Moon Gate

Documented Evidence:
Moongate exposes the greatest cover-up ever perpetrated upon the American
people. The author compiled evidence from unclassified sources including
official government publications, NASA photographs and movies, news
articles, and books by authorities in various fields. Moongate is written for
the layman and scientist alike, with mathematical calculations included in the
appendices. It contains many color photographs and footnoted references.
Incredible Findings:
• NASA's True Link to Military Space Operations
• Secret Weapons Developed Under the Cover of the Civilian
Space Program
• Suppressed Gravity Research Discoveries
• The Real U.S.-Russian Space Race
• Secret Discoveries that Put Apollo Astronauts on the Moon
• The Moon's True Nature and History
• The Great Energy Cover-Up
About the Author:
William L. Brian II is an engineer who has worked in a writing and editing
capacity in private industry. He received B.S. and M.S. degrees in Nuclear
Engineering from Oregon State University in 1970 and 1972, plus an M.B.A.
from Portland State University in 1976. Although not considered an expert in
the space sciences, he has the mathematical and conceptual skills to verify
the cover-up from a scientific standpoint. This book was published in 1982.
LIST OF COVER PHOTOGRAPHS
Lower Left: The Apollo 11 rocket, carrying astronauts
Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins to the first Moon landing, is
shown lifting off the launch pad from Cape Kennedy on July
16, 1969. The rocket was 363 feet tall, weighed 6,400,000
pounds, and was designed to send 100,000 pounds toward
the Moon at 24,300 miles per hour. (NASA Photo)
Upper Left: A photo of the Moon taken by Apollo 17 when

leaving lunar orbit. The left half of the Moon in this picture is
part of the near side visible from Earth, while the right half is
part of the far side which is never visible from Earth. The
dark areas are the seas, or maria. The Sea of Tranquility,
where Apollo 11 landed, is on the far left. (NASA Photo)
Upper Right: Apollo 16 astronaut John Young is shown at the

peak of one of his jumps as he salutes the American flag on
the Ocean of Storms. The Lunar Roving Vehicle and Lunar
Module are in the background. (NASA Photo)
Lower Right: The Apollo 16 Lunar Module ascent stage is

shown lifting off the Moon on its return to the Command
Module. The photo was taken by a color TV camera left on
the Moon. (NASA Photo 72-HC-273)
DEDICATION
This book is dedicated to the following groups and in-
dividuals:
The astronauts and other space program personnel who
knowingly or unknowingly sabotaged the cover-up.
George Adamski, Howard Menger, and others who were
courageous enough to share their experiences with the public
in the face of unwarranted ridicule.
Researchers such as Immanuel Velikovsky, Baron Karl
von Reichenbach, Wilhelm Reich, and others who have
battled the status quo of science attempting to bring their
incredible discoveries to light.
Beth Brian who typed the manuscript and contributed
extensively to the editing.
All other supporters and contributors who value the truth.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Appreciative acknowledgment is given to those groups and
individuals who enabled portions of the following material
to appear in this book:
From The Mathematics of Space Exploration by Myrl H.
Ahrendt: Copyright© 1965 by Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
Publishers: Reprinted by permission of Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, Publishers.
From Footprints on the Moon by the Writers and Editors of
The Associated Press with Manuscript by John Barbour:
Copyright© The Associated Press 1969: Reprinted by
permission of The Associated Press.
From "Moon's 'Eerie Sight,' Apollo Chief Says," by Howard
Benedict: From The Indianapolis News, July 19, 1969:
Copyright© 1969 by The Associated Press: Reprinted by
permission of The Associated Press.
From The Hollow Earth by Dr. Raymond Bernard: © 1969
by University Books, Inc.: Published by arrangement with
Lyle Stuart: Reprinted by permission of University Books,
Inc.
From History of Rocketry & Space Travel by Wernher von
Braun and Frederick I. Ordway III: Copyright © 1975
Wernher von Braun and Frederick I. Ordway III:
Reprinted by permission of Harper & Row, Publishers,
Inc.
From Rendezvous in Space by Martin Caidin: Copyright©
1962 by Martin Caidin: Reprinted by permission of E. P.
Dutton & Co., Inc.
From "Space Travel" in Collier's Encyclopedia, 1961 ed.,:
Reprinted with permission from Collier's Encyclopedia©
1961 Crowell-Collier Publishing Company.
From The History of Rocket Technology by Eugene M.
Emme, ed.: Copyright© 1964 by Eugene M. Emme.
Published by Wayne State University Press.
From "Interplanetary Exploration" in Encyclopaedia
Britannica, 14th ed.: © 1960 by Encyclopaedia Bri-tannica,
Inc.: Reprinted by permission of Encyclopaedia Britannica,
Inc.
From "Space Exploration" in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th
ed.: © 1973 by Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.: Reprinted by
permission of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
From "The Climb Up Cone Crater" by Alice J. Hall: From
National Geographic, July 1971: Copyright © 1971
National Geographic Society: Reprinted by permission of
The National Geographic Society.
From Man and Space—The Next Decade by Ralph E. Lapp:
Copyright© 1961 by Ralph E. Lapp: Reprinted by
permission of Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.
From Suiting Up for Space by Lloyd Mallan: Copyright©
1971 by Lloyd Mallan: Reprinted by permission of Harper
& Row, Publishers, Inc.
From The Phantom of the Poles by William Reed: Copyright
1906 by William Reed and Walter S. Rockey: Reprinted by
permission of Health Research, Publishers, Box 70,
Mokelumne Hill, California 95245.
From "What Is It Like To Walk on the Moon?" by David R.
Scott: From National Geographic, September 1973:
Copyright© 1973 National Geographic Society: Reprinted
by permission of The National Geographic Society.
From "The Moon—A Giant Leap for Mankind" Time, July
25, 1969: Reprinted by permission from TIME, The Weekly
Newsmagazine; Copyright Time Inc. 1969.
From U.S. on the Moon copyrighted 1969 U.S. News &
World Report, Inc., Washington, D.C. 20037.
From Principles of Astronautics by M. Vertregt: All Rights
Reserved 1965: Reprinted by permission of Elsevier
Scientific Publishing Company.
CONTENTS
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS.......................................................13
PREFACE..................................................................................17
CHAPTER 1 THE NASA-MILITARY CONNECTION.... 19
CHAPTER 2 LUNAR GRAVITY THEORY PRIOR TO
MOON PROBES .......................................... 29
CHAPTER 3 THE NEUTRAL POINT DISCREPANCY... 39
CHAPTER 4 DISCREPANCIES IN SPACECRAFT
VELOCITIES, FLIGHT TIMES, AND
FUEL REQUIREMENTS .............................. 51
CHAPTER 5 ASTRONAUT EXPERIENCES ON THE
MOON ........................................................... 61
CHAPTER 6 MOON ATMOSPHERIC THEORY PRIOR
TO THE SPACE PROGRAM ....................... 83
CHAPTER 7 INCREDIBLE FINDINGS CONCERNING
THE LUNAR ATMOSPHERE ..................... 89
CHAPTER 8 MOON GEOLOGY AND THE EARTH-
MOON SYSTEM..........................................113
CHAPTER 9 SATELLITE PHOTOS AND BIZARRE
EARTH FINDINGS......................................129
CHAPTER 10 EVIDENCE OF EXTRATERRESTRIAL
INTERFERENCE IN THE
SPACE PROGRAM......................................145
CHAPTER 11 CONTACTEES AND MOON FINDINGS . .157
CHAPTER 12 MALDEK AND THE MOON......................169
CHAPTER 13 GRAVITY, SEARL DISKS, AND
LEVITATING BEAMS ................................177
CHAPTER 14 THE PRESENT AND FUTURE
SPACE PROGRAM ............................... 189
APPENDICES................................................................. 197
FOOTNOTES.................................................................. 221
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................... 227

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Photo 1 Bean standing next to Surveyor 3 with the Lunar

Module in the background on the Apollo 12
Mission (NASA Photo)
Photo 2 Young jumping up from the lunar surface on the
Apollo 16 Mission (NASA Photo)
Photo 3 Bean carrying the ALSEP on the Apollo 12 Mission
(NASA Photo 69-HC-1341)
Photo 4 Irwin with the Lunar Rover and Mt. Hadley in the
background on the Apollo 15 Mission (NASA
Photo 71-HC-1140)
Photo 5 Aldrin standing next to the deployed Solar Wind
Composition Experiment on the Apollo 11
Photo 6 The lunar surface with the Lunar Module and tire
tracks on the Apollo 14 Mission (NASA Photo 71-
HC-277)
Photo 7 Scott standing on the slope of Hadley Delta with the
Apennine Mountains in the background on the
Apollo 15 Mission (NASA Photo 71-H-1425)
Photo 8 Duke collecting samples on the rim of a crater with
the Rover in the background on the Apollo 16
Photo 9 A halo around Bean on the lunar surface on the
Apollo 12 Mission (NASA Photo 69-HC-1347)
13
Photo 10 A frame taken from the movie sequence of
Mitchell's descent down the Lunar Module ladder
on the Apollo 14 Mission (NASA Photo)
Photo 11 A picture of the Apollo 10 Command Module taken
by the Lunar Module with the Moon's horizon in
the background (NASA Photo)
Photo 12 Scott standing next to the Rover on the edge of
Hadley Rille on the Apollo 15 Mission (NASA
Photo 71-H-1426)
Photo 13 A picture taken by the author showing eroded hills
in Eastern Washington State
Photo 14 A view of the eastern edge of the Sea of Rains with
Hadley Rille and the Apennine Mountains taken
on the Apollo 15 Mission (NASA Photo)
Photo 15 Schmitt standing next to a split boulder with
rounded hills in the background on the Apollo 17
Photo 16 The Moon's Alpine Valley photographed in 1967 by
the Lunar Orbiter IV probe (NASA Photo 67-H-
897)
Photo 17 An Applications Technology Satellite photo of the
Earth taken 22,300 miles above Brazil in 1967
Photo 18 A reproduction of the color TV transmission of the
Lunar Module lift-off from the lunar surface on
the Apollo 17 Mission (NASA Photo 72-HC-903)
14
the Apollo 16 Mission (NASA Photo 72-HC-274)
the Apollo 16 Mission taken moments after Photo
19 (NASA Photo 72-HC-273)
15
PREFACE
Moongate is a non-fictional account derived from
unclassified sources of information including official
government publications, NASA photographs and movies,
news articles, and numerous books by authorities in various
fields. The idea for Moongate germinated from observations
made by several individuals who detected discrepancies in
space program activities and findings. An extensive search
for evidence was made to verify that a cover-up occurred.
The amount of evidence far exceeded initial expectations and
produced startling conclusions about the real space program.
Many aspects of the space program are mathematically and
conceptually analyzed to verify the cover-up from a scientific
standpoint. Moongate is written for the layman and scientist
alike, with mathematical calculations included in the
appendices. It contains many color photographs and
footnoted references.
Although absolute certainty cannot be given about the
details of the cover-up, the evidence demonstrates that either
the contentions are true, or portions of the Apollo Moon
landings were staged. It seems probable that the landings
really occurred; however, the true circumstances surrounding
the Apollo missions and related discoveries were carefully
suppressed from the public.
William L. Brian II
17
C H A P T E R 1
THE NASA-MILITARY
CONNECTION
The NASA space program to put men on the Moon was
supposedly an unclassified, civilian effort. However,
evidence will be provided throughout this book that the
military had almost complete control over it and that many of
the NASA findings were withheld from the public.
The history of rocket development and early satellite
efforts will now be reviewed to show the military's in-
volvement in the space program and events leading to the
creation of NASA. Germany developed the V-2 rocket and
used it with limited success against England toward the end
of World War II. The United States acquired the majority of
German rocket scientists and engineers, including Wernher
von Braun, and most of Germany's rocket hardware. Russia
also managed to obtain German rocket personnel and pursued
the technological development of rockets with great
enthusiasm and success. The postwar years ushered in the
"cold war" and the threat of nuclear war by the superpowers.
The rocket was then developed to its high level of
sophistication to carry nuclear bombs to strategic targets
thousands of miles away. Typically, the threat of annihilation
seems to be the greatest stimulus to expend large dollar
amounts on research and development, and the rocket was no
exception.
The confiscated German rocket information included plans
for Earth satellites and multi-staged rockets which would
have eventually been fired at North America
19
20 MOONGATE
from Europe if the conflict continued. This caused spec-

ulation on the future of warfare and provided incentive for
development of an advanced rocket technology. However,
the United States did not seriously engage in rocket research
until the hydrogen bomb was developed in 1952 and until the
discovery was made in 1953 that the Russians were well
along in developing rocket missiles. Supposedly, the latter
discovery caused the U.S. Government to reverse its previous
position on the importance of the ICBM (intercontinental
ballistic missile). In 1953, the Russians tested their own H-
bomb, and in 1954 a policy was approved by the National
Security Council to prioritize ICBM development. By that
time, the Russians had already designed an oversized carrier
rocket to deliver the heavy A-bomb. It had excess capacity
for the lighter H-bomb and Soviet scientists supposedly
suggested that it could be used to launch satellites into orbit.
The U.S. had anticipated the Soviet idea of artificial
satellites in an Army Air Force satellite study conducted in
1946 called Project Rand. Project Rand was staff by a
consultant group managed by Douglas Aircraft Company.
Their report was entitled Preliminary Design of an
Experimental World-Circling Spaceship. Included in the
report were a consideration of the technical feasibility, the
political and psychological effects of it as a weapon, its use
as a surveillance and communication device, and a
demonstration of U.S. technological superiority. Since the
Germans had already thought of it, the Rand Report and the
Russian plan cannot be considered original. In actuality, the
U.S. and Russia merely extended German plans, all in the
interest of military supremacy.
In 1946, the Navy and Army Air Force conducted in-
The NASA-Military Connection 21
dependent missile studies. A second Project Rand study

published in 1947 gave more detailed specifications for a
three-stage rocket to put satellites into orbit. This study also
indicated some of the support technology areas which needed
additional development. Included were guidance and flight
control, orbital attitude control, ground-space
communications, and auxiliary power sources. Essentially,
the primary need was for miniature computers and solar
energy power supplies which were not available then. In
1947, the Secretary of Defense was added to the cabinet and
the Research and Development Board (RDB) was placed
under the Department of Defense. The RDB postponed the
decision of which military branch would develop and deploy
long range missiles. Through 1948, the Navy continued their
satellite research activity while the Air Force discontinued
theirs. The first public announcement of the satellite program
was included in the Report of the Secretary of Defense in
1948. In The History of Rocket Technology, written in 1964,
Cargill Hall states:
Forrestal's early veiled announcement of the U.S.
satellite program caused a great deal of consternation
among those working on the satellite project in the United
States in 1949 and who were trying to preserve its aspect of
secrecy. . . . After this occurrence, no official reference in
open literature was made to an American satellite effort
until November 1954, when the Department of Defense, in
a terse two-sentence comment, reported that studies
continued to be made in the Earth Satellite Vehicle
Program. The statement, approved by Secretary of Defense
Charles Wilson, was issued after an earlier press
conference statement by the Secretary that he was unaware
of an American Satellite program.1
22 MOONGATE
The Department of Defense budgeted over $1 billion for

missile programs in 1952 which nearly equaled the sum of
expenditures over the previous five years. This was spent
primarily on short range, surface-to-surface, and air defense
missiles. However, the Army was working on a larger
missile under the direction of Dr. Wern-her von Braun who
was then the technical director of the Army Ordnance
Guided Missiles Development Group. In 1951, he proposed
the building of a 7,000-ton satellite rocket. Supposedly the
military was not interested in satellites, so U.S. scientists
tried to get civilian agencies to promote a satellite program.
Soviet participation in scientific conferences in 1954-1955
gave U.S. scientists the impression that Russia was involved
in a vigorous space program. In 1955, the White House an-
nounced that plans had been approved for an Earth-circling
satellite for scientific observations. It seems that most of the
public was never aware that Secretary of Defense Forrestal
announced the U.S. satellite program in 1948.
Sputnik I was fired on October 4, 1957 and Congressional
investigations into the U.S. missile and satellite program
followed. Typically, the "surprise" efforts of Sputnik I were
forecast by Project Rand in 1946, yet the U.S. Congress and
public were not involved until 1957. This is representative of
the secrecy of the military in their operations and of the delay
in information reaching the public.
A lot of publicity was drummed up for Project Vanguard
which was to have its first launching in 1957. Unfortunately,
Vanguard I blew up on the launch pad at Cape Canaveral on
December 6, 1957. However, in Huntsville, Alabama on
January 31, 1958, Wernher von
Braun and his rocket team successfully sent Explorer I into

orbit using the Jupiter C rocket.
NASA was created on October 1, 1958 to coordinate
national space activities as a result of President Eisenhower's
April 2 message to Congress. One of the urgent reasons given
to expand the space program was to take full advantage of the
military potential of space. NASA was to administer the
"civilian" space science and exploration program.
The lengthy Congressional investigations into the "missile-
gap" served to convince Congress of the importance in
keeping up with the Russians. However, it seems that the
aspect of enhancement of national prestige was more
appealing to politicians than the military potential of space.
In addition, the background of politicians does not generally
lend itself to an appreciation of scientific research and space
exploration. Therefore, the space race aspect of the space
program was emphasized because it was something to which
the politicians could relate. It also served as a means for
building up the momentum which would be needed to finance
the expensive space program. The "civilian" space program
was really set up to take emphasis off the military aspect of
the project and to develop technology for military ap-
plications at the same time. By maintaining a quasi-civilian
organization like NASA, public financial support could be
gained and the work could be accomplished more efficiently.
Concerning the Defense Department's involvement, Ralph
Lapp stated the following in Man and Space— The Next
Decade, written in 1961:
The Defense Department did have a legitimate stake in
the satellite field. There was a military requirement for
orbital devices that could perform
24 MOONGATE
communications and reconnaissance missions .... the

development of the Atlas ICBM with its 360,000-pound
thrust gave the Defense Department the potential of
boosting heavier payloads into space. . . . Naturally, the
reconnaissance or "spy" satellite program was highly
classified. This fact, together with the military secrecy
attached to ICBM rockets which would be used for
civilian applications, added complexity to the emergency
U.S. space program.
A purely peacetime civilian space activity could be
conducted most effectively and most efficiently if all
details of the work could be kept unclassified. . . .
Unfortunately, it seemed, even space science was to have
two antipodal aspects.
In one respect, it seemed that the new U.S. space agency
would have a clear field, unfettered by military bonds. The
Pentagon saw no need for spaceships or for the huge rocket
engines needed to power them. This was to prove a lucky
break for the civilian space program, even though it later
developed that there could be military applications for very
high-thrust rockets.2 It is important to note that the military
continued with its own efforts in satellites and missiles
throughout the peak era of NASA and into the present.
Although NASA is only a fraction of its former size, the
military is as strong as ever. It continues to utilize the
"civilian" research and development information and
hardware developed through the space program for its own
secret projects.
The funding of top secret military projects can be easily
camouflaged by other unclassified projects. Components and
parts needed for secret projects can be ordered one at a time
from different manufacturers and
charged to a dummy or decoy project. The parts can be

assembled in secret and the manufacturers never know what
the end product is. An expensive decoy project can be used to
generate the funds and to develop the technology for highly
sophisticated secret projects at the same time. The NASA
space program to put men on the Moon provided the military
with such a decoy project.
Military secrecy related to research and development of
weapons has existed for a long time. The government's
rationale for this policy of total secrecy has been to maintain
superiority over the enemy. A side effect is that the public is
automatically kept in complete ignorance of what the military
is doing, so a great deal of horrifying research can be carried
out without public interference. Secrecy is deemed necessary
for survival and the public is always kept many years behind
the latest research findings and technological developments.
When secret information is finally released, the government
is always quick to explain that the defense imperative
required total secrecy for our protection.
To silence top secret research participants, secrecy acts can
be used. If the secrecy acts are breached, the violator can be
judged to be insane and committed to a mental institution, be
sent to prison, be paid to keep quiet, or perhaps meet with an
unfortunate accident if all other persuasions fail. Since the
author has signed no secrecy agreements with anyone, he is
under no obligations. If he merely points out what already
exists in the available, unclassified literature, the government
can only accuse him of idle speculation or remain silent. If a
smear campaign ensues, it will not come as a surprise. The
government has had a lot of experience in this area and has
practically unlimited resources and government agencies to
carry it out.
26 MOONGATE
In the remainder of this book, it will be made painfully

apparent to the reader that the military was in constant
control of the entire NASA space program. It will be shown
that much of the NASA-related information was highly
classified. The public was only given enough information to
convince most of them that men had landed on the Moon.
The majority of details and discoveries regarding the project
were carefully suppressed.
It is interesting to analyze the people who want to develop
the military potential of space. Some of these undoubtedly
have the "mega-death" type of mentality. They seek better
and better methods to destroy life, that is, more efficient
methods, always developing strategies and weapons which
are superior to the enemy's strategies and weapons. They
would exploit the military potential of the Moon as soon as
the technology were available. Eventually, other planets
would become military outposts. Finally, artificial battle
stations, like those seen in the movie Star Wars, would be
constructed. However, if advanced intelligences exist in the
universe which are superior to Earth men, the militarists will
eventually meet their match in outer space. Evidence will be
presented later that this may have already happened.
In closing this chapter, it has been suggested that NASA
and the military suppressed new discoveries and findings of
the space program. If the cover-up had been totally
successful, this book could not have been written. When
thousands of people are involved in a project the size of the
space program for many years, airtight security would be
nearly impossible. In addition, a number of individuals are
basically honest and want to tell the truth, in spite of
pressures to remain silent.
Chapter 2 delves into a fundamental law defined by Isaac

Newton in 1666 concerning gravity. It will be shown that this
law was found to be incorrect when applied to planetary
bodies. Consequently, the first attempts to explore the Moon
with space probes produced unexpected results.
C H A P T E R 2
LUNAR GRAVITY
THEORY PRIOR TO
MOON PROBES
According to conventional science, the Moon has only
one-sixth of the Earth's surface gravity. Sir Isaac Newton
formulated the Law of Universal Gravitation in 1666 which
led to this conclusion. This famous law states that the
gravitational pull of one body on another body depends on
the product of the masses of the two bodies. Therefore, a
planet such as the Earth will attract another object with a
certain force. The law also states that the gravitational force
decreases as the distance away from a planet increases. The
further out in space an object is from the Earth or Moon, the
less pull or tug is exerted on it.
Newton discovered that gravity decreases away from the
surface of the Earth in the same way light intensity
diminishes away from a light source. Only one-fourth as
much light illuminates a given surface area 200 feet from a
light source as compared to 100 feet. Similarly, at 300 feet
only one-ninth as much is received as compared to 100 feet.
This rapid drop-off follows the inverse-square law. For the
following discussion, see Figure 1.
Near the Earth's surface, objects fall with an acceleration
of 32.2 feet per second every second. Therefore, as each
second goes by, an object will gain in speed by 32.2 feet per
second. It will continue to accelerate until it reaches a
constant speed because of air resistance.
29
30 MOONGATE
Figure 1
DECREASE IN GRAVITY WITH DISTANCE AWAY FROM

THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH
Lunar Gravity Theory Prior to Moon Probes 31
In moving away from the Earth's surface, an observer will
find that at an altitude of 3,960 miles, or two radii from the
Earth's center, the gravitational pull has been reduced by a
factor of four, just as in the light example. At this altitude,
bodies have only one-fourth of their surface weight;
therefore, a 200-pound man would weigh only 50 pounds.
Furthermore, he would be accelerated at one-fourth the
surface rate, or 8 feet per second every second, and it would
take him twice as long to fall a given distance starting from
rest.
Moving out to a distance of three Earth radii from the
center, or 7,920 miles from the surface, the force of gravity
decreases to one-ninth of the surface value. The 200-pound
man would now weigh only 22 pounds, and would only be
falling 3.6 feet per second faster after every second of fall.
At the distance of the Moon, the force exerted by the Earth
is only 1/3,600 the value on the Earth's surface. Therefore,
the Moon should only be falling toward the Earth 32.2/3,600
feet per second faster every second. It would soon crash into
the Earth if it were not slowly rotating about the Earth every
27 days or so. This orbit, or rotation, is what keeps it from
falling. Man-made satellites orbit the Earth in the same way
the Moon does. However, since they are usually much closer
to the Earth than the Moon, the Earth's pull is significantly
stronger on them and they must travel much faster to
continue orbiting. The Moon moves around the Earth at a
speed of about 2,300 miles per hour, while a satellite 100
miles above the Earth must travel nearly 17,500 miles per
hour.
Newton's analysis of gravitation was devised from the
observation of the orbiting Moon and objects falling on the
Earth. Until similar experiments are performed on
32 MOONGATE
planetary bodies like the Moon, the exact values of their
surface gravities cannot be determined. Newton could not
even determine the Moon's mass to predict the Moon's force
of attraction on other objects. Its mass was later calculated to
be about one-eighty-second (1/82) of the Earth's by observing
how much the Earth moves around the common center of
rotation of the Earth and Moon. In turn, the Moon's derived
mass and the Earth's predicted mass were used to calculate
the Moon's surface gravity which came out to be one-sixth of
Earth's. Since the Moon is a much smaller body than Earth, it
did not seem unreasonable to scientists that it should have a
correspondingly smaller surface gravity.
The point where a space vehicle enters the predominant
attractive zone of the Moon's gravity is called the neutral
point. It is the region in space where the Earth's force of
attraction equals the Moon's force of attraction. Since the
Moon is smaller and supposedly has a smaller surface
gravity, the neutral point should be quite close to the Moon.
In fact, if it is assumed that the Moon has one-sixth of the
Earth's surface gravity, the neutral point is calculated to be
about nine-tenths of the distance between the Earth and the
Moon. The average distance to the Moon is about 239,000
miles, hence this places the neutral point approximately
23,900 miles from the Moon's center. Figure 2 depicts the
neutral point. To show the reader that this neutral point dis-
tance has been predicted and calculated time and time again
by astronautical scientists and engineers for many years, a
series of references will be given.
In the book Principles of Astronautics, written in 1965, a
fellow of the British Interplanetary Society, M. Vertregt,
gave the calculated neutral point value as follows:
Figure 2
THE CONVENTIONAL POSITION OF THE

NEUTRAL POINT BETWEEN THE EARTH
AND THE MOON
34 MOONGATE
At a distance of 346000 km (215000 miles) from the

Earth and 38000 km (23600 miles) from the Moon, at
what is called the "neutral point" N, the attraction exerted
by the Earth is equal to that exerted by the Moon.1
In Exploration of the Moon written in 1966 by an
astronomer, Franklyn M. Branley, the neutral point is listed
as 20,000 miles from the Moon or 220,000 miles from the
Earth.2
In U.S. on the Moon written by U.S. News & World Report
in 1969, the neutral point distance is again displayed as
22,000 miles from the surface of the Moon.3 In The
Mathematics of Space Exploration written in 1965, Myrl H.
Ahrendt calculated the neutral point using Newton's
Gravitation Law and the Moon's mass expressed as 1/83 of
the Earth's mass. His conclusion, assuming a Moon to Earth
distance of 239,000 miles was:
. . . the neutral point is about 23,900 miles from the Moon,
at a point almost precisely nine-tenths of the distance to
the Moon.4
Still another derivation of 23,800 miles was made by John
A. Eisele in 1967 in Astrodynamics, Rockets, Satellites, and
Space Travel, assuming the Moon's mean distance of
238,857 miles.5 He assumed a ratio of Earth to Moon masses
of 81.56.
Within the topic "Space Travel" in the 1961 edition of
Collier's Encyclopedia, the following is stated:
. . . there must come a point where the two pulls are
equally strong and where they balance each other. This
point lies about 23,500 miles from the surface of the
moon.6 The 1960 printing of the Encyclopaedia Britannica
states the following within the topic "Interplanetary Ex-

ploration":
... the so-called "neutral point" between Earth and Moon.
This is a fictitious station on the Earth-Moon axis (about 19
Moon radii from the Moon), beyond which the Moon's
gravitational pull is stronger than the Earth's.7 Nineteen Moon
radii equals 20,520 miles from the Moon.
It is probably evident to the reader that minor differences
exist between these values. This is due to slight ly different
assumptions of the Earth to Moon distance and ratio of Earth
to Moon masses. An analysis of how much this neutral point
distance should vary, depending on the Earth to Moon
distance, gives the results shown below. This assumes that
the distances are measured from the Earth's center to the
Moon's center.
Total Distance Earth to Moon to
Center to Center Neutral Point Neutral Point
(miles) (miles) (miles)
252,710 227,517 25,193
238,885 215,070 23,815
221,463 199,385 22,078
In any case, the range of neutral point distances to the Moon's
center will be between 22,078 and 25,193 miles with the
assumption that the Moon has one-sixth of Earth's surface
gravity. Since so many people and organizations have stated
the neutral point distance within a close range, there seems to
be no question as to where it is. To satisfy the technically
minded reader, the complete derivation of the neutral point
distances shown above is presented in Appendix A.
The reader is reminded that the above neutral point
distances were based upon Newton's Law of Universal
36 MOONGATE
Gravitation. In addition, most of the writers who referenced

them were probably unaware of space program findings
regarding the neutral point's real location. As mentioned
previously, only by observing falling or orbiting bodies in the
Moon's vicinity could the actual neutral point distance, hence
the Moon's true gravity, be determined. This information
could have been available to NASA or the Russians as early
as 1959 from the first Moon probes. If Moon probes success-
fully orbited and landed prior to 1969, the actual neutral point
distance should have been available to the public. If it were
published, there would be an exact method of determining
the Moon's surface gravity.
The ramifications of finding a neutral point distance
greater than the 20,000 to 25,000-mile distances referenced
above will now be considered. It was shown how gravity falls
off with distance away from the Earth's surface. The Moon
displays the same behavior as the Earth. Therefore, the
Moon's gravitational pull 1,080 miles above its surface (two
radii from the Moon's center) would be one-fourth the surface
value. Similarly, at three Moon radii, 2,160 miles above the
surface, the force would be one-ninth the surface value. With
this concept in mind, the reader can see that if the real neutral
point distance from the Moon's surface were considerably
greater than 25,000 miles, the Moon's surface gravity would
have to be much greater than the predicted value of one-sixth
of the Earth's surface gravity. This would imply that
Newton's Law of Gravitation does not hold for bodies of
planetary size. It would also imply that NASA and the
military have been suppressing information on the true nature
of Moon gravity.
Clearly, this neutral point distance had to have been
exactly determined if astronauts were to land safely on
the Moon. This could only be determined experimentally and

a history of this discovery will be presented in the next
chapter.
C H A P T E R 3
THE NEUTRAL POINT

DISCREPANCY
A lunar probe or spacecraft launched from the Earth will
continuously lose velocity until it reaches the neutral point
due to the Earth's gravitational pull. However, after it passes
the neutral point, the Moon's pull becomes stronger and it
begins to accelerate, increasing in velocity. It must have the
proper trajectory to assume a lunar orbit or to score a direct
hit.
The need for an accurate measurement of the Moon's
gravity, hence the precise neutral point distance, was pointed
out by Hugh Odishaw, Executive Director of the United
States National Committee for the IGY (International
Geophysical Year). He presented a report in 1958 to all
member nations of the IGY entitled "Basic Objectives of a
Continuing Program of Scientific Research in Outer Space."1
In it he indicated that estimates of the Moon's mass at that
time were based on observations of the motions of asteroids
and the Earth's polar axis. The uncertainty attributed to the
Moon's mass was given as 0.3 percent which was great
enough to affect lunar rocket trajectories. Accordingly,
Odishaw indicated the desirability of determining the Moon's
mass more precisely in early Moon experiments. This could
be accomplished by tracking the rocket as it approached the
Moon and deriving the Moon's pull at each point of the
trajectory, hence the surface gravity.
By now, the reader probably realizes how much difficulty
NASA and the Russians would have had in sending
successful Moon probes, even if they knew the exact
39
40 MOONGA TE
position of the neutral point. If the neutral point, hence the

