CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Water works for us in many ways, making ourlives easier and more enjoyable. But we
must take great care not to overuse and abuse this precious resource. Water is a basic
necessity of life, not only for people but for every type of plant and animal as well. Water
accounts for about 65% of our body weight. If we lost as little as 12% of it, we would soon
die. Water is essential not only for survival but also contributes immeasurably to the
quality of our lives. Since the dawn of time, human beings have harnessed water to
improve their lives. Water played -- and continues to play – aspecial role in the growth of
our nation. Water transportation is still the most efficient way to move bulk goods. Water
is also the basis of cheap energy. It is a raw material in the manufacture of chemicals,
drugs, beverages, and hundreds of other products. Itis an essential part of the
manufacturing processes that produce everything from airplanes to zippers. In other
words, wedepend on water for most of our technology,comforts and conveniences, and
of course for personal hygiene and to flush away our wasteproducts.

Many people think it makes no difference how much water we use or what we use itfor.
Actually, the way we use water is very important. Some uses are incompatible
withothers. Some uses remove water from the natural cycle for longer periods than
others.

Worst of all, most uses actually lower thequality of the water.Water quality is
everybody's business because ultimately we all draw from the same supply of water.
Therefore, we must learn to understand water use much better: where we use it,
what to measure, what the main uses are, how they compete and interfere with each
other, to manage the growing competition.

Types of Water Use

The most obvious and immediate uses occurin its natural setting. They are called
instream uses. Fish live in it, as do some birds andanimals, at least part of the time.
Hydroelectric power generation, shipping, andwater-based recreation are other
examples of human instream uses.These instream uses are not always harmless.For

1
example, oil leaking from outboard motorsand freighters can cause pollution. Large
reservoirs needed for hydroelectric power generation remove water by evaporation and
completely change the river regime fordownstream users.The greatest number and
variety of wateruses occur on the land. These are called withdrawal uses. This term is
appropriate because the water is withdrawn from itssource (a river, lake or groundwater
supply), piped or channelled to many different locations and users, and then is collected
again for return to a lake, river or into the ground. Household and industrial uses,thermal
and nuclear power generation,irrigation and livestock watering all fall intothis
category.Most withdrawal uses "consume" some of thewater, meaning less is returned to
the sourcethan was taken out. Furthermore, the waterwhich is put back into its natural
setting isoften degraded. For example, water leaving our houses contains human and
household wastes. The same is true of water used in many industrial processes. Often
this liquid waste is only partially treated, if at all, beforeit is returned to nature.Water Use
in the Futureas time goes on, more and more water userswill compete for what remains
the same finitesupply. This implies increases in waterefficiency and conservation and
doing evenmore to restore its quality after use. Nor isconservation restricted to only the
uses ofwater: energy conservation, a desirable goalin itself, also contributes to
waterconservation. The reason is that reducedenergy consumption lessens the need
forelectric power generation, which outranks allotherwater uses many times.Paying for
the accumulated deterioration ofwater supply and sewerage systems, andmaking up for
the years of indifference andneglect our water resources have suffered isvery much a
part of the challenge to conservewater for our own use and for that of
futuregenerations. But if we do not learn from ourpast mistakes now, we will add to an
alreadylarge environmental mortgage.We must learn to use only what we need, andneed
what we use. In the words of oneconservation slogan: "Let's keep it on tap forthe
future."

Plumbing system is any system that coveys fluids for a wide range of application.
Plumbing engineering responsibilities overlap into the professional engineering areas of
civil engineering, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering,fire protection
engineering and process engineering. The plumbing engineer supports the civil
engineering for the plumbing system outside the building including storm water, sewer,

2
 natural gas, fire suppression water, domestic water, irrigation water and other special
water and waste system.

The plumbing engineer can provide input in the following areas:-

Domestic/portable water system, domestic hot water, plumbing fixtures, sanitary sewer
system, and storm water systems.

Water supply and installation is the provision of water by public utilities, commercial
organisation, community endeavours or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and
pipes.

