LABORATORY MANUAL

Smart Instrumentation
Laboratory

Department of Instrumentation Engineering

JORHAT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Assam-785007
Do’s
➢ Be punctual.
➢ Maintain discipline & silence.
➢ Keep the Laboratory clean and tidy.
➢ Enter Laboratory with shoes.
➢ Handle instruments with utmost care.
➢ Come prepared with circuit diagrams, writing materials and
calculator.
➢ Follow the procedure that has been instructed.
➢ Return all the issued equipments properly.
➢ Get the signature on experiment result sheet daily.
➢ For any clarification contact faculty/staff in charge only.
➢ Shut down the power supply after the experiment.

Don’ts
➢ Avoid unnecessary chat or walk.
➢ Playing mischief in the laboratory is forbidden.
➢ Disfiguring of furniture is prohibited.
➢ Do not start the experiment without instructions.
➢ Avoid using cell phones unless absolutely necessary.
Avoid late submission of laboratory reports.
 Smart Semester VI
Instrumentation

Section A
Experiment Title of the Experiments Objective of the experiments
No
1 IR motion sensor 1. To study the digital response a IR motion
sensor and to determine its range.
2. To design a motion sensitive intruder
alarming system.

2 Ultrasonic proximity 1. To measure the distance of an object using

sensor SONAR principle by ultrasonic proximity
sensor.
2. To determine the accuracy of the instrument
3 DHT 11 Humidity sensor 1. To study the operation of digital humidity
sensor
2. To calculate the accuracy of the device
4 Servo robot 1. Understand servo control system
2. To control the servo robot using
microcontroller In
(I) Knob Mode
(II) Sweep Mode

3. Program the servo robot to perform pick and

place at different environment
5 Automatic Irrigation 1. study the sampling and quantization of
system. analog sensor outputs.
2. To study the characteristic AIS for different
value of set point.

Section B
Experiment Name of the experiments Objective of the experiments
No
6 LabVIEW arithmetic 1. To perform different arithmetic operation
using Lab VIEW arithmetic blocks and
formula node
2. Differentiate arithmetic block and formula
node
7 VI Programming loop To study the following VI loops
(i) Do While loop
(ii) For loop
(iii) Case Structure
8 LIFA To deploy LIFA (LabVIEW interface for
Arduino) and to study the response using
LabVIEW and Arduino
 9 LDR. 1. To draw the input -output characteristics
of a LVDT and to determine its sensitivity
using Lab VIEW

10 LM 35 Temperature 1. To draw the temp- voltage graph for a LM

sensor 35 temperature module and to determine
its sensitivity using LabVIEW.
2. To observe temperature characteristics
from LabVIEW
11 Resistive moisture sensor 1. Study of resistive soli moisture sensor and
to observe it characteristic graph using
LabVIEW

Section C
Experiment Name of the Experiment Objective of the experiment
No
12 Matlab Programming Study of basic script based programming in
Matlab.

13 Simulink study of Simulink and different toolboxes in

Matlab

Text books:
1. Intelligent Sensing, Instrumentation and Measurements- Mukhopadhyay,
Subhas Chandra
2. LabView Tutorials for Clad – GK publication pvt. limited
3. Arduino programming-Mark Torvalas

Student Profile
Name
Roll Number
Department
Year
 Student Performance
Experiment No Title of experiments Remarks
1 LVDT
2 Torque Transducer
3 Load Cell
4 Orifice
5 Rotational Potentiometer
6 Thermocouple
7 I/P-P/I Converter
8 PV cell
9 LDR
10 LM 35 Temperature sensor
11 Resistive moisture sensor
12 Matlab Programming
13 Simulink

Office Use
Checked and found
…………………………………………………
Grade/ Marks
…………………………………………………
Signature
……………………………………………………
Experiment No 1: IR sensor
Theory:

Infrared waves are not visible to the human eye. In the electromagnetic spectrum, infrared
radiation can be found between the visible and microwave regions. The infrared waves typically
have wavelengths between 0.75 and 1000µm. The wavelength region which ranges from 0.75 to
3µm is known as the near infrared regions. The region between 3 and 6µm is known as the mid-
infrared and infrared radiation which has a wavelength greater higher than 6µm is known as far
infrared.

Infrared technology finds applications in many everyday products. Televisions use an

infrared detector to interpret the signals sent from a remote control. The key benefits of infrared
sensors include their low power requirements, their simple circuitry and their portable features.

