Alvarez Santiago-

A native of Imus, Cavite, Santiago was the only child of revolutionary general Mariano Alvarez (1818–1924) and Nicolasa Virata. After his birth, his
family immediately moved to Noveleta, Cavite where he acquired his early education at age seven under Sr. Antonio Dacon.

*55 years old (july 15, 1872)

*In his early hi studied under Macario Hernandez at his school located in camba street in manila
*He also studied in UST and San Juan de letran college
*Continue his studies in 1902 in law school (liceo de manila)
*work at the law offices of Felipe Buencamino, Sr. And of R. del rosario
*from august 1896 - august 1901 he was the one to guide the revolution even before the revolution he was an active member of
katupunan and delegate
* He often in the company of Bonifacio, Dr. Pio valenzuela and emilio jacinto
When was the account written of Santiago Alvarez?

1927
When he wrote his memoirs in 1927, Alvarez was already fifty-five years old, but he felt compelled to write them so "I could shed more light on the
different facets of the Revolution, ... in the interest of honorable truth....

Why did Santiago Alvarez write a primary source?

Therefore, Santiago Virata Álvarez became a primary source because of his involvement to the Philippine Revolution.
-the beginning of revolution (march 14, 1896)
-Philipinnes revolution against spanish rule broke out august 1896
-KKK (kamahalmahalan at kataastaasang katipunan ng mga anak ng bayan)

SEQUENCING OF EVENTS PRIMARY SOURCES :SANTIAGO ALVAREZ’ “MEMOIRS OF A GENERAL”

SECONDARY SOURCE: TEODORO AGONCILLO’S “REVOLT OF THE MASS”
•The Tejeros Convention was the meeting held on March 22, 1897 between the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions of the Katipunan at San
Francisco de Malabon, Cavite.
•Misunderstanding arise between Andres Bonifacio and Daniel Tirono.
•Those elected in Tejeros convention knelt before the crucifix.
•Magdalo troops guard the oath-taking ceremonies inside the parish in Tanza. •Katipunan in Cavite divide into 2 factions: Magdalo and Magdiwang
•Bonifacio invited by Magdiwang to visit Cavite. •Misunderstanding exist between 2 rebel groups.•Convention assembly in Imus.
•Eleccion happened
•Bonifacio sent a letter to Mariano Alvarez his uncle in law and Emilo Jacinto.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN 2 ACCOUNTS PRIMARY SOURCES :SANTIAGO ALVAREZ’ “MEMOIRS OF A GENERAL”SECONDARY SOURCE:
TEODORO AGONCILLO’S “REVOLT OF THE MASS”
The events that is given by Alvarez is more on how the election goes and what happened during the election day in Tejeros. Also in the given event,
Alvarez

KEY PERSONAL TIES PRIMARY SOURCES :SANTIAGO ALVAREZ’ “MEMOIRS OF A GENERAL”SECONDARY SOURCE: TEODORO
AGONCILLO’S “REVOLT OF THE MASS”
•Supremo Andres Bonifacio-
•Emilio Aguinaldo •Daniel Tirona- Break the meeting rules and insulted the elected Jose del Rosario
•Pres. Baldomero Aguinaldo- leader of Magdalo •Santiago V. Alvarez (Magdiwang)•Maraino Alvarez•Supremo Andres Bonifacio-
•Emilio Aguinaldo •Daniel Tirona- Breakt the meeting rules and insulted the elected Jose del Rosario
•Pres. Baldomero Aguinaldo- leader of Magdalo

Primary SourceSantiago Alvarez’ Memoirs of a General

Author’s Background Born on July 25, 1872 in Imus, CaviteHe was known as Kidlat ng Apoy(Lightning of Fire) because of his inflamed bravery
and dedication as commander in the battle of Dalhican, Cavite. He was popularly acclaimed the "Hero of the Battle of Dalahican".In 1902, he
presided over the Junta Magna de la Comisión de la Paz(Great Council of the Peace Commission). TheJ untawas created to accelerate the
rehabilitation of the country from the destruction caused by the war.He died October 30, 1930, at age 58 in San Pablo City and was buried at the
San Pablo municipal cemetery. 