In 2010, about 85% of the global population (6.74 billion people) had access to piped
watersupply through house connections or to an improved water source through other
means than house, including stand pipes, water kiosks, spring supplies and protected
wells. Water supply system gets from a variety of locations after appropriate treatment,
including ground water (aquifer), surface water (lakes and rivers) and the sea through
desalination.

Water is transparent and colourless chemical substance that is the main constituent of
earth, stream, lakes and oceans, and the fluid of most living organisms.

However, water is the most essential element needed in most civil engineering works and
this same significant civil engineering element is not promptly available inside the civil
engineering practical workshop(itakpe). For this ultimate reason, it becomes a necessity to
install water for an optimum use in the civil engineering workshop.

Plastic pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder, made of plastic. It is usually, but not
necessarily of circular cross section used mainly to convey substance which can flow i.e.
liquid. Plastic pipe network is used for the conveyance of drinking water, waste water,
chemical, heating fluid and cooling fluid, foodstuffs, Ultra-pure liquids, slurries, gases,
compressed air and vacuum systemapplication.

1.1 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

i. To install water into the civil engineering workshop for an optimum usage
especially during practical works.

3
 ii. To reduce the stress of obtaining water for use during practical work in civil
engineering workshop.
iii. To inculcate into students the knowledge of plumbing system in relation to civil
engineering works.

1.2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The installation of water with an optimum pressure for effective usage during
practical works in civil engineering workshop and also to mount or install a kitchen sink
for washing hands during and after practical works. Since water “itself” is a very
important element needed in civil engineering works, It is therefore necessary to install
water for an optimum usage into the civil engineering workshop.

1.3 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Normally in installation of water, when pipes are being laid, there is usually a need
to provide a control valve at the point of connection used to stop and allow the flow of
water through the pipes. Taps such as “Bip-cock or Horse-cock” are also provided inside
the engineering workshop for fetching water and for washing of hands. These taps are to
be turned to the left hand sidewhen switchingon and also turn to the right hand side when
switching off.

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

Student should be able to:

i. Identify the types of pipes used for plumbing and their common sizes
ii. Identify plumbing tools and describe their uses
iii. Identify fittings used for plumbing works
iv. Plan their own water system and construct it

4
CHAPTER TWO

2.0 literature review

Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications. Heating and
cooling, waste water removal, and potable water delivery are among the most common
uses for plumbing; however, plumbing is not limited to these applications.

[1] Plumbing utilizes pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks, and other apparatus to
convey fluids.

5
2] Trades that work with plumbing such as boilermakers, plumbers, and pipefitters are
referred to as the plumbing trade. In the developed world plumbing infrastructure is
critical for public health and sanitation.

2.1 Plumbing system as related to water distribution

Normally, irrespective of whatever the water supply is, the connection to the home is
always at a single point. When the water supply is through metered municipal water
system, the entire domestic water cycle is formed outside the internal distribution system.
On the other hand, in all other cases, the entire cycle must be formed independently. The
latter water supply systems are popular in homes that are further from cities or other
populated areas, where they cannot be connected with a municipal system. In this form of
water supply, the piping system consists of various taps, fixtures, and appliances, while the
drainage exits through the sewage drain system.

2.1.1 Taps, Fixtures and Appliances

Taps, fixtures, and appliances are very important components of a water supply system.
They all are used in some form of water falls. Taps are used as water outlets, and they do
not accompany any fixture. Fixtures include toilet, water closet, sink, washbasin, bathtub
etc.

Fixtures do not require any additional source of power to use water. Appliances are
specific devices for specific purposes, and they require an additional source of power to
perform their function.

Appliances may include washing machine, dishwasher, icemaker etc. The connection to
these appliances work on the concept of a back flow prevention principle. These principles
may include either or both the mechanical and physical principles. This way, they all have
their own functions to perform, while they also produce some form of waste or sewage.
The sewage drain system is used to remove such waste.