The Types of Infrared Sensors

Infrared sensors are broadly classified into two main types:

• Thermal infrared sensors – use infrared energy as heat. Their photo sensitivity is
independent of the wavelength being detected. Thermal detectors do not require cooling
but do have slow response times and low detection capabilities. Read more about
Thermal Infrared Sensors here.

• Quantum infrared sensors – provide higher detection performance and faster response
speed. Their photo sensitivity is dependent on wavelength. Quantum detectors have to be
cooled in order to obtain accurate measurements.

The Working Principle of Infrared Sensors

All objects which have a temperature greater than absolute zero (0 Kelvin) posses thermal energy
and are sources of infrared radiation as a result.Sources of infrared radiation include blackbody
radiators, tungsten lamps and silicon carbide. Infrared sensors typically use infrared lasers and
LEDs with specific infrared wavelengths as sources.A transmission medium is required for
infrared transmission, which can be comprised of either a vacuum, the atmosphere or an optical
fiber.
 Optical components, such as optical lenses made from quartz, CaF2, Ge and Si,
polyethylene Fresnel lenses and Al or Au mirrors, are used to converge or focus the infrared
radiation. In order to limit spectral response, band-pass filters can be used.Next, infrared
detectors are used in order to detect the radiation which has been focused. The output from the
detector is usually very small and hence pre-amplifiers coupled with circuitry are required to
further process the received signals.

The Key Applications of Infrared Technology

1. Night Vision Devices: Infrared technology is implemented in night vision equipment if there
is not enough visible light available to see unaided. Night vision devices convert ambient
photons of light into electrons and then amplify them using a chemical and electrical process,
before finally converting them back into visible light.

2. Infrared Astronomy: Infrared astronomy is a field of astronomy which studies astronomical

objects which are visible in infrared radiation. Using telescopes and solidstate detectors,
astronomers are able to observe objects in the universe which are impossible to detect using
light in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

3. Inferred motion sensors: They are used to detect the motion of any living being and can be
applied in security applications

List of apparatus:

Sl No Name of the equipment Range / specification Quantity

1 Arduino UNO 5-12 V Dc 1

2 PIR motion sensor 5-9 V Dc 1

3 Lcd display 16x2 1

3 Led ……… 2
4 Power supply 12 V dc 1

Circuit diagram:

Figure : 1.1

Procedure:

Step 1: connect the dc power supply to the controller (Arduino UNO)

Step 2: connect the PIR motion sensor as shown in the circuit diagram

Step 3: Connect LED in pin 13 of the controller.

Step 4: connect LCD (SCL to A5, SDA to A4)

Step 5: upload the sketch

Step 6: Place the target and increase the distance by One feet for every observation

Step 7: Observe the feed back from LCD at different distance and note it down

Step8 : measure the output voltage at every observation from the LCD

Model waveform:

Observation table:

No of Distance from the Output Feedback from Feedback from LCD

observation sensor (feet) Voltage(v0) LED
(Detected/Not detected)
(ON/OFF)
1

10

Result and discussion:

 Experiment No 2: Ultrasonic proximity sensor

Theory:

Sonar:Sonar (originally an acronym for Sound Navigation And Ranging) is a technique that
uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate,
communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels.
Two types of technology share the name "sonar": passive sonar is essentially listening for the
sound made by vessels; active sonar is emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Sonar
may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo characteristics of
"targets" in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of radar. Sonar
may also be used in air for robot navigation, and SODAR (an upward looking in-air sonar) is
used for atmospheric investigations. The term sonar is also used for the equipment used to
generate and receive the sound. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from very
low (infrasonic) to extremely high (ultrasonic). The study of underwater sound is known
as underwater acoustics or hydro acoustics.

Ultrasonic sensor:

The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses sonar to determine distance to an object like bats do. It
offers excellent non-contact range detection with high accuracy and stable readings in an easy-
to-use package. From 2cm to 400 cm or 1” to 13 feet. Its operation is not affected by sunlight or
black material like sharp rangefinders are (although acoustically soft materials like cloth can be
difficult to detect). It comes complete with ultrasonic transmitter and receiver module.

