Linear Relations

and Functions
Chapter Overview and Pacing

PACING (days)
Regular Block
LESSON OBJECTIVES Basic/ Basic/
Average Advanced Average Advanced
Relations and Functions (pp. 56–62) 1 optional 0.5 optional
• Analyze and graph relations.
• Find functional values.
Linear Equations (pp. 63–67) 1 optional 0.5 optional
• Identify linear equations and functions.
• Write linear equations in standard form and graph them.
Slope (pp. 68–74) 1 optional 0.5 optional
• Find and use the slope of a line.
• Graph parallel and perpendicular lines.
Writing Linear Equations (pp. 75–80) 1 optional 0.5 optional
• Write an equation of a line given the slope and a point on the line.
• Write an equation of a line parallel or perpendicular to a given line.
Modeling Real-World Data: Using Scatter Plots (pp. 81–88) 2 optional 1 optional
• Draw scatter plots. (with 2-5
• Find and use prediction equations. Follow-Up)
Follow-Up: Lines of Regression
Special Functions (pp. 89–95) 1 optional 0.5 optional
• Identify and graph step, constant, and identity functions.
• Identify and graph absolute value and piecewise functions.
Graphing Inequalities (pp. 96–99) 1 optional 0.5 optional
• Graph linear inequalities.
• Graph absolute value inequalities.
Study Guide and Practice Test (pp. 100–105) 1 2 0.5 0.5
Standardized Test Practice (pp. 106–107)
Chapter Assessment 1 1 0.5 0.5
TOTAL 10 3 5 1

Pacing suggestions for the entire year can be found on pages T20–T21.

54A Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Timesaving Tools
™

All-In-One Planner
and Resource Center
Chapter Resource Manager See pages T12–T13.

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63–64 65–66 67 68 113 2-2 2-2 3 spaghetti

69–70 71–72 73 74 2-3 2-3 graphing calculator, spaghetti

75–76 77–78 79 80 113, 115 GCS 30, 2-4 2-4

SC 3

81–82 83–84 85 86 SC 4 2-5 2-5 tape measure, graph paper

SM 97–102 (Follow-Up: graphing calculator)

87–88 89–90 91 92 114 GCS 29 2-6 2-6 graphing calculator, toothpicks

93–94 95–96 97 98 114 2-7 2-7 4

99–112,
116–118

*Key to Abbreviations: GCS
Graphing Calculator and Speadsheet Masters,

SC
School-to-Career Masters,
SM
Science and Mathematics Lab Manual

Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions 54B

 Mathematical Connections
and Background
Continuity of Instruction Relations and Functions
This lesson begins an exploration of two impor-
tant themes of algebra. One theme is how algebraic
equations and the Cartesian coordinate system are
Prior Knowledge related. The other theme is the relationships between
equations that represent entire lines and numbers that
In prior years students worked with coordi- represent points on or properties of that line.
nate systems, ordered pairs, and linear equa- For this lesson the central idea is ordered pairs.
tions and functions. They manipulated and First, ordered pairs are explored as names for points in a
solved linear equations and inequalities coordinate plane. Second, several ordered pairs are used
to describe how the set of the first elements (the domain)
algebraically. Also, they used graphs to
can be related to the set of the second elements (the
represent two-variable range). Third, for equations that represent a line or a
data sets. curve, ordered pairs are used to determine the graph
that represents that equation in the coordinate plane.
In the lesson the relation between functions and
relations is explored in two ways. Mappings of domain
elements to range elements are used to identify functions
This Chapter that are one to one, functions that are not one to one,
Students explore algebraic descriptions of and relations that are not functions. In the coordinate
linear functions, graphs of lines, and how to plane, the vertical line test is used to distinguish a rela-
go back and forth between linear equations tion from a function. Relationships between ordered
pairs and functions are explored in two ways. First,
and graphed lines. They find the slope of a
students are given an equation (for a curve or for a line)
line containing two given points, relate the and make a table of ordered pairs for the equation.
slope and y-intercept of a line to the values Second, students are given a function and a domain
m and b in the slope-intercept form of an value, and evaluate the function to find the range value.
equation, and write equations for lines given
two points or given one point and the slope.
They find lines of fit for data and graph Linear Equations
inequalities and special functions such as the In this lesson students deal with linear functions
greatest integer function and the and intercepts. Linear functions and equations can be
absolute value function. written in slope-intercept form, f(x)
mx  b or
y
mx + b, or in standard form, Ax  By
C. The
graph of a linear function or equation is always a line.

Future Connections Slope

Students will continue to learn how algebraic
Slope is a fundamental concept in algebra and
expressions and the coordinate plane are higher mathematics. In this lesson, students calculate
related. At a simple level, they will learn how the slope of a line given two points on the line and
the “horizontal line test” identifies a one-to- explore the slopes of families or pairs of lines that are
one function. As activities become more com- parallel and the slopes of pairs of lines that are
plex, they will use graphs to explore quadratic perpendicular.
and other non-linear equations and inequali- Students graph a line given two points or given
one point and the slope. In the coordinate plane,
ties and use graphs to represent and solve students associate lines with slopes that are positive,
systems of equations and inequalities. negative, zero, or undefined.

54C Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Writing Linear Equations Special Functions
This lesson focuses on the slope and y-inter- In this lesson, students explore special func-
cept of a linear equation. In the slope-intercept form tions. The identity and constant functions are special
of a linear equation, y
mx  b, m represents the linear functions. The graph of a step function is a
slope of the line and b is the y-intercept. series of line segments. An absolute value function
Students use two forms of a linear equation, has a V-shaped graph made up of portions of two
the slope-intercept form and the point-slope form, to lines. A piecewise function is a function written using
write an equation given two points, given a point and two or more algebraic expressions.
the slope, or given a point and the equation of a
parallel or a perpendicular line.

Graphing Inequalities
In this lesson the graph of an equation is seen
Modeling Real-World Data: as the boundary between two regions of the coordi-
Using Scatter Plots nate plane. An inequality is a description of one of
This lesson explores equations that approxi- the two regions, and whether the boundary is part of
mate the relation between domain values and range that region depends on the inequality symbol that is
values, extending the idea of using an algebraic equa- used. Students explore how inequalities, including
tion to represent a set of points in a plane. Starting absolute value inequalities, are modeled by points in
with a scatter plot of data, students mentally picture the coordinate plane, and vice versa.
a line through the data. After selecting two points on
that line, they calculate the slope and y-intercept of
that line. The equation, called a line of fit or a predic-
tion equation, may be used to calculate the value of
one variable given a value of the other.
Activities in this lesson require three steps:
given a set of ordered pairs, students identify a line
that represents a set of ordered pairs; then they select
two ordered pairs that lie on the line; and finally they
calculate the slope and y-intercept for that line.

www.algebra2.com/key_concepts

Additional mathematical information and teaching notes

are available in Glencoe’s Algebra 2 Key Concepts:
Mathematical Background and Teaching Notes,
which is available at www.algebra2.com/key_concepts.
The lessons appropriate for this chapter are as follows.
• Linear Relations and Functions (Lesson 5)
• Graphing Linear Equations (Lessons 6 and 12)
• Slope (Lesson 7)
• Writing Linear Equations in Point-Slope and Standard
Forms (Lesson 8)
• Writing Linear Equations in Slope-Intercept Form
(Lesson 10)
• Integration: Geometry/Parallel and Perpendicular
Lines (Lesson 13)
• Statistics: Scatter Plots and Best-Line Fits (Lesson 9)
• Graphing Inequalities in Two Variables (Lesson 17)

Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions 54D

 and Assessment

Type Student Edition Teacher Resources Technology/Internet

Ongoing Prerequisite Skills, pp. 55, 62, 5-Minute Check Transparencies Alge2PASS: Tutorial Plus
INTERVENTION

67, 74, 80, 86, 95 Quizzes, CRM pp. 113–114 www.algebra2.com/self_check_quiz

Practice Quiz 1, p. 74 Mid-Chapter Test, CRM p. 115 www.algebra2.com/extra_examples
Practice Quiz 2, p. 95 Study Guide and Intervention, CRM pp. 57–58,
63–64, 69–70, 75–76, 81–82, 87–88, 93–94
Mixed pp. 62, 67, 74, 80, 86, 95, 99 Cumulative Review, CRM p. 116
Review
Error Find the Error, pp. 60, 71 Find the Error, TWE pp. 60, 71
Analysis Unlocking Misconceptions, TWE p. 58
Tips for New Teachers, TWE pp. 62, 74, 90
Standardized pp. 62, 67, 74, 76, 78, 80, 86, TWE p. 76 Standardized Test Practice
Test Practice 95, 99, 105, 106–107 Standardized Test Practice, CRM pp. 117–118 CD-ROM
www.algebra2.com/
standardized_test
Open-Ended Writing in Math, pp. 62, 67, 73, Modeling: TWE pp. 67, 74, 95
Assessment 80, 86, 94, 99 Speaking: TWE pp. 62, 98
Open Ended, pp. 60, 65, 71, 78, Writing: TWE pp. 80, 86
ASSESSMENT

83, 92, 98 Open-Ended Assessment, CRM p. 111

Chapter Study Guide, pp. 100–104 Multiple-Choice Tests (Forms 1, 2A, 2B), TestCheck and Worksheet Builder
Assessment Practice Test, p. 105 CRM pp. 99–104 (see below)
Free-Response Tests (Forms 2C, 2D, 3), MindJogger Videoquizzes
CRM pp. 105–110 www.algebra2.com/
Vocabulary Test/Review, CRM p. 112 vocabulary_review
www.algebra2.com/chapter_test

Key to Abbreviations: TWE = Teacher Wraparound Edition; CRM = Chapter Resource Masters

Additional Intervention Resources TestCheck and Worksheet Builder

The Princeton Review’s Cracking the SAT & PSAT This networkable software has three modules for intervention
The Princeton Review’s Cracking the ACT and assessment flexibility:
• Worksheet Builder to make worksheet and tests
ALEKS • Student Module to take tests on screen (optional)
• Management System to keep student records (optional)
Special banks are included for SAT, ACT, TIMSS, NAEP, and
End-of-Course tests.

54E Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Reading and Writing
in Mathematics
Intervention Technology Glencoe Algebra 2 provides numerous opportunities to
Alge2PASS: Tutorial Plus CD-ROM offers a incorporate reading and writing into the mathematics
complete, self-paced algebra curriculum. classroom.

Algebra 2 Alge2PASS Lesson Student Edition

Lesson
• Foldables Study Organizer, p. 55
2-2 3 Graphing Linear Equations on the • Concept Check questions require students to verbalize
Coordinate Plane
and write about what they have learned in the lesson.
2-7 4 Graphing Linear Inequalities on the (pp. 60, 65, 71, 78, 83, 92, 98, 100)
Coordinate Plane • Writing in Math questions in every lesson, pp. 62, 67,
73, 80, 86, 94, 99
ALEKS is an online mathematics learning system that • Reading Study Tip, pp. 56, 59, 71, 82
adapts assessment and tutoring to the student’s needs. • WebQuest, p. 84
Subscribe at www.k12aleks.com.
Teacher Wraparound Edition
• Foldables Study Organizer, pp. 55, 100
Intervention at Home • Study Notebook suggestions, pp. 60, 65, 71, 78, 83,
93, 97
Log on for student study help. • Modeling activities, pp. 67, 74, 95
• For each lesson in the Student Edition, there are Extra • Speaking activities, pp. 62, 98
Examples and Self-Check Quizzes. • Writing activities, pp. 80, 86
www.algebra2.com/extra_examples • Differentiated Instruction, (Verbal/Linguistic), p. 92
www.algebra2.com/self_check_quiz • ELL Resources, pp. 54, 61, 66, 73, 79, 85, 92, 94,
• For chapter review, there is vocabulary review, test 99, 100
practice, and standardized test practice.
www.algebra2.com/vocabulary_review Additional Resources
www.algebra2.com/chapter_test
www.algebra2.com/standardized_test • Vocabulary Builder worksheets require students to
define and give examples for key vocabulary terms as
they progress through the chapter. (Chapter 2 Resource
Masters, pp. vii-viii)
For more information on Intervention and • Reading to Learn Mathematics master for each lesson
Assessment, see pp. T8–T11. (Chapter 2 Resource Masters, pp. 61, 67, 73, 79, 85,
91, 97)
• Vocabulary PuzzleMaker software creates crossword,
jumble, and word search puzzles using vocabulary lists
that you can customize.
• Teaching Mathematics with Foldables provides
suggestions for promoting cognition and language.
• Reading and Writing in the Mathematics Classroom
• WebQuest and Project Resources

For more information on Reading and Writing in

Mathematics, see pp. T6–T7.
Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions 54F
 Notes Linear Relations
and Functions
Have students read over the list
of objectives and make a list of
any words with which they are
not familiar. • Lesson 2-1 Analyze relations and functions.
Key Vocabulary
• Lessons 2-2 and 2-4 Identify, graph, and write • linear equation (p. 63)
linear equations. • linear function (p. 63)
• Lesson 2-3 Find the slope of a line. • slope (p. 68)
• Lesson 2-5 Draw scatter plots and find prediction • slope-intercept form (p. 75)
equations. • point-slope form (p. 76)
Point out to students that this is
• Lessons 2-6 and 2-7 Graph special functions, linear
only one of many reasons why inequalities, and absolute value inequalities.
each objective is important.
Others are provided in the
introduction to each lesson.

Linear equations can be used to model relationships between many

real-world quantities. One of the most common uses of a linear model
is to make predictions.
Most hot springs are the result of groundwater passing through
or near recently formed, hot, igneous rocks. Iceland, Yellowstone
Park in the United States, and North Island of New Zealand are
noted for their hot springs. You will use a linear equation to find the
temperature of underground rocks in Lesson 2-2.

NCTM Local
Lesson Standards Objectives
2-1 1, 2, 7, 9, 10
2-2 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9
2-3 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8,
9, 10
2-4 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10
2-5 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9,
10
2-5 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9,
54 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
Follow-Up 10
2-6 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9,
10
2-7 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10
Vocabulary Builder ELL

The Key Vocabulary list introduces students to some of the main vocabulary terms
Key to NCTM Standards: included in this chapter. For a more thorough vocabulary list with pronunciations of
1=Number & Operations, 2=Algebra, new words, give students the Vocabulary Builder worksheets found on pages vii and
3=Geometry, 4=Measurement, viii of the Chapter 2 Resource Masters. Encourage them to complete the definition
5=Data Analysis & Probability, 6=Problem of each term as they progress through the chapter. You may suggest that they add
Solving, 7=Reasoning & Proof, these sheets to their study notebooks for future reference when studying for the
8=Communication, 9=Connections, Chapter 2 test.
10=Representation
54 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
Prerequisite Skills To be successful in this chapter, you’ll need to master This section provides a review of
these skills and be able to apply them in problem-solving situations. Review the basic concepts needed before
these skills before beginning Chapter 2.
beginning Chapter 2. Page
For Lesson 2-1 Identify Points on a Coordinate Plane
references are included for
additional student help.
Write the ordered pair for each point. y
A
1. A (3, 3) 2. B (2, 3) B
Prerequisite Skills in the Getting
3. C (3, 1) 4. D (2, 0) Ready for the Next Lesson section
D
5. E (0, 4) 6. F (3, 2) C O x at the end of each exercise set
F review a skill needed in the next
E lesson.