2.2 Polyvinyl chloride pipes (PVC)

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Polyvinyl chloride, more correctly but unusually poly (vinyl chloride), commonly
Abbreviated PVC is the world's third-most widely produced synthetic plastic polymer,
after polyethylene and polypropylene. ... The rigid form of PVC is used in construction for
pipe and in profile applications such as doors and windows.

2.2.1 Types of PVC pipes.

The principal types of pipes that are available in the market to serve the above mentioned
purposes are as follow.

1. Cast iron pipes and fitting

2. Plastic or PVC pipes

3. Galvanized steel (GI) pipes

4. Stoneware pipes

5. Asbestos Cement (AC) pipes

6. Concrete pipes

2.2.2 Polyvinyl chloride, or PVC, is a synthetic material that has been used to make pipes
since the early 20th century. It has become an increasingly popular substance for builders
and plumbers because of its resistance to corrosion. In addition to varying by size,
thickness and chemical composition, PVC pipes can be color-coded by function (e.g.,
-blue for water main, red for fire main).

Plain PVCis Cheap, light and resistant to corrosion, PVC became an obvious solution to
many of the problems faced by plumbers, builders and city planners. It gained popularity
in the United States in the 1940s, and has since become a mainstay for many uses,
including irrigation, sanitary sewer collection and electrical communications. Because it is
a thermostatic plastic, PVC can only be melted and molded once. A second melting to re-
shape PVC pipes will cause them to lose some of their integrity.

2.2.3PROPERTIES OF PVC PIPES

The various physical properties of PVC pipes includes:-

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 i. Creep Properties
ii. Plasticizing
iii. Chemical Resistance
iv. Transparency
v. Adhesion Properties
vi. Printability
vii. Fire Retardant Properties
viii. Electrical Insulation Characteristics
ix. Weldability
x. Specific Gravity (Density)

2.3 DURABILITY

Under normal conditions of use, the factor most strongly influencing the durability of a
material is resistance to oxidation by atmospheric oxygen.

PVC, having the molecular structure where the chlorine atom is bound to every other
carbon chain, is highly resistant to oxidative reactions, and maintains its performance for a
long time. Other general purpose plastics with structures made up only of carbon and
hydrogen are more susceptible to deterioration by oxidation in extended use conditions
(such as, for example, through repeated recycling). Measurements on underground 35
year-old PVC pipes taken by the Japan PVC Pipe & fittings Association showed no
deterioration and the same strength as new pipes Research in Germany (60
JahreErfahrungenmitRohrleitungenausWeichmachfreiem PVC, 1995, KRV) has shown
that soil buried pipes

dug up after 60 years of active use when analysed were proven to be fit for purpose and
likely to have a further life expectancy of 50 years! Almost no deterioration was observed
upon recovery of three kinds of

Automobile exterior accessories (flexible PVC products using plasticisers) from end-of-
life cars after 13 years of use and upon comparison of physical properties with new
products.

2.4USES OF PVC PIPES

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Polyvinyl chloride pipes can be applicable in the following operations:

1. Make C clamp: Cut a 2-inch section of pipe lengthwise and pull it open so the ring's
jaws become a low-force clamp to hold rolls of non-adhesive backed wallpaper to a piece
of plywood when pasting.

2. Store anything: Cap an end, label the side, and organize nails, screws, bolts, or
blueprints in a tube cut to length.

3. Control stray cords: Run multiple workshop power cords through a PVCConduit.

4. Extend a vacuum hose: Attach a 1½ - inch-diameter tube to the end of the hose duct
tape to clean ceiling-fan blades or suck up out-of-reach cobwebs.

5. Hang drapes: Hidden behind a valance, a ¾-inch-diameter PVC pipe is heavy-duty and
cheaper than a curtain rod. Thread through ¾-inch eye bolts.

6. Build a sash-weight tunnel: To insulate sash-weight pockets without blocking the

weights' channels, insert a vertical length of PVC for the mechanisms to rise and fall
within.