Moon's gravitational pull, deviated considerably from the
predicted value derived from Newton's Law of Universal
Gravitation, a series of failures would be expected in attempts
to send successful lunar probes. It is also reasonable to
conclude that a discovery of a significant difference in the
expected Moon gravity would require many more years of
reprogramming, rocket design, lunar probe design, and so
on. The time required for people to readjust their thinking
patterns would also be significant, especially after nearly 300
years of education and training in the gravitational concepts of
Isaac Newton. In the style of the Department of Defense, it
should also be expected that suppression of the new findings
would occur. Keeping these ideas in mind, along with the
conventional idea of the position of the neutral point from the
Moon, the history of lunar probes will be reviewed.
The Moon was chosen as the first target for exploration
because it is the closest celestial body to the Earth. Russia
was the first nation to send a successful lunar probe, called
Luna 1, on January 2, 1959. It flew within 4,660 miles of the
surface and broadcast information back to Earth after
traveling into space. The U.S. had made three unsuccessful
attempts with Pioneers 1, 2, and 3 in 1958 before achieving a
fly-by 37,300 miles from the surface several months after
Luna 1.
Luna 2 was launched on September 12, 1959 and became
the first lunar probe to hit the Moon, sending back signals
before impact. Luna 3 was launched October 4, 1959 and
circled behind the Moon, approaching within 4,372 miles. It
sent back pictures of the far side. Significantly, the Russian
program for exploration of the Moon came to a stop for four
years following the
The Neutral Point Discrepancy 41
Luna 3 lunar probe! All of the Luna shots were tracked with
radar to collect trajectory and gravitational data. As
previously mentioned, the trajectory of an object in the
Moon's vicinity enables the surface gravity to be calculated
which in turn enables the neutral point to be calculated. If the
findings deviated from the expected ones, it would probably
require years to reassess and re-engineer future Moon probes.
A soft-landing would require a much larger launch vehicle
and a great deal more fuel if the gravity were a lot higher
than expected.
Russia's secrecy concerning its space program is well-
known. Therefore, the U.S. may not have benefited from
information obtained by Russian Moon probes. According to
Ralph Lapp in Man and Space—The Next Decade:
. . . the Soviets clamped tight secrecy over their rockets,
never once releasing a photograph of a launching. Moreover,
the Russian scientists were slow in making their data
available to the scientific community.2 In addition, the U.S.
Pioneer 4 fly-by at 37,300 miles may not have been close
enough to the Moon to enable NASA engineers to determine
the true nature of lunar gravity. At any rate, subsequent
Ranger missions indicated that the U.S. was having many
problems in achieving successful Moon shots.
The first Rangers carried seismometers in spherical
containers designed to withstand the impact of landings.
Unfortunately, Ranger 3, launched on January 26, 1962,
missed its target completely and went into a solar orbit.
Ranger 4 hit the Moon on April 23, but did not send back any
useful information. Ranger 5 was launched on October 18
and missed the Moon by 450 miles; however, it was tracked
for over eight hours. Fur-
42 MOONGATE
ther launches were put off until 1964 and the entire program
was reorganized.
It is significant that all Ranger missions after number 5
were designed only to take pictures because of the difficulty
in achieving a semihard landing with the seismometer
package. The seismometer was encased in a 30-inch balsa
wood ball which was to be slowed up sufficiently by retro-
rockets to hit the surface at 150 miles per hour and still
survive. It was designed to be able to impact granite at 200
miles per hour and continue to operate. If the Moon had only
one-sixth of Earth's surface gravity, then perhaps the
seismometer packages would have survived. However, if
lunar gravity were much more than expected, a successful
landing without big enough retro-rockets for braking would
be impossible. Evidently, Ranger scientists anticipated that
the weak one-sixth gravity would keep the velocity of impact
down to a low enough level. Since they eliminated the
package from further missions and delayed these missions for
almost a year-and-a-half, perhaps they learned something
new about the Moon's gravity.
After Russia's four years of silence, Luna 4 was launched
on April 2, 1963. It flew within 5,300 miles of the Moon.
The purpose of this probe was never revealed except for a
brief announcement that:
. . . experiments and measurements which were conducted ...
are completed. Radio communication with the spacecraft will
continue for a few more days.3 It is probable that the need for
detailed gravity data was behind the mission. Soft-landings
could not be successful without this information.
The U.S. launched Ranger 6 on January 30, 1964 and the
electrical system was allegedly burned out when the cameras
were accidentally turned on during the flight,
hence no pictures were sent. After supposedly redesigning

the system to eliminate this danger, Ranger 7 was launched
on July 28. It was successful and sent back thousands of
pictures. Ranger 8 was launched on February 17, 1965 and
Ranger 9 was launched on March 21, 1965. Both were
successful and some of the Ranger 9 pictures were broadcast
on television.
The Russians attempted a soft-landing with Luna 5 on May
9, 1964, but it crashed at full speed. Luna 6 was launched on
June 8 but missed the Moon, while Luna 7 crashed because
the retro-rockets supposedly fired too soon. Luna 8 was sent
up on December 3 and also crashed. Luna 9 landed
successfully on the Moon on February 3, 1966.
The U.S. soft-landing program was called Surveyor and
began in 1960. In 1962 a decision was made to trim the
weight of Surveyor by more than 300 pounds, with many
experiments abandoned. The reason given was problems with
the proposed Atlas Centaur second stage. Surveyor's
scheduled 1963 launch date passed and it was not even close
to being ready. The project costs were running ten times the
original estimates and "troubles" forced one delay after
another. A Congressional inquiry was made and the House
Committee on Science and Astronautics found fault with the
management practices of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
(JPL), NASA, and the prime contractor, Hughes Aircraft. In
We Reach the Moon, John Noble Wilford gave an account of
the Surveyor difficulties.4 It seems JPL officials conceded
that they initially underestimated the difficulty of the project.
One official admitted that the project was not given enough
support in the earlier days and that they were overconfident
in their ability to do things. It is probably more than
coincidental that the Ranger 5 failure on Oc-
44 MOONGATE
tober 18, 1962 resulted in the abandonment of the seis-

mometer package and a significant delay in future Ranger
missions due to the difficulty in a semihard landing. The
Surveyor Program was delayed for 28 months from its
schedule and Surveyor 1 did not soft-land on the Moon until
June 2, 1966. Photo 1 shows Apollo 12 astronaut Alan Bean
standing next to Surveyor 3 which landed April 20, 1967
inside a crater in Oceanus Procellarum. The Apollo 12 Lunar
Module is in the background on the rim of the crater.
The U.S. effort to orbit the Moon using lunar probes began
August 17, 1958 with Atlas Able 1. It missed the Moon as
did the next two attempts. A decision was then made to build
a larger spacecraft and to use the Atlas Agena D as the
carrier. It appears that a larger rocket was necessary to carry
a larger payload which may have consisted of fuel used in
braking the proposed orbiter. This would be necessary to
reduce the velocity of the satellite so that it could achieve an
orbit. Again, it seems more than coincidental that the project
to orbit the Moon, which began in 1958, was postponed until
1964 when the Boeing Company began work on the Lunar
Orbiter Project.
The Russians managed to place Luna 10 into orbit around
the Moon on April 3, 1966 after having successfully soft-
landed with Luna 9 on February 3, 1966. It appears that
substantial retro-rocket braking was required for orbit
insertion as well as soft-landing. At any rate, both were
accomplished a short time apart. U.S. Lunar Orbiter 1
successfully went into lunar orbit on August 14, 1966. Lunar
Orbiter 5 was sent crashing into the Moon on January 31,
1968 after a successful mission. These missions
photographed over 99 percent of the Moon and led to the
discovery of lunar mascons, or
increases in the Moon's surface gravity in certain areas.

These mascons will be discussed in more detail later.
The above analysis of lunar probes indicates that the U.S.
and Russia probably had a clear picture of the nature of lunar
gravity as early as 1959. However, it is a certainty that both
countries learned how to work with lunar gravity and make
soft-landings by 1966. This date is important in light of
information on lunar gravity to be presented next.
The reader has been kept in suspense concerning sug-
gestions that Moon gravity might deviate from the predicted
value of one-sixth of Earth's. This was necessary to provide
background information needed to make a proper evaluation.
The analysis will now focus on the position of the neutral
point, as given to the public by various writers and
organizations, subsequent to lunar probes. Ultimately, the
source of the information is probably NASA. In reference to
Apollo 11, Time magazine gave the following neutral point
information in the July 25, 1969 issue:
At a point 43,495 miles from the moon, lunar gravity
exerted a force equal to the gravity of the earth, then some
200,000 miles distant.5
The reader might be surprised concerning this statement
since the neutral point distances presented in Chapter 2 were
all 20,000 to 25,000 miles from the Moon. It might seem that
Time has made an error; therefore, other sources will be
pursued to verify this figure.
In the 1969 edition of History of Rocketry & Space Travel
by Wernher von Braun and Frederick I. Ordway III, the
following statement is made concerning Apollo 11:
The approach to the Moon was so precise that the mid-
course correction scheduled for 8:26 a.m. (EDT)
46 MOONGATE
on the 19th was canceled. At a distance of 43,495 miles from

the Moon, Apollo 11 passed the so-called "neutral" point,
beyond which the Lunar gravitational field dominated that of
Earth. Consequently, the spacecraft, which had been
gradually losing speed on its long coast away from Earth,
now began to accelerate.6 Note that the precision of the flight
was so great that the mid-course correction was not needed.
In addition, the neutral point distance is given to the nearest
mile and agrees exactly with the value given previously by
Time magazine.
Another reputable source is the Encyclopaedia Britannica.
This organization generally publishes information which is
accepted by orthodox scientists. Therefore, their claim for the
neutral point distance should be in close agreement with
Wernher von Braun. In reference to Apollo 11, the Britannica
stated the following in the 1973 printing within the topic
"Space Exploration":
Consideration of the actual dynamics of the Apollo
trajectory will review the statements made above. The
Apollo 11 spacecraft had been in Earth orbit at 118.5 mi.
altitude, traveling at 17,427 mph. By firing the rocket
motor at the exact moment when the spacecraft was
precisely aligned along the proper trajectory, the velocity
was increased to 24,200 mph. Because the Earth's
gravitational pull continued to act upon the spacecraft
during its two and three-quarters day (64 hr.) journey
toward the Moon, the spacecraft velocity, with respect to
the Earth, dwindled to 2,040 mph at a distance of 39,000
mi. from the Moon. At this point lunar gravitational
attraction became greater than the Earth's and the
spacecraft
commenced accelerating as it swung toward and around

the far side of the Moon, reaching a speed of 5,225 mph. By
firing the spacecraft rocket propulsion system the velocity
was reduced to 3,680 mph and the spacecraft entered an
elliptical orbit about the Moon.7 Here the distance is
39,000 miles which is still close to the values given by Time
magazine and von Braun. The reader may recall that in
Chapter 2 reference was made to the 1960 printing of the
Encyclopaedia Britannica which listed the neutral point
distance as 19 Moon radii, or 20,520 miles, from the Moon.
In this case, the distance discrepancy is between different
printings of the same source.
In We Reach the Moon, Wilford indicated that the
spacecraft entered the lunar sphere of gravitational influence
about 38,900 miles from the Moon.8
In Footprints on the Moon written in 1969 by the Writers
and Editors of the Associated Press, the neutral point is
described as follows:
Friday, Day Three of the mission, found Apollo 11 at the
apex of that long gravitational hill between earth and the
moon. At 1:12 p.m. EDT, the nose-to-nose spaceships
passed the milestone where the moon's gravity becomes
the more important influence. The astronauts were 214,000
miles from earth, only 38,000 miles from their rendezvous
with the moon, leading their target like a hunter leads a
duck.9 The reader may already recognize the inconsistencies
between the quoted figures which vary between 38,000 and
43,495 miles. Many different values are given with varying
degrees of precision, yet they still lie within a range which is
radically different from pre-Apollo calculations. There is no
way to get around the discrepancy
48 MOONGATE
between the conventional, pre-Apollo distances of 20,000 to

25,000 miles, and the post-Apollo range of 38,000 to 43,495
miles. Even though the Earth to Moon distance varies between
221,463 and 252,710 miles, and spacecraft do not travel on a
straight line between the Earth and Moon, this still does not
explain the neutral point distance discrepancy. The logical
conclusion is that the latest neutral point information reached
the general public at about the time of the first Apollo lunar
landing in 1969, even though it was determined as far back as
1959 from early lunar probes. Clearly, this discrepancy has not
been pointed out to the public until now. To this day, the
status quo of science and government alludes to the one-sixth
gravity of the lunar surface, representative of a neutral point
less than 25,193 miles from the Moon. Therefore, the neutral
point discrepancy and its implications must be investigated.
The Moon's surface gravity was calculated with the new

figures presented above using the standard inverse-square law
technique. Since the radii of the Earth and Moon, the neutral
point distance, and the Earth's surface gravity are known, the
Moon's surface gravity is easily determined. The technique
does not require a knowledge of the Moon's mass or the
Earth's mass as Newton's Law of Gravitation does. The only
aspect of Newton's Law of Gravitation which seems to be valid
at this time is the inverse-square law nature of gravity.
Therefore, since the Earth's pull equals the Moon's pull at the
neutral point, the inverse-square law enables the pull of gravity
at the Moon's surface to be determined. The technical
derivation is presented in Appendix B. The result is that the
Moon's surface gravity is 64 percent of the Earth's surface
gravity, not the one-sixth or
16.7-percent value predicted by Newton's Law of

Universal Gravitation!
When the reader stops to consider that the 43,495-mile
figure represents the measured value of the neutral point
distance supplied to us by official sources, an annoying
paradox arises: Why would experts release this information
and continue to refer to the Moon's one-sixth gravity
condition, ignoring all the pre-Apollo references to the
neutral point distance of less than 25,000 miles?
Additional information to come suggests that the Moon's
gravity might even be higher than 64 percent of Earth's. In
consideration of what appears to be a cover-up, and the
sensitivity of the neutral point distance to slight variations in
lunar gravity, NASA could have easily given the public
understated figures. If the neutral point is 43,495 miles from
the Moon, the surface gravity is 64 percent of Earth's.
Shifting the neutral point out 8,500 miles to around 52,000
miles from the Moon has the effect of increasing the Moon's
surface gravity to the same value as Earth's.
The discrepancies to be discussed in Chapter 4 involve the
orbital period of spaceships around the Moon and velocities
attained by spaceships reaching the Moon from the neutral
point. The publicized period and velocity values are not
supportive of a 43,495-mile neutral point distance from the
Moon. They support the old neutral point distances and the
Moon's weak one-sixth gravity. Therefore, official
information is inconsistent and contradictory, indicating a
cover-up. The question is why the real neutral point distance
leaked out. Did some of the NASA people try to sabotage the
cover-up?
C H A P T E R 4
DISCREPANCIES IN
SPACECRAFT
VELOCITIES, FLIGHT
TIMES, AND FUEL
REQUIREMENTS
Writers covering the Apollo missions consistently reported
that the spacecraft were traveling less than 6,000 miles per
hour when they reached the Moon. This was after they had
passed the neutral point traveling slightly more than 2,000
miles per hour. The author has not seen calculations by the
above writers which derive the velocity attained at the time the
spacecraft reached the Moon. Therefore, it is reasonable to
assume that NASA directly or indirectly supplied the
information. A glaring inconsistency arises when the facts and
figures are examined.
To begin with, the 43,495-mile neutral point distance and
one-sixth gravity are incompatible as explained in Chapters 2
and 3. In Space Frontier written in 1971, Wernher von Braun
gave the velocities of Apollo 8 at the neutral point and when it
reached the moon as 2,200 miles per hour and 5,700 miles per
hour, respectively.1 In the same discussion he mentioned that
lunar gravity took over at a point 38,900 miles from the Moon,
where the craft began speeding up again. In working out the
mathematics of velocity in going from the neutral point to the
Moon, the only way the craft could reach the
51
52 MOONGATE
Moon traveling less than 6,000 miles per hour would be if one-
sixth gravity is assumed. If one-sixth gravity is assumed, the
neutral point is around 24,000 miles from the Moon, not
38,900. Therefore, the craft would continue to lose velocity in
its coast from the Earth until it reached a point about 24,000
miles from the Moon. But this is not what the above von
Braun reference said. Either the greater neutral point distance
is correct with its high lunar gravity ramifications or the
greater neutral point distance is wrong and one-sixth gravity
exists on the Moon. Why did Wernher von Braun publish this
conflicting information?
The following information is given to show the
ramifications of a high lunar gravity on the velocity when
reaching the Moon. One-sixth lunar gravity would accelerate the
craft to a velocity of somewhat less than 6,000 miles per hour,
while a 64-percent lunar gravity would boost the final velocity
considerably higher. In Appendix C, the derivation of final
velocity is given using the 64-percent lunar gravity required
by the 43,495-mile neutral point distance. This also assumes
that the initial velocity at that point is the 2,200 miles per
hour claimed. This yields a final velocity of over 10,000 miles
per hour! The discrepancy between the velocity demanded by
a 43,495-mile neutral point, hence a high lunar gravity, and the
claimed value of 5,700 miles per hour is over 4,000 miles per
hour.
Before discussing orbital velocity, an argument will be
presented which clearly shows that the neutral point distance is
in the vicinity of the 40,000-mile mark. On the Apollo 8
flight, the spacecraft reached the neutral point, allegedly
38,900 miles from the Moon, traveling 2,200 miles per hour at
55 hours 39 minutes into the mission. At 68 hours 57 minutes, it
had reached the Moon
Discrepancies in Spacecraft Requirements 53
traveling less than 6,000 miles per hour. Therefore, the

distance was covered in 13 hours 18 minutes. If the neutral
point were really 24,000 miles from the Moon, the ship's
average velocity would have been about 2,441 miles per hour
and the trip would only have taken about 9 hours 50 minutes.
The times given by NASA support the greater neutral point
distance, hence the Moon's high gravity.
A detailed analysis of flight times provides additional
confirmation of the Moon's high gravity. If the Moon had
one-sixth of the Earth's surface gravity, the Apollo 8
spacecraft would have continued to lose velocity until it
reached the 24,000-mile mark. At that point, it would have
begun to accelerate, reaching a final velocity of about 5,540
miles per hour at the Moon. If it were traveling 2,200 miles
per hour 38,900 miles from the Moon, its time of flight
would have been 16 hours 44 minutes with the assumption of
one-sixth gravity. This presents a discrepancy of over three
hours from the NASA-reported time of 13 hours 18 minutes.
The only way to account for the shorter flight time claimed
by NASA is to assign a higher average velocity and final
velocity to the spacecraft. With the assumption of a 64-
percent lunar gravity, the flight time is calculated to be 13
hours 47 minutes, which is very close to the NASA claim of
13 hours 18 minutes. The analysis definitely shows that the
NASA-supplied information contradicts itself. The flight
times and neutral point distances are indicative of a high
lunar gravity, yet NASA continues to publicize the weak one-
sixth gravity condition on the Moon.
If the Moon had one-sixth of the Earth's gravity, a satellite
or spacecraft orbiting the Moon would have a very low
orbital velocity. This is because the orbital velocity offsets
the pull of gravity. If the gravity pull is
54 MOONGATE
less, the velocity required to maintain orbit is less. In other

words, the tendency to fall is reduced, so the satellite can
continue to orbit with less speed. At one-sixth gravity, a
satellite orbiting the Moon at an altitude of 70 miles would
only be traveling 3,655 miles per hour. However, with a lunar
gravity 64 percent of Earth's, the orbital velocity at the same
height would be 7,163 miles per hour, or nearly double the
value claimed. In the Encyclopaedia Britannica within "Space
Exploration", Apollo 11 reached the Moon traveling 5,225
miles per hour and had to reduce its velocity to 3,680 miles
per hour to assume an elliptical orbit.2 With a 64-percent
lunar gravity, the spaceship would drop like a rock with such a
low velocity and soon crash into the Moon.
It is evident that with a high lunar gravity, the braking
maneuver of the Apollo crafts would only have to reduce the
10,000-plus mile per hour velocity to 7,163 miles per hour to
assume orbit. This orbital velocity indicates that the craft
would circle the Moon every 60 minutes instead of one orbit
every two hours. The knowledge of these orbital periods
must have been known by the Mission Control people because
during a certain percentage of every orbit, communication
with the orbiting Command Module, or CM, is cut off when
the craft passes behind the Moon. The communication
blackout allegedly lasted for 50 minutes out of every 120-
minute orbit. In Appendix D, the velocity and communication
blackout time are derived based on the 70-mile-high orbit.
With a 64-percent gravity, the blackout time would only be 24
minutes.
If the above situation occurred, fairly tight security
measures must have been employed to suppress information
from the public. As long as the only means to monitor the
astronauts' activities were through Mission
Control, only a relatively small number of people would

actually be aware of the situation. The vast majority of
NASA people could still be kept in the dark. If such were the
case, the tightest security area would be Mission Control and
the information presented below indicates this.
John Noble Wilford covered the Apollo missions for The
New York Times. In We Reach the Moon, he discussed the
Apollo program in considerable detail, along with his
experiences in working with NASA. The following
information was derived from his book.3 Regarding the fire
that killed Grissom, Chaffee, and White, he mentioned that
Houston used the word gruesome to describe the tape
recordings in a phone call to NASA headquarters. However,
NASA officials would not admit that they knew about the
tape evidence until after Wilford wrote a story in The New
York Times on Tuesday, January 31. This incident was
symptomatic of the lack of candor which the public and
Congress later found NASA to be guilty of. During the
weekend of the fire, reporters constantly received vague and
evasive replies to their questions which made them remember
Gemini 8. On Gemini 8 the capsule went out of control and
the communication tapes made during the crisis were
withheld because NASA believed that the astronauts' voice
level might have given a false impression of their behavior.
The tapes were later released and assuming that they were
complete, the astronauts had handled themselves with great
control. Reporters subsequently began to refer to the NASA
initials as meaning Never A Straight Answer.
In The Voyages of Apollo: The Exploration of the Moon,
Richard Lewis explained what the situation was at Mission
Control during Apollo 12.4 The following is
56 MOONGATE
a summary of his account. At midnight, the glass viewing room

behind the Mission Control consoles was filled with VIPs such
as Administrator Paine; his deputy, George M. Lowe; the
astronauts Armstrong, Aldrin, and Borman; C. Stark Draper,
director of the Instrumentation Laboratory of MIT where the
Apollo inertial guidance system was developed; and Wernher
von Braun. However, not a single member of the news media
was present. Newsmen had not been allowed in Mission
Control since the policy was established in Project Mercury,
supposedly to prevent uncontrolled disclosure in the event of a
disaster. This continued until late in Apollo when a press pool
representative was finally admitted to the viewing chamber at
the Johnson Space Center.
In light of information presented thus far, it seems more
than coincidental that such tight security measures were
employed. Clearly, the public received carefully chosen
information, some of which was true, and a great deal of
which must have been totally fabricated, based on the old
concept of the Moon's one-sixth gravity.
As the discrepancies encountered on the way to the Moon
are outlined, the discussion has brought the spacecraft into
lunar orbit. The next step is to consider the ramifications of a
high lunar gravity on the fuel requirements of the lunar
descent and ascent vehicles. This opens up a new chamber of
horrors.
To escape from the surface of a planet into space or to orbit
around it, a space vehicle must be lifted to orbital height and
be traveling a certain minimum speed. This requires energy to
overcome the continuous pull of the gravitational field and to
increase the vehicle's kinetic energy. The reader may recall
that the Apollo
launch rocket which sent men to the Moon stood 363 feet tall
and weighed 6,400,000 pounds. A picture of the Apollo 11
rocket at launch is shown in one of the cover photos. It was
designed to send a payload of approximately 100,000 pounds
toward the Moon at a velocity of 24,300 miles per hour. The
Apollo 4 rocket placed 278,699 pounds into a 110-mile-high
circular orbit around the Earth. A much higher payload can be
placed in orbit than can be sent to the Moon because of the ad-
ditional fuel and velocity needed to escape from the Earth. If
the payload weight is divided into the total weight of the
rocket, the payload ratio is determined. In
the case of Apollo 4, this ratio equals or 23 to
1. This means that a launch weight of 23 times the pay-load
was required to place the object into Earth orbit and
approximately 90 percent of the rocket's weight was fuel.
If the Moon had only one-sixth of the Earth's gravity, a
much lower payload ratio than the above would have been
needed by the Lunar Module to soft-land or escape from the
Moon. NASA claimed that the Lunar Module, or LM, weighed
33,200 pounds when full of fuel. This comprised the ascent
and descent stages. A picture of the Apollo 16 LM, consisting
of both the ascent and descent stages as it rested on the
Moon, is shown in Photo 2. Since the loaded ascent stage
weight 10,600 pounds and the empty descent stage weighed
4,500 pounds, the total payload for soft-landing was 15,100
pounds. Therefore, the payload ratio for soft-landing
was or 2.2 to 1.
The loaded ascent stage supposedly weighed 10,600 pounds
when full and 4,800 pounds when empty. The
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ascent payload ratio would then be or 2.2 to 1

also. The weights given for the full and empty LM are
consistent with the fuel requirements needed if the Moon had
only one-sixth gravity. Even the sizes of the tanks to hold the
fuel are reasonable, hence the overall volume of the spacecraft
fits the requirements for a low lunar gravity.
If the neutral point distance were 24,000 miles from the
Moon, then one-sixth gravity would be expected and the fuel
requirements would have been met. The astronauts could have
landed with the LM and taken off again, completing their
Moon exploration as planned. However, the 43,495-mile
neutral point distance and its implication of a high lunar gravity
remain. With the information that the Moon's gravity must be
at least 64 percent of Earth's, the LM fuel requirements were
calculated in Appendix E. This lunar gravity figure implies that
the required payload ratio for landing and take-off must be at
least 7.2 to 1. The orbital velocity to be reached or braked is
approximately twice what it would be under one-sixth gravity.
This requires about four times as much braking or ascent fuel.
The additional fuel requirements under a high lunar gravity
become horrendous. First, the ascent stage would have to
weigh 7.2 times the empty weight, or 34,560 pounds. Second,
the fuel required to soft-land the fully loaded ascent stage
would increase the Lunar Module's total weight to
approximately 250,000 pounds. Therefore, the LM would be
nearly as large as the Titan 2 rocket which weighed 330,000
pounds and was 103 feet tall! The LM supposedly weighed
33,200 pounds; hence, its weight and volume would have to in-
crease by more than a factor of seven. The startling con-
clusion is that if men really landed on the Moon in high lunar
gravity conditions, it was not done with rockets! Again, the
reader must be reminded that a 43,495-mile neutral point
distance implies a lunar gravity equal to 64 percent of Earth's.
A 64-percent lunar gravity in turn requires a large rocket just
to escape from the Moon, let alone soft-land the take-off
rocket in the first place.
The problem becomes astounding if the Moon has a gravity
equal to Earth's. Evidence will be presented later which
suggests that this may be the case. From Appendix E, with a
lunar gravity equal to Earth's, the payload ratio would have to
be 18.2! This would require an 87,360-pound ascent stage
alone. The descent rocket would weigh a staggering 1,589,000
pounds, one-fourth the size of the Saturn launch rocket! The
Saturn launch vehicle would then need to weigh 64 times this
or 101,700,000 pounds. This is about 16 times larger than it
actually was.
The above enigmas bring up some interesting questions.
Why did the Russians apparently pull out of the space race
when they were hot on the trail of putting a man on the Moon?
How did the United States succeed when rockets would clearly
not work in the high lunar gravity conditions? What was the
military's involvement in top secret research which led to the
successful Moon landings? These questions will be answered in
the chapters to come.
Until all of the evidence is presented, the case for the
massive cover-up is incomplete and many questions remain
unanswered. Until every aspect of the Apollo project is
carefully scrutinized, the reader should maintain an open mind.
After all, the public has been victimized by confidence men,
politicians, militarists, scientists, and corporations for ages.
Convincing stories are told,
60 MOONGATE
but little sound evidence is provided to substantiate the claims.

If the Moon has a high gravity, astronauts wouldn't be able
to perform as expected under one-sixth gravity. Their display
of jumping ability wouldn't even come close to anticipated
results. In Chapter 5, astronaut athletic feats to be expected in
one-sixth gravity conditions will be analyzed and then
compared with how astronauts actually performed on the
Moon.
C H A P T E R 5
ASTRONAUT
EXPERIENCES ON
THE MOON
In one-sixth gravity everything would weigh one-sixth, or
16.7 percent, of its Earth weight. A 180-pound man would
weigh a mere 30 pounds. Writers were speculating on the
athletic abilities of men on the Moon long before the space
program and Apollo. They based their calculations on one-sixth
gravity. The public was anticipating some of these spectacular
athletic feats when astronauts explored the Moon, but none
were ever performed. The reader may remember the televised
pictures of astronauts moving around on the Moon's surface. If
so, the author challenges the reader to recall any extraordinary
feats. In actuality, there were none.
In the November 1967 issue of Science Digest, an article
appeared by James R. Berry entitled, "How to Walk on the
Moon."1 In it, Berry predicted that men would be able to make
14-foot slow-motion leaps, perform backflips and other
gymnastics like professionals, and be able to easily move up
ladders and poles with their arms.
Another prediction was given in 1969 by the Writers of U.S.
News & World Report in U.S. on the Moon:
With gravity on the moon only one-sixth as strong as
it is on earth, a home-run hitter in a lunar baseball
game could drive a ball well over half a mile. A
golfer's drive from the tee would sail clear over the
horizon.2
61
62 MOONGATE
The height an object will rise in a gravitational field

depends on its initial velocity. If an object had the same initial
velocity in one-sixth gravity as it had on Earth, it would rise
six times as high. If the initial velocity of the object were
doubled over its Earth velocity, it would rise 24 times as high,
and if tripled, it would rise 54 times the Earth height.
A man jumps vertically by bending his kness and then flexing
his thigh muscles to full extension. This propels him off the
ground with a given initial velocity. If an astronaut were to
jump vertically in one-sixth gravity with the same effort
expended on Earth, the initial velocity would be greater than
on Earth. Therefore, the astronaut would go more than six
times higher.
For the purposes of this presentation, a conservative
approach is taken in determining the relative jumping ability
of astronauts in one-sixth gravity versus Earth gravity. A
complicating factor is the alleged weight of the spacesuits and
backpacks worn by the astronauts. NASA claimed that the
gear weighed 185 pounds. This is a horrendous weight to carry
on the Earth, but would be no problem in one-sixth gravity.
Assuming that the astronauts weighed 185 pounds and their
gear weighed the same, the total combined weight in one-sixth
gravity would be only 62 pounds. This is still only one-third of
an astronaut's Earth body weight. Therefore, the astronauts
should have been able to jump vertically far higher than they
could on Earth without any burden.
A number of professional athletes can jump over three feet
off the ground when they are stretched out, such as in a
basketball lay-up. These athletes are the exception, but an
average man in good condition can easily manage 18 inches in
a standing vertical jump. It will be assumed that the astronauts
were capable of attain-
Astronaut Experiences on the Moon 63
ing this on Earth with a moderate effort. Finally, since John

Young's vertical jumping during the Apollo 16 mission has
been observed on film many times by the author, the question
of spacesuit mobility and height attained can be discussed.
A standing vertical jump of at least 18 inches on Earth can
be accomplished by exerting an upward force of around 500
pounds by a 185-pound person. An equation is derived in
Appendix F which gives the relative heights attained by an
astronaut in one-sixth gravity, carrying a burden equal to his
weight, and the same astronaut on Earth without a burden. It
was assumed that in each case the upward forces were
identical. Since a jump from a standing vertical position only
requires the knees to bend slightly, the spacesuits would not
have hampered the astronauts appreciably. The televised pic-
tures of John Young on the Moon indicated that he was able
to utilize his arms and legs for jumping in an essentially
normal manner.
The resulting ratio of relative jumping ability calculated in
Appendix F turns out to be over four. This means that even
with the astronaut gear, Young should have been able to jump
over six feet off the ground if the Moon had one-sixth of the
Earth's gravity. In actuality, his efforts lifted him at most 18
inches off the ground. The author's observations indicated
that Young made several attempts to jump as high as he could
but with no success in achieving a height of more than 18
inches. Young is shown at the peak of one of his jumps in
Photo 2. Note the position of the top of Young's helmet in
relation to the flag. Critics may claim that he wasn't really
trying, that he purposely kept his jumping efforts to a
minimum. However, if this were the case, a similar Earth
effort without a backpack and
64 MOONGATE
suit would have lifted him only five inches or so. This was
probably Young's last chance to demonstrate that the Moon
had a low surface gravity. Why wouldn't he make a reasonable
effort to impress the world by jumping four feet? A reasonable
jump would have been conclusive proof that the Moon had a
low gravity, and the risk of injury would have been minimal in
low gravity conditions, even with the backpack and suit.
With the knowledge that the astronauts could only jump
about 18 inches on the Moon, and assuming that the gear
weighed what NASA claimed, Moon gravity is conservatively
calculated to be 50 percent of Earth gravity in Appendix G. If
NASA overstated the true weight of the astronauts' gear,
Moon gravity would be appreciably higher. Evidence to follow
suggests that the astronauts' gear weighed no more than about
75 pounds. In Appendix H, the Moon's gravity was calculated
to be 71 percent of the Earth's based on the following
assumptions: John Young jumped 18 inches on the Moon; his
spacesuit and backpack weighed 75 pounds on Earth; and he
could manage 18 inches on the Earth without any burden.
A lot of writers seemed to give the impression that the Moon
suits worn by the Apollo 11 astronauts were extremely
restrictive. Yet, the following information taken from We Reach
the Moon by Wilford indicates that this was not necessarily the
case.3 Wilford mentioned that Neil Armstrong found that he
could move around easily in his bulky spacesuit and heavy
backpack under a lunar gravity one-sixth of Earth's. The
costume weighed 185 Earth pounds and was flexible enough
so that the wearer could walk, dig, climb, and place instruments
on the Moon's surface. Wilford also indicated that the
astronauts did not find walking and working on the
Moon as taxing as had been forecast, and that they bounded

about easily in kangaroo hops.
The idea of one-sixth gravity presents a problem in
explaining how the astronauts really performed compared to
how they should have performed. The difficulty in jumping
cannot be attributed to spacesuit bulk-iness. However, a
substantial lunar gravity would create problems.
In view of the information presented thus far, it may come
as no surprise to the reader that security control extended to
the astronauts' conversations on the Moon as well as to
Mission Control. The ability to delete and edit undesirable
comments made by the astronauts could always be
accomplished before transmission to the public. There was a
delay from the time Mission Control received the information
until transmission to our television sets.
The following is a summary of information taken from The
Voyages of Apollo by Lewis which points out the degree of
control exercised over the Apollo mission activities.4 He
indicated that the astronauts' tasks were all carefully plotted
out in advance. The explorers were expected to follow the plot
as faithfully as actors in a play to stay on schedule. Every
move was planned, timed, recorded, and every deviation from
the plan had to be explained and justified. Virtually every event
and movement was governed by the flight plan—a script as
large as a telephone book.
It seems that even the dialogue was carefully controlled,
especially when the astronauts knew they were being filmed or
recorded for television. This will be demonstrated later when
references to a "hot mike" are made by one of the astronauts.
Apollo 12 was a more extensive mission than the first
66 MOONGATE
Moon landing. Whereas Armstrong and Aldrin spent only 2