For Lesson 2-1 Evaluate Expressions For Prerequisite

Lesson Skill
Evaluate each expression if a  1, b  3, c  2, and d  0. (For review, see Lesson 1-1.)
2-2 Solving Equations (p. 62)
7. c  d 2 8. 4c  b 11 9. a2  5a  3 9
ab ac 2-4 Solving Equations (p. 74)
10. 2b2  b  7 28 11.  2 12.  3
cd bc 2-5 Finding a Median (p. 80)
For Lesson 2-4 Simplify Expressions 2-6 Absolute Value (p. 86)
Simplify each expression. (For review, see Lesson 1-2.) 2-7 Inequalities (p. 95)
13. x  (1) x  1 14. x  (5) x  5 15. 2[x  (3)] 2x  6
1 1 1 1
16. 4[x  (2)] 4x  8 17. [x  (4)] x  2 18. [x  (6)] x  2
2 2 3 3

For Lessons 2-6 and 2-7 Evaluate Expressions with Absolute Value
Evaluate each expression if x = 3, y = 4, and z = 4.5. (For review, see Lesson 1-4.)
19. x 3 20. y 4 21. 5x 15
22. 2z 9 23. 5y  z 2.5 24. 3x  y  x  z
10.5

Make this Foldable to help you organize information about

relations and functions. Begin with two sheets of grid paper.

Fold Cut and Label

Fold in half Cut the top Graphing Graphing

along the width Linear Linear
three sheets and
and staple along label as shown. Relations Functions
the fold.

Reading and Writing As you read and study the chapter, write notes, examples,
and graphs under the tabs.

Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions 55

TM

Organization of Data: Annotating As students read and work

their way through the chapter, have them make annotations under
the appropriate tabs of their Foldable. Explain to them that
For more information annotations are usually notes taken in the margins of books, which
about Foldables, see we own, to organize the text for review or studying. Annotations
Teaching Mathematics often include questions that arise, reader comments and reactions,
with Foldables. short summaries, steps or data numbered by the reader, and key
points highlighted or underlined.

Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions 55

 Lesson Relations and Functions
Notes

• Analyze and graph relations.

1 Focus • Find functional values.

Vocabulary do relations and functions apply to biology?

5-Minute Check • ordered pair The table shows the average lifetime
Transparency 2-1 Use as a • Cartesian coordinate and maximum lifetime for some Average Maximum
quiz or review of Chapter 1. plane animals. The data can also be Animal Lifetime Lifetime
• quadrant represented as ordered pairs . The (years) (years)
Mathematical Background notes • relation ordered pairs for the data are (12, 28), Cat 12 28
are available for this lesson on • domain (15, 30), (8, 20), (12, 20), and (20, 50).
Cow 15 30
• range The first number in each ordered pair
p. 54C. is the average lifetime, and the second Deer 8 20
• function
number is the maximum lifetime. Dog 12 20
• mapping
Building on Prior • one-to-one function (12, 28) Horse 20 50
Knowledge average maximum

←
←
• vertical line test Source: The World Almanac
• independent variable lifetime lifetime
In Chapter 1, students solved • dependent variable
equations and inequalities. In • functional notation
this lesson, students relate GRAPH RELATIONS You can graph the
equations to functions and Animal Lifetimes
ordered pairs above by creating a coordinate
relations, as well as to their system with two axes. Each point represents
60
one of the ordered pairs above. Remember that

Maximum Lifetime
graphs. 50
each point in the coordinate plane can be named
40
by exactly one ordered pair and that every
do relations and func- ordered pair names exactly one point in the 30
tions apply to biology? coordinate plane. 20
10
Ask students:
The graph of the animal lifetime data lies 0 5 10 15 20 25
• What is the difference between in only one part of the Cartesian coordinate Average Lifetime
average lifetime and maximum plane—the part with all positive numbers. The
lifetime? The average lifetime is Cartesian coordinate plane is composed of The vertical axis represents the
a representative number of years the x-axis (horizontal) and the y-axis (vertical), maximum lifetime. The horizontal
which meet at the origin (0, 0) and divide the axis represents the average
for any animal of that type, while plane into four quadrants. The points on the two lifetime.
the maximum lifetime is the axes do not lie in any quadrant.
greatest age ever attained by an
animal of that type. In general, any ordered pair in the coordinate Quadrant II Quadrant I
y-axis
plane can be written in the form (x, y).
• Why can you be sure that the x -coordinate
(3, 2)
second number in the ordered origin
A relation is a set of ordered pairs, such as y -coordinate
pairs for this data is always Study Tip the one for the longevity of animals. The O x-axis
greater than or equal to the domain of a relation is the set of all first
Reading Math coordinates (x-coordinates) from the ordered
first? For each animal, the An x-coordinate is
pairs, and the range is the set of all second
maximum age will always equal or sometimes called Quadrant III Quadrant IV
an abscissa, and a coordinates (y-coordinates) from the ordered
exceed the average age. y-coordinate is pairs. The graph of a relation is the set of points Assume that each square on a
sometimes called an in the coordinate plane corresponding to the graph represents 1 unit unless
ordinate. ordered pairs in the relation. otherwise labeled.

56 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Resource Manager
Workbook and Reproducible Masters Transparencies
Chapter 2 Resource Masters 5-Minute Check Transparency 2-1
• Study Guide and Intervention, pp. 57–58 Answer Key Transparencies
• Skills Practice, p. 59
• Practice, p. 60 Technology
• Reading to Learn Mathematics, p. 61 Interactive Chalkboard
• Enrichment, p. 62
 A function is a special type of relation in which each {(3, 1), (0, 2), (2, 4)}
element of the domain is paired with exactly one element of
the range. A mapping shows how each member of the
Domain Range
2 Teach
domain is paired with each member of the range.
3
The first two relations shown below are functions. The 0
1
2 GRAPH RELATIONS
third relation is not a function because the 3 in the 2 4
domain is paired with both 0 and 6 in the range. A function In-Class Example Power
Point®
like the first one below, where each element of the range is
paired with exactly one element of the domain, is called a
one-to-one function.
1 State the domain and range
of the relation shown in the
graph. Is the relation a
Functions function?
{(3, 1), (0, 2), (2, 4)} {(1, 5), (1, 3), (4, 5)} {(5, 6), (3, 0), (1, 1), (3, 6)} y
Domain Range Domain Range Domain Range
(3, 3)
3
(–3, 1) (1, 2)
3 1 1 0
0 2 1 3 1 1
2 4 4 5 5 6 (–4, 0) O x

(0, –2)
one-to-one function function, not a function
not one-to-one

The domain is {4, 3, 0, 1, 3}.