7. Divert water away from the foundation: landscape contractor Roger Cook secures a
perforated 4-inch-diameter tube to the end of a downspout with a coupling, lays the tube in
a shallow trench lined with plastic sheeting, and covers it with gravel.

8. Make a time capsule: Cap the ends of a tube filled with mementos and drop it between
the studs before hanging drywall.

2.5PIPING JOINTS

A joint can be define as a place at which two things, or separate parts of one thing are
joined or united, either rigidly or in such a way as to permit motion: juncture.The
connection at the ends of pipes that ensures tight sealing and strength. In some cases, pipe
joints must also provide for rapid assembly and disassembly or a change in the direction of
the line of pipe. The mostcommon types used for general-purpose metal pipes are welded,
flanged, threaded, and bell-and-spigot joints.

Welded joints are made between straight sections of pipe of the same diameter by butt-
welding the pipe ends. Fittings are welded on where there are bends, branches, or changes

9
in diameter in the line. Flanged joints are used where a line must be disassembled and
assembled frequently. They consist of two flanges on the ends of the pipes being
connected, a gasket, and fastening studs or bolts with nuts. Welded and flanged joints are
used for pipe diameters up to 2,000 mm and internal pressures up to 1,000 maganewtons
per m 2 (MN/m 2).

2.5.1 Types of joints.

Different pipe joint fittings and their functions are explained below:

1. Elbow

2. Reducer

3. Tee type

4. Cross type

5. Coupling

6. Unions

7. Adaptors

8. Olet

9. Plug

10. Cap

11. Valve

2.5.2 FUNCTIONS OF THE VARIOUS FITTINGS.

1. Elbow Pipe Fittings

Elbows are used to change the direction of flow between two pipes. Elbows are generally
available with an angle of 22.5, 45 and 90. If pipes are of same diameter then normal
elbows are used otherwise Reducer elbows are used. Elbows are made of different
materials. These are generally coming with female threads and we can fix them by butt or
socket welding also.

10
2. Reducer Pipe Fittings

Reducer is a pipe fitting component which reduces the flow size from larger to smaller by
reducing size of pipe. Usually there are two types of reducers that are available. One is
concentric reducer which is like cone shaped with gradual decreasing around the pipe but
in this case accumulation of air may be possible and it results in cavitation. Other one is
eccentric reducer which is having one edge parallel to connecting pipe due to which air
accumulation is not possible.

3. Tee type Pipe Fitting

Tee type fitting is a component of plumbing system which is in T-shape. It is having one
inlet and two outlets, outlets are arranged at 90 to the main line connection (inlet). It can
also be used to combine the flow from two

Inlets to one outlet. They are also available in different materials and different sizes. If the
3 sides of T-fitting are similar in size then it is

Called as Equal tee otherwise it is called as Unequal tee.

4. Cross type

Cross type fittings contains 4 opening in 4 directions. These are connected when there are
4 pipes that are meeting at a point. These fittings generate more amount of stress on pipe
as the temperature changes, because they are located at the centre of four connection
points. Cross fittings are generally

Used for fire sprinkler systems.

5. Coupling

A coupling is used to connect the pipes of same diameter. Coupling is also useful if the
pipe is broken or leakage occurs. Generally there are two types of couplings available.

Compression coupling and slip coupling.

Compression coupling is regular coupling which is connected between two pipes and it
prevents leakage by the arrangement of gaskets or rubber seals on both sides, otherwise

11
glue are provided. Slip coupling is easier to install and it contains two pipes which are
arranged as one into other, inner

pipe can slide up to some length. So, we can fix long length damaged pipe by slip
coupling.

6. Unions

Union is a type of fitting, which functions as similar to coupling. But coupling cannot be
removed after fixing but in this case we can remove the union whenever we needed.

Unions consists nut, male and female ended threads. So, this is also useful maintaining
purpose of pipe.

7. Adaptors

If the pipes are not having special ends or plain ends then adaptors make them threaded
either male or female whichever is needed. Adaptors are generally used for copper and
PVC pipes. Male adaptors contain male threads and female adaptors contain female
threads. One end of adaptor is plain which is glued or welded or soldered to the plain pipe
end.

