common Specifications.
[B13] IEC 62271-110:2012, High-Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear—Part 110: Inductive Load Switching.
[B14] IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013:2015, High-Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear—Part 37-013: Standard for
Alternating-Current Generator Circuit Breakers. 16, 17
[B15] IEEE Std 323™-1974, IEEE Standard for Qualifying Class 1E Equipment for Nuclear Power
Generating Stations.
[B16] IEEE Std 344™-2013, IEEE Standard for Seismic Qualification of Equipment for Nuclear Power
Generating Stations.
11
ANSI publications are available from the American National Standards Institute (http://www.ansi.org/).
12
ASA publications are available from the Acoustical Society of America (https://acousticalsociety.org/).
13
ASME publications are available from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (http://www.asme.org/).
14
CIGRE publications are available from the Council on Large Electric Systems (http://www.e-cigre.org/).
15
IEC publications are available from the International Electrotechnical Commission (http://www.iec.ch) and the American National
Standards Institute (http://www.ansi.org/).
16
The IEEE standards or products referred to in Annex E are trademarks owned by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
Incorporated.
17
IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway,
NJ 08855-1331, USA (http://www.standardsieee.org/).
116
[B17] IEEE Std 693™-2005, IEEE Recommended Practice for Seismic Design of Substations.
[B18] IEEE Std 1036™-2010, IEEE Guide for Application of Shunt Power Capacitors.
[B19] IEEE Std C37.04™-1999, IEEE Standard Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers.
[B20] IEEE Std C37.04a™-2003, IEEE Standard Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis—Amendment 1: Capacitance Current Switching.
[B21] IEEE Std C37.04b™-2008, IEEE Standard for Rating Structure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis—Amendment 2: To Change the Description of Transient Recovery
Voltage for Harmonization with IEC 62271-100.
[B22] IEEE Std C37.06™-2009, IEEE Standard for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a
Symmetrical Current Basis—Preferred Ratings and Related Required Capabilities for Voltages Above
1000 V. 18
[B23] IEEE Std C37.09™-1979, IEEE Standard Test Procedure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated
on a Symmetrical Current Basis.
[B24] IEEE Std C37.09™-1999, IEEE Standard Test Procedure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated
on a Symmetrical Current Basis.
[B25] IEEE Std C37.09a™-2005, Supplement to IEEE Standard Test Procedure for AC High-Voltage
Circuit Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis.
[B26] IEEE Std C37.09b™-2010, IEEE Standard Test Procedure for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis—Amendment 2: To Change the Description of Transient Recovery
Voltage for Harmonization with IEC 62271-100.
[B27] IEEE Std C37.010™-2016, IEEE Application Guide for AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers > 1000
Vac Rated on Symmetrical Current Basis.
[B28] IEEE Std C37.011™-2011, IEEE Guide for the Application of Transient Recovery Voltage for AC
High-Voltage Circuit Breakers.
[B29] IEEE Std C37.013™-2017, IEEE Standard for AC High Voltage Generator Circuit Breakers Rated on
a Symmetrical Current Basis.
[B30] IEEE Std C37.015™-2017, IEEE Guide for the Application of Shunt Reactor Switching.
[B31] IEEE Std C37.081™-1981, IEEE Guide for Synthetic Fault Testing of AC High-Voltage Circuit
Breakers Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis.
[B32] IEEE Std C37.11™-2014, IEEE Standard Requirements for Electrical Control for AC High-Voltage
(>1000 V) Circuit Breakers.
[B33] IEEE Std C37.24™-2017, IEEE Guide for Evaluating the Effect of Solar Radiation on Outdoor Metal-
Enclosed Switchgear.
[B34] IEEE Std C37.81™-2017, IEEE Guide for Seismic Qualification of Class 1E Metal-Enclosed Power
Switchgear Assemblies.
[B35] IEEE Std C37.82™-2017, IEEE Standard for the Qualification of Switchgear Assemblies for Class
1E Applications in Nuclear Power Generating Stations.
[B36] IEEE Std C37.301™-2009, IEEE Standard for High-Voltage Switchgear (Above 1000 V) Test
Techniques - Partial Discharge Measurements.
[B37] NEMA SG4-2009, Alternating Current High-Voltage Circuit Breakers. 19
18
The ratings and related information in IEEE Std C37.06-2009 will be incorporated (with minor changes) into IEEE Std C37.04,
currently under revision. When the revision of IEEE Std C37.04 is complete and IEEE Std C37.06-2009 is made obsolete, any reference
to IEEE Std C37.06-2009 in this document shall be interpreted as a reference to IEEE Std C37.04.
19
NEMA publications are available from the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (http://www.nema.org/).
117
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IEEE Standard Test Procedures for

AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers

IEEE Power and Energy Society

IEEE Standard Test Procedures for

Approved 5 December 2018

IEEE-SA Standards Board

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Copyright © 2019 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

PDF: ISBN 978-1-5044-5437-7 STD23486

IEEE prohibits discrimination, harassment, and bullying.

Notice and Disclaimer of Liability Concerning the Use of IEEE Standards

Comments on standards should be submitted to the following address:

Secretary, IEEE-SA Standards Board

Laws and regulations

Updating of IEEE Standards documents

Roy Alexander Denis Dufournet Ted W. Olsen

Roy Alexander Douglas Giraud Nigel Mcquin

Jean-Philippe Faure, Chair

Ted Burse Xiaohui Liu Robby Robson

 Interrupting time tests (4.7)

Grateful acknowledgment is made to International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) for permission to

Subclause 4.8.2.3 modified with permission from IEC 62271-100:2008/AMD2 ed 2.0.

Color is essential to the understanding of the graphics.

5. Production tests ........................................................................................................................................91

6. Conformance tests .....................................................................................................................................96

7. Field tests ...................................................................................................................................................97

Annex B (informative) Explanatory notes regarding capacitance current switching .................................102

Annex C (informative) Revised test procedure for T100a..........................................................................106

Annex E (informative) Bibliography ..........................................................................................................116

The test procedures are divided into the following classifications:

IEC 60068-2-17, Basic Environmental Testing Procedures—Part 2: Tests—Test Q: Sealing. 7

IEC 62271-101, High-voltage Switchgear and Controlgear—Part 101: Synthetic Testing.

IEEE Std 4™, IEEE Standard for High-Voltage Testing Techniques.

IEEE Std C37.20.2™, IEEE Standard for Metal-Clad Switchgear.

IEEE Std C57.13™, IEEE Standard Requirements for Instrument Transformers.

4.2 Maximum voltage tests

4.3 Power frequency tests

4.4 Continuous current-carrying tests

4.4.2 Test conditions

The following test conditions shall be met:

4.4.3 Test circuit breaker configurations

The following test circuit breaker configurations shall be met:

4.4.4 Duration of continuous current tests

4.4.5 Measurement of temperatures

Temperatures shall be measured by any of the following methods:

4.4.6 Determination of ambient temperatures

4.4.7 Measurement of the resistance of the main circuit

4.5 Dielectric withstand tests

4.5.2 Tests conditions

The following dielectric withstand test conditions shall be met:

4.5.3 Insulation paths

4.5.3.2 Atmospheric paths

There is no separate atmospheric path requirement for the dielectric tests.

4.5.3.3 Nonatmospheric paths

4.5.4 Power frequency withstand voltage tests

4.5.4.1 Dry tests procedure

4.5.4.2 Wet tests procedure