Example 1 Domain and Range The range is {2, 0, 1, 2, 3}.
State the domain and range of the relation shown in the y Each member of the domain is
graph. Is the relation a function? (4, 3) (2, 3) paired with exactly one member
The relation is {(4, 3), (1, 2), (0, 4), (2, 3), (3, 3)}. of the range, so this relation is
The domain is {4, 1, 0, 2, 3}. a function.
The range is {4, 3, 2, 3}. O x

Each member of the domain is paired with exactly one

(1, 2) (3, 3) Teaching Tip Ask students to
member of the range, so this relation is a function. (0, 4) explain why the set of ordered
pairs (9, 3), (9, 3), (4, 2),
(4, 2) is not a function.
You can use the vertical line test to determine whether a relation is a function. Sample answer: For at least one
of the x values, there are two
different y values.
Vertical Line Test
• Words If no vertical line intersects a If some vertical line intersects a
graph in more than one point, graph in two or more points, the
the graph represents a function. graph does not represent a
function.
• Models y y

O
x O x

Interactive
Chalkboard
In Example 1, there is no vertical line that contains more than one of the points.
PowerPoint®
Therefore, the relation is a function. Presentations
Lesson 2-1 Relations and Functions 57
This CD-ROM is a customizable
Microsoft® PowerPoint®
presentation that includes:
• Step-by-step, dynamic solutions of
each In-Class Example from the
Teacher Wraparound Edition
• Additional, Your Turn exercises for
each example
• The 5-Minute Check Transparencies
• Hot links to Glencoe Online
Study Tools

Lesson 2-1 Relations and Functions 57

In-Class Example Power Example 2 Vertical Line Test
Point®
GEOGRAPHY The table shows the population of the Population
2 TRANSPORTATION The table state of Indiana over the last several decades. Graph this Year
(millions)
information and determine whether it represents a
shows the average fuel effi- function. 1950 3.9
ciency in miles per gallon for 1960 4.7
light trucks for several years. 1970 5.2
Graph this information and 1980 5.5
determine whether it Population of Indiana 1990 5.5
represents a function. Study Tip 6.1
2000 6.1
7 5.5
Year Fuel Efficiency (mi/gal) Vertical Line Test 6 Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Population
4.7

(millions)
You can use a pencil to 5
1995 20.5 represent a vertical line. 5.5
Use the vertical line test. Notice
4 5.2 that no vertical line can be drawn
1996 20.8 Slowly move the pencil to 3
the right across the graph 3.9 that contains more than one of
2 the data points. Therefore, this
1997 20.6 to see if it intersects the
0 relation is a function. Notice also
graph at more than one ’50 ’60 ’70 ’80 ’90 ’00
1998 20.9 point. that each year is paired with only one
Year
1999 20.5 population value.

2000 20.5
2001 20.4
EQUATIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS Relations and functions
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency can also be represented by equations. The solutions of an equation in x and y are
Fuel Efficiency of Light Trucks the set of ordered pairs (x, y) that make the equation true.
Consider the equation y  2x  6. Since x can be any real number, the domain has
20.9 an infinite number of elements. To determine whether an equation represents a
Mileage (mi/gal)

20.8 function, it is often simplest to look at the graph of the relation.

20.7
20.6
Example 3 Graph Is a Line
20.5 a. Graph the relation represented by y  2x  1.
20.4 Make a table of values to find ordered pairs that satisfy the equation.
Choose values for x and find the corresponding values for y. Then graph
0 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 the ordered pairs.
Year y
x y x y
Yes, this relation is a function. (2, 5)
1 1 1
←
0 0 1 (1, 3)
1 1 3
(0, 1)
EQUATIONS OF FUNCTIONS 2 2 5
x
O
AND RELATIONS (1, 1)

In-Class Example Power

Point® b. Find the domain and range.
Since x can be any real number, there is an infinite number of ordered pairs
3 a. Graph the relation that can be graphed. All of them lie on the line shown. Notice that every real
represented by y  3x  1. number is the x-coordinate of some point on the line. Also, every real number
y is the y-coordinate of some point on the line. So the domain and range are both
all real numbers.

(1, 2) c. Determine whether the relation is a function.

This graph passes the vertical line test. For each x value, there is exactly one
O x y value, so the equation y  2x  1 represents a function.
(0, –1)
58 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
(–1, –4)

b. Find the domain and

range. The domain and range Unlocking Misconceptions
are both all real numbers. • Relations and Functions Some students may not realize that all
c. Determine whether the functions are relations. Explain that a function is a special type of
relation is a function. Yes, relation, analogous to how a square is a special type of rectangle.
the equation y  3x  1 • Vertical Line Test Make sure students understand that when two
represents a function. points on the graph of a relation are intersected by a vertical line, this
means those two points have the same x value but different y values.
That is, one domain value is paired with more than one range value.

58 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Example 4 Graph Is a Curve In-Class Examples Power
Point®
a. Graph the relation represented by x  y2  2.
Make a table. In this case, it is easier to choose y values and then find the 4 a. Graph the relation
corresponding values for x. Then sketch the graph, connecting the points represented by x  y2  1.
with a smooth curve. y
y
x y x y
(2, 2) (5, 2)
2 2 2 (1, 1)
(2, 1)
1 1 1
← (2, 0)
(1, 0)
0 2 0 O x O x
1 1 1 (1, 1) (2, –1)
2 2 2 (2,2) (5, –2)

b. Find the domain and range.

Every real number is the y-coordinate of some point on the graph, so the b. Find the domain and
range is all real numbers. But, only real numbers greater than or equal to 2 range. The domain is
are x-coordinates of points on the graph. So the domain is {xx  2}. {x | x  1} and the range is all
c. Determine whether the relation is a function. real numbers.
You can see from the table and the vertical line test that there are two y values
for each x value except x  2. Therefore, the equation x  y2  2 does not
c. Determine whether the
represent a function. relation is a function. No,
Study Tip the equation x  y 2  1 does
Reading Math When an equation represents a function, the variable, usually x, whose values not represent a function.
Suppose you have make up the domain is called the independent variable . The other variable, usually
a job that pays by the y, is called the dependent variable because its values depend on x. Teaching Tip Some students
hour. Since your pay Equations that represent functions are often written in functional notation. The may recognize this curve as a
depends on the number parabola. It is the same shape
equation y  2x  1 can be written as f(x)  2x  1. The symbol f(x) replaces the y
of hours you work, you
might say that your pay
and is read “f of x.” The f is just the name of the function. It is not a variable that is as the more familiar graph of
is a function of the multiplied by x. Suppose you want to find the value in the range that corresponds the equation y  x2  1.
number of hours you to the element 4 in the domain of the function. This is written as f(4) and is read
work. “f of 4.” The value f(4) is found by substituting 4 for each x in the equation. 5 Given f(x)  x3  3 and
Therefore, f(4) = 2(4) + 1 or 9. Letters other than f can be used to represent a function.
For example, g(x)  2x  1.
h(x)  0.3x2  3x  2.7, find
each value.
Example 5 Evaluate a Function a. f(2) 11
TEACHING TIP Given f(x)  x2  2 and g(x)  0.5x2  5x  3.5, find each value.
Your pay is the depend- b. h(1.6) 6.732
ent variable, and the a. f(3)
number of hours you f(x)  x2  2 Original function
c. f(2t) 8t 3  3
work is the independent f(3)  (3)2  2 Substitute.
variable.
 9  2 or 11 Simplify.
b. g(2.8)
g(x)  0.5x2  5x  3.5 Original function
g(2.8)  0.5(2.8)2  5(2.8)  3.5 Estimate: g(3)  0.5(3)2  5(3)  3.5 or 7
 3.92  14  3.5 Multiply.
 6.58 Compare with the estimate.
c. f(3z)
f(x)  x2  2 Original function
f(3z)  (3z)2  2 Substitute.
 9z2  2 (ab)2 = a2b2

www.algebra2.com/extra_examples Lesson 2-1 Relations and Functions 59

Differentiated Instruction
Auditory/Musical Encourage students to relate to the mathematics in
this lesson by asking those who are familiar with reading musical
notation to explain to the class how graphing points on a coordinate
plane compares to writing musical notes on a staff.