8. Olet

Olets are used when there is standard sizes of fittings are not suitable for our requirement.
Sometimes the inlet pipe size is larger compared to outlet pipes in t-sections then alsoOlets
are used. There are many types of olets that are available. Some important types of olets
are:

Butt-Weld Olet, Socket weld Olet, threaded olet, Elbow olet, Nipple olet, lateral olet,
Sweep olet, Flangedolet.

9. Plug

Plug is a component of plumbing component which is generally used to close pipe

opening during inspections and repairs. Plug are generally contains male threads.

10. Cap

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Cap is a type of pipe fitting which function is same as plug but the only difference is that,
plug contain male threads and cap contain female threads which is screws on the male
thread of pipe. These are available in different

1. Materials like rubber, copper, steel, plastic etc.

Valves in Pipe Fittings

Valves are components of plumbing system which are used to stop or regulate flow of
fluid in its path. Different types of valves are available depending up on their applications.

2.5.3 Some important types of valves and its applications are listed below.

a. gate valve, plug valve and Ball valve –used for isolation only

b .Globe valve – used for throttling

c. Check valve – used for preventing reverse flow (non-return)

d. Butterfly valve – used for isolation as well as throttling

e. Diaphragm valve – used for isolation as well as throttling.

2.6 PIPING SYSTEM

a. The primary feeders (main)

These are sometimes called the arterial main; they form the skeleton of the distribution
system. They are so located that they will carry quantities of water from the pumping
plant, to and from the storage tanks and to and fro from the various parts of the area to be
served.

They should have valves not over 1.5km apart and main connecting to them should also be
valves so that interruptions of service in them will not require shutting down the feeder
main.

b. The secondary feeders (service pipes).

They carry large quantities of water from the primary feeder to the various areas to care
for normal supply and firefighting.

c. The small distribution mains.

13
 They form a grid over the area to be served and supply water to the fire hydrants and
service pipes of the residence and other building.

2.7 KITCHEN SINK.

Kitchen sink are usually provided in the civil engineering workshop basically for washing
hands and equipment’s after practical work.

2.7.1 TYPES OF KITCHEN SINK.

There are various types of kitchen sink which includes

1. Cast iron kitchen sinks

2. Concrete kitchen sinks
3. Composite kitchen sinks
4. Fire clay kitchen sinks
5. Stainless steel sinks.
2.7.2 VARIOUS STYLES IN KITCHEN SINK.

Kitchen sink are usually constructed into numerous styles such as

i. Single bowl sink

ii. Double bowl sink
iii. Top mount sink
iv. Under mount sink
v. Integral sink.
for a safe and long lasting project, " A single bowl stainless steel kitchen sink" was used.

2.7.3 A SINGLE BOWL STAINLESS STEEL SINK.

Compared to other materials, stainless steel tends to be inexpensive.

The versatility of stainless means that stainless steel sinks are available in a variety of
installation types such as under mount or top mount. Stainless steel tends to be louder
than other materials, although many sinks feature a spray coating or padding to help
reduce the noise. While overall very durable, stainless steel kitchen sinks can scratch more
easily than other materials.

14
Stainless sinks also tend to show water spots more easily and it can be difficult to keep
them looking immaculately clean at all times. However, they offer excellent resistance to
heat and stains.

15
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS USED FOR WATER INSTALLATION

The following materials were used during the installation of water into the workshop:

i. ¾ pvc pipes “blue” (20mm)

ii. ¾ pvc tee (20mm)
iii. ¾ pvc elbow(20mm)
iv. ¾ ball gauge valve (20mm)
v. 1”x3/4 tee (25mmx20mm)
vi. ½” pipe pvc (15mm)
vii. ¾ adaptor (20mm)
viii. ½” adaptor (15mm)
ix. ½” elbow (15mm)
x. ½” tee (15mm)
xi. 1/2” nipple (15mm)
xii. ½” plug (15mm)

3.1 EQUIPMENTS USED FOR WATER INSTALLATION

The following equipment’s were used during the water installation: shovel, handsaw
blade, digger, bucket, hammer, chisel, trowel, hand gloves measuring tape, and thread
tape.