Secondary SourceTeodoro Agoncillo’s Revolt of the Masses

Teodoro A. Agoncillo (November 9, 1912– January 14, 1985) Born in Lemery, Batangas was one of the pre-eminent Filipino historians of the
20th century. He and his contemporary Renato Constantino were among the first Filipino historians who earned renown for promoting a distinctly
nationalist point of view of Filipino history (nationalist historiography). He was also

-----* , Kierly Zheeryne F.Categories

Primary SourcesMemoirs of a General by Santiago Alvarez a.k.a Gen.Apoy Author’s Background Gen. Santiago Alavarez is also known as General
Apoy. He was a Magdiwang man and the Commander-inChief of the said faction. He was an eye-witnessed because he personally experienced the
event.

Secondary SourceTeodoro Agoncillo’s Revolt of the Masses

Teodoro Agoncillo is a prominent Filipino historian. His book, The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan, is one of the
most influential books in Philippine history.

Objective of the Author Santiago Alvarez focus and further explain what happened in the said election made by two factions- Magdiwang and
Magdalo in Tejeros convention. It is detailed and mentioned the delagations of the person involved that only happens the day of the election.

Teodoro Agoncillo indicates the events before Tejeros convention. It was mentioned the dates, battle and important events that was different in
Alvarez’ knowledge.
Date written or published Memoirs of a General by Santiago Alvarez was published in the year 1992 at Loyola Heights, Quezon City; Ateneo de
Manila University Press.

In our handouts Revolt of the Masses by Teodoro Agoncillo was published year 2002. But in other source (internet) it was written in 1947 and was
published in 1956.

Mention of dates
March 25, 1897 – Failed assembly at Tajeros
March 26, 1897 – Another meeting called by Pres. Baldomero Aguinaldo, but only some Magdiwang leaders attended
March 27, 1897 – Meeting at Tanza (Oath-taking ceremony)
April 3, 1897 – The Supremo made a bid to recapture Noveleta

Middle of December 1896 – Aguinaldo, Tirona, and Evangelista meets BonifacioJ

anuary 2, 1897 – Bonifacio wrote to Mariano Alvarez about the Magdiwanf rebels; at 3pm, aparade took place in Noveleta
April 1897 – the Spaniards conquered the townthat Bonifacio stayed in
March 22, 1897 – A battle happened between the Spaniards and Magdalo Soldiers in Salitran; Aguinaldo’s birthday; and a meeting at Tajeros
oddured
Mention of places
A friar Estate house in Tajeros – venue for the meeting of Lumbreras of the Magdiwang Council; another meeting was held here after the past
tumultuous event 
Catholic church in Tanza – Trias, Tirona, de Dioss, Rillo, and others were rumored thay they held a meeting here with Fr. Cenon Villafranca;
Meeting held on March 27 (Oath-taking ceremony)Cavite Cavite – were the Katipunan is divided into two factions, Magdalo and Magdiwang
Talisay, Batangas – where Magdalo government residesNasugbu, Tuwi, and Look – where Magdiwanggovernment resides
Zapote – where Emilio Aguinaldo, Candido Tirona, and Edilberto Evangelista will meet the Supremo, Andres Bonifacio
Imus, Cavite – where Supremo took his position for granted to capture Vicente Fernandez; where the leaders of the Magdalo

-Guide Questions
a)
Who is Antonio Pigafetta?
Antonio Pigafetta was a Venetian scholar and explorer. He joined the expedition to the Spice
Islands led by
explorer Ferdinand Magellan under the flag of King Charles I of Spain and, after Magellan's death
in the Philippines, the
subsequent voyage around the world.
He was an Italian seafarer and geographer and one of the key player of the
worlds most amazing exploration trip.
b) What are the events that resulted to the writing of “First Voyage
Around the World”?
Portuguese Explorer Ferdinand Magellan set out from Spain in 1519 with a fleet of five ships to
discover a western
sea route to the Spice Islands. Magellan himself was killed in battle on the voyage, but his
ambitious expedition proved
that the globe could be circled by sea and that the world was much larger than had previously
been imagined.
And
Antonio Pigafetta was among of number of people that went with Magellan to circumnavigate the
globe.
c) What the content is all about? What important historical information
found in the document “First Voyage Around
the World?”
The First Voyage Around the World is about the happenings that unfolded during Ferdinand
Magellan’s
expedition. The details from this exploration is very important to the history because it was the first
trip that
circumnavigate the globe and and led to the formation of the International Date Line.
d) What is/are the contribution and relevance of the document “First
Voyage Around the World” in understanding the
grand narrative of
Philippine history?
The accounts of Antonio Pigafetta helped us picture out and understand what truly happened
when the Spaniards
arrived in our land it also have detailed narration about our ancestors. How they were like, how
they treated the
Spaniards when they first came, how they live their daily lives, and Pigafetta also depicted our
ancestors’ physical
appearance.