Lesson 2-1 Relations and Functions 59

 3 Practice/Apply Concept Check 1. OPEN ENDED Write a relation of four ordered pairs that is not a function.
1. Sample answer: 2. Copy the graph at the right. Then draw a vertical line that y
{(4, 3), (2, 3), shows that the graph does not represent a function.
(1, 5), (2, 1)} 3. FIND THE ERROR Teisha and Molly are finding g(2a) for
Study Notebook 2. See pp. 107A–107H. the function g(x)  x2  x  1.
O x
Have students— Teisha Molly
• add the definitions/examples of
g(2a) = 2(a2 + a – 1) g(2a) = (2a)2 + 2a – 1
the vocabulary terms to their = 2a2 + 2a – 2 = 4a2 + 2a – 1
Vocabulary Builder worksheets for Who is correct? Explain your reasoning. See margin.
Chapter 2.
• draw their own diagrams, similar Guided Practice Determine whether each relation is a function. Write yes or no.

to those in the Concept Summary GUIDED PRACTICE KEY 4. D R 5. 6. y

x y
Exercises Examples (1, 4)
on p. 57. 3 1 5 2
(2, 3)
4–8 1, 2 2 5
10 2
• make a sketch illustrating how to 9 3 6
(2, 2)
10 4 15 2
use the vertical line test, both for (3, 1)
11–14 2 20 2
a function and a non-function. yes yes no O x
15, 16 5
• include any other item(s) that they Graph each relation or equation and find the domain and range. Then determine
find helpful in mastering the skills whether the relation or equation is a function. 7–10. pp. 107A–107H.
in this lesson. 7. {(7, 8), (7, 5), (7, 2), (7, 1)} 8. {(6, 2.5), (3, 2.5), (4, 2.5)}
9. y  2x  1 10. x  y2
11. Find f(5) if f(x)  x2  3x. 10 12. Find h(2) if h(x)  x3  1. 7

Application WEATHER For Exercises 13–16, use the table of

City Jan. July
record high temperatures (°F) for January and July.
Los Angeles 88 97
About the Exercises… 13. D  {70, 72, 88}, 13. Identify the domain and range. Assume that
Sacramento 70 114
R  {95, 97, 105, 114} the January temperatures are the domain.
Organization by Objective San Diego 88 95
14–16. See margin. 14. Write a relation of ordered pairs for the data.
• Graph Relations: 17–28, San Francisco 72 105
15. Graph the relation.
35–45, 55 Source: U.S. National Oceanic and
16. Is this relation a function? Explain.
• Equations of Functions and Atmospheric Administration

Relations: 29–34, 46–54, 56 ★ indicates increased difficulty

Odd/Even Assignments
Practice and Apply
Exercises 17–34 are structured Homework Help Determine whether each relation is a function. Write yes or no.
so that students practice the For See
Exercises Examples 17. D R 18. D R 19.
same concepts whether they yes no x y no
17–28 1, 2 1
are assigned odd or even 29–32 3 10 1 3 0.5 3
20 2 3
2
problems. 33, 34 4
30 3
1
5 2 0.8
35–45, 55 2 7
0.5 8
46–54, 56 5
Assignment Guide
Extra Practice 20. yes 21. y 22. y no
Basic: 17–31 odd, 35–37, 47–53 x y
See page 830.
odd, 55–58, 63–73 2000 $4000
2001 $4300
Average: 17–33 odd, 35–41, O x
2002 $4000 O x
47–53 odd, 55–58, 63–73
2003 $4500
(optional: 59–62)
Advanced: 18–34 even, 42–45, 60 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
yes
46–54 even, 55–69 (optional:
70–73)
Answers Record High Temperatures
115
3. Molly; to find g(2a), replace x with 2a.
FIND THE ERROR Teisha found 2g(a), not g(2a). 110
Suggest that 105
14. {(88, 97), (70, 114), (88, 95), (72, 105)}
July

students rewrite the

100
original function by substi- 15. See graph at right.
95
tuting the expression (2a) for 16. No; the domain value 88 is paired with
each variable x before they begin two range values. 0 70 80 90
simplifying. January

60 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

23. D  {3, 1, 2}, Graph each relation or equation and find the domain and range. Then determine NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

Study
2-1 Guide
Study andIntervention
Guide and Intervention,
R  {0, 1, 5}; yes whether the relation or equation is a function. 23–34. See pp. 107A–107H for p. 57 (shown)
Relations and p. 58
and Functions
24. D  {3, 4, 6}, 23. {(2, 1), (3, 0), (1, 5)} 24. {(4, 5), (6, 5), (3, 5)} graphs. Graph Relations A relation can be represented as a set of ordered pairs or as an
equation; the relation is then the set of all ordered pairs (x, y) that make the equation true.

R  {5}; yes 25. {(2, 5), (3, 7), (2, 8)} 26. {(3, 4), (4, 3), (6, 5), (5, 6)}
The domain of a relation is the set of all first coordinates of the ordered pairs, and the
range is the set of all second coordinates.
A function is a relation in which each element of the domain is paired with exactly one
25. D  {2, 3}, 27. {(0, 1.1), (2, 3), (1.4, 2), (3.6, 8)} 28. {(2.5, 1), (1, 1), (0, 1), (1, 1)} element of the range. You can tell if a relation is a function by graphing, then using the
vertical line test. If a vertical line intersects the graph at more than one point, the

R  {5, 7, 8}; no 29. y  5x 30. y  3x

relation is not a function.

Example

Lesson 2-1
Graph the equation y  2x  3 and find the domain and range. Does
26. D  {3, 4, 5, 6}, the equation represent a function?

31. y  3x  4 32. y  7x  6 Make a table of values to find ordered pairs that

R  {3, 4, 5, 6}; yes
y
x y
satisfy the equation. Then graph the ordered pairs.
1 5

27. D  {3.6, 0, ★ 33. y  x2 ★ 34. x  3 2y2

The domain and range are both all real numbers. The
graph passes the vertical line test, so it is function. 0 3
O x

D  {xx  3}, R  all reals; no

1

D  all reals, R  {yy  0}; yes

1

1.4, 2}, R  {3, 2

3
1
3

1.1, 2, 8}; yes SPORTS For Exercises 35–37, use the table that shows the leading home run and
Exercises
runs batted in totals in the American League for 1996–2000.
Graph each relation or equation and find the domain and range. Then determine
whether the relation or equation is a function.
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2. {(3, 4), (1, 0), 3. {(0, 4), (3, 2),
Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1. {(1, 3), (3, 5),
(2, 5), (2, 3)} (2, 2), (3, 2)} (3, 2), (5, 1)}
y y y
HR 52 56 56 48 47
O x

RBI 148 147 157 165 145 O x

O x

Source: The World Almanac D  {3, 2, 1, 2}, D  {1, 2, 3}, D  {3, 0, 3, 5},
R  {3, 5}; yes R  {4, 2, 0, 2}; no R  {2, 1, 2, 4}; yes
4. y  x2  1 5. y  x  4 6. y  3x  2
35. Make a graph of the data with home runs on the horizontal axis and runs batted y y y

in on the vertical axis. See pp. 107A–107H. O x

O x

36. Identify the domain and range. O x

37. Does the graph represent a function? Explain your reasoning. See margin. D  all reals,
R  {yy  1}; yes
D  all reals,
R  all reals; yes
D  all reals,
R  all reals; yes
36. D  {47, 48, 52, 56}, R  {145, 147, 148, 157, 165} Gl NAME
/M G ______________________________________________
Hill 57 DATE ____________
GlPERIOD
Al _____
b 2

FINANCE For Exercises 38–41, use the table that shows a Skills Practice, p. 59 and
Sports Year Price
2-1 Practice
Practice,
(Average)
p. Functions
60 (shown)
The major league record company’s stock price in recent years. 38, 40. See margin. Relations and
1997 $39 Determine whether each relation is a function. Write yes or no.
for runs batted in (RBIs) is 38. Write a relation to represent the data. 1. D R no 2. D R yes
191 by Hack Wilson. 1998 $43
39. Graph the relation. See pp. 107A–107H. 2
21 5 105