Figure 3.1 figure 3.2

Hand saw A Threading machine

3.2 INSTALLATION OF WATER PROCEDURES

To install water into the civil engineering workshop, a main source “primary source” was
located. After this is done, we wrote a formal letter to the responsible authority in charge
of the main to request for the permission to connect water into the workshop. We checked

16
 to know the diameter of the pipe used at the main source. Before commencement of the
connection, we turned off the control valve of the source to stop the flowing of water
during connection. The diameter of the main source was reduced by a 1”x¾ tee joint and
later connected with a ball gauge valve to control the inlet and outlet of water through the
main source. The total length of the trench excavated was 149m. Thedepth of the trench
was(0.25m) and the width at (0.2m). The excavated materials were packed along the side
of the trench so that it can be used to cover the pipes after placing. Each pipe length was
“4.9m” .the pipes are connected to each other with the socket head side all through using
an “ Abro gum “ to rub the head of both pipes which serves as a bonding agent that binds
the pipes together.

The main purpose of reducing the 1”pipe to ¾ was to ensure an optimum water pressure
flowing through the pipe. The external wall part was chiselled to allow the passage of pipe
into the internal wall of the workshop.

The ¾ pipes were reduced to ½” pipe to supply water to the kitchen sink and also supply
water through a tap inside the workshop for general use. The exposed chiselled wall was
shocked using a mix of fine sand and cement.

3.3 MATERIALS USED FOR MOUNTING THE KITCHEN SINK.

The following materials were used to mould the kitchen sink:

i. Cement
ii. Fine sand
iii. Blocks
iv. ½” kitchen sink tap (15mm)
v. ½” coal rubber (15mm)
vi. 2” Adjustable waste pipe connector (50mm)
vii. ½” pipe pvc (15mm)
viii. ½” nipple (15mm)
ix. ½” flexible (15mm)
x. ½” adaptor (15mm)

3.4 EQUIPMENT USED FOR MOUNTING THE KITCHEN SINK

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Hammer, Hand sawblade, Plier, Pipe wrench, Screw driver, trowel, plum, thread tape

Figure 3.3 figure 3.4

Pipe Wrench German Spanner

3.5 INSTALLATION PROCEDURE OF THE KITCHEN SINK

To mount the single bowel stainless sink, the length and breadth dimensions were taken
into into consideration so as to determine the length and width of block work to be erected.
A block work of about “0.88m” in length and “0.435m” in width with a mixing ratio of
1:4 was erected to support the kitchen sink at the top. The 2” adjustable waste pipe
connector was connected with the base of the kitchen sink and also connected with the 2”
pvc pipe with the aid of a cool rubber projecting outward from the wall to dispose of
waste water from the kitchen sink. A tap was also connected with a ½” pvc pipe to allow
the flow of water from washing hand on the kitchen sink. After the erection of the block
work to support the kitchen sink, tiles of dimension was laid on block work to prevent
excess moisture on the wall and also to standardize our work

Figure 3.5 figure 3.6.

18
 ¾ Tee Fittings

Figure 3.7

19
 Plumbing Joints

Figure 3.8 figure 3.9

20
Figure 3.9.1

21
 A
single
bowl

stainless steel kitchen sink

Figure 3.9.2

22
¾ Tap for water supply

23
 CHAPTER 4

4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION OF RESULT

Table 4.1

Size of pipe Pipe length Diameter of pipes

(“) (mm) (mm)
½” 4900 15mm
3/4 4900 20mm
1” 4900 25mm
2” 4000 50mm
3” 4000 75mm
4” 4000 100mm
5” 4000 125mm
6” 4000 150mm

Table 4.2

Size of pipe Fittings Diameter of pipes

(“) (mm)

½” Taps, gate valves, elbow, tee, socket, union, 15mm

nipple

3/4 Elbow, union, tee, adaptor, plug, backnut, 20mm

Gate valve.