1/2 hours on the Moon, Conrad and Bean would spend a total
of more than 7 hours venturing a half-mile from the spacecraft.
This mission was to involve many scientific experiments,
including an aluminum foil solar wind collector that will be
discussed in the chapter on atmosphere.
The first Apollo 12 discrepancy of significance revealing a
high lunar gravity occurred just after Conrad jumped the final
three feet from the bottom of the ladder to the Moon's
surface. The following information was summarized from an
account of the incident by Lewis.5 As Conrad stood on the
Lunar Module landing pad, he stated that the last step may
have been a small step for Neil, but was a long one for him.
He then stepped off the pad and mentioned that he could
walk pretty well, but that he had to take it easy and watch
what he was doing. As Conrad was scooping up the contingency
sample, Bean warned him not to fall over since he appeared to
be leaning forward too far. Supposedly, it would be difficult
for him to get up in the Moon suit if he fell over. Conrad then
stated that he did not think Bean would be able to steam
around as fast as he thought he could.
In the above incident, it seems that Conrad was commenting
on the final 3-foot jump since he referred to Neil Armstrong's
jump down to the surface, not an intermediate step to the
lowest rung on the ladder. Jumping from a 3-foot height in
one-sixth gravity would be like jumping from 6 inches on the
Earth. Even with the heavy backpack life-support systems on,
the 3-foot drop would have scarcely been felt by the
astronauts. They should have been able to lower themselves
down with
their arm strength alone, and no difficulties should have been

encountered.
When Conrad began to move around on the surface, he
may have experienced weight problems. However, even with
the alleged weight of the gear, the astronauts should have had
no problems in standing up if they fell down in one-sixth
gravity. They would have been able to provide the necessary
push to right themselves with their arm strength alone since
their Moon weight should have only been 60 pounds or so.
The evidence presented does not support the contention of
one-sixth gravity. It indicates a lunar gravity close to that
found on the Earth's surface.
A photo appeared in the December 12, 1969 issue of Life
magazine showing Apollo 12 astronaut Alan Bean carrying a
barbell-shaped package of instruments which allegedly
weighed 190 Earth pounds.6 The accompanying statement
that it had a Moon weight of only 30 pounds does not seem
consistent with the photo which shows a noticeable bow in
the approximately 1-inch bar. This picture is shown in Photo
3. The movie film of this event is even more revealing. As
Bean carried the instrument package across the lunar surface,
the bar bent up and down, strained by the heavy burden on
each end. It was also apparent that the instrument package
was quite heavy from Bean's efforts and movements.
Before the remaining Apollo missions are discussed, it is
of value to examine how the astronauts were given training to
prepare them for their excursions on the Moon. If a 185-
pound astronaut carried a backpack life-support system and
spacesuit weighing 185 pounds, the combined total weight of
astronaut and gear would be 370 pounds on Earth, compared
to 62 pounds in one-sixth gravity conditions. Therefore, an
Earth simulation
68 MOONGATE
of one-sixth gravity would have to lighten the astronaut and his

equipment to one-third of his normal Earth body weight. Any
attempt to simulate one-sixth gravity on Earth would have to
be made underwater or with a special contraption which
actually helps to lighten the astronaut and his burden,
regardless of whether he is moving up or down. Both of these
methods were employed by NASA. However, in early 1964,
space scientists discovered Oregon as a place to serve as a
lunar workshop without using water or special devices.
Astronauts were sent to the Bend, Oregon area to get their
"Moon legs." Walter Cunningham was the first to try out the
Moon suit, backpack life-support system, and certain tools to
be used by Armstrong and Aldrin on the Moon excursion. In
the first test over lava rocks, Cunningham lost his balance and
sprained his thumb, tearing small holes in the suit glove which
caused it to lose pressure. Evidently a full simulation was at-
tempted. If so, how could the NASA people rationalize the
weight problem. There is no way that the condition of one-
sixth gravity could be reproduced in this manner. Even if the
backpack were lightened considerably, the combined weight
of a 185-pound astronaut and gear would be far more than
three times the required lunar weight. If anything, the real
purpose of the tests must have been to simulate a lunar gravity
which is nearly the same as Earth's.
That the astronauts were able to maneuver around at all in
the Bend, Oregon area with their gear on suggests that the gear
weighed far less than 185 pounds. The ridiculousness of the
exercise makes the NASA cover-up very clear. Since the tests
began in early 1963, it is apparent that the Moon's high gravity
was discovered at least as early as 1962. This supports the
conclusion
presented in Chapter 3 that Ranger Moon probes gave NASA

the required information to determine lunar gravity by 1962
or earlier.
Throughout the early Apollo missions, an attempt was
made to impress the public that the Apollo Moon suits were
extremely bulky and awkward. This would greatly inhibit the
astronauts' mobility on the Moon. Consequently, the astronauts
would be effectively handicapped and incapable of impressive
athletic feats. It is somewhat unbelievable that from the time
Cunningham tested out the best available spacesuit gear in 1964
until the first Apollo landing in 1969, little improvement
seemed to have been made in the suits. The public has always
been told that the best equipment was provided for the
astronauts. Certainly enough money was paid to develop the
best possible equipment.
A little digging brought an interesting discovery to light. In
Suiting Up For Space written in 1971, Lloyd Mallan stated the
following:
As a matter of fact, Hamilton Standard had already
achieved a space suit with 93 percent of nude range before
October 1968, when they demonstrated it before the
aerospace scientists and engineers attending the Fifth Annual
Meeting of the American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics held at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Live
demonstrations of the suit during the week-long meeting
attracted wide interest and attention—plus some disbelief. It
was hard for some of the onlookers to believe that so much
mobility could be designed into an inflated space suit. But it
was. For the advanced suit was developed to meet the
greater mobility requirements of manned space missions to
follow the Apollo moon-landing program.7
70 MOONGATE
The author contends that if as early as 1968 this was the best
piece of equipment available, NASA had the time and money
to insure that it would be used on every Apollo mission. After
all, billions of dollars were spent in sending men to the Moon.
It is only reasonable to make sure that once the men are there,
they can perform their tasks in the best possible manner. If they
were not used, then perhaps NASA wanted to continue to con-
vince the public that the Moon had a weak gravity. If the
astronauts were encumbered, there would be less chance of a
breach in the cover-up. The bulkiness and weight would be
good excuses for anemic jumping and maneuvering attempts.
However, it was just pointed out that the Apollo 16 astronauts
had great flexibility with improved suits, yet they were still not
capable of worthy jumping feats.
The public was told that modifications were made to the
spacesuits by the time of the later Apollo missions. In the July
1971 issue of National Geographic in an article entitled "The
Climb up Cone Crater", Alice J. Hall stated:
Apollo 15's LM will be able to stay on the moon 67 hours,
twice as long as Antares did. Improved suits will allow
greater mobility as the spacemen go about their chores.8
The reader can compare the sizes of the Apollo 11 suits with
the Apollo 16 suits and see that the latter suits were less bulky
in appearance. Therefore, astronauts on the Apollo 16
mission should not have had any trouble on the Moon if one-
sixth gravity conditions existed. Hills should have been climbed
with leaping bounds and great distances should have been
covered in short time periods by the astronauts.
Before the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission which never
made a lunar landing, astronauts Lovell and Haise practiced a

traverse in Verde Valley within Prescott National Forest,
Arizona. This was to give them the experience they would
need to reach Cone Crater on a ridge about 400 feet higher than
the proposed landing site elevation. Again, the author suggests
to the reader that practices in Arizona would be totally useless
if one-sixth gravity were to be encountered on the Moon.
Their centers of gravity on the Moon would be different from
the Earth simulations and the Earth weights would be three or
four times too high to reproduce lunar conditions. However,
the practice sessions would certainly have been useful in
simulating near-Earth gravity conditions.
If Cunningham's backpack and spacesuit had weighed 185
pounds, he would have become totally exhausted in minutes, but
he was not. Incredibly, his 1964 simulations involved spacesuit
pressure. This implies that he carried oxygen and some sort of
cooling system, otherwise he would have quickly passed out
from heat exhaustion. All this evidence points to the
conclusion that the life-support systems and spacesuits were
light enough for the astronauts to have performed in high
lunar gravity conditions for extended periods of time. In
addition, this was accomplished as early as 1964 and
developmental efforts would have lightened the gear
considerably by 1969. The combined spacesuit and life-support
system weight was probably less than 75 pounds. Exotic light
metals and the best known materials available to NASA
would have assured this.
Following the Apollo 13 mishap on the way to the Moon, a
10-month delay was taken to re-engineer and modify the
spacecraft before Apollo 14. This mission would be another
attempt to reach the highland regions of Fra Mauro and the
highlight of the trip was to be the
72 MOONGATE
1.8-mile excursion to Cone Crater. Problems arose because

the trip was mostly uphill and the astronauts had to take turns
with the Modularized Equipment Transporter, or MET. On
their first EVA or Moon excursion, Lewis mentioned that
Shepard and Mitchell moved around with dancing steps and
kangaroo jumps.9 Unfortunately, it seems that the first
excursion must have gotten the best of them because on the trip
to Cone Crater, the explorers were huffing and puffing and
their heart rates climbed.10 The difficulties were attributed to
their semirigid, cumbersome suits and the heavy backpack
life-support systems which supposedly weighed 185 pounds
on Earth.
It is important for the reader to understand that the
combined weight of astronaut, spacesuit, and life-support
system could not have exceeded 62 pounds in one-sixth
gravity. This could hardly be considered a sizable fraction of
their Earth weight. For men who were moving with dancing
steps and kangaroo jumps the day before, slight hills seemed to
present a formidable challenge. If the Moon's weak gravity
presented such an awesome challenge to astronauts in walking
uphill, then perhaps the excellent physical condition which
these men were supposed to be in was overrated. It was
expected to hear comments by the astronauts on the ease of
moving up hills and in traversing long distances with little
effort and great speed. Fortunately, Apollo missions 15, 16,
and 17 did not subject astronauts quite as much to the Moon's
hostile environment and tremendous "one-sixth" gravity. The
Lunar Rover was to transport them most of the way to their
destinations.
When the Apollo 14 astronauts were in view of the south
flank of Cone Crater, Shepard went down on one
knee to pick up a rock and required the aid of Mitchell to

stand up. About two-thirds of the way to their destination,
their heart rates were up to 120 beats per minute as they
moved uphill. The following information was summarized
from Lewis' account of the journey.11 Their heavy breathing
was heard in Houston, New York, Washington, and Florida.
As they continued, the going became more and more
difficult. The rim of the crater seemed close, but they could
not make any significant progress toward it. As they climbed,
Shepard's rate reached 150 per minute and Mitchell's went to
128. Frequent rest breaks were taken. After spending more
than half of their 4-hour EVA, Shepard estimated that the rim
of Cone Crater was still 30 minutes away. Shepard then
concluded that there was not sufficient time left to reach the
rim, even with a 30-minute extension. The astronauts never
reached Cone Crater. They went back downhill toward Weird
Crater to collect rock samples, then on to Triplet to dig
trenches.
It seems that the 1.8-mile trek could not be negotiated. If

the astronauts had not been trying so hard to reach it, this
would not be very startling. After all, they had documentation
and sampling work to do along the way. On the Earth, this
would have been a reasonable amount of time, all things
considered. But on the Moon with one-sixth gravity, the
astronauts should have been able to maintain a speed of at
least five miles per hour. If they were two-thirds of the way
to their destination, they should have been able to travel the
remaining half-mile in six minutes at a rate of five miles per
hour. Yet they estimated that they could not do it in 30
minutes. If they were on Earth, they may have been able to
crawl the remaining distance and still meet the deadline, but
74 MOONGATE
this was on the Moon, supposedly in one-sixth gravity

conditions.
Finally, they returned to the landing site, checked the
ALSEP instruments, and then Shepard performed his famous
six-iron golf experiment. The objective of the demonstration
was to show how far a ball would travel in the Moon's weak
gravity. One ball supposedly traveled 100 yards and another
400 yards. The uncertainties involved preclude conclusions
concerning the distances given. However, the evidence of a
high Moon gravity given thus far indicates that significant
distances could not have been achieved in the attempts.
The author observed one of the Apollo 14 astronauts in a
movie film of the mission. The astronaut was running in
semislow-motion in an otherwise perfectly normal manner. The
discrepancy arises when it is considered that the astronaut
went no higher off the surface and went no farther with each
step than he would have on Earth. The slow-motion effects
could not cover up this fact. This suggests that the film speed
was adjusted to slow down the action to give the impression
that the astronauts were lighter than they actually were. With
the slow-motion effects, objects would appear to fall more
slowly and the public would be convinced of the Moon's weak
gravity.
In a 1979 television special commemorating the tenth
anniversary of Apollo 11, a short replay of astronauts on the
Moon was given. The author had hoped to see many minutes
of televised pictures from the Moon. However, the hour-long
special allocated less than two minutes of time to the films. To
make the situation worse, it appeared that the film was edited
to remove many frames between pictures. This made the film
choppy and the astronauts appeared to move around at
super-high speed in the style of old-time movies. Perhaps

other viewers asked themselves why such poor coverage and
little attention was given to the original films of this historic
event. Instead, the special focused on preparations for the trip
and other aspects of the astronauts' lives. Alan Shepard
commentated and made a point to mention the one-sixth
gravity condition on the Moon.
Apollo 15 was to employ the Lunar Rover land vehicle for
the first time to enable astronauts to cover greater distances.
After the problems Mitchell and Shepard had on the Moon,
this was almost a necessity. The Apollo 15 mission was to the
Mt. Hadley-Apen-nine Mountain region where the Rover
would take them up fairly steep slopes. Even with the Rover,
Scott and Irwin had to stay within a six-mile radius of the
Lunar Module. This was the maximum walking distance back
to the ship in the event of a breakdown. The Rover was
supposedly designed for the Moon's one-sixth gravity, but
close examination indicates that it resembled a vehicle more
suitable for near-Earth gravity. It was approximately 10 feet
long and 4 feet high, with a 7.5-foot wheelbase and 6-foot
tread width. The wheels were 32 inches in diameter with
chevron-shaped treads of titanium, not much different
looking than an Earth tire. Each wheel had its own quarter-
horse electric motor and its top speed was given as 17
kilometers per hour, or 10.6 miles per hour, on the Apollo 16
mission. It had an Earth weight of 460 pounds and could
carry a load of 1,080 Earth pounds. A picture of Irwin and the
Rover is shown in Photo 4 with Mt. Hadley in the
background.
On the Moon, assuming one-sixth gravity, the empty Rover
with scientific and communication equipment
76 MOONGATE
would weigh less than 120 pounds. The astronauts had to

unload the Rover from the side of the Lunar Module and
unfold it before they could use it. According to Lewis, it was
harder for them to unload the Rover on the Moon than it had
been in practice sessions on Earth.12 During the process,
numerous phrases such as "take it easy", "atta boy", and "easy
now" were heard in the conversations between the Earth and
the Moon. It seems that two astronauts were struggling with an
object which should have only weighed 120 pounds or less in
one-sixth gravity. The deployment of the Rover had been
practiced on Earth and should not have been harder on the
Moon. It should have been easier, but it was not. It is
significant that Scott and Irwin wore updated Moon suits with a
convoluted neck and waist.13 This enabled them to turn, nod
their heads, twist, and bend forward a lot more easily than
prior astronauts. Moon suit bulkiness seems to be a poor
excuse for the astronauts' performance in unloading the
Rover. The only remaining possibility is the high lunar gravity
since practice sessions were conducted to preclude any
mechanical problems or procedural difficulties.
The problems anticipated on the Moon dealing with lunar
surface vehicles were discussed in a 1966 book entitled Survival
on the Moon by Lawrence Maisak.14 The writer stated that
stability would be one of the most vexing problems due to the
weak gravity. He mentioned that the center of gravity should
be kept low and the wheel tread kept wide to prevent the
vehicle from overturning. Accordingly, a minimum-size
vehicle would need a wheelbase of 20 feet to give it speed
capability over rough terrain. However, a much longer
wheelbase would restrict the fore and aft obstacle clearance.
The body of Maisak's vehicle would be a 7-foot diameter
cylinder having 3 feet of clearance when above level ground.

To keep the center of gravity to within 6 feet of the surface, it
would need a tread width of 20 feet. Maisak was attempting to
design a vehicle for rough terrain in one-sixth gravity. His
proposed design ensured that the vehicle would clear rocks
and still maintain stability in gravity conditions which could
easily overturn an Earth-type vehicle.
An analysis is presented in Appendix I to determine how the
Rover would have performed if the Moon had one-sixth
gravity. The Rover encountered mostly loose dust and rocks on
the Moon. This type of surface would have less traction than
ordinary pavement. The Rover had a loaded Earth weight of
1,540 pounds. Under one-sixth gravity, only 128 pounds of
force would be required to make the vehicle slide. Therefore in
going the maximum speed of 10.2 miles per hour, the vehicle
would begin to slide if the wheels were turned enough to make a
radius of curvature of less than 84 feet. Even at 5 miles per
hour, the minimum curvature would be 20 feet. The operator
would have to be extremely careful not to make any abrupt
changes in direction since a sharp turn could tip it over. The
Lunar Rover would be especially dangerous because the
astronauts were supposedly carrying the heavy backpack life-
support systems which extended about 5 feet above the lunar
surface. The vehicle seats were just about 3 feet above the
ground; therefore, the majority of the astronauts' combined
weight of 800 Earth pounds was well above this. Thus, the
Lunar Rover does not follow the guidelines for lunar vehicle
design proposed by Lawrence Maisak in the above cited
reference.
The maximum braking force that could be exerted also
depends on the vehicle's lunar weight. Under one-
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sixth gravity, only 128 pounds of braking force would be

exerted by the locked wheels. This could only slow it down
2.68 feet per second every second. At this rate, it would take
almost 6 seconds and 42 feet to stop the Rover going 10.2
miles per hour. This would be acceptable on a flat surface
with no obstacles; but on the Moon, rocks and ruts of
appreciable size could not be avoided in time to keep from
damaging the Rover or tipping it over. It isn't difficult to see
that the Rover would be a dangerous vehicle to drive on the
Moon in one-sixth gravity. Climbing and descending steep
hills with the Rover would be like committing suicide if one-
sixth gravity conditions existed. This provides convincing
evidence that the Moon has a high surface gravity nearly
equal to Earth's.
In Apollo 16, still more modifications were made to the
Moon suits. NASA delayed the launch until March 17, 1972
to strengthen the more flexible suits and to rework a docking
jettison device to ensure a clean separation during lift-off.15
Apollo 16 provided valuable information in regard to the real
findings of the space program. The reader will recall the
jumping feats of John Young referred to at the beginning of
this chapter. He was performing with the improved Moon
suit which was supposed to be even better than the Apollo 15
improved version. One might even suspect that this latest suit
measured up to the Hamilton Standard design first exhibited
in 1968.
On their first EVA, Young and Duke tested out Rover II.
Young drove the Rover at maximum acceleration as they
approached the landing site, reaching 17 kilometers per hour.
According to Lewis, the surface was rough and they wanted
to see how the vehicle would perform in "Grand Prix" driving
while making sharp turns with
speed.16 Clearly, the exhibition would have met with disaster

in one-sixth gravity conditions.
At the end of Apollo 16's first day on the Moon, the "hot
mike" issue came up. It was suggested previously that the
astronauts were careful about what they said when they knew
the conversations might be heard on the public address
system. A summary of the incident derived from Lewis'
account will now be presented.17 Young and Duke evidently
thought that the microphones were off and began to converse
in more visceral and explicit terms than they normally would
have used if they believed they were still being heard over the
space center's public address system. Houston then sent up a
call to Young, telling him that he had a hot mike. Young
apologized and mentioned that it was sometimes a terrible
thing to have a hot mike up there. Houston then told them
what a commendable job they had done considering that they
didn't know they were on. From the above information, the
reader can see that the astronauts were carefully monitored by
Houston. In addition, they generally maintained control of
themselves when their microphones were on. In the above in-
stance, it seems that an instrument problem caused them to
believe they were off the air. Information uncovered of this
nature is meaningless taken as an isolated occurrence.
However, in the context of the material presented in this book
indicating a massive cover-up, this bit of evidence carries a
lot of weight.
Charles Duke evidently had a difficult time on the Moon.
He fell a number of times and a series of photos appeared in
many newspapers which showed him stumbling and falling.
Incredibly, these falls were actually Presented by the news
media as a demonstration of the Moon's weak gravity. Since
objects would take nearly
80 MOONGATE
2 1/2 times longer to fall in one-sixth gravity, Duke should

have had plenty of time to catch himself. It is even more
surprising that Duke fell as often as he did considering that he
was wearing the most advanced, updated Moon suit which
supposedly provided him more flexibility than any astronaut
before him.
The destination of Apollo 17 was to a valley surrounded by
a mountain system, southeast of the Seren-itatis Basin. Cernan
and Schmitt began their first EVA by deploying and loading
the Rover. The following interesting account involving
Cernan was summarized from The Voyages of Apollo.16 It
seems that Cernan was so enthusiastic that the Capcom
(Capsule Communicator), Parker, warned him that his
metabolic rate was moving up. This meant that he was using
more oxygen. Cernan replied that he had never felt calmer in
his life and indicated to Parker that they would take it easy. He
mentioned to Parker that he thought it was due to getting
accustomed to handling himself in "zero G." Parker, an
astronomer, then stated that he thought Cernan was working
at one-sixth gravity. Cernan's reply was, "Yes. You know
where we are . . . whatever." The latter remark by Cernan in
response to the Moon's gravity seems to suggest that he
wanted to avoid the discussion. Perhaps Parker was not aware
of the high gravity situation and asked an embarrassing
question.
The remainder of the Apollo 17 mission was devoted to
scientific experiments. Since Schmitt was a geologist, a great
deal of field study was conducted with many Moon rock
samples. In addition, experiments with gravimeters,
atmospheric composition detectors, and a device to determine
if water or ice existed below the surface were conducted. Since
atmospheric experiments were also a part of the Apollo 15
and 16 missions, it is
reasonable to conclude that the density of the atmosphere was

worthy of study and that the findings of prior missions indicated
a further need for measuring it at different locations. If the
Moon were as much of a vacuum as has been claimed by
scientists, the repetitive atmospheric measurements should not
have been necessary. It is interesting that the postulate of the
Moon's vacuum condition is based upon the Moon's weak
gravity. A substantial gravity is required to hold an
atmosphere.
Keeping these concepts in mind, lunar atmospheric theory,
based on the concept of one-sixth gravity, will be explained in
Chapter 6. The implications of a high Moon gravity will also
be given.
C H A P T E R 6
MOON ATMOSPHERIC
THEORY PRIOR TO THE SPACE
PROGRAM
Orthodox science has always contended that the Moon is a
completely airless world. The primary reason has been that
the Moon's weak one-sixth gravity would be unable to hold
much of an atmosphere. Any indications of a substantial
atmosphere would be ignored by most orthodox scientists
because they would be convinced of the weak gravity
beforehand. Evidence of a high lunar gravity has already
been presented. The purpose of this chapter is to give the
reader a clear picture of conditions that would exist on the
Moon without an atmosphere. When evidence of a significant
atmosphere is presented later, the extent of the cover-up will
be apparent.
The following analysis of conditions to be expected on the
Moon was given in U.S. on the Moon by the writers of U.S.
News & World Report in 1969:
If the moon once did produce the ingredients for an
atmosphere, these would have been lost because the
moon's gravity is too weak to keep oxygen, nitrogen, and
the other gases that give life to earth from escaping into
space. And without an atmosphere, there could be no water
on the surface. . . .
Viewing the skies from the moon's surface, one might
conclude that all the universe is just as barren. The stars are
in view night and day, but they never twinkle because there
is no disturbed atmosphere
83
84 MOONGATE
which makes them appear to do so. The vast millions of

miles of space between stars are pitch black. From the
moon the sun appears to be a ball of intolerably bright
radiance, but the sky around it is as black as midnight.1
A vacuum condition on the Moon would also cause dust
particles on the surface to behave much differently than on
Earth. The nature of the Moon's surface in a vacuum is easily
predicted by a simple experiment. The following summary of
such an experiment was written from information found in
Exploration of the Moon by Franklyn M. Branley.2 Fred
Whipple of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in
Cambridge, Massachusetts contended that dust particles
would become tightly packed together without gases to filter
in between and separate them. Consequently, Whipple and
his supporters maintained that dust is so compacted on the
Moon that a strong crust capable of supporting men and their
vehicles would exist. An experiment to verify this was
conducted by Dwain Bowen of The North American Aviation
Company. A steel ball was released into a container of fine
dust-like particles and promptly sank. When the ball was
dropped under the same conditions in a near vacuum, the ball
stopped at the surface. The resulting crust consisted of dust
particles so compacted that a semisolid was created capable
of supporting the ball.
Even Wernher von Braun seemed to agree with the above
logic in his 1971 book, Space Frontier!3 He stated that he and
many people had always held that there cannot be very much
loose dust on the Moon. Von Braun mentioned that a simple
experiment shows that dust in a vacuum, such as on the
Moon, becomes hard-packed, and that adjacent dust particles
will fuse together into a
Moon Atmospheric Theory Prior to the Space Program 85
pumice-like substance. From the information just presented,
it is clear that no dust could exist in a near vacuum. If the
Moon had only one-sixth of Earth's surface gravity, it could
not hold an atmosphere and the surface would be nearly as
hard as compacted dirt.
Another old time belief about the Moon was that it would
exhibit no signs of weathering or erosion. This is because
weathering and erosion effects are primarily the result of
atmospheric phenomena such as rain and wind. In a vacuum
there can be no clouds, rain, or atmospheric wind.
Consequently, the consensus used to be that the Moon would
have a rugged, jagged terrain with little or no rounding of
mountains. If any erosion or weathering effects were found,
they would have to be due to volcanic activity, meteoritic or
micometeoritic bombardment, temperature changes, or the
solar wind. The solar wind is a supersonic flow of hydrogen
and helium gas from the Sun which blows continuously
through the solar system.
Supposedly, no water exists on the surface because the hot
lunar day would evaporate it and the weak gravity could not
prevent it from escaping into space. Without air and water,
surface color changes could not occur other than those
produced by volcanic activity and meteors. Seasonal color
changes would never occur without weather and vegetation.
The lunar day is 28 times longer than an Earth day;
therefore, it takes 14 Earth days (24 hours long) for the Sun
to move across the lunar sky from sunrise to sunset. The
lunar night is also 28 times longer than an Earth night,
equivalent to 14 Earth days. The lack of atmosphere and a
day and night cycle which is 28 times longer than Earth's
would cause the Moon's daily temperature to vary more than
500° F. The longer lunar day causes
86 MOONGATE
the surface to reach a higher temperature and the lack of an

atmosphere would prevent heat from escaping as rapidly
because there would be no air to carry heat away from the
surface. During the night, the reverse situation would occur.
The surface heat would radiate into space more quickly than
if an atmosphere existed and the long night causes the
temperature to drop to extremely low levels. The Earth's
atmosphere acts as a heat storage bank to keep surface heat
from escaping during the night and to prevent it from
building up too much during the day.
Even during the day there would be great differences in
Moon surface temperatures between shadows and sunlit
areas. This is because the surface heat in shadows would
escape rapidly while sunlit surface heat would not. This
effect is noted on the Earth at high elevations and is due to
the thin air.
Surface temperature differences between shaded and sunlit
areas would create other problems. Material not exposed to
sunlight would become brittle and shatter with little
provocation due to low temperatures. High temperatures
would make objects exposed to the Sun too hot to handle
after a short time. Objects only partially exposed to the Sun
would experience tremendous destructive thermal stresses
due to temperature differences between the sunlit and shaded
sides. Spaceships and scientific instruments on the Moon
would have these problems if not properly shielded. If an
astronaut stayed in one position too long, he might be cooked
on one side and frozen on the other. Without protective
clothing, the astronaut would be fried if he sat on a rock or a
Moon vehicle seat exposed to the Sun.
Light diffusion could not occur without an atmosphere.
Shadows could only be illuminated by reflected
Moon Atmospheric Theory Prior to the Space Program 87
light from other surfaces. Without these other sources of

light, shadows and objects in these shadows would be nearly,
if not completely, invisible. The Sun's disk would be clearly
evident on any photo and blackness would extend to the
Sun's corona. No halos would be seen around the Sun
because no atmospheric diffusion (scattering) or refraction
(bending of light) could occur. Sunset and sunrise effects on
the Moon would never occur because diffusion and refraction
through the atmosphere would be nonexistent. Without dust
in the air and an atmosphere to hold it, no light scattering
would take place.
Without an atmosphere, meteors would never be seen
burning up above the Moon's surface. In addition, stars
would never appear to be occulted by the Moon. Stars are
occulted when they are eclipsed by the Moon or other
planets. If the planet has an atmosphere, stars close to the
surface will be dimmed and reddened due to refraction. They
also appear to be displaced relative to other stars and remain
visible for a little while after they have actually been covered
by the planet's disk. This refraction or light bending also
causes the star to reappear on the other side of the planet
somewhat earlier than it would without an atmosphere.
During a solar eclipse, the Sun would shine through the
Moon's atmosphere if it had one. This would produce a
refraction halo around the Moon.
Moon explorers should have had no problems with dust
because dust cannot exist in a vacuum. If they somehow
managed to create dust and coat themselves with it in this
vacuum, it would be almost impossible to remove. The dust
particles would cling to them like glue.
88 MOONGATE
Without an atmosphere, ordinary machinery with moving