Features
➢ Power Supply :+5V Dc

➢ Quiescent Current :<2mA

➢ Working Current: 15mA

➢ Effectual Angle: <15°

➢ Ranging Distance : 2cm – 400 cm/1″ – 13ft

➢ Resolution : 0.3 cm

➢ Measuring Angle: 30 degree

➢ Trigger Input Pulse width: 10uS

➢ Dimension: 45mm x 20mm x 15mm

How Does it Work?

The ultrasonic sensor uses sonar to determine the distance to an object. Here’s what happens:

1. the transmitter (trig pin) sends a signal: a high-frequency sound

2. when the signal finds an object, it is reflected and

3. the transmitter (echo pin) receives it.

List of apparatus:

Sl No Name of the equipment Range / specification Quantity

1 Arduino UNO 5-12 V Dc 1

2 Ultrasonic sensor 5-9 V Dc 1

3 Lcd display 16x2 1

4 Power supply 12 V dc 1

5 Scale 30 cm 1

Circuit diagram:

Figure 2.1
Procedure:

Step 1: connect the dc power supply to the controller (Arduino UNO)

Step 2: connect the Ultrasonic sensor as shown in the circuit diagram.

Step 3: place the scale beside the sensor in such a way that the zero reading of scale touch the tip
of the sensor.

Step 4: upload the sketch

Step 6: Place the target and increase the distance by One cm for every observation over a scale

Step 7: Observe the reading from LCD at different distance and note it down

Observation table:

No of Reading from LCD Difference in reading Error in reading, E

observation scale reading

(Cm) (Cm)

5
6

10

Result and discussion:

Average error: E= ((E1+E2+…+E10)/10)x100%

Accuracy (100-E)%
Experiment No 3: DHT-11 humidity sensor

Theory:

Humidity: term and is invisible to the human eye. Humidity indicates the likelihood
of precipitation, Humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air. Water vapor is the
gaseous state of , or fog. Higher humidity reduces the effectiveness of sweating in cooling the
body by reducing the rate of evaporation of moisture from the skin. There are three main
measurements of humidity: absolute, relative and specific. Absolute humidity is the water
content of air expressed in gram per cubic meter or grams per kilogram. Relative humidity,
expressed as a percent, measures the current absolute humidity relative to the maximum (highest
point) for that temperature. Specific humidity is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the total
mass of the moist air parcel.
Controlling or monitoring humidity is of paramount importance in many industrial &
domestic applications. In semiconductor industry, humidity or moisture levels needs to be
properly controlled & monitored during wafer processing. In medical applications, humidity
control is required for respiratory equipment, sterilizers, incubators, pharmaceutical processing,
and biological products. Humidity control is also necessary in chemical gas purification, dryers,
ovens, film desiccation, paper and textile production, and food processing. In agriculture,
measurement of humidity is important for plantation protection (dew prevention), soil moisture
monitoring, etc. For domestic applications, humidity control is required for living environment in
buildings, cooking control for microwave ovens, etc. In all such applications and many
others, humidity sensors are employed to provide an indication of the moisture levels in the
environment.

The DHT-11 is a basic, low-cost digital temperature and humidity sensor. It uses a
capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to measure the surrounding air, and spits out a
digital signal on the data pin (no analog input pins needed). It's fairly simple to use, but
requires careful timing to grab data. Simply connect the first pin on the left to 3 -5V power,
the second pin is data input pin and the rightmost pin to ground. Compared to the DHT11,
this sensor is more precise, more accurate and works in a bigger range of
temperature/humidity, but its larger and more expensive.

List of apparatus:
Sl No Name of the equipment Range / specification Quantity

1 Arduino UNO 5-12 V Dc 1

2 DHT-11 5-9 V Dc 1

3 Lcd display 16x2 1

4 Standard Humidity Meter ……… 1

5 Humidifier 230 V AC 1

6 Power supply 12 V dc 1

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:
Step 1: connect the dc power supply to the controller (Arduino UNO)

Step 2: connect the DHT 11 humidity sensor as shown in the circuit diagram

Step 3: connect LCD as show in the circuit diagram

Step 5: upload the sketch

Step 6: Start the humidifier and place the sensor and the standard humidity meter to absorb
humidity

Step 7: Observe the feed back from both sensor and the standard instrument

Observation table:

No of Reading from sensor Reading from Difference in reading (

observation (LCD reading) standard error, En)
instrument

7
8

10

Result and discussion:

Average error: E= ((E1+E2+…+E10)/10)x100%

Accuracy (100-E)%
Experiment No 4: Servo Robot

Theory:

A servo system mainly consists of three basic components - a controlled device, a output sensor,
a feedback system. This is an automatic closed loop control system. Here instead of controlling a
device by applying the variable input signal, the device is controlled by a feedback signal
generated by comparing output signal and reference input signal. When reference input signal or
command signal is applied to the system, it is compared with output reference signal of the
system produced by output sensor, and a third signal produced by a feedback system. This third
signal acts as an input signal of controlled device.