Source: www.baseball- 1999 $48 8

25
30
10
15 110

almanac.com 40. Identify the domain and range. 2000 $55

3. yes 4. no
41. Is the relation a function? Explain your reasoning. 2001 $61
x
3
y
0
y

28. D  {2.5, 1, Yes; each domain value is paired 2002 $52
1
0
1
0
O x

0}, R  {1, 1}; no with only one range value. 2

3
2
4

29. D  all reals, GOVERNMENT For Exercises 42–45, use the table below that shows the number
R  all reals; yes
Graph each relation or equation and find the domain and range. Then determine
whether the relation or equation is a function.
of members of the U.S. House of Representatives with 30 or more consecutive
30. D  all reals,
5. {(4, 1), (4, 0), (0, 3), (2, 0)} 6. y  2x  1
years of service in Congress from 1987 to 1999. y y

R  all reals, yes (0, 3)

(4, 0) O x
Year 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999
31. D  all reals,
O (2, 0) x
(–4, –1)

R  all reals, yes Representatives

12 12 13 11 12 9 6 3 D  {4, 0, 2, 4},
R  {1, 0, 3}; yes
D  all reals, R  all reals; yes

32. D  all reals, Source: Congressional Directory Find each value if f(x)   and g(x)  2x  3.
5

R  all reals; yes

x2

7. f(3) 1 8. f(4)  
5
9. g  2  12 
42. Write a relation to represent the data. See margin. 2
5
10. f(2) undefined 11. g(6) 15 12. f(m  2) 
m
43. Graph the relation. See pp.107A–107H. 13. MUSIC The ordered pairs (1, 16), (2, 16), (3, 32), (4, 32), and (5, 48) represent the cost of
buying various numbers of CDs through a music club. Identify the domain and range of
44. Identify the domain and range. See pp. 107A–107H. the relation. Is the relation a function? D  {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, R  {16, 32, 48}; yes

14. COMPUTING If a computer can do one calculation in 0.0000000015 second, then the
45. Is the relation a function? If so, is it a one-to-one function? Explain. function T(n)  0.0000000015n gives the time required for the computer to do n

Yes; no; see pp. 107A–107H for explanation. Gl NAME

/M G ______________________________________________
Hill 60 DATE ____________
Gl PERIOD
Al _____
b 2
Reading
Readingto
to Learn
Find each value if f(x)  3x  5 and g(x)  x2  x. 2-1 Learn Mathematics
Mathematics, p. 61 ELL
2 Relations and Functions
48. g 
1
46. f(3) 14 47. g(3) 6 Pre-Activity How do relations and functions apply to biology?
3 9 Read the introduction to Lesson 2-1 at the top of page 56 in your textbook.

49. f  3
2 • Refer to the table. What does the ordered pair (8, 20) tell you? For a
50. f(a) 3a  5 51. g(5n) 25n 2  5n deer, the average longevity is 8 years and the maximum
3 longevity is 20 years.
• Suppose that this table is extended to include more animals. Is it possible
to have an ordered pair for the data in which the first number is larger
than the second? Sample answer: No, the maximum longevity

Lesson 2-1
52. Find the value of f(x)  3x + 2 when x  2. 4 must always be greater than the average longevity.

Reading the Lesson

53. What is g(4) if g(x)  x2  5? 11 1. a. Explain the difference between a relation and a function. Sample answer: A
relation is any set of ordered pairs. A function is a special kind of
relation in which each element of the domain is paired with exactly
www.algebra2.com/self_check_quiz Lesson 2-1 Relations and Functions 61 one element in the range.
b. Explain the difference between domain and range. Sample answer: The domain
of a relation is the set of all first coordinates of the ordered pairs. The
range is the set of all second coordinates.

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____ 2. a. Write the domain and range of the relation shown in the graph.
Answers Enrichment,
2-1 Enrichment p. 62
y

(0, 4)
(–3, 2)

37. No; the domain value 56 is paired with two Mappings (–2, 0) O
(3, 1)

different range values. There are three special ways in which one set can be mapped to another. A set
can be mapped into another set, onto another set, or can have a one-to-one
(–1, –5) (3, –4)
correspondence with another set.

38. {(1997, 39), (1998, 43), (1999, 48), Into mapping

A mapping from set A to set B where every element of A is mapped to one or more
elements of set B, but never to an element not in B.
D: {3, 2, 1, 0, 3}; R: {5, 4, 0, 1, 2, 4}
b. Is this relation a function? Explain. Sample answer: No, it is not a function
(2000, 55), (2001, 61), (2002, 52)} Onto mapping
A mapping from set A to set B where each element of set B has at least one element of
set A mapped to it.
because one of the elements of the domain, 3, is paired with two
elements of the range.

40. D  {1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002},

One-to-one A mapping from set A onto set B where each element of set A is mapped to exactly one
correspondence element of set B and different elements of A are never mapped to the same element of B.
Helping You Remember

R  {39, 43, 48, 52, 55, 61} State whether each set is mapped into the second set, onto the second
3. Look up the words dependent and independent in a dictionary. How can the meaning of
these words help you distinguish between independent and dependent variables in a
set, or has a one-to-one correspondence with the second set. function? Sample answer: The variable whose values depend on, or are

42. {(1987, 12), (1989, 13), (1991, 11), 1.

2 7
2.
4 0 3.
a 1
4.
10
determined by, the values of the other variable is the dependent variable.

(1993, 12), (1995, 9), (1997, 6), (1999, 3)} 4 0 12 –3 3 –6

Lesson 2-1 Relations and Functions 61

 54. HOBBIES Chaz has a collection of 15 CDs. After he gets a part-time job,

4 Assess he decides to buy 3 more CDs every time he goes to the music store. The
function C(t)  15  3t counts the number of CDs, C(t), he has after t trips
to the music store. How many CDs will he have after he has been to the music
Open-Ended Assessment store 8 times? 39

Speaking Ask students to discuss 55. CRITICAL THINKING If f(3a  1)  12a  7, find f(x). f (x)  4x  3
function notation, including what
they may find confusing and how 56. WRITING IN MATH Answer the question that was posed at the beginning of
the lesson. See margin.
to read it out loud. Make sure
they understand and can correctly How do relations and functions apply to biology?
explain the difference between Include the following in your answer:
f times x and f of x. • an explanation of how a relation can be used to represent data, and
• a sentence that includes the words average lifetime, maximum lifetime, and
function.