parts which are not lubricated would cease to function.
Layers of air molecules which are bound to the surfaces tend
to prevent these surfaces from adhering or binding when they
are in contact with each other. All surfaces would be very
sticky.
The implications of a high lunar gravity are devastating to
the old Moon vacuum theory. A high lunar gravity implies
that an atmosphere exists because volatile substances and
gases continuously given off by the planet cannot escape the
pull of gravity. The Moon would soon reach an equilibrium
state where the density of air at the surface would remain
essentially constant. The air pressure would also depend on
the elevation, just like the Earth. The reader should consider
that evidence of a substantial atmosphere is also evidence of
a high lunar gravity. Verification of one assertion verifies the
other. A substantial atmosphere on the Moon means that
clouds, weather, erosion, water, plant life, and animal life
may exist. However, the conditions cannot be the same as on
Earth because of the long lunar days and nights and other
considerations.
In the next chapter, allusions to the Moon's vacuum will be
shown to have about as much merit as the contention of one-
sixth gravity. A startling number of breaches in the NASA
cover-up supplied a great deal of evidence that the Moon has
an Earth-like atmosphere. But in addition to the NASA-
supplied evidence, many other sources of information exist.
These will be explored in considerable detail.
C H A P T E R 7
INCREDIBLE FINDINGS
CONCERNING THE LUNAR
ATMOSPHERE
There were many indications during the Apollo missions
that the Moon has a Earth-like atmosphere. Television
commentators and reporters seemed to ignore these
indications and went along with the accepted belief that the
Moon is airless. Evidence confuting the vacuum theory will
be presented and conventional beliefs given in the previous
chapter will be examined in light of the evidence.
Dust cannot exist in a vacuum; however, the reader
probably remembers watching the astronauts walk through it
on the Moon's surface. Just before astronaut Neil Armstrong
stepped onto the Moon for the first time, he described the
surface as fine grained, almost like a powder.1 Once on the
surface, Armstrong confirmed his initial observation by
stating that it was fine and powdery. He described how he
could pick it up loosely with his toe, and how it adhered in
fine layers to the soles and sides of his boots like powdered
charcoal. He mentioned that he only went in a fraction of an
inch; that he could see his footprints in the fine, sandy par-
ticles.2 Orthodox scientists accept that this dust exists, but
they continue to deny that the Moon has any substantial
atmosphere. There has to be an atmosphere because dust
cannot exist in a vacuum. The density of the atmosphere
remains to be determined.
89
90 MOONGATE
Apollo 11 landed in the Sea of Tranquility which is a
lowland on the Moon. If an atmosphere existed, its density
would be greater in the lowlands than anywhere else. Since
Apollo 12 also landed in the lowlying Ocean of Storms,
additional atmospheric indications would be expected during
this mission. Indeed, soon after the landing, Conrad stated
that he thought they were in a lot dustier place than Neil
Armstrong was.3 Apollo 17 also encountered dusty
conditions. The reader may recall Apollo 17 pictures of the
Rover with the "rooster plume" of dust coming off the back
wheels. The dust not only stretched behind the Rover, but it
curved around and rained down on the astronauts.
A picture of the deployed Solar Wind Composition
Experiment on the Apollo 11 mission is shown in Photo 5.
This was a very thin strip of aluminum foil, four feet long
and one foot wide, which was to hang straight down from a
support rod. It was designed to stop the solar wind particles
which would be analyzed back on Earth. The same
experiment was performed on the Apollo 12 mission. The
following Apollo 12 incident involving the experiment was
summarized from an account given by Lewis.4 Earlier in the
day, before their second EVA, astronaut Bean noticed
something through the LM window which baffled him. The
solar wind trap had been hanging straight down when the
astronauts entered the LM after their first EVA. Bean
reported to Capcom (Capsule Communicator) that the sheet
looked like a sail in the wind around the pole, with a bulge in
the front and bent back on both sides. Capcom replied that he
suspected they had a real solar wind. Bean replied to Capcom
that Capcom must be kidding. In turn, Capcom offered an
alternative explanation: The front was thermally expanding
more than the back; the
Incredible Findings Concerning the Lunar Atmosphere 91
back was radiating and the front was hot due to a thermal
difference across it. Capcom stated that he was receiving a lot
of approval from others in Mission Control on the idea. Bean
then insisted that it still looked like it was wrapped around
the pole as if a wind were blowing on it.
After the astronauts left the LM for their second EVA,
Capcom told Bean to ask Conrad to take a picture of the solar
wind composition sheet as it was wrapped around the pole.
Another amazing thing then happened as Conrad prepared to
take the picture. The foil no longer appeared to be wrapped
around the pole.5 Conrad informed Bean that it must have
been an optical illusion from inside the Lunar Module. Bean
then reported this observation to Houston.
An analysis of the incident is now in order. The solar wind
was expected to be substantial and measurable on the Moon's
surface if an atmosphere did not exist. This vacuum condition
is why scientists designed the experiment in the first place.
The primary constituent particles of the solar wind are
supposed to be hydrogen and helium traveling with velocities
up to 1000 kilometers per second. However, the solar wind is
so miniscule that its density only fluctuates between 1 and 30
hydrogen atoms per cubic centimeter during quiet Sun
activity. The assumption of a solar wind density of 4 atoms
per cubic centimeter yields an impact pressure of 10-8 dynes
per square centimeter. If 10 times the pressure is assumed for
an active Sun, the pressure turns out to be .000000000000034
pounds per square inch. This pressure could not even be
measured without specially designed sensitive instruments.
The normal atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level is 14.7
pounds per square inch. A barely noticeable 1-mile per hour
breeze on
92 MOONGATE
Earth exerts a pressure of .000018 pounds per square inch

and will barely move a window shade. However, this is
53,000,000,000 (53 billion) times as strong as the solar wind!
Clearly the solar wind was not responsible for causing the
composition sheet to bend back against the pole. After
Capcom suggested the real solar wind idea, Bean came back
with a statement alluding to the joke which he thought
Capcom was making. Bean evidently knew that the solar
wind was not responsible. Capcom evidently knew it also,
but may have been trying to patch the leak. Capcom then
countered with an explanation which fell apart when the solar
wind sheet mysteriously straightened out.
Capcom suggested that the front of the sheet was ex-
panding more than the back. This, of course, happens to
objects in the Sun, but other evidence destroyed this
explanation. First of all, the sheet had been set up in the Sun
for many hours without any noticeable effects on it. The
astronauts were out working with the instrument and would
have noticed the warped sheet on their first EVA. Since the
Sun would heat up the sheet very rapidly if a vacuum existed,
the warping would occur almost immediately. Once it
became warped, it would stay that way until taken down. The
Sun would move very little across the Moon's sky in the time
of the trip. Therefore, the conditions creating the warped
sheet in the first place would remain nearly the same.
After Capcom made the thermal expansion suggestion, he
mentioned that he was getting approval of the idea from other
Mission Control people. Evidently they must have thought
that it would be an acceptable explanation for the public and
other scientists. Bean replied that it still looked like it was
wrapped around the
Incredible Finds Concerning the Lunar Atmosphere 93
pole with the wind blowing on it. The statement by Bean is

clear. He seemed convinced that what caused the sheet to
bend around the pole was a real atmospheric wind, not the
solar wind. His persistence in referring to the wind after the
solar wind idea had already been rejected by Capcom and
himself is a giveaway. Bean seemed to ignore the explanation
by Capcom and may have been fascinated by the atmospheric
evidence.
The final blow to the thermal expansion explanation
occurred when Conrad went to photograph the bent sheet. It
had mysteriously straightened out in a short time. As
explained previously, this would not happen under conditions
demanded by a vacuum. The reference to an optical illusion
was probably a means to end the conversation about
something which should never have been brought up in the
first place. Once the cat was out of the bag, Capcom and the
astronauts would have to patch up the security breach as best
they could. Bean was a trained astronaut and seemingly
would not have been duped by an optical illusion.
If the Moon's atmosphere could produce a noticeable
movement of the solar wind composition sheet, it has to be
fairly dense. During some of the Apollo missions, dust
kicked up by the astronauts had a tendency to drift. This is an
indication of a dense atmosphere. In addition, the American
flags billowed noticeably during some of the early Apollo
missions. The first Apollo missions had flags with horizontal
support rods along the tops to make them stand up. This still
allowed light winds to cause them to bow out or billow
occasionally.
The author acquired the movie showing the Apollo 14 flag
ceremony. Close analysis of this film shows that the flag
billowed and waved when the astronauts were not touching it
or even close to it. At the end of the flag
94 MOONGATE
ceremony, as one of the astronauts moved away from the

flag, it began to wave back and forth. In an apparent attempt
to mask any further display of an atmospheric wind, both
astronauts blocked the movie camera's view of the flag. The
astronaut nearest the flag began running toward and in front
of the camera while the other astronaut put his arm in front of
the lens. However, it was already too late to cover up the evi-
dence. The author challenges all skeptics to witness this film
for themselves and to explain the waving flag by any other
logical means than a dense lunar atmosphere. It is amazing
that this hard core evidence is available to the public. Even a
diehard skeptic should be convinced after seeing this film
sequence. The Apollo 14 film was ordered in 1980 from
Movie Newsreels, a company located in Hollywood,
California.
On Apollo 16, there was an apparent attempt to reorient the
public's thinking about the waving flag evidence already
released. This time a heavily starched flag that would
maintain a distorted shape at all times was opened. A special
point was made on one telecast to stress that the flag was
processed in this way to give the appearance of a waving flag
in an airless world. The real purpose was undoubtedly to
make the flag less susceptible to breezes than previously
unstarched flags had been.
Photographic evidence of light diffusion is one of the best
proofs of a dense lunar atmosphere. An Apollo 14 picture of
the lunar surface, Lunar Module, and tire tracks from the
MET (Modularized Equipment Transporter) is shown in
Photo 6. It shows streamers of light across the entire lunar
surface and horizon. The diffusion of light from the Sun is so
great that most of the visible sky is illuminated. The reader
should recall that
references were given in Chapter 6 explaining that in a

vacuum the Sun would be extremely bright, but the sky
around it would be completely black. Photo 7 is a picture of
Apollo 15 astronaut Scott standing on the slope of Hadley
Delta with the Apennine Mountains in the background. Photo
8 shows Apollo 16 astronaut Duke scooping samples on the
rim of a deep crater with the Rover in the background. The
visible sky in both of these photographs is very bright,
indicating the even diffusion of light through the lunar
atmosphere. Clearly, the photographic evidence does not
support the assertion of a lunar vacuum. It provides evidence
of a dense atmosphere.
Another photo revealing the NASA cover-up appeared on
the cover of the December 12, 1969 issue of Life magazine,
showing Apollo 12 astronaut Bean setting up instruments on
the Moon. He is surrounded by what appears to be a halo.6
This picture is shown in Photo 9. Since other photos of
astronauts on the Moon do not show a semblance of this halo
effect, there seems to be only one reasonable conclusion: In
NASA's attempts to suppress visual evidence of an
atmosphere, the sky was blackened or touched up in all but a
few of the photographs. The halo which appeared around
Bean was the result of a poor job of masking or obliterating
the sky around him. Since this lunar light effect was so
pronounced in this picture, it should have appeared in other
photos but it did not. Other writers speculated that it was the
astronaut's aura, or radio energy emissions which became
visible in the Moon's vacuum. This might have had some
merit if it consistently appeared, but cannot be taken
seriously in light of the other photos. Significantly, NASA
never bothered to give the public a reasonable explanation of
why it
96 MOONGATE
occurred; they simply attributed it to spurious reflections

from his suit. However, this does not make any sense because
the "spurious reflections" would still have be reflected off
something in the space surrounding him to account for the
phenomenon. In a vacuum, a camera only picks up light
photons which travel in straight lines from each point in the
picture; therefore, Bean should have been surrounded by a
jet-black sky in the space above the horizon. The amount of
reflected light surrounding him is so great that only a dense
atmosphere can account for it.
An excellent example of how the blue sky was filtered out
of Moon pictures is provided by the movie film of Apollo 14
astronaut Mitchell's descent down the Lunar Module ladder.
As he began his descent, the amount of light diffusion from
the sky was so intense that the entire sky was almost white
with shades of blue. In addition, it was difficult to see
specific details of Mitchell and the Lunar Module due to the
amount of light. Incredibly, as he made further progress down
the steps, the white and blue sky gradually turned to light
blue, then to a darker blue, and finally to extremely dark blue
or black by the time he reached the surface. By then, all
details in the film were clearly outlined with little, if any,
light diffusion evident. The next scene in the film was the
previously mentioned flag ceremony which had a very dark
sky. This film segment of Mitchell shows that either the
camera had a filtering capability or the film was altered after
it was returned to Earth. In any event, this incident provides
evidence of a dense, blue lunar atmosphere in support of
evidence already provided by the waving flag on the same
movie film. Significantly, it provides proof that the capability
existed to filter out the blue sky in Moon
photographs and films. Photo 10 is a frame taken from the

movie sequence showing the blue sky. Mitchell is descending
the LM ladder.
Mists, clouds, and surface changes have allegedly been
seen at various times on the Moon. Many such observations
are referenced in an article by Paul M. Sears entitled "How
Dead Is the Moon?" which appeared in the February 1950
issue of Natural History. The following is a partial summary
of observations referenced in this article.7 Besides twilights
which demonstrate the lunar atmosphere, more spectacular
proof is provided by observations of bright moving specks
which might be luminous meteors in the lunar air. There are
monthly appearances of strange dark areas known as variable
spots which spread and grow as the Sun climbs, becoming
darker in relation to the rest of the surface. Some of these
spots fade again toward sunset, while others steadily darken
till night prevails. These spots may differ in size and shape
from month to month, and some spots even occasionally fail
to reappear. Sparse clouds seem to occasionally drift over the
surface and obscure surface detail. Some of these clouds are
outlined on one edge by their own shadow and there are
certain regions where clouds are seen more frequently than
others. For instance, six astronomers in the last century
claimed to have seen a mist which obscured details in the
floor of the crater, Plato.
The astronomers who made the above mentioned dis-
coveries were not taken seriously because the Moon's one-
sixth gravity was not supposed to have enabled these
phenomena to occur. In Strange World of the Moon, written
in 1960, V.A. Firsoff mentioned that experienced observers
have recorded changes in the intensity of dark and bright
markings during lunar
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eclipses and other times during the lunar day. He referred to

local fade-outs of visibility when the rest of the Moon is not
affected. Shades and patches which resemble mists and
clouds, as well as glows and lights, have all been observed to
appear and reappear in certain localities. Firsoff stated that all
of these phenomena cannot be solely attributed to lighting
effects or the position of the Moon with respect to the Earth.8
According to Firsoff, an area of brightness exists in the
lunar Alps where some of the peaks appear ill-defined on
occasion, even though the surrounding country is sharply
outlined. Furthermore, in the southeastern portion of Mare
Crisium, near Picard crater, some of the obscured regions
have persisted continually for years, completely covering
surface detail.9
Firsoff referred to sunlight seen near the terminator which
is redder than under a high lunar Sun. He mentioned that it is
difficult to explain this in any other way than scattering by
gas combined with tiny crystals. Other colors of green,
brown, blue, and violet have been seen in the maria and
inside craters. The periodic change in intensity, position, and
extent suggests that the color effects are caused by physical
or chemical changes which depend on the amount of solar
heat. Firsoff even considered that biological activity might
account for the observations.10 The above considerations add
credence to the NASA-supplied evidence of a substantial
atmosphere.
The occultation of stars by the Moon is additional
evidence for the existence of an atmosphere. Charles Fort
wrote a book entitled New Lands in 1923 in which he
discussed the numerous observations of Moon-occulted
stars.11 Apparently, the seeming motion of stars occulted by
the Moon was such a commonly observed
phenomenon at the time that Fort was certain that the Moon
had an atmosphere. Unfortunately, the data regarding
occupation which has been collected is made somewhat
indeterminate by the irregular shape of the Moon's outline. In
addition, the data is so variable that estimates of the density
of the Moon's atmosphere cannot be relied upon. The
occultation measurements only establish that there is an
atmosphere, not its density.
Eclipse halos have some of the same problems that Moon-
occulted stars do. An eclipse photo which appeared on the
cover of the April 1979 issue of Life magazine may
demonstrate this halo effect. However, critics might argue
that the halo is made up entirely of the Sun's corona, not the
Moon's atmosphere. In any event, disregarding the solar
flares, the halo's thickness indicates that it becomes almost
imperceptible at an altitude of 150 miles above the surface.
At this height, the density of the Moon's atmosphere would
be negligible. It would be so thin that the Sun's light would
not interact with the rarefied air molecules to any extent.
Conclusions regarding the Moon's atmosphere have always
failed to take into account the extent of dust particles and
water vapor suspended in it. These particles may be the
greatest factor governing the diffusion of light through an
atmosphere. Firsoff mentioned that the lunar atmosphere
would probably scatter light like a pure gas, unlike the Earth's
atmosphere which contains a high percentage of dust, ice
crystals, and water droplets. He stated that even at the altitude
of Pic du Midi Observatory (9,351 feet), the Earth's
atmosphere will scatter longer wavelength light a lot more
than the Ray-leigh gas scattering formula predicts because of
the large particles in it.12
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The Moon's atmosphere is not likely to experience high

winds and other weather conditions to the extent that is
common on Earth because of the long days and nights, and
the absence of large bodies of water on the surface.
Therefore, the atmosphere is probably much cleaner than the
Earth's and light diffusion and scattering effects would be
minimal. In addition, sunrise and sunset color effects would
not be as great and the atmospheric halo would be less
apparent at the time of a solar eclipse. Occultation of stars
would not be as pronounced as expected and the
interpretation of the findings would be that the Moon has an
extremely thin atmosphere. The atmospheric density could
still be as great or greater than Earth's without being as
visible.
It is logical to assume that the Earth and Moon, and hence
their atmospheres, were created in the same way. An
atmosphere is probably produced by the discharge of solid
and gaseous material from the upper crust. Bodies like the
Earth and Moon will possess atmospheres of the same depth
if their gravities are the same and sufficient to hold an
atmosphere. If one of them has a lower gravity, its
atmosphere will be deeper because the gases are compressed
to a lesser extent than the atmosphere of the one with the
stronger gravity. The depth of an atmosphere is inversely
proportional to the magnitude of the gravitational field. This
follows from the gas law involving pressure and volume
which states that the volume of a confined gas is inversely
proportional to the pressure applied to it. In other words, if
the pressure is doubled, the volume becomes half as great.
If the Moon has as much atmosphere in relation to its
surface area as the Earth, is there any direct evidence that
indicates it? According to Paul M. Sears in the previously
cited article, lunar astronomers in the 1930's
began to speculate on the fate of meteors they knew must be

striking the Moon. Calculations were made which showed
that meteorites weighing ten pounds or more, impacting on
the dark portion of the Moon (assumed to be airless), should
disintegrate in a flash brilliant enough to be seen with the
naked eye. Over 100 such flashes should occur each year. As
a matter of fact, only two or three such flashes had been
reported in all history. This meant that they were being
consumed in an atmosphere before striking the surface. The
Moon seemed to be better protected from meteorites than the
Earth!
To explain this paradox, astronomers reasoned that
although the density of the Moon's atmosphere at its surface
is only 1/10,000 of the Earth's, its density above 55 miles is
greater than the Earth's at the same elevation. This was
attributed to the Moon's low one-sixth gravity which was
unable to concentrate its atmosphere near the surface.
However, if the Moon's atmospheric density were only
1/10,000 of the Earth's at the surface, and its gravity were
only one-sixth of Earth's surface gravity, the mass or quantity
of atmosphere over a unit area would only be 6/10,000 of that
protecting the Earth. Since the quantity of air is the most
important factor which protects the surface from meteorites,
the paradox was not resolved by their explanation. There
simply wasn't sufficient air in the lunar atmosphere to
account for the burnup of meteors if one-sixth gravity was
assumed.
According to the Sears' article, it was apparent that the
brightest meteors, those that would be reported as fireballs if
they occurred on Earth, should be faintly visible through
telescopes. Therefore, in 1941, one of the most experienced
students of the Moon, Walter
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Haas, began an extended search for lunar meteors. After 170

hours of searching the dark portion of the Moon with
telescopes, Haas and his associates had detected 12 bright
moving specks which began and ended at points on the
Moon. During the same observations, four or five Earth
meteors crossed the field of view. One or two of the lunar
flashes may have been faint Earthbound meteors, but the
laws of probability indicated that the rest occurred on the
Moon.
The reason meteors seemed to be stopped more effectively
in passing through the Moon's atmosphere than the Earth's
will now be given. Measurements made during the Apollo
missions indicated that a bulge exists on the far side of the
Moon. This implies that the density and depth of the
atmosphere on the near side are much greater than the
average density and depth. It is significant that the near side
is primarily comprised of the so-called maria. They were
originally given this name because they have all the
appearances of dried-up or drained-off oceans and seas. The
far side was determined to be mostly mountainous, giving the
Moon extremes of elevation greater than Earth's. This same
condition would occur on Earth if the oceans and seas lost
their water. If the average lunar atmospheric thickness is
about the same as Earth's, the conclusion is that the
atmospheric density on the near side of the Moon is greater
than any place on Earth!
The startling implication of a dense atmosphere is that
spacesuits and life-support systems might not be needed in
most areas on the Moon if the atmospheric gases are the same
as Earth's. This suggests that the Apollo astronauts may have
been wearing extremely light backpacks since oxygen
requirements could have been supplied by the Moon's
atmosphere. It follows
that the suits were probably only used during filming to

propagate the cover-up. After completing the filming
sequences, the astronauts could discard the suits and
backpacks and go about their Moon exploration or other
activities completely unencumbered. However, in other areas
the gear may have been required, just as on the highest Earth
mountains. If the Earth lost its oceans, many mountainous
regions and high plateaus would no longer have sufficient
atmosphere to sustain life. The atmosphere would seek the
lowest level and fill up the ocean beds which reach depths of
many miles. Since the Earth's oceans cover the majority of its
surface, millions of square miles would probably become
uninhabitable.
It is conceivable that life and vegetation could exist in
certain regions despite the long lunar days and nights.
Sheltered canyons and valleys at the right elevations and
latitudes would not experience the extremes of temperature
found in the uninhabitable areas. The extremely long days
and nights occurring in the Earth's polar regions might
produce very similar conditions to certain lunar regions, and
significantly, life forms have adapted well to these extreme
conditions on Earth.
The previous references to drifting clouds and mists
suggest surface water. Observations indicate that cloud
formations are more extensive in mountainous regions and
inside craters where the moisture is trapped between natural
barriers. Drifting clouds require winds to move them. In a
vacuum, the discharged gases would diffuse out rapidly and
would not drift.
Another indication of a dense lunar atmosphere was
provided when Apollo spacecraft and lunar probes orbited the
planet at an average distance of 70 miles above the surface.
No specific reasons were given by NASA
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for choosing this height. In fact, if the Moon had no at-

mosphere, the best altitude for the Lunar Orbiter satellites
would have been much lower. The Lunar Orbiters were sent
to the Moon to take pictures; therefore, lower altitudes would
have produced more refined maps of the surface. Even the
Apollo Command Module orbited at this altitude. An
atmosphere forces the minimum permissible orbit to an
altitude where frictional air resistance does not slow down a
vehicle or satellite substantially. The effects of an atmosphere
on a low altitude spacecraft would be a quick decay in the
orbit, causing the spacecraft to slow down, burn up, and
crash. This is why Earth spacecraft, such as Skylab and other
satellites, stayed more than 100 miles above the Earth. It
seems that the orbital altitude chosen by NASA was probably
due to the Moon's atmosphere since it prevented them from
safely orbiting at any lower altitude for any significant length
of time. This implies that the density of the Moon's
atmosphere may be similar to Earth's.
One of the significant discoveries of the lunar program was
that the Moon has a very feeble magnetic field. The existence
of a lunar magnetic field did not clash with orthodox beliefs
about the origin of a planet's magnetism because a small iron
core could always be used to explain it and the size of the
core could be adjusted to fit the extent of the magnetism
found.
The most probable cause of a planet's magnetic field seems
to be the rotation of charges which are present in its
atmosphere and on its surface. These charges rotate with the
planet; therefore, the intensity of the magnetic field generated
would be directly proportional to the planet's rotational
velocity. Since the Moon's rotational
velocity is less than one percent of Earth's, it also follows that

the Moon's field is less than one percent of Earth's. The
Lunar Analysis Planning Team came to the consensus that
natural remanent magnetism found in Moon rocks suggested
that the Moon had a magnetic field strength at one time equal
to several percent of Earth's.13 They were still uncertain as to
how it was generated.
A rotating planet can be compared to an electrical solenoid,
which is a coil of wire, as shown in Figure 3. When a current
is sent through the coil, a magnetic force is generated at right
angles to the direction of the wire. Planets carry charges with
them in their atmosphere and surface and this generates
electrical currents in the direction of rotation, or east-west.
The magnetic field is generated at right angles to this or in
the north-south direction. Even though the charges are not
necessarily moving east-west relative to the surface which is
traveling with them, the magnetic field is still created because
the planet itself is rotating. Other factors such as surface
material, surface anomalies, caverns, winds, and so on would
affect the direction and magnitude of local magnetic fields.
The explanation just presented explains many known facts
regarding geomagnetism. For example, sunspots affect
geomagnetism by altering the number of electrical charges in
the atmosphere and surface. In addition, geomagnetism
follows a 24-hour cycle due to the variable number of
charged particles reaching Earth from the Sun. Evidence will
be presented in the next chapter that the Moon has no iron
core. Without an iron core, orthodox physicists would have
difficulties in explaining lunar magnetism. However, the new
approach is logical
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Figure 3
A NEW THEORY OF PLANETARY MAGNETISM
Planetary magnetism is generated in the same way as the

field around a solenoid (coil of wire carrying a current).
In each case, the direction of the magnetic field is at right
angles to the direction of movement of charged electrons.
A compass will align itself in the direction of the field.
The solenoid shown here has electrons moving left to
right; therefore, the magnetic field is in the up-down
direction.
Electrons flow left to right through wires of the solenoid coil
The magnetic field of a planet is at right angles to the

direction of rotation of the charged particles carried
along with it in the atmosphere and surface. Even though
the particles are not necessarily moving with respect to
the surface, the magnetic field is still generated in the
north-south direction. Most of the particles probably
come from the Sun.
All that is needed to generate a magnetic field is the
movement of electrons or charged particles. This re-
quirement is met in both a rotating planet and solenoid.
Direction of rotation of the Earth is shown by arrow.
and completely adequate to explain planetary magnetism
without iron cores.
Additional evidence of the Moon's substantial atmosphere
is provided by statements which some astronauts made to the
effect that stars are not visible above the atmosphere. This
event was not widely discussed in keeping with the policies
of NASA concerning events which deviate from standard
beliefs. If this is true, then the lunar atmosphere would affect
star visibility in a similar way to the Earth's atmosphere.
Stars would then be visible only when viewing them through
an atmosphere. On the Apollo 11 mission, less than 13,000
miles before reaching the Moon, Armstrong stated:
I see the crater Tycho fairly clearly. I can see the sky all
around the moon, even on the rim of it, where there's no
earthshine or sunshine.14
Collins then stated:
Now we're able to see stars again and recognize
constellations for the first time on the trip. . . . The sky's full
of stars. ... it looks like it's night side on Earth.15
It was also stated that the Moon blotted out some of the Sun,
enabling them to see the heavens more clearly.
The conditions to be expected in a vacuum were presented
in the last chapter. References were cited which claimed that
the stars would be visible day and night on the Moon without
an atmosphere. In actuality, most stars may not be visible to
the naked eye without the aid of an atmosphere. An
atmosphere acts like a giant lens and causes starlight to
spread out. Because stars are considerable distances away,
giant telescopes can only resolve or detect the disks of a
small number of them. Only a blur of most stars is seen
through a telescope and this blur is largely due to scattering
and bending effects of starlight passing through the
atmosphere. So the
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human eye, being less effective, might only be able to detect

a few of the brightest stars above the atmosphere. Therefore,
the ones the astronauts could see with their naked eyes
would only appear as tiny pinpoints of light as opposed to
blurred or twinkling stars.
As a consequence of the above analysis, Collins' remark
about their ability to see stars again may have had nothing to
do with the Moon blotting out part of the Sun. Why couldn't
the astronauts have looked in a direction away from the Sun,
to an area of space not occupied by either the Earth or
Moon? A significant amount of light diffusion should not
occur in the space between the Earth and Moon. Therefore, if
the astronauts were facing away from bright planets and
suns, they should have been able to see stars if it were
possible to do so without an atmosphere. When the
astronauts reached the vicinity of the Moon, they would be
able to see stars and constellations again through the Moon's
atmosphere.
One of the most convincing photos showing a dense lunar
atmosphere appeared in the 1971 Encyclopedia of Discovery
and Exploration, on page 131 of the 17th Volume, The Moon
and Beyond by Fred Appel. This picture, taken by the Lunar
Module of the Apollo 10 Command Module in orbit above
the Moon, is shown in Photo 11. The Moon's atmosphere
appears as a dense band of blue on the lunar horizon. It
closely resembles pictures of the Earth taken from Earth-
orbiting satellites and spacecraft. This same band of
atmosphere is what Neil Armstrong may have referred to in
the previous quotation. He could not have been more precise
in what he described, "I can see the sky all around the moon,
even on the rim of it, where there's no earthshine or
sunshine."
It is appropriate to mention the difficulties the author
encountered trying to obtain the photograph just referenced.
A number of letters were sent to NASA in 1979 requesting
the NASA photo number for this picture so that it could be
ordered. However, no reply was ever received, even when
photocopies were sent to NASA so that they would have no
problem identifying it. NASA is supposed to provide this
service free of charge to the public. Since this photo appeared
elsewhere, it had already been issued. The author then
requested the aid of the publisher of The Moon and Beyond,
Aldus Books Ltd. in London, England, to obtain the NASA
number.
In December 1979, David Paramor of Aldus Books

answered the author's request and identified the NASA
number as 69-HC-431. He indicated that NASA had given
Aldus Books permission to use it in The Moon and Beyond.
The author then ordered photo 69-HC-431 from NASA's
photo contractor and sent a photocopy of the picture with the
order to assure that the correct photo would be returned.
When the order arrived, the author received a photo
consisting of 24 separately labeled Apollo 4 rocket pictures
on one transparency. The pictures were numbered starting
with either 66 or 67, the year the Apollo 4 pictures were
taken. However, the author ordered an Apollo 10 picture, 69-
HC-431. It is also strange that a label with the number, 69-
HC-431 had been placed on one corner of the transparency
with masking tape, yet 69-HC-431 could not have possibly
been the correct number. The first two digits of the NASA
photo number are coded to use the last two digits of the year
the photo was taken; hence 69-HC-431 was taken in 1969
and could not have been a photo of the Apollo 4 rocket. It is
also significant that this was the
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only one labeled with masking tape out of over 50 photos

ordered from NASA's photo contractor.
In July 1981, more than a year after the first attempt, the
author again requested NASA's help in obtaining the
photograph; a photocopy of it was sent; and even the number
was sent, 69-HC-431. The author informed NASA of the
problems encountered with the photo contractor; that Apollo
4 pictures were sent instead of the Apollo 10 photo. It is
regrettable that as of the date this book goes to the printer,
NASA has not responded in over a year-and-a-half to the
author's requests. However, on the bright side, the author's
experiences in trying to obtain it provided almost as much
evidence for the NASA-military cover-up as the picture
itself.
Before tackling lunar geology and the structure of the
Earth-Moon system, another incident will be presented which
demonstrates how far NASA was willing to go to suppress
the facts. On the Apollo 15 mission, a hammer and a feather
were supposedly shown to fall at the same rate. The objective
was to demonstrate the vacuum condition on the Moon and
Galileo's famous experiment on gravitational attraction, that
objects of different sizes and weights fall with equal velocity.
In view of all the evidence demonstrating a substantial lunar
atmosphere, there seems to be only one reasonable
conclusion: If the two objects hit the ground at the same time,
the feather probably concealed a rather heavy object.
At the time of the Apollo missions, a number of observers
noticed some of the discrepancies mentioned in this book.
People like Bill Kaysing were convinced that the Apollo
missions were faked and that all the telecasts and photos were
made in some remote place on Earth. Kaysing wrote a book
in 1976 entitled We Never Went to the Moon. If he still
believes that the Moon is
airless and has only one-sixth of Earth's gravity, then he is

justified in concluding that the missions were faked. It does
not seem probable that NASA, government officialdom, or
the astronauts will deny his assertions. They will simply
ignore them rather than face the impossible task of explaining
away the contradictions.
By now, many readers may wonder why so much evidence
of a dense Moon atmosphere would be ignored by the world's
scientists for over a century. The reason is that a substantial
lunar atmosphere means a high lunar gravity. In turn, a high
lunar gravity means that the superstructure of conventional
physics has a shaky foundation and might be seriously
damaged if this fact is recognized. The military knows that
these facts are the keys to understanding gravity and how to
control it. In each case, vested interests are probably
watching out for their own well-being at the expense of the
general public.
C H A P T E R 8
MOON GEOLOGY AND