Guide Questions
a) Who is Juan de Plasencia?
Juan de Plasensia not a native Tagalog but a Franciscan missionary who first arrived in the
Philippines in 1577. He
penned the Doctrina Cristiana, the first published book in the Phiilippines. He served the Philippine
Islands from his
arrival in 1578 to his death in 1590.
b) What are the events that resulted to the writing of “Customs of the Tagalogs?”
The author, Juan de Plasencia, was tasked by the King of Spain to document the customs and
traditions of the
colonized (“natives”) based on, arguably, his own observations and judgments.
c) What the content is all about? What important historical information found in the document
“Customs of the
Tagalogs?”
The Customs of the Tagalogs tackles about everyday living of the ancient Filipinos, their social
status,
customs,traditions and beliefs of the Tagalog. It also provided the first form of Civil Codeused by
local governors to
administer justice.
d) What is/are the contribution and relevance of the document Customs of the Tagalogs” in
understanding the grand
narrative of Philippine history?
The Customs of the Tagalogs helped us take a peak at how our ancestors lived back in they days.
It gave us the
ideas about their lifestyles, beliefs, norms, and cultures.The books affirms that during the Spanish
period Filipino
natives already have a government as well as sets of beliefs and practices.

Guide Questions
a) Who is Emilio Jacinto?
Emilio Jacinto known as the “Utak ng Katipunan” was born on December 15, 1875. He was raised
by his mother
Josefa Dizon and his uncle Don Jose Dizon because Emilio grew up without his father Mariano
Jacinto. After dropping
out of college at the age of 20, Emilio joined the Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society. This
was a group whose
objective was to gain Philippine independence from Spain in 1892
b) What are the events that resulted to the writing of “ Kartilla of the Katipunan?”
Kartilya ng katipunan was written because first it highlights the importance of living a purpose-
driven life, second rule
is all about doing the right thing, the third tenet shows what kindness really means. True act of
kindness for a
Katipunero is in the love and service he render to other people and not the other way around. The
equality and other
rules was mentioned.
c) What is the content of the document all about? What important historical information found in
the document “
Kartilla of the Katipunan?”
The Kartilya is used to guide the actions of Katipuneros. Upon joining the Katipunan, members
were required to
read the Kartilya and adhere to its code of conduct.
This literary works content 14 teachings that reminds us the ordinance of the life and good morals
that Filipino
Katipuneros should followed in order to fulfill the affairs, love, solidarity, respect and concern for
the country.
d) What is/are the contribution and relevance of the document “ Kartilla of the Katipunan” in
understanding the grand
narrative of Philippine history?
The contribution of Kartilya ng Katipunan are equality of races, origin, education and religion. Also
the woman and
children need big respect and care and equal human rights that reflect to our Philippine core
values and norms and this
literary works mark as our Philippine History.
Guide Questions
a) Who is Ambrocio Rianzares Bautista?
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, author of the Declaration of Philpine Independence of June 12,
1898 was born on
December 7, 1830 Biiian, Laguna to Gregorio Enriquez Bautista and Silvestra Altamira. A distant
relative of the Rizal
family, he was often sought after by young Jose for advice during the latter's student days in
Manila.
A generous man,
Bautista was popular among peasants and laborers as he often gave legal advice and services
and defended their cases
in court free of charge.
b) What are the events that resulted to the writing of “Act of Declaration of Independence?”
After centuries of being colonized by the Spaniards, the Philippines finally was freed from the
Spanish colonization.
With a government in operation, Aguinaldo thought that it was necessary to declare the
independence of the
Philippines. He believed that such a move would inspire the people to fight more eagerly against
the Spaniards.
Mabini, who had by now been made Aguinaldo's unofficial adviser, objected. He based his
objection on the fact that it
was more important to reorganize the government. On June 12, between four and five in the
afternoon, Aguinaldo, in
the presence of a huge crowd, proclaimed the independence of the Philippines at Cavite el Viejo
(Kawit).
c) What the content is all about? What important historical information found in the document “Act
of Declaration of
Independence ?”
The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared and written by Ambrosio Rianzares
Bautista in Spanish,
who also read the said declaration. A passage in the Declaration reminds one of another passage
in the American
Declaration of Independence. The Philippine Declaration was signed by ninety-eight persons,
among them an American
army officer who witnessed the proclamation. The Act declared that the Filipinos “are and have the
right to be free and
independent,” and that the nation from ”this day commences to have a life of its own, with every
political tie between
Filipinas and Spain severed and annulled”.
d) What is/are the contribution and relevance of the document “ Act of Declaration of
Independence” in
understanding
the grand narrative of Philippine history?
It is stated in the document of how Philippines became independent from the Spanish government
The timeline from Magellan landed on the shores of Cebu to the declaration of the Philippine
Independent
Without this document we won't be able to identify when, where and how our country became
independent.
This document named all important people who contribute for the country to become independent
The meaning of each details of the Philippine national flag.