A servo motor controller is a circuit that is used to control the position of a servo motor. It is also
called as a servo motor driver. A servo motor controller consists of a controller, the servo motor
and the power supply unit. Servo motor driver may be used to control a single servo or even a
group of servo motors. In many projects where servo motor controlling is the mainstay of the
task to be accomplished, the controller must drive more than one servo. An example of this is an
RC airplane, servo rorbot which uses many servos. Essential Components
 1. A micro-controller
2. A power supply unit

Servo Robot are one of the most distinguishing implementation of servo control system, this
robot are powered by servo motor, controlled by some servo controllers. This robot are very
useful in automation industries , laboratory, medical and military applications.

List of apparatus:

Sl No Name of the equipment Range / specification Quantity

1 Arduino UNO 5-12 V Dc 1

2 Servo robot 5-9 V Dc 1

3 Power supply 12 V dc 1

4 V Dc, 4.5 amp 1

Circuit diagram:
Procedure:

Step 1: connect the controller to computer

Step 2: connect the servo to 6 V Dc 4.5 Amp power source

Step 3: upload the sketch

(i) Sweep

(ii) Knob

Step 6: change the servo angle,sequence and delay for each observation

Observation table for sweep:

Observation Number Sweep angle Angular movement in servo

1 45

2 90

3 135

4 180

Observation table for knob

Observation Number Potentiometer angle Angular movement in servo

1 45
2 90

3 135

4 180

Observation table for user defined movement:

Observation table 1:

Servo No Servo Name Angle sequence Delay

(in millisecond)

1 Rotate 30 1-2-3-4-3-2- 1000

1-4
2 arm 65 1500

3 wrist 40 2000

4 gripper 90 10000

Observation table 2:

Servo No Servo Name Angle sequence Delay

(in millisecond)
1 Rotate 60 1-2-4-3-3-2- 1500
1-4
2 arm 45 1000

3 wrist 20 4000

4 gripper 90 8000

Observation table 3:

Servo No Servo Name Angle sequence Delay

(in millisecond)

1 Rotate 90 1-3-2-4-2-3- 1000

1-4
2 arm 65 2000

3 wrist 30 4000

4 gripper 60 9000

Result and discussion:

Experiment No 5: Automatic Irrigation System

Theory:

Irrigation is the method in which a controlled amount of water is supplied to plants at regular
intervals for agriculture. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of
landscapes, and re-vegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate
rainfall. Additionally, irrigation also has a few other uses in crop production, which include
protecting plants against frost, suppressing weed growth in grain fields and preventing soil
consolidation.[3] In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is referred to as rain-fed
or dry land farming.

Automatic irrigation system is a microcontroller based system to provide irrigation in a

automatic and controlled manner. The moisture is being sensed by a soil moisture sensor and fed
the data to the controller. The controller measure the sensor value with the set point value and
give a control signal (either high or low) to the actuator. The pump, which is the final control
element is driven by the actuator.

The soil moisture sensor is of resistive type. The two probes are acting as a variable
resistor – more water in the soil means better conductivity and results in a lower resistance and
a higher signal out. The analog readings will vary depending on what voltage used to power the
sensor and also is relative to the moisture content.

List of apparatus:

Sl No Name of the equipment Range / specification Quantity

1 Arduino UNO 5-12 V Dc 1

2 Soil moisture sensor 5-9 V Dc 1

3 LCD 16x2 1

3 SOV 12 V Dc 2

4 Power supply 12 V dc 1

5 Relay 5 V Dc 1

6 Soil sample ……….. ………..

Circuit diagram:
Procedure:

Step 1: connect the dc power supply to the controller (Arduino UNO)

Step 2: connect moisture sensor as shown in the circuit diagram

Step 3: Connect relay in pin 6 of the controller.

Step 4: connect LCD (SCL to A5, SDA to A4)

Step 5: Connect SOV with the supply through relay and pug it to water stream.