THE EARTH-MOON
SYSTEM
Moon geology provides additional evidence that the Moon
has a high surface gravity and a substantial Earth-like
atmosphere. Other geological information collected by
Apollo provides clues about the Moon's internal structure.
When most people think about the Moon, they envision
craters. However, craters are only one aspect of the Moon.
Others deserving attention are the maria or seas, mountains,
valleys, cracks, and river-like channels or rilles which
meander across the surface and through lunar valleys. The
craters often obscure and obliterate the details just mentioned.
It is as though the Moon had an Earth-like surface at one
time, but was subsequently bombarded by tremendous forces
and essentially destroyed.
Most conventional scientists believe that the Moon could
never have had an atmosphere because of the weak one-sixth
gravity. They then rationalize that all lunar features are the
result of meteors, volcanoes, or solar wind bombardment.
Without an atmosphere, there would be no rivers, weathering,
and so forth. They claim that the Moon is dead and always
has been. The majority of orthodox scientists will not even
consider the possibility that civilizations have existed that
could destroy a planet's surface or reduce an entire planet to
rubble with sophisticated weapons. This attitude then forces
them to find natural causes for everything
113
114 MOONGATE
observed on the Moon, Earth, and other planets. This has

been the trend of scientific interpretation of lunar geological
discoveries to the present. It should also be noted that if
civilizations of the past had the capabilities just mentioned,
some of them are still undoubtedly in existence today. With a
highly developed space technology, the obliteration of one or
two planets would not destroy life on all planets. Many
survivors of the conflict would occupy other planets and
space colonies. If conventional scientists considered
intelligent intervention in the Moon's geology in the distant
past, they would soon be speculating on remnants of the
civilization and subjects like UFOs.
The primary debate among Moon geology experts has
been between those who believe the Moon has a hot interior
and those who believe that it has a cold interior. Others
believe that at one time it was hot but has since cooled. Some
believe that most of the craters were produced by meteors,
while others think they are volcanic in origin. One group
postulates that the maria or oceans were created by volcanic
lava which seeped up from the interior to create these basins
after the Moon was bombarded by meteors. These same
theorists believe that the craters are not as deep as they
should be from meteor impact due to the same seeping lava.
Without consideration of the Moon's high gravity,
atmosphere, and the possibility of intelligent intervention,
conventional scientists are working with very limited
information.
An important discovery which is essentially unknown to
orthodox physicists and geologists is the subtle transmutation
or transformation of elements into other elements without the
release of radioactive by-products or radiation. The
researcher Louis Kervran discovered the fundamental
relationships which are responsible for
Moon Geology and the Earth-Moon System 115
the formation of mineral deposits in the Earth. He also

determined that biological organisms constantly transmute
certain elements into other elements in a manner unknown to
most nuclear scientists. His findings cannot be refuted, yet
his work has been ignored by the scientific world because the
findings do not fit in with conventional theory. Geologists
know that certain minerals are found in conjunction with
other minerals in varying proportions. Kervran was able to
show that deposits have varying proportions of these minerals
because their constituent atoms actually change from one
element to another over a period of time without emitting
harmful radioactive particles or by-products. The
implications of Kervran's findings radically change the fields
of physics, geology, and many other scientific disciplines.
Mineral deposits and soil can transmute many times faster
than conventional science claims. Therefore, the radioactive
methods used to date Moon rocks may not give results
representative of the true history of the Moon. Similarly,
dates given to Earth rocks may be incorrect. Kervran's book,
Biological Transmutations, gives a summary of his incredible
findings.
The Earth's atmosphere is the primary factor responsible
for surface erosion and weathering. However, our atmosphere
would become very ineffective in causing erosion if the
surface water were lost. The Moon's geological features
indicate that the Moon had abundant surface water in the past
because the lunar hills and mountains are mostly rounded and
weathered, and many river-like watercourses and rilles or
cracks appear on the surface. Photo 7 shows the rounded and
weathered hills in the Hadley Delta-Apennine Mountain
region as well as the illuminated atmosphere. Apollo 15
astronaut Scott is standing in the foreground. Photo 12
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shows Scott standing next to the Rover on the edge of Hadley
Rille (as much as 1,200 feet deep in places) which could
easily be mistaken for a water-formed dry gulch or river
canyon on Earth. Photo 13 was not taken on the Moon but in
Eastern Washington State by the author. It shows the same
kind of weathering as many Moon photos. Photo 14 looks
North across the Apen-nine Mountains with a segment of
Hadley Rille winding across the bottom center. Three-mile
high Mount Hadley is the shadow-sided peak above and to
the right of the "chicken's head" shape of Hadley Rille.
Apollo 15 landed on the plain just above the "chicken's beak"
bend in the Rille. Craters Autolycus (25 miles wide) and
Aristillus (36 miles wide) appear in the upper left near the
eastern edge of the Sea of Rains (Mare Imbrium). These
Apollo 15 photos provide convincing evidence that the Moon
has an Earth-like gravity and atmosphere to account for the
geological formations and erosion. An Apollo 17 picture of
astronaut Schmitt standing next to a huge split boulder is
shown in Photo 15. The rounded hills surrounding Littrow
Valley and the steep slopes of East Massif appear in the
background about 5 miles away. Littrow Valley is on the
edge of Mare Serenitatis. The same weathering evidence
appears here as in the Hadley Delta-Apennine region which
is on the opposite side of Mare Serenitatis.
A photo of the Moon's Alpine Valley taken by the 1967
Lunar Orbiter IV probe is shown in Photo 16. Starting in the
upper right section of the photo, the Alpine Valley runs for
90 miles before it stops at the northeastern edge of Mare
Imbrium (bottom left). In the middle of the valley is what
appears to be a dry riverbed flowing through it into a dried-up
sea (Mare Imbrium). Scientists have referred to such
meandering chan-
nels as sinuous rilles and some of them even believe that such
rilles were carved by water in spite of the Moon's alleged low
gravity and consequent vacuum condition. The above photos
point out the problems orthodox scientists have in explaining
the Moon's features. If there is no atmosphere, how could
there ever have been water, clouds, and rivers? There is only
one reasonable conclusion from the evidence: The Moon had
an atmosphere and abundant water on the surface. Therefore,
the Moon had a high gravity to hold the atmosphere. But if it
had a high gravity at one time, it must still have one. Since it
still has a high gravity, it still has a dense atmosphere.
Is there any other evidence that water once existed on the
Moon? An article entitled "What Is It Like to Walk on the
Moon?" by Apollo 15 astronaut David Scott appeared in the
September 1973 National Geographic. In it he stated:
A dark line like a bathtub ring smudges the bases of
the mountains.1 These lines have been referred to as
watermarks because they look like those seen along a shore.
However, scientists are puzzled because water supposedly
cannot exist on the Moon in the first place. The astronauts
observed that Mt. Hadley displayed distinct linear markings
which inclined toward the northeast at a 45-degree angle.2 If
these same lines had been found on Earth, they would have
been interpreted as sedimentary deposits. However,
according to conventional scientists, the Moon has no known
processes to account for their existence. On the Apollo 16
mission, the astronauts discovered that Stone Mountain
appeared terraced and generated the same kind of lines seen
by Scott and Irwin on the Apennines.3
118 MOONGATE
What happened to the water? Some of the similarities

between the Earth and the Moon were pointed out in the
chapter on atmosphere. The Moon has vast areas on the side
facing the Earth which appear to be like oceans. It is
significant that the Moon's oceans have the lowest elevations
in relation to the rest of the Moon. Apollo 15 determined that
the side facing the Earth is between three and six kilometers
lower than the opposite side. In addition, the opposite side is
primarily mountainous with few maria or oceans.
Since the Moon probably has a high gravity and a dense
atmosphere, the water could not have easily escaped into
outer space. It couldn't have gone into the atmosphere
because there is no substantial quantity of water there now.
The one remaining place for it to have gone is into the
Moon's crust. However, the only way this could have
happened is if the Moon's crust is cavernous in nature. In
order for the water to have entered underground caverns,
openings and cracks must have been created first. This might
have happened if the Moon were bombarded by large enough
meteors or sophisticated weapons. Once the initial cracks or
rilles appeared on the ocean bottoms, the oceans would liter-
ally drain into the crust, leaving vast watercourses, dry
riverbeds, and eroded rilles all over the Moon. The dry ocean
basins would then take on the characteristics of Death Valley.
If the Moon has a cavernous structure, what evidence
exists to demonstrate this? Interestingly enough, Moon probe
experiments discovered mascons and Apollo missions
conducted seismic experiments. Mascon is short for mass
concentration. These were hypothesized by scientists to
explain a perplexing discovery: Moon probes were pulled
from side to side and moved up and
down as they passed over certain portions of the Moon.

Scientists deduced that large meteors were buried a short
distance under the surface which caused increases in the local
gravitational fields. Some of these meteors were postulated to
be 402 miles in diameter and 2 1/2 miles thick to account for
the gravity variations. Why are pancake-like meteors floating
through space? The higher density of the buried meteors
supposedly increased the local gravity. The variations were
supposedly higher than those found on Earth.
The explanation for mascons presented by scientists
creates many contradictions. First, the gravity increases are
found over the lunar oceans and seas. These are the smooth
areas of lowest elevation with essentially no craters. Meteors
of the sizes propounded should have produced devastating
craters in the oceans and seas. This was explained away by
assuming that molten material came to the surface and filled
in the holes. A second problem is that if the Moon's upper
crust was so molten, the meteors should have sunk much
deeper into the Moon instead of being stopped at the surface.
Some scientists contended that mascon unevenness could not
exist in a hot body. In addition to the above problems, the
Moon has a lot of basalt substance produced by vol-canism.
The meteoritic mascons and a hot Moon, indicative of
volcanism, do not agree.
The above problems seriously undermine mascon theory.
This implies that other explanations for the gravity variances
must exist. Two factors will now be considered. First, the
gravitational attraction over large bodies of water on Earth
has been found to be greater than over land masses.4 Second,
the assumption of a cavernous Moon can be used to explain
the gravity variations, but orthodox scientists ignored this
explana-
120 MOONGA TE
tion, at least in the official reports. If the Moon's oceans

drained into the crust and partially filled up vast caverns, an
explanation for the gravity variances is generated. This could
also account for some of the watercourse rilles and missing
surface water at the same time.
The meteoritic versus volcanic crater debate is another
question which is difficult to resolve without consideration of
possible intelligent intervention and the Moon's cavernous
nature. Ranger 7 gave scientists their first headache by
indicating a surface which looks like a rolling desert instead
of the jagged terrain expected on a planet without an
atmosphere. Surveyor 1 landed in Oceanus Procellarum and
the pictures indicated lunar soil similar to terrestrial soil
without water. Surveyor 5 landed on Mare Tranquillitatis
near the top of a crater. The chemical analyzer indicated that
the soil was a type of basalt which forms the rocks of ocean
floors and ridges on Earth. The findings of Surveyor 5 also
indicated that the amount of magnetic material was insuf-
ficient if the surface were meteoritic.5
Surveyor 6 produced results similar to Surveyor 5 and led
scientists to believe that the chemical composition was
common to the lunar maria. Surveyor 7 landed in the
highlands and the analysis indicated a less dense material
than the mare basalt. In addition, all of the Surveyors
indicated that the most abundant lunar elements were oxygen
and silicon, as on Earth. Therefore, the Moon was determined
to be an evolved planet, not just a source of meteorites.6 Even
so, the identification of basalt in the mare basins, indicative
of volcanism, did not convince the impact theorists that they
were wrong. Consequently, the impact versus vol-
canic theory was still unresolved among scientists at the end
of Surveyor.
Neil Armstrong consistently discovered glassy patches in
the bottoms of small craters. Astronomer Thomas Gold
theorized that the Moon had been scorched by a flare-up of
the Sun.7 An enigma was created because the patches were
apparently untouched by the constant bombardment of
micrometeorites and solar particles. In addition, the glaze
rested on tiny pinnacles and stems of the lunar soil. Gold
surmised that the flare-up had therefore occurred less than
30,000 years ago and lasted for only 10 to 100 seconds. An
alternative explanation is that sophisticated weapons were
used to bombard the Moon less than 30,000 years ago. The
undisturbed, glassy patches would indicate that
micrometeorites are not reaching the surface; therefore, they
must be stopped in passing through a dense atmosphere. This
is additional evidence debunking the meteorite theory of
lunar erosion and supporting the other evidence of the
Moon's Earth-like atmosphere and gravity. The location of
the Apollo 11 landing was a lowlying mare basin near the
equator, Mare Tranquillitatis. This would be an area with
minimal lunar weather, such as in the Southwestern United
States where the military has stored aircraft for years with
few deteriorating effects on the planes. In these areas on the
Moon, items would be undisturbed for perhaps aeons. The
relatively still atmosphere would not disturb the terrain and
most meteorites could not penetrate through the atmosphere.
In Strange World of the Moon, Firsoff suggested that the
volcanic theory of lunar craters is difficult to substantiate
because there is not much evidence of fire and smoke, or of
ash and lava.8 Since the Moon's surface seems to resemble
the Earth's in so many ways, it is rea-
122 MOONGATE
sonable to conclude that its period of extensive volcanic

activity may be nearly over. The rounded surface features
and weathered appearance, as well as the extensive oceans or
maria, indicate that volcanism has not been a significant
factor on the Moon since the formation of those features.
Extensive volcanism would have disturbed the smooth maria
and created a more rugged appearance. Since many of the
recognizable, Earth-like features have been obliterated by
overlying craters, the craters themselves were not created in
the period of extensive volcanic upheaval. They had to come
after the surface conditions stabilized.
In a book by Don Wilson entitled Secrets of Our
Spaceship Moon, the writer referred to the NASA publication
entitled Apollo 17: Preliminary Science Report (1973).9 In it,
the conclusion derived from the Apollo 17 mission was that
sufficient evidence had been accumulated to indicate that
volcanic activity in the last three billion years was virtually
nonexistent or highly restricted. This provides additional
evidence that frequent lights seen on the Moon are not due to
volcanic outgassing.
The above analysis indicates that many of the Moon's
extensive craters may not have been caused by either
volcanoes or meteors. Most of these craters were evidently
created after the surface reached a state of maturity which
made it Earth-like in appearance. The Moon must have had
extensive weather, oceans filled with water, and so on. A
look at the probable history and origin of the Moon is
reserved for a later chapter.
Seismic experiments were conducted to determine the
nature of the Moon's crust and internal structure. Sensitive
seismometers were left on the surface by lunar probes and
Apollo missions. When the Lunar Module
and other objects were sent crashing into the Moon, shock
waves were recorded and experts could interpret the data.
The results of the experiments were not anticipated by
scientists. The Apollo 11 seismometer indicated that the
Moon was relatively quiet. To some scientists, this meant that
the Moon had a small rather than a large molten iron core.
Others believed that the Moon did not have a core at all.
Apollo 12 carried a much more sensitive instrument that was
designed to operate continuously. After the discarded LM hit
the Moon about 40 miles from the landing site, the three
long-period seismometers picked up a sequence of reverbera-
tions which lasted for more than half-an-hour. This meant
that the structure of the Moon was quite rigid because it
resonated like a bell when struck. Some scientists contended
that the Moon is solid without any liquid inside. This was
another blow to the molten core hypothesis. Others
concluded that the Moon was hollow, but this did not seem to
agree with gravity theory.
The Moon's high surface gravity indicates that there must
be a serious flaw in Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation.
This flaw is a key to understanding the true nature of gravity
for the first time. Since Newton first formulated his Law in
1666, not a single explanation for the nature of gravity has
been generated and accepted by the academic community.
Even Newton did not claim to understand the nature of
gravity. He merely attempted to describe the effects of
gravity on falling bodies in mathematical terms. Newton
assumed that whatever this mysterious gravitational force
was, it somehow acted on all matter uniformly and was not
scattered or attenuated as it penetrated the matter of planets
thousands of miles below the surface. His theory
124 MOONGATE
implied that gravity was something associated with every

particle of matter, regardless of its position in space. The
probable major flaw in his Universal Law is the inherent
assumption that gravity effects penetrate matter with no
interacting, scattering, or multiplying effects other than the
normal decrease due to the inverse-square law. Without these
effects, a gravitating body's attraction for any other body is
not affected by matter placed in between these bodies; hence,
gravity could not exert any forces on masses. Since gravity
does exert forces on matter, these effects must exist.
Therefore, Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation violates
the law of conservation of energy. Since forces require
energy, the insertion of matter between two gravitating
bodies will generate energy interactions and cause the
gravitational forces between the two outer bodies to decrease,
unless there are additional gravitational effects generated by
the inserted matter.
The scattering of gravity seems to be demonstrated when
mountain masses do not pull plumb bobs out of line to the
extent demanded by Newtonian Gravitation theory.
Geologists have tried to explain this by assuming that the
average density of matter under mountains is less than that of
matter under oceans. A more likely explanation is that gravity
effects produced by matter inside mountains are partially
dispersed or attenuated by overlying masses. This is one
factor which may account for the differences. The above
information and the Moon's high gravity suggests that gravity
is produced by a very penetrating radiation. Although it
penetrates matter to considerable depths, the ability is still
limited.
It is significant that the Moon's high surface gravity
implies an impossible mass for the Moon if the Universal
Law is used. If 64 percent of Earth's gravity is
assumed, the Moon would need an average density of 13.0

gm/cm3 (grams per cubic centimeter) according to the
Gravitation Law. This is greater than the density of lead
which is nearly 50 percent heavier than iron.
From a determination of the center of mass between the
Earth and Moon, the Earth would require 81.56 times the
Moon's mass which would give it a density of 21.5 gm/cm3.
This is about twice the density of lead; therefore, even the
iron core hypothesis cannot solve the mass enigma. It should
be noted that the flaw in Newton's Law of Universal
Gravitation inspired the hypothesis of the Earth's iron core.
Once the Earth's mass had been assumed, the Moon's mass
was determined by the gravitational force at its surface. It is
probable that only a limited thickness of the Earth's crust
contributes to the majority of the Earth's surface gravity due
to the scattering of gravity radiation originating from masses
below a certain depth. This implies that the Earth's mass
cannot be accurately predicted using the conventional
method. If the planets had empty or hollow centers, the
surface gravity might not be much different than if they had
iron cores, or even lead cores. This seems to explain why the
Moon has such a high gravity for its size. Because of this
effect, the conclusion is that Newton's Universal Law
overstated the mass of the Earth in the first place.
The Earth's iron core was hypothesized because the
average density of the crust was not adequate to account for
the whole Earth's predicted mass. The Earth's crust has an
average density of 2.7 gm/cm3 compared to the Moon's
average crust density of 3.3 gm/cm3. To satisfy Newton's
Gravitation Law, the Earth's average density had to be 5.5
gm/cm3. This led to the Moon's average density of 3.34
gm/cm3. The slight difference between
126 MOONGATE
the Moon's surface density and the predicted total average

density enabled a small iron core to be postulated to account
for the slight magnetism found. This is where orthodox
Moon theory stands today. In the last chapter, geomagnetism
was explained using a theory which does not depend on the
existence of an iron core.
Scientists believe that they have verified the existence of
the Earth's iron core by measuring shock waves reflected off
it and through it. However, they might also get a reflection
off large caverns inside the Earth or off the inner surface if
the Earth were a hollow shell. Similar experiments were
conducted on the Moon and shock wave measurements
convinced scientists that they had found the Moon's mantle.
However, the evidence provided by Apollo seismic
experiments also points to the conclusion that the Moon is
hollow and relatively rigid.
It is not commonly known that the Earth displays the same
bell-like ringing or reverberation as the Moon. Since the
Earth is 81.56 times more massive than the Moon, it takes a
much larger explosion or shock wave to generate this effect.
Joseph Goodavage referenced such occurrences in his book,
Astrology: The Space Age Science.10 He mentioned that the
ringing effect was recorded during the May 22, 1960 Chilean
earthquake. This was supposedly the most violent earthquake
that had been recorded since the establishment of official
world records in 1881. Goodavage provided a description of
the effect which was given at the 1961 World Earthquake
Conference, held at Helsinki, Finland. The description stated
that the shock was so severe that the entire planet rang like a
bell. The ringing continued for a considerable length of time
in a regular series of slow impulses which were recorded at
various independent
seismic stations. Goodavage also noted that the planet rang

again as a result of the Anchorage, Alaska earthquake of
March 27, 1964. It seems somewhat hard to believe that
scientists were so appalled in finding that the Moon rang like
a bell. After all, the Earth displays the same characteristic.
The hollow Moon concept was extensively explored by
Don Wilson in the previously mentioned book, Secrets of
Our Spaceship Moon. In it, Wilson referenced a Saga
interview conducted by Joseph Goodavage with Dr. Farouk
El Baz, a former NASA geologist who trained the
astronauts." According to El Baz in the Saga article, not all
NASA discoveries were announced: For example, he
mentioned that there were many undiscovered caverns within
the Moon; that several experiments were performed to see if
caverns existed along with subsurface ice.12
What does the hollow Moon concept do to the Newtonian
concept of gravity? It indicates a lower Moon mass than that
predicted by the famous Newtonian Law. It provides
evidence for the limited penetrating ability of gravity as
previously explained. Finally, a hollow Moon also implies
that the Earth is hollow. Before providing additional
evidence, an important point needs to be stressed once again:
Scientists have determined the center of mass of the Earth-
Moon system. This enables them to accurately calculate the
ratio of Earth mass to Moon mass. The problem then is to
correctly determine the mass of either one of the planets
(Earth or Moon). But if they are hollow, the shell thickness
must be known to determine the planet's volume. In addition,
the average density and extent of caverns must be known.
Without iron cores to worry about, the average density can be
approximated based
128 MOONGATE
on the density of the crust, but the shell thickness is difficult

to estimate, even with a number of incredible Earth photos.
One of these is presented for the reader's inspection in the
next chapter.
Photo 1 Bean standing next to Surveyor 3 with the Lunar
Module in the background on the Apollo 12 Mission. (NASA
Photo)
Photo 2 Young jumping up from the lunar surface on the Apollo
16 Mission (NASA Photo)
Photo 3 Bean carrying the ALSEP on the Apollo 12
Mission (NASA Photo 69-HC-1341)
Photo 4 Irwin with the Lunar Rover and Mt. Hadley
in the background on the Apollo 15 Mission
Photo 5 Aldrin standing next to the deployed Solar
Wind Composition Experiment on the Apollo 11
Photo 6 The lunar surface with the Lunar Module and
tire tracks on the Apollo 14 Mission (NASA
Photo 71-HC-277)
Photo 7 Scott standing on the slope of Hadley Delta with
the Apennine Mountains in the background on
the Apollo 15 Mission (NASA Photo 71-H-1425)
Photo 8 Duke collecting samples on the rim of a
crater with the Rover in the background on the
Apollo 16 Mission (NASA Photo)
Photo 9 A halo around Bean on the lunar surface on
the Apollo 12 Mission (NASA Photo 69-HC-
1347)
Photo 10 A frame taken from the movie sequence of
Mitchell's descent down the Lunar Module
ladder on the Apollo 14 Mission (NASA Photo)
Photo 11 A picture of the Apollo 10 Command Module taken by the
Lunar Module with the Moon's horizon in the background (NASA Photo)
Photo 12 Scott standing next to the Rover on the edge of Hadley

Rille on the Apollo 15 Mission (NASA Photo 71-H-1426)
Photo 13 A picture taken by the author showing
eroded hills in Eastern Washington State
Photo 14 A view of the eastern edge of the Sea of Rains
with Hadley Rille and the Apennine Mountains
taken on the Apollo 15 Mission (NASA Photo)
Photo 15 Schmitt standing next to a split boulder with rounded
hills in the background on the Apollo 17 Mission (NASA Photo)
Photo 16 The Moon's Alpine Valley photographed in 1967

by the Lunar Orbiter IV probe (NASA Photo 67-H-897)
Photo 17 An Applications Technology Satellite Photo of the Earth
taken 22,300 miles above Brazil in 1967 (NASA Photo 67-HC-723)

Lunar Module liftoff from the lunar surface on the Apollo 17
Lunar Module liftoff from the lunar surface on the Apollo 16
Photo 20 A reproduction of the color TV transmission of

the Lunar Module liftoff from the lunar surface
on the Apollo 16 Mission taken moments after
Photo 19 (NASA Photo 72-HC-273)
C H A P T E R 9
SATELLITE PHOTOS
AND BIZARRE
EARTH FINDINGS
Incredible as it may seem, a number of satellite photos of
the Earth released to the public as early as 1967 show evidence
of what appears to be a deep depression into the Earth in the
North Polar region. A depression cannot be put into a sphere
without causing a flat spot to show up in its outline when
viewed from a certain angle. If there is such a depression, a
photograph from a satellite in the right position would show
the Earth to be out of round by a surprising amount. Other
photographs would provide a three-dimensional perspective of
the outline.
A photograph of the Earth taken by the DODGE (De-
partment of Defense Gravity Experiment) satellite, 18,100
miles above the equator, appeared in the November 10, 1967
issue of Life magazine.1 An approximate flat spot in the
Earth's outline (not caused by photo cropping or the Sun's
angle), about 1,600 miles across, is clearly evident in the North
Polar region. It looks as if a large part of the Earth had been
sliced off and thrown away. The author was not able to obtain
permission to reproduce this photo; however, it is available for
inspection at most libraries.
The DODGE photo is interesting, but a view at a better angle
is needed to show more details. Such a picture, taken in 1967 by
the Applications Technology Satellite III from its stationary
position over the equator above
129
130 MOONGATE
Brazil, is shown in Photo 17. It was taken from 22,300 miles

out and shows what appears to be the outline of a large
depression or hole in the North Polar region. The greater
distance and the angle of the satellite's orbit would
necessarily provide the three-dimensional effect seen if a
depression or hole exists. Instead of having an abrupt edge, it
appears to taper in gradually.
Critics will attempt to discredit these photos, insisting that
the appearance of the depression is an illusion resulting from
photo cropping, cloud formations, the Sun's angle, the North
Polar ice sheet, open channels between the ice, etc. The
author wishes to emphasize that a great deal of additional
evidence will be presented in this chapter which does not
depend on photographs. Therefore, the photographic
evidence is only supportive of the remaining information. It
is important for the reader to keep in mind that the Earth, or
any other planet, may still be hollow without polar
depressions. The information and evidence to be presented
here is so incredible that the author does not expect the reader
to easily accept the concept. A great deal more evidence
needs to be produced before this idea can be readily accepted.
The limited information presented here should be read with
an open, inquiring mind in the interest of learning more about
the subject and so as to be able to evaluate new evidence if it
surfaces in the future.
In view of the NASA cover-up, it is not surprising that
photographs of the Earth released to the public after 1967
(that the author has seen) do not show evidence of this
entrance or depression, nor does it seem to be a coincidence
that satellite pictures taken over the poles are not readily
available to the public. The author made inquiries to NASA
organizations and could not obtain any such polar
photographs. One response to the
Satellite Photos and Bizarre Earth Findings 131
author's request from the NASA Technology Application

Center was the following, "We do not have any satellite
images taken over the poles." Significantly, this branch of
NASA did not offer any help or suggestions on where to
obtain them. It is common knowledge that satellites exist which
are in orbits near the poles, and photographs should be readily
available. There should be no reason to restrict or classify
their distribution if NASA and the military have nothing to
hide from the public.
It is important to stress that the DODGE photo and the
ATS III photo were taken from slightly different angles, at
different distances above the Earth, and at different times.
Since the first photo mentioned shows an approximate flat
spot about 1,600 miles across and the other photo indicates
that the depression itself may be about 800 miles in diameter,
the thickness of the Earth's shell can be very roughly
estimated with the assumption that it is a hole. It is assumed
that a cross section of the hollow Earth has the appearance
depicted in Figure 4. Since the depression or entrance shown
in the photographs appears to taper in gradually, it is assumed
that it forms an approximate semicircle with a radius of around
400 miles. The thickness of the Earth's crust would then be
approximately 800 miles and the area on the inside of the
Earth would be over 63 percent of the outer surface area!
The gravitational pull on the inner surface would be in the
direction of the inner surface due to the limited penetrating
ability of gravity radiation. Furthermore, the force on the inner
surface would probably be nearly the same as on the outer
surface. A plane or ship traveling into the Earth's interior
through the North Polar entrance would not feel any
significant change in the pull
132 MOONGA TE
Figure 4
A CROSS SECTION OF THE EARTH
The region where a compass would indicate 90° and produce the illusion of being at the North Pole
of gravity in passing from the outer to the inner surface.

However, the curvature of the Earth would seem much greater.
It follows that at a certain distance between the Earth's outer
and inner surfaces gravity would be nullified. Objects or matter
in this region of the Earth's shell would be weightless with no
greater tendency to fall toward the outer than the inner
surface. From a practical standpoint, a planet designed like
this represents a feat of engineering genius. It produces a much
larger surface area without using nearly as much mass as a
solid planet would. In fact, the mass of the hollow Earth,
assuming that the entire Earth has the density of its crust,
would be less than one-fourth of the mass predicted by
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation.
The inferences about the Moon's mass are just as startling.
Since the center of mass between the Earth and Moon is still
reasonably accurate, the Earth's mass would be 81.56 times
the Moon's. This implies that the Moon would also have less
than one-fourth of the mass originally attributed to it.
Assuming that its average density is the same as its crust, it
would have a shell only 95 miles thick! This would cause it to
ring like a bell with little provocation as the Apollo seismic
experiments demonstrated. If the Earth and Moon have the
same percentage of caverns in their crusts, the above
thicknesses given for the two planets may be reasonable.
In the above calculation, it was assumed that the entire shell
thickness of each body had the same density as its crust. It
seems more reasonable that the Earth and Moon would have
nearly the same overall density. If this is assumed, the
corresponding lunar shell thickness would be 120 miles. In
either case, if the Earth has a shell 800 miles thick, the Moon
would have one seven to
134 MOONGATE
eight times thinner. Therefore, planets may be relatively

fragile structures. This suggests the terrifying possibility that
superweapons could reduce a planet to rubble!
The evidence is practically overwhelming that Earth
continents are drifting apart. At present, the theory of
continental drift is widely accepted by orthodox science.
However, without a hot, molten core, there seems to be no
explanation as to why continents would drift apart. A new
look at the phenomenon must consider the nature of gravity
and the tremendous compressional and tensional forces
generated in the Earth's shell which cause fractures and the
sliding and folding of strata over each other. Continental drift
might indicate that the Earth is slowly expanding over aeons
of time. Extensive evidence for this contention is provided by
the well-known scientist Pascual Jordan in The Expanding
Earth, written in 1971. However, Jordan did not explain how
a solid planet could expand to more than double its original
diameter and still remain a solid sphere. If the Earth's original
diameter doubled, its mass or volume would have to increase
by a factor of eight. Since the Earth has only a limited
amount of mass, it could not double in diameter without
caverns or a hollow condition being generated to compensate
for the growth in the volume. When the diameter doubles, the
volume increases eight times; therefore, the present Earth
would have a solid shell only 170 miles thick if it started out
as a solid sphere 3,960 miles in diameter. It seems that a
hollow, spherical Earth could not expand indefinitely without
major depressions or openings being created. These would
probably occur in the shell near the axis of rotation at
approximate antipodes. This could explain why depressions
or openings into the Earth's interior might exist near the
poles.
There seems to be a simple explanation why the Earth may

be expanding. As a simple example, when water in a glass is
twirled around, it tends to be thrown outward from the center
forming a void or vortex in the middle. The Earth is also
made of material which will stretch and deform under similar
circumstances. Objects on the equator spin at 1,000 miles per
hour due to the Earth's daily rotation. Over aeons of time, the
Earth might slowly stretch and expand due to this force.
Consequently, it would form a hollow sphere, even if it
started out as a solid ball. The gradual expansion would cause
continents to drift away from each other.
Volcanoes have been explained by scientists using the hot,
molten interior idea. However, it seems probable that the
same forces and energies responsible for gravity and
continental drift are involved in the generation of molten lava
at pressure points in the Earth. A molten interior does not
seem necessary to explain Earth phenomena such as
volcanoes and continental drift.
Additional evidence for the existence of polar depressions
or openings is provided by the Earth's magnetic field in these
regions. Science has never explained why the magnetic poles
are so far away from the geometric poles. The north magnetic
pole is supposed to be located at about 76° north latitude,
100° west longitude; while the south magnetic pole is at
about 66° south latitude, 139° east longitude, at the present
time. Magnetic poles are thought of as points where the
magnetic inclination, or the angle at which a compass needle
points downward, is 90°. These magnetic poles would
coincide with the geographic poles if orthodox beliefs about
the shape and structure of the Earth were correct.
The existence of magnetic poles is probably misleading
since they actually seem to be broad areas around a
136 MOONGATE
closed curve where the magnetic inclination is almost 90°.