Guide Questions
a) Who is Alfred Mc Coy?
Alfred William Mc Coy
was born in Massachusetts, USA on June 8, 1945. He was a professor of history at the university
of Wisconsin-Madison and serves as director of the Center for SE Asian Studies.He is the author
of forthcoming in the Shadows of American Century: Rise and Decline of US Global Power and
Policing American’s Empire.
McCoy has spent the past thirty years writing about Southeast Asian history and politics.
b) What are the events that resulted to the writing of “Political Caricatures of the American Era?”
In 1900-1941 Philippine political cartoons gained full expression during the American era. Filipino
artists recorded
national attitudes toward the coming of the Americans as well as the changing mores and times. In
the Philippines, the
presence of political cartoons has been seen as early as the publication of Kalayaan and La
Solidaridad. The book of
McCoy and Roces (1986) was the first one to legitimize cartoons as sources of Filipino thoughts
and views.
c) What the content is all about? What important historical information found in the document
“Political Caricatures of
the American Era?”
Political Caricatures of the American Era
is about the 377 cartoons compiled by historian Alfred McCoy’s extensive
research in Philippine and American archives provides a comprehensive background not only to
the cartoons but to the
turbulent period as well. Accounts pointed that the Philippine press has had a love-hate
relationship with political
cartoons as only in 1985 has there been a published book on Philippine cartoons.
d) What is/are the contribution and relevance of the document “Political Caricatures of the
American Era” in
understanding the grand narrative of Philippine history?
The document let us know that during the American Era, Filipinos used Caricatures for them to
express their
political views and opinions about a certain issue. It doesn’t only show how creative we Filipinos
are but it also shows
patriotism. it served as an eye opener and it also helped us to discover our roots because it
provides us comprehensive
backgrounds.
Guide Questions
a) Who is Corazon C. Aquino?
Corazon Aquino was the 11th president (and first female president) of the Philippines. She
restored democracy after
the long dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos.
Corazon Aquino's husband had been an opponent of Ferdinand Marcos and
was assassinated upon returning from exile. When Marcos unexpectedly called for elections in
1986, Corazon Aquino
became the unified opposition's presidential candidate. She took office after Marcos fled the
country, and served as
president, with mixed results, until 1992.
b) What are the events that resulted to the delivery of “ Speech of Corazon Aquino before the US
Congress on
September 18, 1986?”
When former President Corazon Aquino spoke before a joint session of the United States
Congress in September of
1986, the dust was only beginning to settle. It was her first visit to America since the dictator
Ferdinand Marcos had
been deposed in February of the same year, and the Philippines was reckoning with everything his
administration had
inflicted. That included $26 billion in total foreign debt, and a communist insurgency that grew,
throughout the Marcos
era, from 500 armed guerillas to 16,000. We were just at the start of a long road to recovery.
c) What the content of the speech is all about? What important historical information found in the
document “Speech
of Corazon Aquino before the US Congress?”
So Aquino lodged an appeal for help. Addressing the House, she delivered a historic speech that
managed to sway in
our favor the vote for an emergency $200-million aid appropriation. In the moving speech penned
by her speechwriter
(and our current ambassador to the United Nations) Teddy Locsin, Jr., Aquino defended her
reconciliatory stand on the
communist insurgency—a sensitive issue in the U.S., given that this was 1986—and asked for
financial aid towards
rebuilding the Philippine economy.
d) What is/are the contribution and relevance of the document “Speech of Corazon Aquino before
the US Congress” in
understanding the grand narrative of Philippine history?
Four years after taking Washington by storm—and receiving pledges of billions of dollars in aid—
Aquino has discovered
that high political drama does not translate into concrete solutions to a moribund economy or
political instability. The
factionalized military has tried six times to oust Aquino, and most Filipinos expect another coup
attempt. Although the
Communist rebels now have fewer comrades under arms, they are still a real threat in both Manila
and the countryside.