Intervention Standardized 57. If f(x)  2x  5, then f(0)  B

New This lesson has Test Practice A 0. B 5. C 3. D
5
 .
2
a number of
58. If g(x) = x2, then g(x  1)  C
vocabulary
A 1. B x2  1. C x2  2x  1. D x2  x.
words that may
be new or challenging for
some students. Make sure that
Extending A function whose graph consists of disconnected points is called a discrete function.
the Lesson A function whose graph you can draw without lifting your pencil is called a
all students are comfortable continuous function. Determine whether each function is discrete or continuous.
with the mathematical 59. 60.
f (x ) discrete f (x ) continuous
language of this lesson before
they go on.
O x
O x

Getting Ready for

Lesson 2-2 61. {(3, 0), (1, 1), (1, 3)} discrete 62. y  x  4 continuous
PREREQUISITE SKILL Lesson 2-2
presents identifying and graphing
linear equations in two variables. Maintain Your Skills
The skills needed to write linear
equations in standard form are Mixed Review Solve each inequality. (Lessons 1-5 and 1-6) 63. {y 8  y  6} 64. {m 4  m  6}
similar to solving equations in one 63. y  1  7 64. 5  m   1 65. x  5  0.1 {x  x  5.1}
variable. Exercises 70–73 should
be used to determine your SHOPPING For Exercises 66 and 67, use the following information.
Javier had $25.04 when he went to the mall. His friend Sally had $32.67. Javier
students’ familiarity with solving wanted to buy a shirt for $27.89. (Lesson 1-3)
single-variable equations. 66. How much money did he have to borrow from Sally to buy the shirt? $2.85
67. How much money did that leave Sally? $29.82
Answer Simplify each expression. (Lessons 1-1 and 1-2)
56. Relations and functions can be 68. 32(22  12)  42 43 69. 3(5a  6b)  8(2a  b) 31a  10b
used to represent biological data.
Answers should include the Getting Ready for PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each equation. Check your solution.
following. the Next Lesson (To review solving equations, see Lesson 1-3.)
1 1
70. x  3  2 1 71. 4  2y  0 2 72. 0  x  3 6 73. x  4  1 15
• If the data are written as 2 3
62 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
ordered pairs, then those
ordered pairs are a relation.
• The maximum lifetime of an
animal is not a function of its
average lifetime.

62 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Linear Equations Lesson
Notes

• Identify linear equations and functions.

• Write linear equations in standard form and graph them.
1 Focus
Vocabulary do linear equations relate to time spent studying?
• linear equation y
5-Minute Check
Lolita has 4 hours after dinner to study and do
• linear function homework. She has brought home math and Transparency 2-2 Use as a
• standard form chemistry. If she spends x hours on math and y hours quiz or review of Lesson 2-1.
• y-intercept xy4
on chemistry, a portion of the graph of the equation
• x-intercept x  y  4 can be used to relate how much time she Mathematical Background notes
spends on each. are available for this lesson on
O x
p. 54C.

Building on Prior
Knowledge
IDENTIFY LINEAR EQUATIONS AND FUNCTIONS An equation such as In Lesson 2-1, students graphed
x  y  4 is called a linear equation. A linear equation has no operations other than functions and equations by using
addition, subtraction, and multiplication of a variable by a constant. The variables a table of points. In this lesson,
may not be multiplied together or appear in a denominator. A linear equation does
not contain variables with exponents other than 1. The graph of a linear equation is
they generalize these skills to
always a line. write equations in standard form
TEACHING TIP
Linear equations Not linear equations
before graphing them.
When variables other
than x and y are used, 5x  3y  7 7a  4b2  8
the letter coming first in do linear equations
the alphabet usually x9 y  
x5 relate to time spent
represents the domain 6s  3t  15 x  xy  1 studying?
variable or horizontal
1 1 Ask students:
coordinate. y   x y  
2 x
• What does a value of zero for x
mean in this situation? Lolita
A linear function is a function whose ordered pairs satisfy a linear equation. Any spends 0 hours studying math.
linear function can be written in the form f(x)  mx  b, where m and b are real • What does a negative value for
numbers.
x or for y mean in this situation?
No meaning; she cannot spend
Example 1 Identify Linear Functions negative hours studying.
State whether each function is a linear function. Explain.

a. f(x)  10  5x This is a linear function because it can be written as

f(x)  5x  10. m  5, b  10

b. g(x)  x4  5 This is not a linear function because x has an exponent

other than 1.

c. h(x, y)  2xy This is not a linear function because the two variables are
multiplied together.

Lesson 2-2 Linear Equations 63

Resource Manager
Workbook and Reproducible Masters Transparencies
Chapter 2 Resource Masters 5-Minute Check Transparency 2-2
• Study Guide and Intervention, pp. 63–64 Real-World Transparency 2
• Skills Practice, p. 65 Answer Key Transparencies
• Practice, p. 66
• Reading to Learn Mathematics, p. 67 Technology
• Enrichment, p. 68 Alge2PASS: Tutorial Plus, Lesson 3
• Assessment, p. 113 Interactive Chalkboard

Lesson x-x Lesson Title 63

 Example 2 Evaluate a Linear Function
2 Teach MILITARY In August 2000, the Russian submarine Kursk sank to a depth of
350 feet in the Barents Sea. The linear function P(d)  62.5d  2117 can be used
to find the pressure (lb/ft2) at a depth of d feet below the surface of the water.
IDENTIFY LINEAR
a. Find the pressure at a depth of 350 feet.
EQUATIONS AND
P(d)  62.5d  2117 Original function
FUNCTIONS
P(350)  62.5(350)  2117 Substitute.
In-Class Examples Power
Point®
 23,992 Simplify.
The pressure at a depth of 350 feet is about 24,000 lb/ft2.
1 State whether each function
b. The term 2117 in the function represents the atmospheric pressure at the
is a linear function. Explain. surface of the water. How many times as great is the pressure at a depth of
a. g(x)  2x  5 350 feet as the pressure at the surface?
Military
yes; m  2; b  5 To avoid decompression
Divide the pressure 350 feet below the surface by the pressure at the surface.
23,992
b. p(x)  x3  2 No; x has an sickness, it is recommended   11.33
2117
Use a calculator.
that divers ascend no faster
exponent other than 1. than 30 feet per minute. The pressure at that depth is more than 11 times as great as the pressure at the
c. t(x)  4  7x Source: www.emedicine.com surface.
yes; m  7; b  4

2 METEOROLOGY The linear STANDARD FORM Any linear equation can be written in standard form,
function f(C)  1.8C  32 can Ax  By  C, where A, B, and C are integers whose greatest common factor is 1.
be used to find the number of
degrees Fahrenheit, f, that are Standard Form of a Linear Equation
equivalent to a given number The standard form of a linear equation is Ax  By  C, where A  0, A and B are
of degrees Celsius, C. not both zero.

a. On the Celsius scale, normal

body temperature is 37°C.
What is normal body Example 3 Standard Form
temperature in degrees Write each equation in standard form. Identify A, B, and C.
Fahrenheit? 98.6°F a. y  2x  3
b. There are 100 Celsius degrees y  2x  3 Original equation
between the freezing and 2x  y  3 Add 2x to each side.
boiling points of water and So, A  2, B  1, and C  3.
180 Fahrenheit degrees
3
between these two points. b. x  3y  2
5
How many Fahrenheit 3
x  3y  2 Original equation
degrees equal 1 Celsius 5
degree? 1.8°F  1°C 3
x  3y  2 Subtract 3y from each side.
5
3x  15y  10 Multiply each side by 5 so that the coefficients are integers and A  0.

So, A  3, B  15, and C  10.

STANDARD FORM c. 3x  6y  9  0
In-Class Example Power 3x  6y  9  0 Original equation
Point®
3x  6y  9 Add 9 to each side.

3 Write each equation in x  2y  3 Divide each side by 3 so that the coefficients have a GCF of 1.

standard form. Identify A, B, So, A  1, B  2, and C  3.

and C.
64 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
a. y  3x  9 3x  y  9; A  3,
B  1, C  9
2 Reading Tip Make sure that Answer (page 65)
b.   x  2y  1 2x  6y  3;
3 students understand the difference
A  2, B  6, C  3 between the x- and y-intercepts. 1. The function can be written as
1
Some students may use the word f(x)  x  1, so it is of the form
c. 8x  6y  4  0 4x  3y  2; 2 1
intersect instead of the correct term f(x)  mx  b, where m   and b  1.
A  4, B  3, C  2 intercept. Help them see that an 2
intercept is the nonzero coordinate
of the point where the graph
intersects either axis.