1”x3/4 Elbow, tee, adaptor 25x20mm

¾x1/2” Elbow, tee, adaptor 20x15mm

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 1” Gate valves, elbow, union, tee, adaptor, plug, 25mm
back nut.

2” Tap, gate valve, elbow, tee, y tee, 45`bend 500mm

3” Elbow, 45` bend, y tee 75mm

4” Elbow, 45`bend, y tee 10mm

From the table of result presented above, ¾(20mm), ½”(15mm), and 2”(50mm) pipes in
conjunction with ½”(15mm), ¾(20mm), 1”x3/4(25x20mm) and ¾x1/2”(20x15mm) fitting
were used during the course of this project work. After the application of these various
pipes and fitting for the project work, it was finally concluded that the smaller the
diameter of any pipe, the greater the pressure of flow of water through it. As a result of
this pressure, water was able to flow from a lower elevation to a higher elevation through
the wall to supply water to the kitchen sink and also to supply water for general usage in
the workshop.

25
 4.1 TESTING OF THE PROJECT

After the completion of work, installation testing was carried out to ensure that there are
no leakages from any joint of connection. .It was observed that there are no leakages of
water from any joint of connection.

4.2 MEASUREMENTS AND EVALUATIONS

i. Length of trench (149m)

ii. Depth of trench (0.25m)
iii. Width of trench (0.2m)
iv. Volume of sand excavated from trench (7.45m3)
v. Height of internal wall (1.04m)
vi. Height of block work (0.92m)
vii. Width of block work (0.90m)
viii. Length of kitchen sink (0.88m)
ix. Width of kitchen sink (0.43m)
x. Dimension of tiles(0.25x 0.4m)
xi. Height of tap(0.6m)
xii. Area of block work(083m2)

4.3 PRECAUTIONS UNDERTAKEN

i. We ensure that all pipes were laid with respect to the falling slope of the site
ii. We ensure that no part of pipes is left uncovered
iii. We ensure that all chiselled part of the wall were shocked withmorter
iv. We ensured to build a chamber around the control valves to avoid breakage.

ESTIMATION OF THE PROJECTWORK

Table 4.3

S/N0 DESCRIPTION DIAMETER QUANTITY RATE(N AMOUNT(N)

)
1 ¾ pipe pvc 20mm 33 900 29,700
2 ¾ pvc elbow 20mm 10 60 600
3 ¾ pvc tee 20mm 5 60 300
4 ¾ galvanize elbow 20mm 4 120 480

26
5 ¾ socket 20mm 16 60 960
6 1”x3/4 tee 25x20mm 2 80 160
7 1”x ¾ adaptor 20mm 4 60 240
8 ¾ tap 20mm 1 1500 1500
9 ¾ ball guage valve 20mm 1 1000 1000
10 ¾x1/2” elbow 20x15mm 4 60 240
11 ½” pipe 15mm 2 600 1200
12 ½”nipple 15mm 5 60 300
13 ½” union 15mm 5 60 300
14 ½” flexible 15mm 3 400 1,200
15 2” pipe 50mm 3 500 1500
16 2” elbow 50mm 6 250 1500
17 2” adjustable pipe 50mm 1 500 500
18 connector _ 1 5000 5000
19 Kitchen sink _ 2 150 300
20 Coal rubber _ 1 1200 1200
21 Abro gum _ 1 350 350
Thread tape
TOTAL N48,530

4.4 ESTIMATE COST OF TOOLS

Table 4.4

S/NO TOOLS QUANTITY RATE(N) AMOUNT(N)

1 Digger 2 1,500 3000
2 Trowel 1 1000 1000
3 Shovel 2 1,500 3000
4 Head pan 2 1000 2000
5 Jerry cans 3 800 2400
TOTAL N11,400