Step 6: upload the sketch

Step 6: Place the sensor at different soil sample

Step 7: Observe the moisture of soil and senor output voltage in LCD at different soil sample and
note it down

Step 9: Change the set point and observe the control action

Observation table for Characteristics curve of the sensor:

Sl No Moisture (%) Voltage Out put

2
3

Model waveform:
Observation table for set point changing:

No of Set point Moisture Reading from Status of SOV

observation sensor
(ON/OFF)
(%)

1 30%

2 40%

3 70%

10

Result and discussion:

Section B
Experiment No 6: Lab VIEW arithmetic

Theory:

Lab VIEW is a product from National Instruments. The programming language used in Lab-
VIEW, also known to as G, is nothing but a dataflow programming language

LabVIEW connects the creation of user interfaces which is called front panels to a development
cycle. LabVIEW programs and subroutines are known as virtual instruments (VIs). Each VI
consist of three components: a front panel ,a block diagram and a connector panel. The front
panel is designed using controls and indicators. The Controls are inputs let a user to supply the
information to the VI. Indicators are the outputs . They indicate, or show, the results based on the
inputs which is given to the VI. The back panel is a block diagram panel. It contains the
graphical source code. All of the objects kept on the front panel will also appear on the back
block diagram panel as terminals. The block diagram panel also contains structures and the
functions which perform operations during controls and supply data to indicators. On the
Functions palette structures and functions are found and they can be placed on the back panel.
Controls, structures, indicators and functions will be referred to as nodes collectively. Nodes are
connected to one another through wires. For example two controls and one indicator can be
wired to the make addition function so that the indicator gives the sum of the two controls. Thus
a virtual instrument capable of either running as a program, with the front panel giving a user
interface, or can dropped as a node in the block diagram. The front panel gives the inputs and
outputs for a node via the connector pane. Significance of which each VI can be easily tested
before embedding as a subroutine into a larger program.The graphical approach also permits a
non-programmers to build a program by dragging and dropping the virtual representations of lab
equipment those with which they are already known. The Lab-VIEW programming environment,
with including examples and documentation, makes it very simple to design small applications.
This is a advantageous, but there expertise requires for high-quality G programming. It is very
important that the programmer must possess an extensive knowledge of some special Lab-VIEW
syntax for performing complex algorithms or large-scale code. The most advanced Lab-VIEW
development systems including NI-My Rio also offer the possibility of building a stand-alone
applications. Furthermore, it is also possible to create some distributed applications, which
communicate through a client/server scheme, and are therefore it is easier to implement the
inherently parallel nature ofG.

LabVIEW consisting of arithmetic and logical blocks to perform arithmetic and logical
operations .it Performs an arithmetic operation on two signals or groups of signals and returns
the resulting signal(s). The types of operations you can select vary depending on the data types
of the input signals. Beside these it also have a formula node for performing complex numerical

Figure 6.1 : Arithmetic blocks of labVIEW

List of apparatus:

Sl No Name of the equipment Range / specification Quantity

1 LabVIEW 2011 or higher ………….. 1

Model Connection diagram:

1. R=(4X+3Y+5Z)/3 (Using arithmetic Block)

1. 2 R=(4X+3Y+5Z)/3 (Using Formula node)

Procedure:

Step 1: open the LabVIEW software

Step 2: press “cntrl+T” to enable tiles mode

Step 3: right click the block diagram panel and Connect as it is show in fig 6.2 or 6.3.

Step 4: run the simulation

Step 5: Observe the Output for different values of inputs and note it down in

observation table 1(For arithmetic block)

Sl No X Y Z R

1 2 4 4
2 3 1 6

3 7 9 9

4 9 12 5

5 8 15 8

6 5 8 7

7 2.5 9 5

8 5 8 2

observation table 2(For Formula Node)

Sl No X Y Z R

1 2 4 4

2 3 1 6

3 7 9 9

4 9 12 5

5 8 15 8

6 5 8 7
7 2.5 9 5

8 5 8 2

Result and discussion:

Experiment No 7: VI programming Loop

Theory:

The LabVIEW software is capable of handling programming loops. This loop becomes handy
while performing different complex programming. Generally LabVIEW can perform following
loops.