Guide Questions
a) Who is Fernando Armosolo? Who is Juan Luna?
Fernando Amorsolo painted and sketched more than ten thousand pieces over his lifetime using
natural and
backlighting techniques. His most known works are of the dalagang Filipina, landscapes of his
Filipino homeland,
portraits and WWII war scenes. And Juan Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta, better known as
Juan Luna, was a
Filipino painter, sculptor and a political activist of the Philippine Revolution during the late 19th
century. He became
one of the first recognized Philippine artists.
b) What are the events that resulted them to make such work of arts?
Their Paintings were made not just to express but to expose current situations of the community.
Happening like
on how Filipinos were treated and how they lived their lives back then. It also helps us to picture
out our history from
cruelness and beauty of our nation’s past.
c) What the painting is all about? What important historical information found in their paintings?
Amorsolo’s rural paintings reflects to a bigger picture of traditional Filipinos living a simple and
peaceful life.
His pastoral works presented "an imagined sense of nationhood in counterpoint to American
colonial rule" and were
important to the formation of Filipino national identity. Luna painted literary and historical scenes,
some with an
underscore of political commentary. His allegorical works were inspired with classical balance, and
often showed
figures in theatrical poses.
d) What is/are the contribution and relevance of their works in understanding the grand narrative of
Philippine history?
Amorsolo’s artworks portrayed Filipino's culture and way of life including traditional Filipino
customs, culture,
fiestas and occupations. Luna’s paintings reflects historical scenes and sufferings in Spanish era
colonization.

Guide Questions
a) Who is Emilio F. Aguinaldo?

b) What are the events that led him to record his Memoirs of the Revolution or Mga Gunita ng
Himagsikan?”

c) What the content is all about? What important historical information found in the document “
Mga Gunita ng
Himagsikan?”

d) What is/are the contribution and relevance of the document “ Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan” in
understanding the
grand narrative of Philippine history?

Guide Questions
a) Who is Icelle Gloria D. Borja- Estrada and her co authors?
b) What are the events that resulted to the making of this
documentary film “Raiders of the Sulu Sea?”
c) What the content of the film is all about? What important
historical information found in the document “Raiders of the Sulu Sea?”
d) What is/are the contribution and relevance of the document
“Raiders of the Sulu Sea” in understanding the grand narrative of Philippine history?
Key Personal Ties
 Santiago Álvarez was one of the
attendees of the convention belonging
to the Magdiwang faction and was
already the Captain General of Cavite
during that time. However, he lost his
position to General Artemio Ricarte
after the election in Tejeros.
 He was the son of General Mariano
Álvarez and cousin of Pascual
Álvarez, who were also members of
the Katipunan and were present during
the convention.
 Teodoro Agoncillo is related to
Filipino diplomat Felipe Agoncillo
who was a family friend and adviser of
Emilio Aguinaldo. Both men belonged
to the Magdalo faction of the
Katipunan. It is possible that, as
adviser, Felipe has influenced Emilio