The south magnetic pole has supposedly shifted from 72°
south latitude, 155° east longitude, where its location was
first determined by Shackleton in 1909, to its present location
at 66° south latitude, 139° east longitude. However, it is
probable that there has been no radical shift in the magnetic
pole at all in this time period. It seems more likely that the
90° inclination has been measured at a number of places
coinciding with what could be areas near the southern
depression.
Geomagnetic maps show lines of equal magnetic in-
clination centered around the supposed location of the
magnetic poles. Significantly, an inspection of the previously
shown ATS III Earth photo indicates that the location of the
northern depression may correspond to the approximate
location of the north magnetic pole shown on geomagnetic
maps. It appears that the assigned location of the north
magnetic pole may have been derived by averaging the
various measurements made near the edge of this northern
depression. It is also important to note that auroras are nearly
concentric with the lines of equal magnetic inclination. The
greatest auroral displays are not centered around the
geographic poles but around the magnetic poles.
In the October 1947 issue of National Geographic, an
article written by the late Admiral Byrd entitled "Our Navy
Explores Antarctica" mentioned the warm winds coming
from the vicinity of the Balleny Islands.2 The Balleny Islands
are near the curve of equal magnetic inclination where the
inclination is close to 90°. From the location of the south
magnetic pole, it follows that the southern depression would
have to be located approximately 1,000 miles from the
geographic pole. The warm winds Byrd spoke of may have
been air currents coming
from this interior region, assuming it is that warm. Byrd also

discussed a number of ice-free areas found with fresh water
lakes amidst brown, barren rock hills. One area near the
Queen Mary Coast of Wilkes Land was entirely free of ice
over at least 300 square miles! Red, blue, and green algae
were found in the lakes with warmer water than the Antarctic
ocean. According to the article, no evidence was found of
volcanic or hot spring activity; therefore, the warm areas
were attributed to prevailing winds or solar heating during
the summer months which kept the region free of snow and
ice. The origin of the warm winds occurring in localized
areas was not discussed.
Long before Admiral Byrd began his Arctic and Antarctic
expeditions, explorers encountered baffling phenomena in
their attempts to reach the North Pole. William Reed wrote a
book in 1906 about their experiences entitled The Phantom of
the Poles. It was found that many birds in the higher latitudes
had a tendency to migrate north instead of south and that
warm winds were often experienced by Arctic explorers.
However, it seems that most of the later Arctic explorers had
not read his or other books on the hollow Earth. These con-
tentions about the Earth were not taken seriously because the
ideas were in conflict with the foundations of basic physics.
Evidence that North Polar explorers were going into a
sharply curving depression in their attempts to reach the pole
is provided by their rate of travel. Frederick Cook claimed
that he reached the pole on April 21, 1908 and Robert Peary
claimed that he reached it on April 6, 1909. Each asserted
that the other never reached it, but discrepancies surrounded
both explorers. Cook had no legitimate witnesses and neither
did Peary. Cook was
138 MOONGATE
doubted when he claimed to have made 15 miles a day, yet

Peary allegedly made over 20 miles a day. After Peary neared
the 88th parallel, he made 25 miles the first day, 20 on the
second, 20 on the third, 25 on the fourth, and 40 miles on the
fifth day. The conditions of travel were supposedly more
difficult than those farther south where Peary averaged only
20 miles a day. In fact, even Peary made statements about the
difficulties in maintaining walking speed with a dogsled due
to adverse conditions.
It is unreasonable to believe that Peary could have traveled
270 miles from 87 ° 47' north to the pole and back in seven
days. After he had been given credit for the discovery, a
Congressional investigation later decided that his
achievement was "not proven". The reason Peary and Cook
seem to have covered such phenomenal distances is
understandable if the curvature of the North Polar region is
considered. Position checks with respect to the stars and Sun
would tell them they had traveled much farther than they
actually had if they still believed they were traveling on the
surface with a radius of curvature of 4,000 miles. Other
explorers noted that the horizon seemed to change more
rapidly than they expected. For example, in The Phantom of
the Poles, Reed quoted the explorer Greely concerning this
phenomenon as follows:
As we neared each projecting spur of the high headlands,
our eagerness to see what was beyond became so intense at
times as to be painful. Each point reached, and a new
landscape in sight, we found our pleasure not unalloyed,
for ever in advance was yet a point which cut off a portion
of the horizon and caused a certain disappointment.3
Explorers also noted what they termed the "water-
sky" which was an exact reflection in the sky of what was

ahead of them on the surface. They merely observed the sky
and used it as a map to plan their course of travel. This
strange condition could probably only occur if the Earth
curved rather sharply; otherwise, the reflecting water vapor in
the sky would be too far away to enable explorers to see the
reflection.
Nansen was one of the early explorers who evidently traveled
a considerable distance into the northern depression. At
one point in his voyage, Nansen sailed north continuously for
15 days and should have gone over 1,200 miles past the pole.
At that position, only one star was seen and for a period of
time it remained straight overhead. Perhaps Nansen and his
group were far enough inside to shut out the view of most of
the other stars. In Farthest North, Nansen stated the
following about it:
The sun had long since gone down behind the sea and the
dreamy evening sky was yellow and gold. . . . Only one
star was to be seen. It stood straight above Cape
Chelyuskin, shining clearly and sadly in the pale sky. As
we sailed on and got the cape more to the east of us, the
star went with it; it was always there, straight above. I
could not help sitting watching it. . . . Many a thought it
brought to me, as the Fram toiled on through the
melancholy night, past the northernmost point of the old
world.4
Throughout much of his extensive voyage in the North Polar
region, Nansen continually found himself confused and
essentially lost. He stated:
It became more and more of a riddle to me that we did not
make greater progress northwards. I kept on calculating
and adding up our marches as we went along, but always
with the same result; that is to say,
140 MOONGATE
provided only the ice were still, we must be far above the
86th parallel.5 The explorers later encountered muddy, warm
water with much less salt which Nansen thought came from
the Lena River in Siberia. However, they were still heading
in a northwesterly direction. They sailed north in clear water
at a good speed but were no nearer the pole than they were
two weeks before. Upon hauling up water to wash the deck,
Nansen noticed that it was sparkling with phosphorescence
and Crustacea were caught which looked like glowing
embers. Nansen described one incident as follows:
. . . small Crustacea and other small animals shining with
such a strong phosphorescence that the contents of the net
looked like glowing embers as I emptied them out in the
cook's galley by lamplight.6 The Nansen expedition also
encountered great quantities of dust which constantly
blanketed the deck of their ship. Reed concluded that it came
from volcanoes in the Earth's interior because it was found to
be made of carbon and iron. In addition, the Fram constantly
sailed against a current running south which baffled the crew
because they expected a north-going current. Nansen
commented on the incredible warmth experienced in the
middle of December north of the 81 st parallel and even
found a warm-blooded animal at the 85th parallel. These
findings seem to suggest that Nansen traveled into an area
which should not exist in the North Polar region if the
conventional theory about the Earth's shape is correct. As a
result of his experiences, Nansen was convinced that the
North Pole was located inside a very deep, ice-free basin or
depression.
Other North Polar explorers observed similar
phenomena which made no sense to them. Greely was
Satellite Photos and Bizarre Earth Fir dings 141
confused when two of his men found a large, coniferous tree

on a northern beach shore bordering the Arctic Ocean.
Driftwood was seen all over. Reed concluded that this wood
is washed into the Arctic Ocean from rivers flowing out of
the Earth's interior.
Icebergs present another enigma if the ocean waters
farthest north are clear of ice. One conclusion is that open
water extends far enough into the interior of the Earth to
escape the extensive cold experienced near the edge. Reed
contended that North Polar icebergs were also the result of
rivers flowing out of the interior. When these rivers reach the
cold regions near the outer surface, they freeze and form
icebergs. During the summer months, the bergs are thawed
loose and washed into the ocean.
The modern polar expeditions of Admiral Byrd were
military operations on a grand scale and a great deal of effort
went into them. Byrd had essentially unlimited financing and
modern technology to aid him. Airplanes could cover great
distances in short periods of time, avoiding the difficult
conditions experienced by earlier explorers. Dr. Raymond
Bernard wrote a book entitled The Hollow Earth, published
in 1969. In it, he quoted Ray Palmer, the late editor of Flying
Saucers, as follows:
Admiral Byrd's two flights over both Poles prove that
there is a 'strangeness' about the shape of the Earth in both
polar areas. Byrd flew to the North Pole, but did not stop
there and turn back, but went for 1,700 miles beyond it,
and then retraced his course to his Arctic base (due to his
gasoline supply running low). As progress was made
beyond the Pole point, iceless land and lakes, mountains
covered with trees, and even a monstrous animal,
resembling the mam-
142 MOONGATE
moth of antiquity, was seen moving through the

underbrush; and all this was reported via radio by the
plane occupants. For almost all of the 1,700 miles, the
plane flew over land, mountains, trees, lakes and rivers.7
If the above account is true, then Admiral Byrd and those
accompanying him explored a lot more than the public was
ever told about.
It is possible that the Navy explored some of the interior
world during their 1958 expedition under the "ice" to reach
the "North Pole." For some mysterious reason, the mission
was classified top secret and the public was not told anything
about it until after the Nautilus submarine surfaced off the
coast of Iceland on its return trip.
Additional information also points to the existence of these
polar depressions. For example, in 1960 a picture was
published in a Toronto newspaper, The Globe and Mail,
which was taken by an aviator in the Arctic region showing a
green valley containing rolling hills.8 The Russians were
evidently aware of the polar situation because all of their
Sputnik satellites and manned space shots had orbits which
missed the poles by a considerable distance. Finally, rumors
have persisted that a number of early transpolar satellites
mysteriously vanished over the North Polar region. Naturally,
the gravitational variances would be horrendous, even if the
satellites were thousands of miles above the Earth. At an
orbital altitude of 100 miles, satellites might travel into the
depression or crash on one side of it.
In summarizing this chapter, evidence for a hollow Earth
with North and South Polar depressions or openings was
presented. Satellite pictures were referenced of what appears
to be a large North Polar depression or
opening; however, pictures of a southern depression could

not be located. In fact, good polar photographs of any kind
are difficult to obtain. The North Polar photographs located
by the author were always taken by satellites or other
spacecraft in orbits near the equatorial plane which do not
provide close-up detail. The accounts of explorers over the
last 100 years provided additional evidence of the North
Polar depression. NASA lunar seismic experiments provide
evidence that the Moon may be hollow with a relatively thin
shell. This in turn requires the Earth to be hollow as seismic
disturbances and certain satellite pictures of the North Polar
region may indicate. Even the geomagnetic evidence seems
supportive. Finally, evidence presented in this chapter
supports the original contention of a high lunar gravity and
substantial atmosphere. However, polar openings or
depressions may not exist since the evidence for them
acquired thus far is still not conclusive. If they do not exist,
then there are many enigmas which have not been explained
by orthodox science. It is again appropriate to emphasize that
the existence of the Moon's high gravity and substantial
atmosphere does not depend upon polar openings or
depressions. Other evidence presented stands on its own in
support of the contention of the NASA-military cover-up
regarding the true nature of the Moon.
C H A P T E R 10
EVIDENCE OF
EXTRATERRESTRIAL
INTERFERENCE IN THE
SPACE PROGRAM
The UFO subject has been abused by many writers who
produce books about UFOs with seemingly little thought or
hard analysis. Hopefully, information contained in the
remainder of this book will help explain certain aspects of the
UFO enigma in a more logical manner. This requires a better
understanding of how the universe functions and man's
position in it. Every phenomenon must have a rational basis,
regardless of how bizarre it may seem to be. In every case,
the law of cause and effect must hold. If NASA fabricated
information, it will show up as a fabrication when it
contradicts other valid occurrences. The sum total of all
phenomena must boil down to the real picture of what
happened.
Logic dictates that if UFOs occupied by intelligent beings
are close by, they must have a purpose in being here. If these
beings are around, actions taken by Earth people will
probably be closely monitored by them. The human beings
who live on the outer surface of the Earth have an extremely
bad reputation for being killers. Historians can rationalize the
wars based on this or that reason; however, from the
standpoint of advanced civilizations which are not part of the
outer Earth world, the Earth's history would be appalling.
How could UFO occupants trust Earth nations to be
benevolent when
145
146 MOONGATE
these nations have such war-filled histories and are

developing weapons which are more and more powerful?
A great deal of information exists about Earth people who
claim to have been contacted by "space" people. Many of
these contactees have allegedly been told that the Earth is
being carefully monitored. The primary reason given for the
monitoring is so that they will be able to quickly curtail a
nuclear war should it begin. If this is true, then missiles and
spacecraft would be closely observed to ensure that they
carried no nuclear warheads and did no damage to the Earth
or Moon. Therefore, if UFO encounters or sightings were
made by the astronauts, it should come as no surprise. This
would be especially true during the Apollo missions if these
people are stationed on the Moon. The present discussion will
focus on the evidence of extraterrestrials inadvertently
supplied by NASA and other lunar observers. Contactee
encounters will be discussed in the next chapter.
Centuries ago, lunar observers noted transient phenomena
which could not be easily attributed to natural causes. For
example, small dome-like upswellings have appeared and
disappeared on the Moon. In 1788, the astronomer Schroeter
attributed these domes to the industrial activities of the
Selenite (Moon) people.1 Naturally, he was not taken
seriously. However, over 200 of these white, circular domes
have been observed and catalogued in current times.2 These
hemispheres have varied in diameter between an eighth and a
quarter of a mile, with an average of one-quarter; and
between 20 and 30 of them of similar size were seen
clustered on the floor of Tycho Crater.3 These particular
domes cannot be attributed solely to rounded hills or volcanic
up-
Evidence of Extraterrestrial Interference 147
swellings. Their unpredictable appearance and disappearance

indicates that they are intelligently created and movable
structures.
Schroeter saw a shadow in the lunar Alps in 1788.4 At first
he saw a light, but after the region had been illuminated, a
round shadow appeared where the light had been. Since the
shadow was round, the object which produced it was
detached and above the lunar surface. After 15 minutes, it
supposedly disappeared. It is possible that Schroeter saw a
large aerial object which provided the illumination to create
its own shadow. Many bright, round spots have also been
sighted inside craters such as Plato and the Sea of Crisis.
They frequently appear dome-like and change their
brightness from night to night.5
George Leonard supplied photographic evidence that the
Moon is being worked with massive machines in his book,
Somebody Else Is on the Moon. He suggested that damage
done to the Moon's surface at one time is slowly being
repaired. He claims to have photographic evidence which
shows craters being worked on and perhaps mined. It is now
known that the Moon is rich in valuable elements which
could be used for many purposes.
The evidence of extraterrestrial monitoring of the space
program apparently began with the Mercury missions and
continued through Apollo 17. During Cooper's fourth orbit
over Hawaii in 1963, he heard a weird voice transmission in
an unintelligible language. The tapes were later analyzed and
it was determined that the sounds were not those of any
known foreign language on the Earth.6 On the final orbit near
Australia, he sighted a UFO from the space capsule.7 It was
also
148 MOONGATE
allegedly seen by over 200 people at the tracking station.8

Supposedly one or more UFOs were seen on each of the
12 Gemini missions. After the 1966 Gemini 9 mission was
scrubbed due to interference with the radio hookup, NASA
released a statement on television that UFOs or unknowns
had been seen by astronauts on several occasions.9
White and McDivitt saw and photographed an egg-shaped,
glowing, silvery object which moved above and below them.
Five frames with a movie camera were taken as it flew by,
and the film shows an egg-shaped object with a fan-like glow
and a long tail of light. The Mission Control report stated that
Command Pilot Jim McDivitt reported seeing another object
in space which appeared to have big arms sticking out. The
report also indicated that he took some motion pictures of the
object, but had difficulty because of the Sun.10
It is significant that Gemini 7 encountered a UFO and
many little particles traveling by the space capsule. The
silvery UFO was not the rocket booster because it was seen
in addition to the UFO." NASA commonly attributed the
particles observed in other missions to urine droplets or paint
fragments peeling off the spacecraft.
John Glenn was the first astronaut to discover the
"fireflies" which were observed quite frequently throughout
the space program. After he had moved out of the night side
of his first orbit, he glanced back through the window and
thought that the spacecraft had tumbled because he saw
"stars." Glenn soon realized that the spacecraft had not
tumbled and that he was surrounded by yellowish-green,
luminous particles which looked like "fireflies." They
appeared to vary in size between a pinhead and three-eights
of an inch and were
eight to ten feet apart, evenly distributed through the space

around the capsule. Each time the Sun came up, he observed
these particles for about four minutes. Glenn stated the
following about them:
During the third sunrise I turned the spacecraft around and
faced forward to see if I could determine where the particles
were coming from. Facing forwards I could see only about
ten percent as many particles as I had when my back was to
the sun. Still, they seemed to be coming toward me from
some distance so that they appeared not to be coming from
the spacecraft. Just what these particles are is still subject to
debate and awaits further clarification.12 In spite of
Glenn's clear statement that these particles did not come from
the spacecraft, orthodox authorities attributed them to flakes
of material coming off the capsule.
Although more UFO sightings could be referenced in-
volving the Gemini missions, the most valuable information
came from the Apollo flights. In going around the Moon,
Apollo 8 astronauts supposedly sighted a "disc-shaped"
object, experienced a "blinding light", and heard "intolerably
high-frequency noises" from their radio.13 Later, they sighted
the object again with more of the brilliant light and
experienced "a wave of internal heat within the space
capsule."14 The spacecraft supposedly began to "pitch and
yaw" before control was regained.15 It is also significant that
when the astronauts came around the eastern edge of the
Moon, all the water in a radiator in the spacecraft's cooling
system had evaporated and had to be replenished!16
According to official accounts, Apollo 10 had a close call
when Cernan and Stafford descended to within 50,000 feet of
the lunar surface to inspect the Apollo 11
150 MOONGATE
landing site. It seems that after the descent stage was jet-
tisoned, the upper stage went into a wild spin, pitching up
and down. Something caused the gyro-guidance system to go
out of control, and to steady the ship, Stafford took over the
hand controls. Supposedly, a control switch had been left in
the wrong position by technicians and was not spotted by
Stafford. However, official accounts do not mention that a
UFO rose vertically from below and that it was
photographed.17
The first Apollo 11 UFO encounter occurred one day into
the flight. The astronauts sighted an unknown which
appeared between them and the Moon which might have
been the booster rocket. In the debriefing, Aldrin stated that
they recalled having trouble with the high gain at about the
same time as the sighting. Collins mentioned that they felt a
bump and Armstrong indicated that Collins thought the
MESA (Modularized Equipment Stowage Assembly) had
come off. Aldrin then recalled seeing all sorts of little objects
going by prior to seeing the brighter object which had an L-
shape to it. Armstrong described it as an open suitcase and
Aldrin later stated that they saw what appeared to be a
cylinder. Armstrong compared it to two connected rings, but
Aldrin disagreed and described it as a hollow cylinder.
Collins re-entered the conversation and asserted that it looked
like a hollow cylinder which was tumbling, but would change
to an open-book shape.18
There are some significant items of information in the
above conversation. First of all, Aldrin stated that they were
having a problem with the high gain about the time of the
sighting. Collins mentioned that they felt a bump, but then
decided against this idea after Armstrong commented on the
MESA package. As the dialogue progressed, the astronauts
began talking about the shape of
the object. It seems that these three, trained observers could

not or would not agree on what they saw. Each man seemed
to have a picture of what it was, yet after Collins explicitly
described it as a cylinder, Aldrin stated that it was not a
cylinder. Armstrong said that it looked like two connected
rings.
When Apollo 11 was near the Moon, weird radio noises
were heard which sounded like fire engines, sirens, buzz-
saws, and train whistles. Mission Control supposedly asked if
someone else was up there with them. These signals or noises
came from outside the spacecraft and also allegedly persisted
intermittently throughout the first few days of the flight.19
According to one undisclosed source, after Armstrong and
Aldrin landed on the Moon, immense UFOs lined up on the
far side of the crater and monitored the astronauts.20 Another
reference to this event appeared in the National Enquirer,
September 11, 1979.21 In the story, a former consultant to
NASA claims that the event occurred but was covered up.
According to the article, the encounter was common
knowledge in NASA.
The reader is reminded that some of this information is
limited and perhaps questionable concerning the subject
matter of NASA UFO sightings. If the accounts were
evaluated solely on their own, the case would not be totally
proven by any means. However, in conjunction with all of the
evidence which remains, and all that has been presented prior
to this, the incidents are more believable.
Apollo 12 nearly experienced a complete electrical
shutdown shortly after take-off. The ship appeared to be hit
by bolts of lightning 36 1/2 and 52 seconds after launch; but
since there was no thunderstorm in the area, the event had to
be explained from another standpoint.
152 MOONGATE
Some people speculated that the rocket created an electrical

conductor to ground from the ionized exhaust and that
lightning discharged through the ship. However, one source
claims that observatories in Europe reported two unknown
objects in the craft's vicinity as it headed toward the Moon.22
One object appeared to be following Apollo 12 and the other
was ahead of it. Both were blinking on and off rapidly. The
following day the astronauts reported two UFOs or bogeys
about 132,000 miles out, and during their conversation with
Mission Control, one of the objects flew off at high speed.23.
As Apollo 12 approached the Moon, strange sounds were
allegedly received by Ground Control which did not come
from the space capsule but from elsewhere. The noise was
also supposedly heard by the astronauts and was described as
static, whistles, and a constant beeping sound.24
The subject of fireflies has been mentioned several times.
When the Apollo 16 astronauts were coasting toward the
Moon, they entered a region of space swarming with these
particles. However, NASA insists that they were flakes of
paint which was applied to keep the craft from overheating in
the Sun. But again, accompanying this occurrence, Mattingly
reported that problems had arisen with the guidance and
navigation systems. There was no attitude indication and the
gimbal platform had locked. A manual realignment became
necessary and the "snowflakes" traveling with the ship
interfered with the star sightings. Typically, no one
determined what happened; they merely suggested that
another "electronic glitch" had occurred. Somehow, electrical
transients were created in the electrical circuitry which
created temporary malfunctions which later disappeared.
Before the Apollo 16 descent,
another bad circuit in the steering system controlling the main

rocket engine occurred. This caused the engine bell to
oscillate sideways.25
It appears that electronic glitches, UFO sightings, and
luminous particles may be related phenomena. An ex-
amination of this relationship provides a great deal of
information about what may have really happened to the
astronauts. John Glenn saw luminous particles for about four
minutes during every orbit when coming into the Sun. He
clearly stated that they came toward the capsule from a
distance. Glenn may have been observing the disintegration
of certain particles which are emitted continuously by the
Sun. Accumulated evidence indicates that they fill the space
between planets and galaxies, and that their constituent
particles probably consist of photons of light. When these
particles disintegrate, photons are released. The nature of
these particles may be intimately connected with the energies
used to propel the UFOs which were allegedly seen by some
of the astronauts. When UFOs came in close proximity to the
NASA spacecraft, the concentration of these "firefly"
particles may have increased tremendously. The particles
seem to carry an electrical charge and penetrate readily
through the material of a spacecraft. If they disintegrate when
interacting with matter and other particles in space, the
astronauts would see them inside and outside their ships. The
effect of these particles on the spacecraft would be to cause
overloading of electrical systems and electronic noise in the
radio communication circuits. Since they may be emitted in
high concentrations by UFOs, objects in the vicinity would
be bathed in them sufficiently to cause the overloads and
short-circuiting. For example, Apollo 10's guidance system
could have been short-circuited by
154 MOONGATE
these particles from an approaching UFO.

The internal heat allegedly experienced by Apollo 8
astronauts could also be the result of these particles. If a UFO
came close to the Apollo 8 capsule, a high concentration of
these particles could have penetrated the ship releasing a
significant amount of heat. The strange radio noises and
erratic ship behavior could also be due to released electrons.
The loss of water from the Apollo 8 radiator might also be
attributed to the energy field since these same penetrating
charged particles would readily cause evaporation. The close
approach of a UFO could have caused the water in the
radiator to rapidly boil off.
When the Apollo 11 astronauts sighted a UFO on their
flight to the Moon, Aldrin indicated in the debriefing that
they had a problem with the high gain. This follows the same
pattern as the other incidents: the UFO energy field evidently
caused radio interference. Collins claimed that they felt a
bump. This could have happened if the ship were given a
high enough concentration of these particles. No mention was
made of the luminous particles in this instance, but they may
have been observed by the astronauts. Since radio noises
were heard intermittently throughout the first few days of the
flight, UFOs may have been close by during much of their
journey.
Apollo 12's electrical problems attributed to lightning may
also have been caused by the UFOs allegedly spotted in their
vicinity. Interestingly, the same radio noises and sounds were
heard as on prior missions. If observatories noted that the
UFOs were blinking on and off rapidly, it would not be
surprising that the astronauts and Mission Control picked up
a constant beeping
sound. They were probably receiving the radio energy

emissions of whatever caused the UFOs to blink.
During Apollo 16's Moon coast, the astronauts entered a
region of space swarming with the "fireflies" or particles just
discussed. NASA's explanation that the paint was flaking off
was probably a continued effort to suppress the truth. If this
paint was supposed to keep the craft from overheating and it
came off early in the flight, it would represent shoddy
engineering or workmanship. Since the same excuse was
given for the fireflies on John Glenn's flight, no improvement
in nearly ten years seems to have been made. The flaking
paint provides a poor explanation for the phenomenon.
NASA did not bother to explain why the paint always seemed
to peel off when UFOs approached and why electronic
glitches and other malfunctions also occurred simultaneously.
At the same time Apollo 16 experienced the "paint" problem,
they had guidance system problems. The energy field was so
intense that it interfered with "star" sightings needed to
realign the ship, so the Sun was used instead. Since electronic
glitches seemed to occur most of the way to the Moon, the
UFO must have been uncomfortably close.
Some of the problems that lunar probes experienced may
have been caused in part by these same energy sources.
Enough puzzling failures occurred that it seems possible that
a number of Moon probes were tampered with. For example,
one incident involved the Apollo 14 seismometer station
which had been operating continuously from February 1971
to March 1975. The radio receiver went out in March 1975
and the transmitter stopped on January 18, 1976. The mystery
occurred when both the radio receiver and transmitter began
working about a month later on February 19, 1976. In
156 MOONGATE
addition, one of the other instruments which had never
operated during the daytime began working perfectly night
and day. Then, one month later the whole station quit
working.26
The evidence that UFO occupants monitored and perhaps
interfered with space program activities is substantial. It
represents another item in a long list of the NASA-military
cover-up. The reader is encouraged to pursue the referenced
material for additional details and encounters not mentioned
here.
In the next chapter, lunar information provided by UFO
contactees will be examined and compared to what has
already been presented. All of the available evidence must be
explored if the truth is to be found.
C H A P T E R 11
CONTACTEES AND MOON

FINDINGS
George Adamski wrote a book with Desmond Leslie in
1953 entitled Flying Saucers Have Landed. It deals with
historical UFO sightings and Adamski's initial experiences as a
UFO contactee. Another book by Adam-ski in 1955, entitled
Inside the Space Ships, covers his subsequent encounters with
UFOs and their occupants. The following account was
summarized from these two books.
Adamski was an amateur astronomer living in Palo-mar
Gardens, California. In 1946, he observed a gigantic spaceship
hovering above a mountain ridge near his home. This
encouraged him to spend a considerable amount of time
watching for them on a regular basis. In August 1947, he and
four other observers counted 184 UFOs moving across the sky
in about an hour's time. As a result of the great number of
sightings which had occurred in this period and Adamski's
reputation, some military people supposedly asked him if he
would attempt to photograph them with his telescope. By
1951, he had successfully taken over 500 UFO photographs
and became quite well-known for his work in the UFO field.
Reports indicated that a number of saucers had been seen
landing in the desert area to the east. In an effort to make
closer contact, he made a number of trips to the desert in 1951
and 1952. It was on November 20, 1952, 10.2 miles from
Desert Center, toward Parker, Arizona, that he first made
contact with a spacecraft and its pilot.
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158 MOONGATE
The craft landed and a man soon appeared, motioning

Adamski to come over. In their conversation, the man
indicated that one of their purposes for being here involved
nuclear bombs and radioactive fallout.
Before sighting this smaller ship, Adamski and his three
companions had seen a much larger, cylindrically-shaped craft.
The space visitor indicated that the smaller ship came from the
larger one. Adamski's three companions were then some
distance away, waiting for him to signal them when he
finished. He had decided that if contact were to be made, it
might be best if only one person were involved, so his friends
waited behind. At this initial meeting, Adamski did not enter
the ship, but was able to carefully observe it from the outside.
In less than an hour after the sighting, the space visitor said
that he had to leave and the craft took off. Adamski then
signaled his companions and they made sketches and castings
of the visitor's strange footprints. They later reported the
incident to the Phoenix Gazette.
On December 13, a small craft hovered above his house
and he proceeded to take photographs of it. It approached
within 100 feet and a film holder which Adamski had given to
the man on the prior visit was dropped from one of the
portholes. When the film was developed, one of the frames
was replaced with a symbolic message.
Adamski was later given a ride in a small craft to a mother
ship which was hovering about 40,000 feet above the surface
of the Earth. It was 150 feet in diameter and 2,000 feet long
according to one of the crew. On board, he saw a picture of a
larger ship which was several miles long, the equivalent of a
traveling city. The mother ship then moved out to a position
50,000 miles from the Earth, and Adamski described what he
Contactees and Moon Findings 159
saw through one of the portholes. He noted that the

background of space was totally dark, yet it appeared that
billions upon billions of fireflies were flickering everywhere.1
They were moving in all directions and were of many colors,
like a gigantic celestial fireworks display.
According to the space guide, the ship utilized the power
of nature referred to as electromagnetic and had excess power
at all times.2 Some of the excess energy dissipated through its
skin into space for short distances at times, but up to many
miles on other occasions. The energy field acted as a shield,
repelling particles and space debris with a constant radiating
force. After a great deal of discussion, Adamski was returned
to his house in the small "Scout" ship.
Two months later, Adamski was again contacted and taken
to a different mother ship which was used as a laboratory for
scientific analysis. These people explained to him that many
of the smaller unmanned craft were used to collect data for
their studies. Atmospheric samples were constantly collected
and monitored for dangerous radioactive substances
indicative of nuclear bomb testing. Adamski described one of
the tests involving visual images of dust or space debris.3 He
observed the constant swirling activity of tiny particles of
matter on a screen. Fine matter would appear to condense
into a solid body at times, and then disappear, reverting to a
nearly invisible state. The formations would occasionally
become so rarefied that they seemed to be transmuted into
pure gases. With the formation of particle bodies, certain
quantities of energy would take visible, solid form, and then
immediately dissipate in an explosion or disintegration that
was visible on the screen. Another group of instruments
recorded the in-
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tensity and composition. The cycle of formation and

disintegration was ceaseless, involving energy and matter
reacting with other space particles. Adamski noted that when
the energy gathered into a sheet-like formation or a cloud-like
body, it disturbed everything near it in space. He believed that
he was observing the force that permeated all space, and from
which planets and galaxies are formed, as well as the force
supporting and sustaining life and activity in the universe. The
guide indicated that the same power propelled their ships
through space.
During this particular visit, the craft moved closer to the
Moon and Adamski's guide informed him that the Moon had
air as indicated by their instruments.4 He told Adamski that air is
not normally an obstruction to viewing another body as is
claimed on Earth. He also mentioned the moving shadows of
clouds which have been seen by Earth scientists on occasion. In
addition, he said that the side of the Moon facing the Earth has
clouds which are rarely heavy; however, the instruments in-
dicated much heavier cloud activity, similar to Earth's, in the
temperate zone just beyond the rim. He compared the near lunar
side to the Earth's deserts, and mentioned that the temperature
is not as hot as Earth scientists believe. He also stated that
there is a strip of land around the center of the Moon which
supports vegetation, trees, animals, and humans.
Adamski then described what he saw when looking through
the ship's telescopic instrument.5 He was amazed to discover
how wrong Earth people were in their ideas about the Moon.
Many of the craters turned out to be large valleys surrounded
by mountains, and he stated that he could see definite
indications that water
must have existed on the near side at one time. His guide told
him that there is still plenty of water on the opposite side and
much hidden deep within the mountains on the near side. He
also pointed out ancient waterlines on the flanks of mountains
surrounding the craters and Adamski noticed deep ruts
through the ground which must have been made by a heavy
runoff of water. Adamski even saw vegetation and described
the surface as fine and powdery, while other areas consisted
of larger particles like coarse sand or fine gravel. As he
watched, a small, four-legged, furry animal ran across the
area he was observing.
On August 23, 1954, Adamski was taken on another trip to
the Moon. He was shown large hangars in the bottoms of
craters which were made to house large spaceships and was
told that Moon visitors had to go through a depressurization
process to acclimatize them to the atmosphere. It seems that
this was necessary to keep them from experiencing the
discomfort associated with high elevations and
correspondingly lower air pressures.
When they reached the far side, the guide pointed out
snow-covered mountains with heavy timber on the lower
slopes.6 They also observed mountain lakes and rivers which
emptied into a large body of water. A number of
communities were seen in the valleys and on mountain slopes
as well as a fair-sized city. His guide indicated that hangars
(domes) were constructed near the cities for convenience in
landing with supplies which are brought in to exchange for
certain Moon minerals.
The reader is reminded that Adamski's experiences
occurred 15 years before men first landed on the Moon.
Adamski's incredible observations will be appraised after
those of another contactee are presented.
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Howard Menger wrote From Outer Space to You in 1959.