ESTIMATE COST OF OTHER MATERIALS

27
 Table 4.5

S/NO MATERIALS QUANTITY RATE(N AMOUNT (N)

)
1 Cement 2 bags 2,500 5000
2 Sand 2 wheel barrow 300 600
3 Blocks 15 100 1,500
4 Paint 1 800 800
TOTAL N7,900

TRANSPORTATION COST

Total transportation cost of project work was estimated to beN5000

Therefore the total expenses isN72,830

4.5 MAINTAINANCE AND SERVICING OF THE PROJECT

To achieve a total effectiveness of this project work, adequate measures could be taken so
as to maintain it for a long period of time. Some of these measures to be taken in the
maintenance of this project work are;

i. All taps should be turn with a minimum effort towards the right direction when
switching on and off.
ii. Other waste materials such as dissolves papers, leather, tissues, sand etc. should
not be disposed inside the kitchen sink as it may result into blockage in the pipe.
iii. The taps inside the civil engineering workshop should always be turned off
immediately after use.
iv. Components such as joints connecting one part to the other should be changed
when excess leakages begin to occur.

4.6 APPLICATIONS/IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

WORKSHOP

The importance or applications of water in civil engineering workshop as a whole

cannot be over emphasised. Water is the most importance element used in civil
engineering works. After the completion of this project work, it begins to serve its

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 intended purpose with an immediate effect as other groups were using the water
install by us to carry out their own project works.
Water is applicable in carrying out different practical works in the civil
engineering workshop such as:
a. Practical works to determine the crushing strength of a concrete.
b. Practical works to determine the slump test of concrete.
c. Practical work to determine the workability test of concrete.
d. Other practical works such as mixing of concrete, moulding of blocks, bricks,
inter-lock etc.
e. Water is also applicable in the washing of tools and equipment’s during and after
practical works.

CHAPTER 5
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION
Water is very essential to mankind, and to make it readily available for use, it has to be
distributed with the aid of pipes to supply the various appliances in a building and also the
various area it is needed.
Within the limit of practical error of this project work, the installation was okay and could
be use in the workshop for a long period of time. Therefore, it was concluded that the

29
project undertaken to design and install water into the civil engineering workshop was
successful.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
Due to the importance of water in civil engineering work and the general world at large,
the following were recommended.
 Rules and regulation should be employed against the introduction of harmful
substance into rivers, canals, streams, lakes, pond etc. that may affect human, animal and
plant lives.
 An intake through which water is distributed should be located where there is no
fast current which may damage the water pipeline.
 Government should render support to ensure the availability of finance to carry out
water installation project.
 Initially, we intended building an over-head tank to store water in the workshop
but due to limited financial input we were not able to build an overhead tank. So, we
recommend that the in-coming students should improve on the standard of this project
work by building an over-head tank for storage of water in civil engineering workshop.

REFERENCE
Abcoakes, William c, Leonelesl, Gun, craige J.
Engineering your future. Great lakes press ISBN 1-881018-57-1 (2001).

Blankenbaker, keith.
Modern Plumbing (1996)

30
Henkenius, Merle.
Ultimate guide to plumbing (2006)

Kushreshtha S.N
A global outlook for water resources, Water resource management.( 1998)

MUSCROFT.STEVE
Plumbing. (14-03-2016)

Puckorius, Paul
Water conservation via optimizing water use (2002)

Pasadena,CA:MWH soft pub.Bryant,E.A…..G.P.Fulton,andGC.Budd.

Comprehensive water distribute system analysis handbook for engineers and planners.
1992

Tanner, Stephen, Eva Urbatsch, and Anna Hoenmanns

Water Efficiency plan (2003)

Virginias community colleges

Types of pipes materials
Retrieved 22 January 2014.

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EXCAVATION OF TRENCH FOR THE LAYING OF PIPES

32
33
LAYING OF PIPES THROUGH EXTERNAL WALL

34
E

35
EXCAVATION OF TRENCH

36
37
ERECTION OF BLOCKWORK

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39
BREAK PERIOD DURING PROJECT WORK

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