1. While loop
2. For loop
3. Case structure

While loop: A while loop is a control flow statement you use to execute a block of the
subdiagram code repeatedly until a given Boolean condition is met. First, you execute the code
within the subdiagram, and then the conditional terminal is evaluated. Unlike a for loop, a while
loop does not have a set iteration count; thus, a while loop executes indefinitely if the condition
never occurs.
For loop: for loop is a control flow statement you use to execute a block of the subdiagram code
a set number of times, but a while loop stops executing the subdiagram only if the value at the
conditional terminal exists.

List of apparatus:

Sl No Name of the equipment Range / specification Quantity

1 LabVIEW Version 2011 or 1

higher

Model connection diagram:

1. While loop:
 Figure : 8.1

2. For loop:

2For loop
 3. Case structure:

Figure : 8.3

Procedure:

Step 1: open the LabVIEW software

Step 2: press “cntrl+T” to enable tiles mode

Step 3: right click the block diagram panel and Connect as it is show in figure
7.1,7.2,7.3

Step 4: run the simulation

Step 5: Observe the Output for different values of input

Result and discussion:

 Experiment No 8 : LIFA

Theory:

LIFA: The Lab VIEW Interface for Arduino or simply LIFA is Toolkit that permits developers
to acquire data from the Arduino microcontroller and process the data in the Lab VIEW
Graphical Programming environment. LIFA enables lab VIEW directly to talk to Arduino. To
communicate between Lab VIEW and Arduino a program called LIFA base must be deployed to
the Arduino . It is written in processing language and run in Arduino IED.

Deployment of LIFA :

Step 1: Connect Arduino to PC

Step 2: Check the COM port of Arduino in the device manager.

Step 3: open the LIFA software.

Step 4: Upload the LIFA .ino file to the Arduino

Step 5: Run the “basic analog read pin” file

Step 6 : If the connection breaks continue the procedure once again

List of apparatus:

Sl No Name of the equipment Range / specification Quantity

1 Arduino UNO 5-12 V Dc 1

2 LabVIEW 2011 version or 1

higher
3 Potentiometer 22 k 1

Circuit diagram:

Figure 9.1: Circuit diagram

Procedure:

Step 1: Deploy LIFA to Arduino

Step 2: Connect the potentiometer as shown in figure 8.1

Step 3: rotate the potentiometer by and angle of 30 for each observation , note the reading in
observation table.

Step 4: observe the wave form in Wave chart of LabVIEW

Observation table:

No of Rotation of potentiometer Output Voltage(v0)

observation
(angle)

1 30

2 60

3 90

4 120

5 150

6 180

7 210

8 240

9 270

10 300
Model wave form:

Result and discussion:

Experiment No 9: Characteristics OF LDR

Theory:

An LDR is a component that has a (variable) resistance that changes with the light intensity that
falls upon it. This allows them to be used in light sensing circuits. The most common type of
LDR has a resistance that falls with an increase in the light intensity falling upon the device The
resistance of an LDR may typically have the following resistances:

Daylight= 5000Ω
Dark= 20000000Ω

The circuit shown above shows a simple way of constructing a circuit that turns on when it goes
dark. In this circuit the LDR and the other Resistor form a simple 'Potential Divider' circuit,
where the centre point of the Potential Divider is fed to the Base of the NPN Transistor.When the
light level decreases, the resistance of the LDR increases. As this resistance increases in relation
to the other Resistor, which has a fixed resistance, it causes the voltage dropped across the LDR
to also increase. When this voltage is large enough (0.7V for a typical NPN Transistor), it will
cause the Transistor to turn on.The value of the fixed resistor will depend on the LDR used, the
transistor used and the supply voltage.

List of apparatus:

Sl No Name of the equipment Range / specification Quantity

1 Arduino UNO 5-12 V Dc 1

2 LDR sensor shield 5-9 V Dc 1

3 LabVIEW V. 2011 or higher 1

4 Lux meter 200000 lumens 1

5 Light source 100 w 1

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:
Step 1: connect controller (Arduino UNO) to the PC

Step 2: connect the LDR as shown in the circuit diagram

Step 3: Open the program “analog read pin” in LabVIEW

Step 4: Run The program

Step 5: Increase the intensity of intensity using Dimmer circuit

Step 6: take the reading from LabVIEW and lux meter simultaneously and note it down

Observation table:

No of Dimmer position(%) Light intensity Resistance from

observation the LDR(Ohm)
(lumens)

1 10

2 20

3 30

4 40

5 50

6 60

7 70
8 80

9 90

10 100

Model waveform:
Result and discussion:

Sensitivity = dR/Di ( ohm/lumen)

Experiment No 10: LM 35 temperature sensor

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature devices with an output voltage
linearly-proportional to the Centigrade temperature. The LM35 device has an advantage over
linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large
constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 device does
not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of ±¼°C at room
temperature and ±¾°C over a full −55°C to 150°C temperature range. Lower cost is assured by
trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The low-output impedance, linear output, and precise
inherent calibration of the LM35 device makes interfacing to readout or control circuitry
especially easy. The device is used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus supplies.
As the LM35 device draws only 60 µA from the supply, it has very low self-heating of less than
0.1°C in still air. The LM35 device is rated to operate over a −55°C to 150°C temperature range,
while the LM35C device is rated for a −40°C to 110°C range (−10° with improved accuracy).

List of apparatus:

Sl No Name of the equipment Range / specification Quantity

1 Arduino UNO 5-12 V Dc 1

2 LM 35 5-9 V Dc 1

3 LabVIEW V. 2011 or higher 1

4 Mercury Thermo meter 200000 lumens 1

5 heat source( hot air blower) 100 w 1

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:

Step 1: connect controller (Arduino UNO) to the PC

Step 2: connect the LM 35 as shown in the circuit diagram

Step 3: Open the program “analog read pin” in LabVIEW

Step 4: Run The program

Step 5: Increase the intensity heat source using Dimmer circuit

Step 6: take the reading from LabVIEW and thermo meter simultaneously and note it down

Observation table:

No of Dimmer position(%) Temperature Output voltage

observation From mercury from the Sensor
glass
thermometer

(0C)

1 10

2 20

3 30

4 40

5 50

6 60

7 70

8 80
9 90

10 100

Model waveform:
Result and discussion:

Sensitivity = dV/dT( volt/centigrade)

Experiment No 11: Resistive moisture sensor

Theory: Moisture meters are used to measure the percentage of water in a given substance.
This information can be used to determine if the material is ready for use, unexpectedly wet or
dry, or otherwise in need of further inspection. Wood and paper products are very sensitive to
their moisture content. Physical properties are strongly affected by moisture content and high
moisture content for a period of time may progressively degrade a material.

Types of moisture sensor:

Moisture sensor are of different types. The type of moisture sensor is actually dependent on the
quality of the material , which moisture is to be measured. For example in moisture measurement
of wood or other solid material we generally use penetrable types resistive sensor. This sensor
send a constant amount of voltage and measure the resistance of the path through the material.
the output obtained from the sensor is of analog type. One the other for granular material we use
cup shape type moisture measuring device, and foe cotton and other web we used live and dead
roller.

List of apparatus:

Sl No Name of the equipment Range / specification Quantity

1 Arduino UNO 5-12 V Dc 1

2 Moisture senor 5-9 V Dc 1

3 LabVIEW V. 2011 or higher 1

4 Test sample ( soil) ………….. 1

5 Water sprinkler (manual) ………….. 1

Circuit diagram:
Procedure:

Step 1: connect controller (Arduino UNO) to the PC

Step 2: connect the moisture as shown in the circuit diagram

Step 3: Open the program “analog read pin” in LabVIEW

Step 4: Run The program

Step 5: Increase the moisture of test sample by spraying water to the sample gradually

Step 6: take the reading from LabVIEW and note it down

Observation table:

No of Moisture reading in% Output voltage from the Sensor

observation
(obtained from LabVIEW)

1 10

2 20

3 30

4 40

5 50

6 60

7 70

8 80

9 90

10 100
Model waveform:
Section C
Experiment No 12: Basic Script based Matlab Programming
Theory:

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation,

visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are
expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include:

• Math and computation

• Algorithm development
• Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
• Data analysis, exploration, and visualization
• Scientific and engineering graphics
• Application development, including Graphical User Interface building

MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require
dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those
with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in
a scalar noninteractive language such as C or Fortran.
The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to provide
easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects, which
together represent the state-of-the-art in software for matrix computation.

The MATLAB System

The MATLAB system consists of five main parts:

The MATLAB language.

This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions, data
structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both "programming
in the small" to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs, and "programming in the
large" to create complete large and complex application programs.

The MATLAB working environment.

This is the set of tools and facilities that you work with as the MATLAB user or programmer. It
includes facilities for managing the variables in your workspace and importing and exporting
data. It also includes tools for developing, managing, debugging, and profiling M-files,
MATLAB's applications.