His experiences are just as shocking as Adamski's. In August
1956, he was taken to the Moon and observed dome-shaped
buildings and a craft making a landing near one. On the next
trip in September, the ship actually landed and he was
allowed to take certain pictures. Each of the three pictures
appearing in his book shows a bright, illuminated, lunar sky.
Two of the pictures show the white, hemispherical domes
which have been referred to previously.
Menger described the dome-shaped building as 150 feet in
diameter and 50 feet high, made of translucent material. The
dome rested on a pedestal made of a solid white substance.
After leaving the spaceship which had entered the dome,
Menger and the other Earth visitors were led to a train-like
vehicle with plastic domes over each coach. The vehicle had
no wheels and was suspended about a foot above a copper
highway. They were soon gliding noiselessly, visiting
building after building. Other landmarks and points of
interest were the mountains, valleys, and underground
installations. In a section of the Moon near the far side,
Menger saw terrain which reminded him of the Valley of Fire
in Nevada. At that point, the guide permitted the visitors to
stick their heads outside for a moment. The heat was like a
blast furnace and Menger stated, "I was certain no one could
have lived outside very long . . ."7
Menger observed wind funnels forming on the ground,
drawing dust into tiny whirlwinds. The sky had a yellowish
color and the mountains jutted into a saffron-colored sky. He
described the ground as yellowish-white, powdery sand with
stones, boulders, and minute plant life here and there. There
were other visitors from Earth, including Russians, Japanese,
and Germans.
The experiences and observations of these UFO contactees

will now be examined in light of the other evidence. On
Adamski's initial trip to the mother ship, he observed space
through a porthole when they were 50,000 miles above the
Earth. He noted that the background of space was totally
dark. This implies that stars are not visible above the
atmosphere with the naked eye as suggested in Chapter 7.
Adamski also observed the firefly phenomenon and
described it in the same manner as John Glenn did. How
could Adamski have possibly discovered this in the early
1950's if his story about the trip were not true? It is important
to note that the "paint flake" explanation for the firefly effect
in space is probably a NASA fabrication. UFOs would not
use paint as a shield from space debris or heat. The intensity
of the firefly effect observed by Adamski may have been
much greater than any seen by the astronauts. This would be
expected if he were looking at space through the intense
energy field of the spaceship.
The guide then explained the nature of the ship's pro-
pulsion source in terms that Adamski could understand. He
stated that the ship's energy was radiated into space for short
distances at times, but up to several miles on other occasions.
This explains why the astronauts would observe the firefly
effect if they were closely followed or approached by UFOs.
The UFO energy field would also account for the radio
interference and other electronic glitches which occurred on
some of the NASA space vehicles.
On his second space ride, Adamski observed space dust
being activated by the same energy which powered the ship.
These energy particles seem to carry a negative charge and
may be comprised of photons of light. Since
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space dust has a slight overall positive charge, these

negatively charged particles would be attracted to the dust.
Adamski may have been observing these negative charges
building up on space dust particles until an excess
accumulated. At this point, the dust particles seemed to
explode and disappear because the negatively charged energy
particles rapidly disintegrated. The cycle would then repeat
itself. Similar phenomena were noted to a lesser extent in the
Earth's atmosphere by the scientist Wilhelm Reich who
called the particles orgone energy.
As the ship approached the Moon, the guide explained that
the instruments were registering the Moon's atmosphere. He
also explained that air is not normally an obstruction in
viewing another body. This contention was presented in
Chapter 7. The space guide then described the shadows of
clouds which had been seen by Earth astronomers in lunar
valleys and craters. He explained that they are rarely dense,
but that in the temperate zone can become more so. In
addition, he claimed that the temperature extremes are not as
high as that predicted by Earth scientists, and that a strip of
habitable land exists with vegetation, trees, animals, and
people.
Adamski then looked for himself and described things
which seemingly could not have been known before the space
program unless his trip actually took place. He observed
ancient watermarks on mountains and craters which were
later discovered by the Apollo astronauts. In addition, he
described deep ruts in the ground and was convinced that
only a heavy runoff of water in times past could have caused
them. This same conclusion was derived independently in
Chapter 8 based upon the evidence supplied by NASA.
Further-
more, Adamski stated that some of the surface appeared fine

and powdery while other areas consisted of coarse sand and
fine gravel. This sounds like Neil Armstrong's description of
the lunar surface in the Sea of Tranquility. Adamski also saw
sparse vegetation and a furry, four-legged animal running
across his field of vision.
On the trip to the far side in August 1954, he was shown
hangars which were used for housing large spaceships. He
was also told that visitors went through a de-pressurization
process. This would be expected in the higher elevations of
the Moon where the air pressure would be substantially lower
than in the ocean basins.
The guide pointed out snow on the peaks of the higher
mountains on the far side of the Moon, as well as timber,
lakes, rivers, and a large body of water. Adamski saw
communities of varying sizes in valleys and on mountain
slopes. A populated city came into view with people,
buildings, and so on. There were hangars for landing and the
guide explained that they exchanged supplies for certain
minerals processed by the Moon inhabitants. NASA
determined that the Moon is rich in many exotic metals. In
addition, George Leonard provided evidence from NASA
photographs that the Moon is being worked and mined. It
seems that George Adamski somehow knew far more about
the Moon than could ever have been observed through the
most powerful telescopes on Earth. His books were written in
the early and mid-1950's, and the Russians had not even put a
satellite in orbit around the Earth at that time. His
observations provide powerful evidence that he was telling
the truth!
Howard Menger's alleged experiences are just as revealing.
His photographs and experiences suggest that
166 MOONGATE
the Moon has a breathable, dense atmosphere. The white,

dome-shaped building he photographed was probably the
same type of building which Adamski described as a hangar.
He described a vehicle with no wheels suspended above a
copper highway. The copper highway could be indicative of
a type of antigravity based on electricity. Believe it or not,
U.S. patents already exist which may account for the
principle of operation of this lunar vehicle! Some of this
information will be presented in the chapter on gravity.
When Menger reached the terrain which reminded him of
Nevada, he actually claimed to have breathed the lunar
atmosphere. As expected, he held that the heat was extremely
great, but the air pressure was evidently adequate to sustain
life! He also observed wind, a yellow sky overhead, and a
yellowish-orange sky near the horizon. The colors indicate
that the atmosphere at that elevation might be deeper than the
Earth's. As light passes through more atmosphere, it shifts to
longer wavelengths. The yellow sky overhead indicates a
longer wavelength than the blue in Earth skies. Similarly, the
orange hue above the mountains can be attributed to light
which is shifted in wavelength still more as a result of the
increased thickness of the atmosphere when looking through
it toward the horizon. Menger's description of the surface was
similar to Adamski's: a yellowish-white, powdery sand with
stones and miniscule plant life.
The observations of these contactees corroborate the
author's findings using information obtained through space
program activities. These men provided consistent,
noncontradictory information. Most of their findings would
have been difficult to surmise unless they actually visited the
Moon. Since their books were
published over 10 years before Earth men first landed there

officially, their stories are probably true. However, even
without the supportive information supplied by UFO
contactees, the evidence for a substantial lunar gravity and
atmosphere stands on its own.
There are still many unanswered questions, but this is to be
expected. The subject matter presented in this book has been
suppressed to such an extent that the author could not readily
walk down to the newsstand and read-all-about-it.
The next chapter uses the information presented thus far,
plus some additional findings, to reconstruct the history of
the Moon. Its history seems to involve many other planets in
the solar system.
C H A P T E R 12
MALDEK AND THE MOON

Evidence was presented in the chapter on Moon geology
that many of the Moon's craters may not have been caused by
volcanism or meteor impact, nor could they have been
produced by nuclear weapons known to currently exist on
Earth. It seems odd that the lunar maria are relatively devoid
of extensive craters, especially since they cover such a large
percentage of the lunar near side, while the far side has
essentially no maria and is almost completely covered with
craters. This uneven condition does not support a theory of
random meteor bombardment. The cover photo of the Moon
taken by Apollo 17 exemplifies this lack of randomness. The
left half of the Moon is part of the near side, visible from
Earth, while the right half is part of the extensively cratered
far side. The seas or maria appear as dark areas on the left
side.
As mentioned in a prior chapter, the maria are much lower
in elevation than the rest of the Moon. In addition, there is
evidence of what appear to be dried-up riverbeds flowing
through valleys into these maria. All of this evidence
suggests that the maria could have been oceans and seas
before the lunar surface destruction. If they were, then they
would be for the most part uninhabited, and in the event of a
war, there would be no reason to bombard them. This then
suggests that many of the Moon's craters, large and small,
were the result of a war in which incredibly powerful
weapons were aimed at specific, inhabited locations.
169
170 MOONGATE
Craters have also been discovered on Mars, Mercury, and

some of Jupiter's moons. If planets are fragile structures with
relatively thin shells, a nuclear explosion or meteor capable
of producing a crater 100 miles across would probably break
open the shell of a planet the size of the Earth. Therefore, the
Moon might have been reduced to rubble if all of the larger
lunar craters were due to either of these causes. Many
scientists believe that the asteroid belt is the debris of a
planet which exploded. The debris moves in the same orbital
plane as the planets and seems to be the correct distance from
the Sun where a planet should be found. However, the ex-
planation for what would cause the planet to explode still
remains a mystery to orthodox science.
A planet could probably be reduced to rubble by focusing
particle beams of sufficient strength to points deep within its
shell. This would cause internal explosions that could rip the
planet apart. Alternatively, a particle beam could be given a
wide, diffuse pattern which would have minimum
penetration. This might completely obliterate thousands of
square miles of the surface and produce large, relatively
shallow craters. If an interplanetary war occurred which
involved Mercury and Mars, it seems likely that the Earth
would have also been bombarded. Significantly, aerial
photographs have shown remnants of large Moon-like craters
along the eastern seaboard of the United States, in Northern
Canada, and in other parts of the world.
The destruction of the asteroid belt planet, hereafter
referred to as Maldek, might have generated some of the
comets and meteors which are still in existence today. It is
reasonable to conclude that the present asteroid belt
comprises only a fraction of the debris from the explosion.
Pieces of Maldek would have flown off in all
Maldek and the Moon 171
directions. Some would have escaped the pull of the Sun and
the rest would have assumed a wide variety of eccentric
orbits around the Sun in many different planes. Since the
planets and the asteroid belt have the same orbital plane, the
debris would intersect the orbital plane of the planets. This
would pose a continual threat to the safety of every planet in
the solar system.
If an interplanetary war took place within the memory of
man, legends and records of the event might exist on Earth.
Immanuel Velikovsky studied the historical texts, folklore,
archaeological findings, sacred books, and literature of many
cultures in search of evidence of an ancient catastrophe. From
this exhaustive study, he concluded that cataclysmic events
occurred approximately 3,500 and 2,600 years ago. The
results were compiled in his book, Worlds in Collision,
published in 1950.
Velikovsky surmised that Venus almost collided with the
Earth 35 centuries ago. It looked like a comet and produced
great tides that inundated large areas to great elevations. Its
tail produced devastating effects as the Earth passed through
it. During this encounter with Venus, the legends and
accounts state that the Sun stood still for several days when
the Earth stopped rotating. At the end of this period, the Earth
began rotating again in the opposite direction. Prior to this,
the Sun rose in the west and set in the east.
Velikovsky contended that in approximately 700 B.C.,
Mars created widespread damage by nearly colliding with the
Earth. It also approached Venus and this allegedly caused
both of them to move into their present orbits. Velikovsky's
controversial ideas incited the wrath of the entire scientific
community and he was viciously and unscrupulously
ridiculed. Findings of the
172 MOONGATE
space program later tended to corroborate some of the

statements he made. A book entitled Velikovsky Recon-
sidered goes into this in more detail.
Velikovsky also provided evidence from ancient accounts
that the Moon has been an Earth satellite for a relatively short
period of time. The reader is referred to an article written by
Velikovsky entitled "Earth Without a Moon" which appeared
in the book Velikovsky Reconsidered. In it, he cited
references made by Aristotle, Democritus, Anaxagoras,
Apollonius Rhodius, Plutarch, Assyrians, Indians, and even
the Scriptures which mention the time when the Earth was
without a Moon. It was in an early age but still within the
memory of man. Therefore, it seems possible that the Moon
may have appeared in orbit around the Earth after the
destruction of Maldek. Perhaps it was Maldek's moon before
the Maldek catastrophe. If so, it would have been heavily
bombarded, also. Some of the Moon's extensive craters could
have been the result of planetary debris colliding with it, but
the absence of significant cratering in the maria and other
evidence points to the aimed-weapon theory.
After Maldek was destroyed, Venus may have captured a
great cloud of debris that made it look like a comet.
However, it is difficult to explain why Mars would suddenly
change its orbit and assume a new one that intersected the
orbits of Earth and Venus, assuming purely natural causes.
Another possible explanation for the cataclysmic events
which Velikovsky discovered is the near approach of Maldek
fragments to the Earth which may have been mistaken for
Mars and Venus.
If the Moon recently moved into orbit around the Earth,
and if the orbital changes of the Earth, Mars, and Venus
really occurred as Velikovsky suggested, then
the moves almost had to have been intelligently executed.

The Moon displays a number of bizarre orbital characteristics
which cannot be easily explained away by coincidence. It
orbits the Earth at exactly the right distance to make it appear
to have the same diameter as the Sun. This is incredible in
itself, but it is even more amazing that we never see the far
side of the Moon. This is because it orbits the Earth every 28
days or so, and revolves on its own axis in exactly the same
length of time. If these two periods were not the same, the far
side of the Moon would have periodically come into view
over centuries of observation! There is an important benefit
which arises from the Moon's present orbital configuration. If
the Moon rotated on its own axis such that both hemispheres
faced the Earth periodically, the Earth's gravitational pull
would generate devastating tidal forces on any bodies of
lunar surface water. These orbital characteristics suggest that
the Moon's placement in orbit around the Earth may have
been an intelligently engineered project designed to minimize
the Earth's tidal forces on it.
If Maldek were destroyed in a war, sophisticated weapons
and incredible powers were probably available; therefore,
gravity control must have been mastered by the civilizations
involved. To accomplish the incredible planetary moving
feats referred to above, giant spaceships with great levitating
or gravity-inducing beams may have been used. The same
devices could have been used to reverse the rotation of the
Earth.
The orbital changes described in Velikovsky's book could
have suddenly and drastically affected the Earth's geology
and climate. Powerful evidence for these sudden changes is
described in a later book by Velikovsky entitled Earth in
Upheaval. For example, there are in-
174 MOONGATE
dications that areas that were tropical are now frozen

wastelands. Frozen mammoths have been found with tropical
plants in their mouths and stomachs. A six-month old, baby
woolly mammoth was found deep-frozen in Siberia in 1977.1
Scientists at the University of Rochester used a special
technique to carbon date the animal and found that it had
been buried for about 27,000 years. This date is amazingly
close to astronomer Thomas Gold's suggestion presented in
Chapter 8 that a flare-up of the Sun occurred less than 30,000
years ago and lasted for 10 to 100 seconds, scorching the
Moon in the process. All of this might have been caused
directly or indirectly by the destruction of Maldek.
It may be that a multiplicity of cataclysmic events occurred
over a long period of time. Velikovsky's dates of 3,500 and
2,600 years ago seem to be too recent to account for the
destruction of Maldek or for the placement of the Moon in
orbit about the Earth. However, if planetary engineering is
taking place on an as needed basis, perhaps Venus, Mars, and
the Earth were moved at the approximate times Velikovsky
suggested, causing the cataclysmic events he alluded to.
Otherwise, the near approach of large Maldek fragments or
meteors might account for the events. It is possible that a
cataclysmic event took place 27,000 years ago which killed
the woolly mammoth found in 1977. The climate could have
been tropical in Siberia before that event, and similar events
could have taken place 3,500 and 2,600 years ago. However,
it would be expected that the woolly mammoths would have
already been extinct by Velikovsky's dates due to prior
catastrophes.
It seems as though the movie Star Wars had its basis in the
Maldek story. The plot seems similar to the story in the Bible
about the war in heaven involving Lucifer.
Interestingly enough, a particle beam or laser weapon was

used in the movie to destroy a planet. The reader may or may
not be aware that the United States and Russia are presently
developing particle beam and laser weapons. It seems that the
Star Wars plot could be much closer to historical reality than
most viewers would have guessed. Although the Maldek
story has not been constructed with any certainty, enough
evidence exists to strongly suggest that this terrible war
involving the Moon might have actually occurred.
C H A P T E R 13
GRAVITY,
SEARL DISKS, AND
LEVITATING BEAMS
The probable nature of gravity and methods which UFOs
could utilize for propulsion will be discussed in this chapter.
It will be shown that an antigravity device may have been
invented in 1949 which could have been used by NASA and
the military to land men on the Moon. There have been many
discoveries concerning the nature of gravity, but they have
been ignored and suppressed by the world of orthodox
science. Only a brief summary of a few of these discoveries
will be presented.
A radiation theory of gravity was developed in the 1950's
which seems to fit many of the observed facts concerning
gravity; however, it may require modifications as new data
becomes available. That theory will be presented in part in
the following discussion. As explained in Chapter 8, the
fundamental flaw in Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
seems to be the assumption that gravity effects have an
unlimited ability to penetrate through any thickness of matter.
Gravity displays many of the properties of light because
gravity effects seem to be produced by a highly penetrating
radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum. If follows that this
radiation penetrates matter for limited distances before it is
completely dispersed.
A laboratory experiment was conducted by Sir Henry
Cavendish in 1798 to determine the force of attraction
177
178 MOONGATE
between solid metal spheres. This experiment determined the

gravitational constant in Newton's gravitational equation
which was then used to determine the mass of the Earth.
Because of the limited penetrating ability of gravity radiation,
a gross error was made in applying this constant to bodies of
planetary size. One reason small bodies cannot simulate the
gravity conditions in planets is because the attenuation of
gravity radiation cannot occur to any comparable extent in
small bodies. Another reason is a multiplication effect (not
occurring in small bodies) caused by scattering of radiation
into the gravity radiation band from higher frequencies. It is
suggested that the matter of a planet below a certain distance
from the surface will not contribute to the surface gravity in
proportion to its mass because the gravity radiation generated
by the matter will be partially dispersed or attenuated before
reaching the surface. It follows that the mass of a planet cannot
readily be determined without knowledge of the shell
thickness, the percentage of caverns, and the average density
of the shell material. The Moon would need an impossible
mass to conform with the Law of Universal Gravitation
because of its high surface gravity. Evidence has already been
presented that both the Earth and Moon are hollow structures.
Therefore, the mass of the Moon's shell is contributing more
gravity radiation than that predicted by the Cavendish
experiment.
The Sun emits radiation over a fairly wide spectrum, some
of which must penetrate considerable distances into the planets.
A minute percentage of the Sun's radiation must be in the
gravity-inducing frequency band. The gravity radiation band
is probably in the electromagnetic spectrum below the
infrared radiation band. In penetrating large bodies like
planets or the Moon, a
Gravity, Searl Disks, and Levitating Beams 179
significant amount of that penetrating radiation from the Sun

between the infrared and the gravity band may be
transformed or degraded into the lower frequency gravity
radiation after passing through many miles of the bodies'
shells. The transformation or multiplication effect would
occur because of the scattering effects of atoms and
molecules which gradually interact with the radiation and
cause its average frequency to decrease until it degrades into
the gravity band. This explains why bodies below a certain
minimum size will not be able to transform any significant
amount of radiation into gravity radiation. There simply is
not enough matter in them to effect any transformation. This
implies that the spheres used in the Cavendish experiment at-
tracted each other with a smaller force proportionate to their
masses than planets do. Therefore, the gravitational constant
determined from the experiment was too small to predict the
Moon's high surface gravity using Newton's Law of
Universal Gravitation.
As mentioned previously, plumb bobs do not seem to be
pulled out of line by mountains to the extent demanded by
Newtonian Gravitation. This may be because mountains are
not large enough to transform any significant amount of
higher radiation generated inside them into gravity radiation,
and the direct gravity radiation produced inside mountains
may be partially dispersed by overlying masses. Therefore,
the amount of gravity radiation coming from mountains
would be even less than that expected from Newton's Law of
Universal Gravitation.
The force of gravity accelerates every molecule of a small
body almost equally and simultaneously; therefore, a free
falling body experiences essentially no stress. If an intense
gravitational field were used for UFO
180 MOONGATE
propulsion, it would readily account for their ability to make

sudden right angle turns at extremely high velocities. No life
form of appreciable size could withstand the accelerating G-
forces associated with some UFOs unless an extraordinary
means of propulsion were employed. To accomplish these
feats, either the inertial mass of the system, including the
occupants, has to be reduced to nearly zero, or every
molecule needs to be given the same acceleration
simultaneously.
Gravity-inducing radiation generators may be used by
some UFOs for propulsion. It would explain how UFO
contactees have been levitated into ships. However, a
superior propulsion method would be to reduce the inertial
properties of the ship and occupants to nearly zero if it is
possible to do this. Inertia is defined as the ability to resist a
change in velocity or motion. For instance, a large massive
object has more inertia and is harder to move than a small
one. Therefore, a ship with almost zero inertia could be given
tremendous acceleration with a very small force, and the
occupants would experience little, if any, stress. Several
discoveries have been made which indicate that this may be
possible.
A number of independent researchers, including Wil-helm
Reich and Baron Karl von Reichenbach, demonstrated
experimentally that certain types of negatively charged
particles are repelled by a gravitational field. In the late
1800's, the scientist Sir William Crookes designed and
performed rigorous tests on Daniel Homes, a man who could
levitate himself and other objects. Crookes documented the
experiments in articles published in the Quarterly Journal of
Science. His book, Researches in the Phenomena of
Spiritualism, contains these articles along with notes and
professional correspondence. A book by Michael H. Brown
that goes into
recent experiments performed in levitation phenomena is

entitled PK, A Report on the Power of Psychokinesis, Mental
Energy that Moves Matter. The conclusion which may be
derived from the experimental results produced by the above
researchers is that gravity radiation consists of or is
accompanied by particles which carry a negative charge.
Gravity radiation and associated negatively charged particles
will then attract solid matter because atoms and molecules
seem to have a slight overall positive charge. It follows that a
body containing a sufficiently high number of these
negatively charged particles will levitate.
The above levitation phenomenon is apparently displayed
by high altitude meteoritic dust. Dust particles below a
critical size do not seem to fall in a vacuum. This is partially
confirmed by meteoritic dust clouds 50 miles above the
surface of the Earth. These dust particles remain suspended
even though the density of the air is about 1/100,000 of the
sea level value. In this case, the dust particles have
accumulated a sufficent quantity of these negatively charged
particles to levitate. When the negative charge disperses, the
dust particles will fall.
The amazing Biefeld-Brown effect was discovered in 1923
by Thomas Townsend Brown and Professor Paul Biefeld of
Denison University. These experimenters found that a
parallel plate condenser charged with high voltage had a
tendency to move in the direction from the negatively
charged plate to the positive one, even in a vacuum. In other
words, when this type of condenser is charged, an unbalanced
or resultant force is exerted on it. Brown was granted patent
numbers, 2,949,550; 3,022,430; and 3,187,206 in 1960, 1962,
and 1965 for electrokinetic devices based on this effect. Over
a period of years, Brown developed a number of
experimental
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models with impressive propulsion capabilities. If the inertial

properties of a spaceship could be reduced to nearly zero, the
Biefeld-Brown effect might give it tremendous acceleration.
Evidence suggests that the inertial properties of a body can
be greatly altered by impregnating it with energies of the
right kind. Academic science recognizes only one kind of
electron, but there is a great deal of evidence (such as that
mentioned above) for the existence of electrons with much
lower field intensities around them which are not easily
detected or measured by conventional voltage and amperage
meters. These electrons are probably the same particles
associated with the propulsion systems of UFO spaceships
mentioned in the chapter on contactees. They seem to
accompany light and their constituent particles may be
photons of light. Evidence supports the contention that these
low field intensity electrons accompany photons emitted by
the Sun and are responsible for all sorts of diverse
phenomena. Since the Sun emits many different photons with
different frequencies, the low field intensity electron
spectrum would be equally broad. A body with a high enough
concentration of these electrons will tend to levitate and be
repelled by a gravitational field.
Although the exact particle nature of low field intensity,
"subtle", electrons has never been understood, their effects
have been recognized and called by different names such as
kundalini, prana, mana, and the life force for thousands of
years. The first truly scientific investigation into the nature of
these subtle electrons was made in the mid-1800's by Baron
Karl von Reichenbach at his castle near Vienna, Austria. He
performed thousands of experiments over several decades
and published a treatise in 1850 entitled Researches on
Magnetism, Electricity, Heat, Light, Crystallization, and

Chemical Attraction in Their Relations to the Vital Force.
Reichenbach termed the subtle electrons "Od", derived from
the Norse deity Odin, indicating a power permeating all of
nature. His exhaustive and precise research enabled him to
discover the electrical nature of Od and he was able to show
that it was closely associated with light. In addition, he
determined that Od was associated with essentially all living
organisms and nonliving physical phenomena such as
chemical reactions, magnets, electricity, crystals, water and
so on. He established that it behaved differently than normal
electricity with different rules of conductivity through
materials.
In 1908, Walter Kilner studied the characteristics of what
he termed the "human atmosphere" using special filtering
screens to make the aura visible. His findings corroborated
Reichenbach's research concerning subtle electrons or the
energy field emanating from the human body. Kilner's book,
The Human Atmosphere, was published in 1911 and the
revised edition entitled The Human Aura was republished in
1965.
In 1925, a Russian cytologist, Alexander Gurwitsch,
detected the same electrons emanating from cells and called
the radiation mitogenetic rays. He found that the radiation
could be reflected, absorbed, and that he was able to increase
the multiplication of yeast cells with it.
In 1936, Otto Rahn, a professor of bacteriology at Cornell
University, published Invisible Radiations of Organisms. His
findings concerned the same subtle electrons of Reichenbach,
Kilner, and Gurwitsch.
In 1939, H.S. Burr and F.S. Northrop published their
research findings concerning an electrodynamic or L-field
emanating from organisms. The findings appeared in the
Proceedings of the National Academy of
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Science in an article entitled "Evidence for the Existence of

an Electro-Dynamic Field in Living Organisms."
Dr. Wilhelm Reich was a prolific researcher into the
nature of subtle electrons in the 1930's, '40's, and '50's. He
termed these subtle electrons "orgone" because of their
intimate relationship to living organisms. He was able to
concentrate orgone in specially designed orgone
accumulators which he used for healing purposes. This
application led him into serious trouble with the medical
establishment, even though he was a Doctor of Medicine. His
exhaustive research established the relationship of orgone or
subtle electrons with living organisms, healing energies,
disease, atmospheric and weather phenomena, sunlight,
radioactive substances, electricity and conductivity, visible
color effects, heat, and many other things.
The above brief discussion has laid some of the
groundwork for a better understanding of the Searl effect
which could probably be utilized for space travel. The Searl
effect was supposedly discovered by an English electronics
technician by the name of John Searl in 1949.' He noticed
that a small voltage was induced in rotating metal objects.
The outer edge had a negative charge while the central region
had a positive charge. He reasoned that free electrons were
thrown outward from the center by centrifugal force. It
followed than an electrical generator might be constructed
based on this principle.
Searl's first generator consisted of a segmented, rotating
disk with stationary electrodes used to collect electrons that
were thrown out. The armature was three feet in diameter and
was turned by a small engine. The results were completely
unexpected. At low armature speed, the disk produced
powerful electrostatic effects
on nearby objects accompanied by crackling sounds and the

smell of ozone. Beyond a critical rotational speed, the
armature continued to accelerate without the aid of the engine.
The generator finally lifted off the ground while still
accelerating and rose about 50 feet, breaking the connection
between it and the engine. It hovered at this height for a
moment as its rotational velocity continued to increase during
which time a pink halo appeared around it. This halo seems to
be indicative of ionization of the surrounding atmosphere.
Another effect was that local radio receivers went on of their
own accord from the effect of the energy field surrounding it.
Finally, it reached another critical rotational velocity, rapidly
gained altitude, and supposedly disappeared from sight.
Since 1952, Searl and others have supposedly constructed
generators of varying sizes from 3 to 30 feet in diameter. His
amazing discovery would indicate that some UFOs work in a
similar manner since many have been sighted with rotating
segments. One of the most significant aspects of this invention
is that at extremely high potentials, the component parts seem
to experience a considerable loss of inertia. The authenticity of
this information on Searl disks cannot be verified; however,
assuming it is true, a logical explanation will be presented of
how Searl disks probably work.
When the armature of the Searl disk rotated, normal
electrons (those detected by standard instruments) were
probably thrown outward toward the rim, generating the small
voltage detected. However, they alone do not seem to be able
to account for the subsequent phenomena. The subtle
electrons which permeated the disk material would have also
been thrown outward by rotation. Since subtle electrons seem
to be very unstable,
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they will disintegrate with little provocation, releasing light

and heat in the process. The rotating armature could have
caused many of these subtle electrons to disintegrate. This in
turn may have caused greater quantities of normal electrons to
be released. In turn, powerful electrostatic effects would have
been created around the armature.
As subtle electrons were thrown outward toward the rim, a
temporary void was probably left in the central region of the
disk. Additional subtle electrons from the surrounding areas
would then move in to fill the void. This could have generated
a vortex motion which increased the rotational velocity of the
disk. In turn, as the velocity of spin increased, greater numbers
of particles and regions of space probably became involved.
The disk finally acquired such a strong negative charge that
the Earth's gravity may have repelled it upward. The highest
concentration of subtle electrons is probably close to the
Earth's surface; hence, when the disk rose above this
concentration, it may have lost some of its charge
temporarily, causing it to hover. Finally, it could have again
acquired a heavy negative charge by the same process, causing
it to rise at a tremendous rate due to its reduced inertia. If the
inertia of a spaceship could be nullified by the Searl effect,
then the Biefeld-Brown effect might be used to give it incredible
acceleration and velocity.
Searl disks and some UFOs seem to have many char-
acteristics in common. In both cases, claims have been made
that a halo or ionized region has been seen around them and
that they have been observed to burn vegetation when
hovering close to the ground. They both allegedly create
electronic interference and noise effects. The ultrahigh
concentration of subtle electrons around
Gravity, Sear/ Disks, and Levitating Beams 187
UFOs produced by the Searl effect would probably be

injurious if a person got too close to one. UFO contac-tees
such as George Adamski were warned not to touch them. This
is probably because the subtle electrons surrounding UFOs are
always in the process of disintegrating. A high concentration
could enter the body and disintegrate, releasing great
quantities of normal electricity which would cause internal and
external damage. This is what may happen to vegetation which
comes in contact or close proximity with them!
Another suppressed space program discovery which
provides clues about the nature of gravity is termed "missile
weight loss in space." A wide variety of subtle electron
concentrations may exist in space, such as in the Van Allen
Radiation Belts, which would cause satellites to lose weight
and inertia. An account of satellites which lost weight and
inertia was given by Frank Edwards in his book Strange
World.2 Edwards claimed that this phenomenon was officially
confirmed by an Air Force statement made in November 1960.
An undamaged Discoverer satellite, that had originally
weighed 300 pounds before its polar orbit, was reduced to only
125 pounds after recovery a few days after launch. Another
account given by Edwards referred to fragments of Soviet
Sputnik 4 which exploded in orbit when its retro-rocket
malfunctioned. The metal fragments were found to be
extremely light. Shortly thereafter, additional fragments were
found and tests demonstrated that the metal had lost more
than half its normal weight. Even the jar in which one piece
was placed began losing weight! This suggests that many of the
subtle electrons captured by the satellite fragment escaped and
were in turn captured by the container, causing it to lose
weight, also. This discovery adds sup-
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port to the theory of gravity radiation presented in this
chapter and to the related theory of "subtle" electrons. A
number of startling discoveries presented in this chapter may
have been used for landing men on the Moon. After all, these
findings are more than 20 years old. Since the military has
always been on top of new discoveries of this nature, it would
be naive to assume they were not experimenting with
antigravity devices long before 1969. Evidence for this will be
presented in the next chapter.
C H A P T E R 14
THE PRESENT AND

FUTURE SPACE PROGRAM
Apollo lunar lift-off pictures provide evidence that rocket
propulsion was not used to escape from the Moon's surface.
The reader is referred to a reproduction of a color TV
transmission of the Apollo 17 lunar lift-off in Photo 18. There
are no signs of a rocket exhaust stream in this picture! A great
deal of evidence has been provided that the Moon has a high
gravity and a substantial, Earth-like atmosphere. The black
sky in this picture indicates that the sky was probably filtered
out. At first, it might seem that a darkening process used to
blacken the sky also eliminated the exhaust stream. But if the
sky were darkened, an atmosphere exists; hence, a high gravity
exists and rockets would not work in the first place. A close
examination of the photo discloses that the lunar ascent stage
appears to be illuminated. This glow or illumination follows
the contour of the Module and is clearly not the exhaust.
However, it may be the reflection of the Sun off the side of the
LM. If exhaust were apparent at all, it would be seen below the
illuminated ascent stage.
Compare the above Apollo 17 photo with the Apollo 16
lunar lift-off shown in Photo 19. The red, blue, green, and
yellow splotches seem to indicate that a lot of acitivity was
taking place at the base of the ascent stage. One possible
explanation is that explosive bolts were detonated which had
connected the descent stage to the
189
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ascent stage. This may have caused metal fragments and other
debris to be blown out from the base of the craft. Another
possibility is that a small initial supply of rocket fuel was
burned to convince the public that rockets were the sole
propulsion means. The author obtained the 8mm film of the
complete lift-off sequence and noted that the initial blast
appeared as a red-colored plume coming out of the rocket
nozzle, but stopped soon after the ascent stage separated from
the descent stage.
Photo 20 is a picture of the Apollo 16 lunar lift-off an instant
after Photo 19 was taken. The absence of a visible exhaust
stream coming out of the rocket nozzle is very apparent.
Those who attempt to discredit these NASA photos will
probably assert that the exhaust would not be visible in a
vacuum. However, chemical rockets eject a large quantity of
combustion products at thousands of degrees Fahrenheit.
These products and gases emit an intense amount of light in
an exhaust stream which extends many feet down from the
rocket nozzle. As the distance away from the nozzle increases,
the gases and combustion products begin to disperse. The
amount of light is often sufficient to illuminate the surrounding
area, and the greatest light intensity is in the exhaust stream
itself. A vacuum would have little effect in eliminating the
emitted light from the main exhaust stream since the exhaust
gases and other combustion products supply their own radiant
energy or light. In any event, the initial blast or burn at
separation (as explained in the previous paragraph) provides
proof that these combustion products would have been visible
for the duration of the ascent since they were clearly evident at
the beginning. Perhaps the reader recalls artistic renditions of
the lunar lift-off shown in newspapers and
The Present and Future Space Program 191
other literature prior to the Apollo 11 mission. An intensely

visible exhaust stream was always shown coming out of the
rocket nozzle. In summary, the photographs and films provide
evidence that rockets were not used to escape from the Moon.
The aerodynamic problem of the Lunar Module has not
been discussed, but it was clearly an aerodynamic disaster.
NASA stressed that this was not a concern in the vacuum
condition on the Moon. Since evidence has been supplied that
the Moon has a dense atmosphere, the Lunar Modules would
have been aerodynamically unstable if they attained high
velocities. This means that the velocity must have been kept
below a critical speed. This cannot be done efficiently with
rockets because the fuel requirements become astronomical
when the speeds are kept down. It is also significant that the
astronauts were standing up during descent and ascent.
Supposedly, they were held in place by restraining straps
attached to the ceiling. Even so, no appreciable deceleration or
acceleration could have been tolerated by the astronauts with
this kind of arrangement. This means that the acceleration and
velocity were kept low, creating the worst possible conditions
for efficient use of rocket fuel. Just what method did NASA
really use to take astronauts to and from the lunar surface?
Plans for the massive Saturn launch vehicle were un-
doubtedly on the drawing boards prior to the discovery of the
high lunar gravity. Wernher von Braun had envisioned such a
rocket many years before NASA was created. As large as this
rocket was, one at least seven times larger would have been
required to send a Lunar Module, which used chemical
rockets, to the Moon. After antigravity devices were
developed, the Saturn rocket would not have been needed.
However, the in-
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terests of big business and the military were deeply involved in

the space program. If the project continued, the military could
continue to keep the new discoveries secret, and billions of
dollars were to be made by big business and spent on secret
military research projects. Once the astronauts were in space,
advanced antigravity devices could be used in secrecy and the
public could be kept in the dark.
The military provides the incentives or demands for
expensive defense appropriations and big business stands to
profit from the expenditures. The U.S. Government may be
little more than a puppet for these groups. This should be
apparent to the reader when considering that energy devices
like the ones referenced in the last chapter could make the
energy crisis disappear practically overnight. In actuality, the
energy crisis is maintained for the profit of world energy
cartels.
When NASA discovered that rockets alone were not
feasible or adequate for landing men on the Moon, funds were
undoubtedly channeled into gravity research and related
projects. The military had probably already been working with
the Searl effect and the Biefeld-Brown effect in the early
1950's and they may have perfected some of these devices by the
mid-1950's. In addition, a device for generating gravity-
inducing radiation may have been developed before 1960. It is
a definite possibility that the United States military landed men
on the Moon long before Apollo 11!
The new levitating devices used in the Apollo ships were
not necessarily relied upon to the extent that the space vehicles
could be completely maneuvered and controlled by these means.
It is possible that they were only used as the main propulsion
source for braking, soft-landing, and ascent. Attitude control
might still have
been accomplished with small thrusters. It would be much

easier to maintain secrecy with the minimal use of the new
antigravity devices.
Electrical energy is still required to power the levitating
mechanisms. The Searl effect would only require a small
amount of electrical energy to get the levitating process
started and then energy from the surrounding space would
sustain it. However, gravity-inducing radiation generators
would require a continuous source of electricity. In any
event, various combinations of Searl generators, Biefeld-
Brown devices, gravity-inducing radiation generators, or
other secret devices could have been used on the Apollo
missions.
It may be that NASA and the Air Force have remained
silent about UFOs because of their own development and use
of antigravity devices. It is well-known that the Air Force put
a lot of time and effort into studying UFOs as far back as the
early 1950's. It would be naive to assume that they did not
learn a great deal about them in the process. Their policy of
total silence concerning UFOs indicates that they may have
something to hide from the public. The author highly recom-
mends a book entitled The Roswell Incident by Charles
Berlitz and William L. Moore for a fully documented account
of a government cover-up involving a crashed UFO in
Roswell, New Mexico in 1947. It is entirely possible that
many of the UFOs sighted in the 1950's and '60's were owned
by the United States Air Force!
Russia's role in the whole space race affair has been very
mysterious, to say the least. When they were on the verge of
beating the United States to the Moon, they pulled out of the
race. Or did they? Russia soft-landed Moon probes before the
United States. This means that
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either antigravity was employed or the Moon's atmosphere

was used to slow down the probes. If the lunar atmosphere
were used, ablative heat shields similar to the ones used on
space capsules for entering the Earth's atmosphere were
employed. On September 20, 1970, Russia soft-landed Luna
16, a remote-controlled lunar probe which returned to Earth
with a soil sample taken from the Sea of Fertility. This
accomplishment was deemed insignificant in comparison to
the Apollo Moon landings. However, the device probably
would have required an antigravity propulsion system in the high
lunar gravity. Since the United States' Surveyor probes did not
carry enough fuel to soft-land in the high lunar gravity, it
seems probable that antigravity was used for Moon probes,
beginning in the mid-1960's, by both the United States and
Russia.
Russia may have used antigravity devices to land men on the
Moon and bring them back in total secrecy. After they learned
in 1959 that the Moon had a high surface gravity, they knew
it was impossible to succeed with rockets alone. They
probably then focused their attention on antigravity, letting
the United States put on the show for the world. By continuing
to maintain a limited, rocket space exploration program, the
secrecy of their antigravity exploration attempts could be
maintained.
An article entitled "Russians Press to Dominate Space
Again" appeared in the September 30, 1979 edition of The
Oregonian newspaper.1 The writer of this article referenced a
message delivered to Congress by the former Apollo 10
astronaut, Lt. Gen. Thomas P. Stafford, who was the Air
Force's deputy chief of staff for research and development at
the time. Stafford held that the Russians were rebounding from
the Moon race setback and were aggressively pushing their
efforts as a
sign of national power. They were supposedly working
toward space stations, colonies, orbiting factories, and
sending humans to other planets.
On October 11, 1980, two cosmonauts returned to Earth
after setting a record of 185 days, or over six months, in the
Salyut 6 space station. According to the above referenced
article, Stafford believed the Russians were developing a
manned, military space capability. Dr. Charles S. Sheldon II
was also mentioned in this article. He indicated that the
Russians might have begun using a totally new ferry craft. In
addition, he anticipated that they would be building a large
space station and a manned, interplanetary expedition force
to explore other planets. However, Sheldon did not explain
the propulsion devices the Russians would be using to
explore them. It is economically prohibitive for any country
to land astronauts on a planet with a high gravity using
conventional rockets. Therefore, if Sheldon's contention is
true, Russia must also have antigravity devices.
The reader must be reminded that the latest technology
available to the military is always years ahead of publicized
capabilities. Russia is probably no further ahead in
developing levitating devices or exploring other planets than
the United States. In all probability, the United States manned
exploration of space never stopped after the Apollo missions.
It is an interesting possibility to consider that Russia might be
sending cosmonauts on extended trips to the Moon or other
planets for up to six months using the Salyut 6 space station
as a cover. If so, what might the United States be doing, and
could the Space Shuttle Project be another decoy for military
space operations?
196 MOONGATE
As a result of the NASA cover-up, all findings concerning

other planets released to the public by NASA and orthodox
scientists are to be viewed with suspicion. The Moon's high
gravity necessitates drastic revisions to cherished concepts of
planetary gravity and atmosphere, as well as other
cosmological concepts. The above considerations and a great
deal of additional evidence suggests that a number of planets
and moons in the solar system may be inhabited by intelligent
people with technologies superior to ours. If so, the operations
of the United States and Russia in space may be restricted by
these people and limited to certain areas. We can hope that
these people will keep the superpowers in check, since the use
of space for military purposes could eventually lead to our
destruction.
The evidence presented in this book indicates that a
monstrous suppression of vital energy-related discoveries has
occurred. The NASA cover-up is just a small part of it. The
reasons for the suppression have been touched upon briefly,
but the ramifications of the new findings are astounding.
Consider what would happen if the United States Government
issued an official announcement of these findings. A common
knowledge of the nature of gravity and inexpensive ways to
control it would revolutionize transportation. A new world
with practically unlimited energy could emerge out of the
chaos.
APPENDIX A
DERIVATION OF THE NEUTRAL POINT

DISTANCES FROM THE MOON USING
NEWTON'S LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION
Since the forces of attraction of the Earth and Moon at the

neutral point are equal, a generalized equation will be
developed. The following parameters are used:
M = mass of an object at the neutral point
Me = mass of the Earth
Mm = mass of the Moon = Me/81.56
X = distance from the Earth's center to the neutral
point
Y = distance from the Moon's center to the neutral point
Re = radius of the Earth =3,960 miles
Rm = radius of the Moon = 1,080 miles
G = gravitational constant
Fe = force of attraction of the Earth
Fm = force of attraction of the Moon
T = center to center distance between the Earth and the
Moon.
The gravitational forces of the Earth and Moon on an object
at the neutral point, using Newton's Law of Universal
Gravitation, are as follows:
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Since Fe = Fm and Mm = Me/81.56,
Since X + Y = T, X = T - Y . Substituting this expression for

X yields
Canceling terms results in
This is the generalized equation of the distance from the neutral

point to the center of the Moon, Y, as a function of the total
Earth to Moon center distance, T.
The distance between the Earth and Moon varies between
221,463 and 252,710 miles with an average of 238,885,
assuming that these are the center to center distances. The
corresponding neutral point distances from the Moon's center
for T = 221,463; 238,885; and 252,710 miles are 22,078;
23,815; and 25,193 miles, calculated from the generalized
equation for Y.
APPENDIX B
DERIVATION OF THE MOON'S

SURFACE GRAVITY BASED ON THE 43,495-MILE
NEUTRAL POINT DISTANCE
The following parameters are used:

Re = radius of the Earth = 3,960 miles
X = distance from the Earth's center to the neutral point =
200,000 miles
Y = distance from the Moon's center to the neutral point =
43,495 miles
Ge = Earth's surface gravity
Gm = Moon's surface gravity
Since the forces of attraction of the Earth and Moon are equal
at the neutral point, the inverse-square law yields:
Therefore, Gm = .64Ge
199
APPENDIX C
DERIVATION OF THE FINAL VELOCITY

REACHED AT THE MOON BY A SPACECRAFT
TRAVELING 2,200 MILES PER HOUR AT THE
43,495-MILE NEUTRAL POINT
The final velocity can be determined by deriving an equation

based on the conservation of kinetic and potential energy.
Basically, the kinetic energy of the spacecraft at the Moon
equals the kinetic energy at the neutral point, plus the gain in
energy from the Moon's pull, less the loss in energy from the
Earth's pull. The equation is
KEm = KEn + Pm _ Pe
where
KEm = kinetic energy at the Moon
KEn = kinetic energy at the neutral point
Pm = gain energy from the Moon's pull
Pe = loss in energy from the Earth's pull
Each energy term is defined as follows:
KEm = 1/2MVm2 KEn = 1/2MVn2
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M= mass of the ship

Gm = surface gravity of the Moon = .64(79,036)
= 50,583 miles per hour2
Ge = surface gravity of the Earth = 79,036 miles
per hour2
Re = radius of the Earth = 3,960 miles
x = distance from the Earth or Moon in miles
Vm = velocity at the Moon in miles per hour
Vn = velocity at the neutral point = 2,200 miles
per hour
Substituting the energy terms in the general equation results
in
1/2MVm2 = 1/2MVn2 + MGmRm2(.0009029) -
MGeRe2(.000000870)
Canceling terms yields
Vm2 = Vn2 + 2GmRm2(.0009029)
- 2GeRe2(.000000870)
Substituting known parameters results in Vm2 = (2,200)2 +
2(50,583)(1,080)2(.0009029)
- 2(79,036)(3,960)2(.000000870)
and finally,
Vm = 10,451 miles per hour
APPENDIX D
DERIVATION OF THE COMMUNICATION

BLACKOUT TIME BASED ON A MOON
SURFACE GRAVITY EQUAL TO
64 PERCENT OF EARTH'S
The centrifugal force equals the force of gravity on an

orbiting body. Therefore,
at an altitude of 70 miles. Since R is 1,150 miles, the orbital

velocity, V, can be determined if the surface gravity is
known. Gm = 50,583 miles per hour2 if 64 percent surface
gravity is assumed. Substituting these values yields
or
V = 7,163 miles per hour
At an altitude of 70 miles, the ship will be out of com-
munication with the Earth during 39 percent of its orbit. This
is because it is high enough above the surface of the Moon to
be visible to the Earth even though it has traveled beyond the
surface horizon as seen from the
Earth. After it passes an angle of arc cos or .939
past the halfway point of its orbit as seen from Earth, it will
be behind the Moon. Arc cos .939 equals about 20°.
Therefore, during (180° - 2(20°)) or 140° of its orbit, it will
be in a communication blackout.
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The fraction of its orbit during the blackout is =

.389. A complete orbit at 7,163 miles per hour would require
about 60 minutes. Therefore, the blackout time would last
about 24 minutes.
APPENDIX E
DERIVATION OF THE LUNAR MODULE

FUEL REQUIREMENTS IN
HIGH MOON GRAVITY CONDITIONS
The chemical energy required to brake a spacecraft or send

it into orbit depends on the gravity, exhaust velocity, time of
burn, orbital velocity, and the payload. Fundamentally, the
spacecraft must be lifted to a certain height and be given a
certain orbital speed. The calculations which follow are for
the ascent stage. The descent fuel requirements will be based
on the payload ratio determined for ascent. Both payload
ratios are nearly the same because approximately the same
amount of energy must be expended to orbit or soft-land a
pound of payload.
A vertical rocket with a given amount of fuel will burn out
at a certain altitude and then continue to rise until its kinetic
energy is reduced to zero by the constant pull of gravity. In
order to send a spacecraft from the lunar surface into orbit
around the Moon, it must be lifted to a certain height and
then be given a horizontal velocity. If the Moon had a gravity
equal to Earth's, the orbital velocity at 9.5 miles above the
surface would have to be

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With a gravity 64 percent of Earth's, the orbital velocity at
9.5 miles would be

The equation for the maximum height achieved by a vertical
rocket after burnout is given as follows:
where,
R = payload ratio of the rocket
U = exhaust velocity = 6,312 miles per hour
T = rocket burn time = .121 hours
G = Moon surface gravity
The fuel used on the Lunar Module was a 50/50 mixture of
hydrazine and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine with a
nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer. The average exhaust velocity was
9,258 feet per second, or 6,312 miles per hour. The Moon's
surface gravity at 64 percent of Earth's is 50,583 miles per
hour2. The rocket burn time for ascent was assumed to be the
same as claimed by NASA, or 7 minutes 15 seconds. This is
.121 hours.
The maximum height attained is calculated as follows: The
kinetic energy required is equal to the difference in potential
energy between the maximum height achieved and the height
at burnout.
MGHmax = MGHburnout + 1/2MU2burnout where,
Appendix E 207
Uburnout = velocity of rocket at burnout
M = mass of rocket
Hburnout = height at burnout Canceling terms yields
Hmax will now be derived for the case where Moon gravity
is 64 percent of Earth's. The following values are used:
Hburnout = 9.5 miles (the value claimed by NASA)
Uburnout = 7,359 miles per hour
G = 50,583 miles per hour2
Substituting yields
Clearly, the lunar ascent stage never reaches this height

because the energy goes into orbital kinetic energy. At the
9.5-mile height, it must be traveling 7,359 miles per hour
almost horizontally.
Substituting the value of Hmax = 545 miles, as well as the
other values, into the original equation results in
We merely have to solve for R to determine the payload

ratio. The result is R = 7.2 for Moon gravity = .64 Earth
gravity.
The equations for deriving the payload ratio assuming that
the Moon has the same gravity as Earth are
208 MOONGATE
and
Solving yields R = 18.2 for Moon gravity equal to Earth

gravity. The same payload ratios can be used for the descent
rockets.
APPENDIX F
DERIVATION OF THE RELATIVE HEIGHTS

ATTAINED BY A JUMPING ASTRONAUT
IN ONE-SIXTH GRAVITY CARRYING
A BURDEN EQUAL TO HIS OWN WEIGHT
AND THE SAME ASTRONAUT ON EARTH
WITHOUT A BURDEN
From the conservation of energy it follows that

1/2MV2 = MGH
where
M = the mass of a body
V = the initial velocity
G = the acceleration of gravity
H = the height attained
It follows that
If G is the acceleration of gravity on Earth and Ve is the

initial velocity on Earth, the height attained, He, is
Under one-sixth gravity with initial velocity Vm, height Hm is
The ratio of heights attained is

209
210 MOONGATE
Therefore, if the initial velocities are the same, a body will

rise 6 times as high as on Earth. If the initial velocity is twice as
great, it will rise 24 times as high, and if 3 times as fast, it
rises 54 times the Earth height.
Now, the ratio of initial velocities needs to be determined
for an astronaut in one-sixth gravity with a burden equal to
his own weight and the same astronaut on Earth without a
burden. In each case, it is assumed that the jumping force is
applied in an identical manner. This means that the distance
through which the upward accelerating force acts is
independent of the gravity effects. Therefore,
1/2a't'2 = 1/2at2
where a' is the accelerating force and t' is the time it is applied
under one-sixth gravity; and a and t are the corresponding
values under normal gravity. Let F equal the force applied and
W be the weight under normal gravity. Therefore, from the
relation that acceleration equals force divided by mass,
In one-sixth gravity with a burden equal to the astronaut's

weight,
a' =
Appendix F 211
Since a 't '2 = at2, then
Substituting the above values for a' and a yields
from which the initial velocity in one-sixth gravity equals

Therefore,
Since
it follows that the ratio of the square of the initial velocities is
The ratio of the relative heights attained is
or,
212 MOONGATE
An astronaut weighing 185 pounds can jump vertically at

least 18 inches with a force of 500 pounds on the Earth
without a burden. Substituting these values in the above
equation, yields
This means that this same astronaut could jump over 4 times
as high in one-sixth gravity carrying a burden equal to his
own weight. This is over 6 feet off the ground.
APPENDIX G
DERIVATION OF THE MOON'S SURFACE

GRAVITY USING JOHN YOUNG'S
ESTIMATED VERTICAL JUMP OF 18 INCHES
ON THE MOON ASSUMING HE CARRIED A
BACKPACK LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEM AND
SPACESUIT EQUAL TO HIS OWN WEIGHT
The ratio of the relative heights attained assumes that John

Young could have jumped 18 inches on the Earth without a
burden, using the same effort which lifted him 18 inches on
the Moon with the body weight burden. This ratio is 18/18 =
1.00. As in Appendix F, it is equal to
Now, must be determined as a function of the ratio

of Earth to Moon gravity, R. The ratio of the initial velocities
squared is derived as a function of R using the same approach
as in Appendix F.
213
214 MOONGATE
Since
the height ratio equals
which equals
Equating the expression to the actual height ratio results in

Appendix G 215
Therefore,
or,
Gm = .50Ge
APPENDIX H
DERIVATION OF THE MOON'S SURFACE

GRAVITY USING JOHN YOUNG'S ESTIMATED
VERTICAL JUMP OF 18 INCHES ON THE MOON
ASSUMING THAT HE CARRIED
75 POUNDS OF GEAR
The ratio of heights attained assumes that John Young

could have jumped 18 inches on the Earth without a burden,
using the same effort which lifted him 18 inches on the Moon
with the burden. This ratio is
18/18 = 1.00, and equals As in Appendix G,
217
218 MOONGATE
APPENDIX I
AN ANALYSIS OF ROVER PERFORMANCE IN

ONE-SIXTH GRAVITY CONDITIONS
The coefficient of friction of rubber on a surface similar to

pavement is approximately 0.6. This means that if the wheels
of a vehicle were locked, it would require a horizontal force
equal to 60 percent of the weight of the loaded vehicle to
slide the wheels along the pavement. The Moon's surface is
primarily loose dust and rock; therefore, the coefficient of
friction for the Rover is assumed to be 0.5 to keep from
understating the amount of friction actually encountered. The
loaded Earth weight of 1,540 pounds would be only 257
pounds in one-sixth gravity. This would generate a total fric-
tional force of 257 x 0.5 = 128 pounds, which is the
horizontal force required to make the vehicle slide.
The maximum radius of curvature before the vehicle
begins to slide is calculated by equating the centrifugal force
to the frictional force. At the maximum Rover speed of 10.2
miles per hour or 15 feet per second, the equation is
where
M = the vehicle mass
R = the maximum turning radius
V = the velocity
Since M = = 47.8 pounds of mass and V =

219
220 MOONGATE
15 feet per second,
At 5 miles per hour,
The maximum braking force is 128 pounds, and inertial

properties are independent of gravity conditions. From the
relation Force equals Mass times Acceleration, or
F = MA, A = The Rover could only
be decelerated at the rate of
From the relation Velocity equals Acceleration times Time,

or V = AT, it would take
to bring the rover to a stop. The stopping distance would be

D = 1/2AT2 or
D = 1/2(2.676)(5.6)2 = 42 feet
FOOTNOTES
CHAPTER 1
1. Eugene M. Emme, ed., The History of Rocket Technology, (Detroit: Wayne
State University Press, 1964), p. 86.
2. Ralph E. Lapp, Man and Space—The Next Decade, (New York: Harper &
Brothers, 1961), p. 44.
CHAPTER 2
1. M. Vertregt, Principles of Astronautics, (New York: Elsevier Publishing
Company, 1965), p. 135.
2. Franklyn M. Branley, Exploration of the Moon, (Garden City, New York:
The Natural History Press, 1966), p. 53.
3. U.S. on the Moon, (Washington: U.S. News & World Report, 1969), p. 37.
4. Myrl H. Ahrendt, The Mathematics of Space Exploration, (New York: Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1965), p. 55.
5. John A. Eisele, Astrodynamics, Rockets, Satellites, and Space Travel,
(Washington: The National Book Company of America, 1967), p. 350.
6. Collier's Encyclopedia, 1961 ed., s.v. "Space Travel," p. 544.
7. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th ed., 1960, s.v. "Interplanetary Exploration,"
p. 530c.
CHAPTER 3
1. Martin Caidin, The Moon: New World for Men, (Indianapolis, Indiana: The
Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1963), p. 111.
2. Ralph E. Lapp, Man and Space—The Next Decade, (New York: Harper &
Brothers, 1961), p. 51.
3. Wernher von Braun and Frederick I. Ordway III, History of Rocketry &
Space Travel, (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1969), p. 191.
4. John Noble Wilford, We Reach the Moon, (New York: W.W. Norton &
Company, Inc., 1969), p. 95.
5. "The Moon—A Giant Leap For Mankind," Time, July 25, 1969, p. 14.
6. Braun and Ordway, History of Rocketry & Space Travel, p. 238.
7. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th ed., 1973, s.v. "Space Exploration," p. 1045.
8. Wilford, We Reach the Moon, p. 54.
9. The Writers and Editors of the Associated Press with Manuscript by John
Barbour, Footprints on the Moon, (The Associated Press, 1969), p. 201.
CHAPTER 4
1. Wernher von Braun, Space Frontier, (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and
Winston, Inc., 1971), p. 215.
2. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th ed., 1973, s.v. "Space Exploration," p. 1045.
221
222 MOONGATE
Company, Inc., 1969), p. 122.
4. Richard Lewis, The Voyages of Apollo, (New York: The New York Times
Book Co., 1974), p. 104.
CHAPTER 5
1. James R. Berry, "How to Walk on the Moon," Science Digest, November
1967, p. 8.
2. U.S. on the Moon, (Washington: U.S. News & World Report, 1969), p. 54.
Company, Inc., 1969), pp. 298-305.
Book Co., 1974), p. 109.
5. Ibid., pp. 111-112.
6. "Intrepid on a Sun-drenched Sea of Storms," Life, December 12, 1969, p.
35.
7. Lloyd Mallan, Suiting Up For Space, (New York: The John Day Company,
1971), p. 239.
8. Alice J. Hall, "The Climb Up Cone Crater," National Geographic, July 1971,
p. 148.
9. Lewis, The Voyages of Apollo, p. 187.
10. Ibid., p. 193.
11 Ibid., pp. 195-1%.
12. Ibid., p.212.
13. Ibid., p.212.
14. Lawrence Maisak, Survival on the Moon, (New York: The Macmillan Com-
pany, 1966), pp. 133-134.
16. Ibid., p.257.
17. Ibid., pp. 259-260.
18. Ibid., p. 279.
CHAPTER 6
1. U.S. on the Moon, (Washington: U.S. News & World Report, 1969), pp. 51-
55.
2. Franklyn M. Branley, Exploration of the Moon, (Garden City, New York:
The Natural History Press, 1966), p. 34.
3. Wernher von Braun, Space Frontier, (New York: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, Inc., 1971), p. 156.
CHAPTER 7
Book Co., 1974), p. 67.
2. Ibid., p. 67.
3. Ibid., p. 107.
4. Ibid., p. 116.
5. Ibid., p. 116.
Footnotes 223
6. "Apollo 12 On The Moon," Life, December 12, 1969.

7. Paul M. Sears, "How Dead Is The Moon?," Natural History, February 1950,
pp. 63-65.
8. V.A Firsoff, Strange World of the Moon, (New York: Basic Books, 1960),
pp.
76-77.
9. Ibid., p. 81.
10. Ibid., p. 110
11. Charles Fort, New Lands, (New York: Ace Books, 1923), p. 42.
12. Firsoff, Strange World of the Moon, p. 129.
14. Howard Benedict, "Moon 'Eerie Sight', Apollo Chief Says," The
Indianapolis News, July 19, 1969, p. 1.
15. Ibid., p. 1.
CHAPTER 8
1. David R. Scott, "What Is It Like to Walk on the Moon?," National Geo-
graphic, September 1973, p. 327.
Book Co., 1974), p. 218.
3. Ibid., p. 253.
4. William Gordon Allen, Overlords, Olympians, and the UFO, (Mokelumne
Hill, California: Health Research, 1974), p. 110.
5. Lewis, The Voyages of Apollo, pp. 51-52.
6. Ibid., pp. 54-56.
7. "Glazing the Moon," Time, October 3, 1969, pp. 72-74.
8. V.A. Firsoff, Strange World of the Moon, (New York: Basic Books, 1960),
p. 62.
9. Don Wilson, Secrets of Our Spaceship Moon, (New York: Dell Publishing
Co., Inc., 1979), p. 33.
10. Joseph Goodavage, Astrology: The Space Age Science, (West Nyack, New
York: Parker Publishing Co., Inc., 1966), p. 60.
11. Wilson, Secrets of Our Spaceship Moon, p. 107.
12. Joseph F. Goodavage, "What Strange and Frightening Discoveries Did Our
Astronauts Make on the Moon?," Saga, March 1974, p. 36.
CHAPTER 9
1. "First Color Portrait of an Angry Earth," Life, November 10, 1967, p. 107.
2. Richard E. Byrd, "Our Navy Explores Antarctica," National Geographic, Oc-
tober 1947, pp. 429-522.
3. William Reed, The Phantom of the Poles, (Mokelumne Hill, California:
Health Research, 1906), p. 50.
4. Fridtjof Nansen, Farthest North, (London: Harrison and Sons, 1897), Vol. I,
p. 191.
5. Ibid., Vol. II, p. 138.
6. Ibid., Vol. I, p. 358.
224 MOONGATE
7. Dr. Raymond Bernard, The Hollow Earth, (Secaucus, N.J.: Lyle Stuart Inc.,
1969), pp. 28-29.
8. Ibid., p. 43.
CHAPTER 10
1. V.A. Firsoff, Strange World of the Moon, (New York: Basic Books, 1960),
p. 80.
2. Joseph F. Goodavage, "Did Our Astronauts Find Evidence of UFOs on the
Moon?," Saga, April 1974, p. 48.
3. George Leonard, Somebody Else Is on the Moon, (New York: Pocket Books,
1976), p. 61.
4. Charles Fort, The Book of the Damned, (New York: Ace Books, 1919), pp.
259-260.
5. Don Wilson, Secrets of Our Spaceship Moon, (New York: Dell Publishing
Co., Inc., 1979), p. 207.
6. Timothy Green Beckley and Harold Salkin, "Apollo 12's Mysterious En-
counter with Flying Saucers," Saga UFO Special III, 1972, p. 58.
7. Dr. Edward U. Condon, Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects,
(New York: Bantam Books, 1968), p. 194.
8. Don Wilson, Our Mysterious Spaceship Moon, (New York: Dell Publishing
Co., Inc., 1975), p. 27.
9. Otto O. Binder, "Secret Messages From UFO's," Saga UFO Special III,
1972, p. 46.
10. Beckley and Salkin, "Apollo 12's Mysterious Encounter with Flying
Saucers," Saga UFO Special III, p. 60.
11. Condon, Scientific Study of Unidentified Flying Objects, p. 207.
12. Martin Caidin, Rendezvous in Space, (New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc.,
1962), p. 124.
13. Binder, "Secret Messages From UFO's," Saga UFO Special III, p. 46.
14. Ibid., p. 46.
15. Ibid., p. 46.
Company, Inc., 1969), p. 219.
18. Wilson, Our Mysterious Spaceship Moon, pp. 43-45.
19. Binder, "Secret Messages From UFO's," Saga UFO Special III, p. 46.
20. Ibid., p. 46.
21. Eric Faucher, Ellen Goodstein, and Henry Gris, "Alien UFOs Watched Our
First Astronauts On Moon," The National Enquirer, September 11, 1979, p.
25.
22. Beckley and Salkin, "Apollo 12's Mysterious Encounter with Flying
Saucers," Saga UFO Special III, p. 8.
23. Ibid., p. 58.
24. Ibid., p. 58.
Book Co., 1974), p. 252.
Footnotes 225
CHAPTER 11
1. George Adamski, Inside the Space Ships, (New York: Abelard-Schuman Inc
1955), p. 76.
2. Ibid., p. 78.
3. Ibid., pp. 153-154.
4. Ibid., pp. 157-158.
5. Ibid., pp. 160-161.
6. Ibid., pp. 227-228.
7. Howard Menger, From Outer Space to You, (Clarksburg, W. Va.: Saucerian
Books, 1959), p. 155.
CHAPTER 12
1. Arthur Fisher, "Science Newsfront - A Woolly Mammoth Story," Popular
Science, April 1980, p. 15.
CHAPTER 13
1. Rho Sigma, Ether-Technology: A Rational Approach to Gravity-Control,
(Lakemont, Georgia: Rho Sigma, 1977), p. 73.
2. Frank Edwards, Strange World, (New York: Bantam Books, 1964), p. 163.
CHAPTER 14
1. Howard Benedict, "Russians Press to Dominate Space Again," The Ore-
gonian, September 30, 1979, p. A16.
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Documented Evidence:

Upper Left: A photo of the Moon taken by Apollo 17 when

Upper Right: Apollo 16 astronaut John Young is shown at the

Lower Right: The Apollo 16 Lunar Module ascent stage is

BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................... 227

Photo 1 Bean standing next to Surveyor 3 with the Lunar

from Europe if the conflict continued. This caused spec-

dependent missile studies. A second Project Rand study

The Department of Defense budgeted over $1 billion for

Braun and his rocket team successfully sent Explorer I into

communications and reconnaissance missions .... the

charged to a dummy or decoy project. The parts can be

In the remainder of this book, it will be made painfully

Chapter 2 delves into a fundamental law defined by Isaac

DECREASE IN GRAVITY WITH DISTANCE AWAY FROM

THE CONVENTIONAL POSITION OF THE

At a distance of 346000 km (215000 miles) from the

states the following within the topic "Interplanetary Ex-

Gravitation. In addition, most of the writers who referenced

the Moon. This could only be determined experimentally and

THE NEUTRAL POINT

position of the neutral point. If the neutral point, hence the

hence no pictures were sent. After supposedly redesigning

tober 18, 1962 resulted in the abandonment of the seis-

increases in the Moon's surface gravity in certain areas.

on the 19th was canceled. At a distance of 43,495 miles from

commenced accelerating as it swung toward and around

between the conventional, pre-Apollo distances of 20,000 to

The Moon's surface gravity was calculated with the new

16.7-percent value predicted by Newton's Law of

traveling less than 6,000 miles per hour. Therefore, the

less, the velocity required to maintain orbit is less. In other

Control, only a relatively small number of people would

a summary of his account. At midnight, the glass viewing room

ascent payload ratio would then be or 2.2 to 1

but little sound evidence is provided to substantiate the claims.

The height an object will rise in a gravitational field

ing this on Earth with a moderate effort. Finally, since John

Moon as taxing as had been forecast, and that they bounded

Moon landing. Whereas Armstrong and Aldrin spent only 2

their arm strength alone, and no difficulties should have been

of one-sixth gravity would have to lighten the astronaut and his

presented in Chapter 3 that Ranger Moon probes gave NASA

made a lunar landing, astronauts Lovell and Haise practiced a

1.8-mile excursion to Cone Crater. Problems arose because

knee to pick up a rock and required the aid of Mitchell to

It seems that the 1.8-mile trek could not be negotiated. If

this was on the Moon, supposedly in one-sixth gravity

super-high speed in the style of old-time movies. Perhaps

would weigh less than 120 pounds. The astronauts had to

cylinder having 3 feet of clearance when above level ground.

sixth gravity, only 128 pounds of braking force would be

speed.16 Clearly, the exhibition would have met with disaster

2 1/2 times longer to fall in one-sixth gravity, Duke should

reasonable to conclude that the density of the atmosphere was

which makes them appear to do so. The vast millions of

the surface to reach a higher temperature and the lack of an

light from other surfaces. Without these other sources of

Without an atmosphere, ordinary machinery with moving

Earth exerts a pressure of .000018 pounds per square inch