Handle Graphics.
This is the MATLAB graphics system. It includes high-level commands for two-dimensional and
three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It
also includes low-level commands that allow you to fully customize the appearance of graphics
as well as to build complete Graphical User Interfaces on your MATLAB applications.

The MATLAB mathematical function library.

This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions like
sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse,
matrix eigenvalues, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms.

The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API).

This is a library that allows you to write C and Fortran programs that interact with MATLAB. It
include facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling MATLAB as a
computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files.

Script based Matlab programming:The simplest type of MATLAB® program is called

a script. A script is a file with a .m extension that contains multiple sequential lines of MATLAB
commands and function calls. We can run a script by typing its name at the command line.

Basic example of scrip based programming

Example 1: To create a script, use the edit command,

edit plotrand;

(This opens a blank file named plotrand.m. Enter some code that plots a vector of random data)
n = 50;
r = rand(n,1);
plot(r)
Next, add code that draws a horizontal line on the plot at the mean:
m = mean(r);
hold on
plot([0,n],[m,m])
hold off
title('Mean of Random Uniform Data')

example 2: Generate random data from a uniform distribution and calculate the mean. Plot the
data and the mean

n = 50; % 50 data points

r = rand(n,1);
plot(r)
% Draw a line from (0,m) to (n,m)
m = mean(r);
hold on
plot([0,n],[m,m])
hold off
title('Mean of Random Uniform Data')

Result and discussion:

Experiment No 13: Simulink

Simulinkis a block diagram environment for multidomain simulation and Model-Based Design.
It supports system-level design, simulation, automatic code generation, and continuous test and
verification of embedded systems. Simulink provides a graphical editor, customizable block
libraries, and solvers for modeling and simulating dynamic systems. It is integrated with
MATLAB, enabling you to incorporate MATLAB algorithms into models and export simulation
results to MATLAB for further analysis.Simulink toolbox: they are some can include MATLAB
code, data, apps, examples, and

documentation. When you create a toolbox, MATLAB generates a single installation file (
.mltbx ) that enables one to perform various task in matlab

figure 13.1 : Simulink tool box

Basic example on Simulink:

we can use Simulink® to model a system and then simulate the dynamic behavior of that system.
Simulink allows you to create block diagrams, where blocks we connect represent parts of a
system, and signals represent input/output relationships between those blocks. The primary
function of Simulink is to simulate behavior of system components over time. In its simplest
form, this task involves keeping a clock, determining the order in which the blocks are to be
simulated, and propagating the outputs, computed in the block diagram, to the next block.
Consider a switch that turns on a heater. At each time step, Simulink must compute the output of
the switch, propagate it to the heater, and then compute the heat output.
 Often, the effect of a component's input on its output is not instantaneous. For example, turning
on a heater does not result in an instant change in temperature. Rather, this action provides input
to a differential equation, and the history of the temperature (a state) is also a factor. When the
simulation of a block diagram requires solving a differential or difference equation, Simulink
employs memory and numerical solvers to compute the state values for the time step.
Simulink handles data in three categories:
• Signals — Block inputs and outputs, computed during simulation
• States — Internal values, representing the dynamics of the block, computed during
simulation
• Parameters — Values that affect the behavior of a block, controlled by the user
At each time step, Simulink computes new values for signals and states. By contrast, you specify
parameters when you build the model and can occasionally change them while simulation is
running.
Model Overview
The basic techniques we use to create a simple model in this tutorial are the same techniques that
you use for more complex models. This example simulates simplified motion of a car, after a
brief press of the accelerator pedal.
A Simulink block is a model element that defines a mathematical relationship between its input
and output. To create this simple model, you need four Simulink blocks.

Block name Block Purpose Model Purpose

Pulse Generator Generate an input signal Simulate the accelerator pedal

for the model

Gain Multiply the input signal Simulate how pressing the accelerator affects the car's
by a factor

Integrator, Second-Order Integrate input signal Obtain position from acceleration

twice

Outport Designate a signal as an Designate the position as an output from the model
output from the model
Simulating this model integrates a brief pulse twice to get a ramp and then displays the result in a
Scope window. The input pulse represents a press of the accelerator pedal in a car, and the output
ramp represents the increasing distance from the starting point.

Result and discussion:

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….