64 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Study Tip In Lesson 2-1, you graphed an equation or function by making a table of values,
graphing enough ordered pairs to see a pattern, and connecting the points with a In-Class Example Power
Point®
Vertical and line or smooth curve. Since two points determine a line, there are quicker ways to
Horizontal Lines graph a linear equation or function. One way is to find the points at which the 4 Find the x-intercept and the
An equation of the form graph intersects each axis and connect them with a line. The y-coordinate of the
x  C represents a point at which a graph crosses the y-axis is called the y-intercept. Likewise, the
y-intercept of the graph of
vertical line, which has
x-coordinate of the point at which it crosses the x-axis is the x-intercept . 2x  y  4  0. Then graph
only an x-intercept. y  C
represents a horizontal
the equation. x-intercept: 2;
line, which has only a Example 4 Use Intercepts to Graph a Line y-intercept: 4
y-intercept. y
Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of 3x  4y  12  0. Then
graph the equation.
The x-intercept is the value of x when y  0. (0, 4)
TEACHING TIP 3x  4y  12  0 Original equation
Some students may find 3x  4(0)  12  0 Substitute 0 for y.
it helpful to remember (–2, 0)
that if there is no y in 3x  12 Subtract 12 from each side.
O x
the equation, the graph x  4 Divide each side by 3.
cannot cross the y-axis. The x-intercept is 4. The graph crosses the x-axis at (4, 0).
Similarly, if there is no
x in the equation, the Likewise, the y-intercept is the value of y when x  0. y
graph cannot cross the 3x  4y  12  0 Original equation
x-axis.
3(0)  4y  12  0 Substitute 0 for x.
4y  12 Subtract 12 from each side. (0, 3) 3 Practice/Apply
y3 Divide each side by 4. (4, 0)
O x
The y-intercept is 3. The graph crosses the y-axis at (0, 3).
Use these ordered pairs to graph the equation.
Study Notebook
Have students—
• add the definitions/examples of
the vocabulary terms to their
x2 Vocabulary Builder worksheets for
Concept Check 1. Explain why f(x)   is a linear function. See margin.
2
y

2. Name the x- and y-intercepts of the graph shown at

Chapter 2.
the right. 5, 2 • include any other items(s) that
3. OPEN ENDED Write an equation of a line with an
O x students find helpful in mastering
x-intercept of 2. Sample answer: x  y  2 the skills in the lesson.

Guided Practice State whether each equation or function is linear. Write yes or no. If no, explain your
reasoning.
GUIDED PRACTICE KEY 4. x2  y2  4 No, the variables have an 5. h(x)  1.1  2x yes About the Exercises…
exponent other than 1. Organization by Objective
Exercises Examples
4, 5 1 Write each equation in standard form. Identify A, B, and C. • Identify Linear Equations
2 and Functions: 15–26
6–8 3 6. y  3x  5 7. 4x  10y  6 8. y  x  1
3
9–12 4 3x  y  5; 3, 1, 5 2x  5y  3; 2, 5, 3 2x  3y  3; 2, 3, 3 • Standard Form: 27–52
13, 14 2
Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of each equation. Then graph Odd/Even Assignments
the equation. 9–12. See pp. 107A–107H for graphs.
5 Exercises 15–24 and 27–50 are
9. y  3x  5 , 5 10. x  y  2  0 2, 2
3 3 structured so that students
11. 3x  2y  6 2, 3 12. 4x  8y  12 3, 
2 practice the same concepts
www.algebra2.com/extra_examples Lesson 2-2 Linear Equations 65 whether they are assigned
odd or even problems.

Assignment Guide
Differentiated Instruction
Basic: 15–23 odd, 25, 26,
Visual/Spatial Encourage students to relate the intercepts and the graph 27–35 odd, 39–47 odd, 51–55,
of the equation to the standard form of the equation, Ax  By  C. Point 61–78
A
out that the ratio  is equivalent to the ratio of the graph’s intercepts: Average: 15–23 odd, 25, 26,
y-intercept B
  . These ratios can be visualized on the graph by counting grid 27–49 odd, 51–55, 61–78
x-intercept
squares vertically and horizontally from one intercept to the other. Advanced: 16–24 even, 28–50
Recognition of the ratios leads to the discussion of slope in Lesson 2-3. even, 51–70 (optional: 71–78)

Lesson 2-2 Linear Equations 65

 Study
2-2 Guide
Study
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

andIntervention
Guide and Intervention,
____________ PERIOD _____
Application ECONOMICS For Exercises 13 and 14, use the following information.
p. 63 (shown) On January 1, 1999, the euro became legal tender in 11 participating countries
Linear Equations and p. 64
Identify Linear Equations and Functions A linear equation has no operations
in Europe. Based on the exchange rate on March 22, 2001, the linear function
other than addition, subtraction, and multiplication of a variable by a constant. The
variables may not be multiplied together or appear in a denominator. A linear equation does d(x)  0.8881x could be used to convert x euros to U.S. dollars.
not contain variables with exponents other than 1. The graph of a linear equation is a line.
A linear function is a function whose ordered pairs satisfy a linear equation. Any linear
function can be written in the form f(x)  mx  b, where m and b are real numbers.
13. On that date, what was the value in U.S. dollars of 200 euros? $177.62
If an equation is linear, you need only two points that satisfy the equation in order to graph
the equation. One way is to find the x-intercept and the y-intercept and connect these two 14. On that date, what was the value in euros of 500 U.S. dollars? 563.00 euros
points with a line.

Example 1 Is f(x)  0.2   a

linear function? Explain.
5
x Example 3 Find the x-intercept and the
y-intercept of the graph of 4x  5y  20.
Online Research Data Update How do the dollar and the euro compare
Yes; it is a linear function because it can Then graph the equation. today? Visit www.algebra2.com/data_update to convert among currencies.
be written in the form The x-intercept is the value of x when y  0.
1
f(x)    x  0.2. 4x  5y  20 Original equation
5

★ indicates increased difficulty

Lesson 2-2
4x  5(0)  20 Substitute 0 for y.
Example 2 Is 2x  xy  3y  0 a x5 Simplify.
linear function? Explain. So the x-intercept is 5.
Practice and Apply
y
No; it is not a linear function because Similarly, the
O x
the variables x and y are multiplied y-intercept is 4.
together in the middle term.

Exercises
Homework Help State whether each equation or function is linear. Write yes or no. If no, explain
For See your reasoning. 16–19, 21–22. See margin for explanations.
Exercises Examples
State whether each equation or function is linear. Write yes or no. If no, explain.
1
1. 6y  x  7 yes
18
2. 9x   No; the 3. f(x)  2   yes
x
15. x  y  5 yes 16.   3y  5 no
y
variable y appears
11
15–24 1 x
17. x  y  4 no
in the denominator.
Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of each equation. Then graph
25, 26 2 18. h(x)  2x3  4x2  5 no
the equation. 27–38 3
39–52 4 2
4. 2x  7y  14 5. 5y  x  10 6. 2.5x  5y  7.5  0
19. g(x)  10  2 no 20. f(x)  6x  19 yes
x-int: 7; y-int: 2 x-int: 10; y-int: 2 x-int: 3; y-int: 1.5 53–60 2, 4 x
y y y

21. f(x)  7x5  x  1 no 22. y  

2x  5 no
O x O x
O x
Extra Practice
See page 830.
23. Which of the equations x  9y  7, x2  5y  0, and y  3x  1 is not linear?
Gl NAME
/M G ______________________________________________
Hill 63 DATE ____________
GlPERIOD
Al _____
b 2 23. x 2  5y  0
Skills
2-2 Practice,
Practice p. 65 and 24. Which of the functions f(x)  2x  4, g(x)  7, and h(x)  x3  x2  3x is not
27. 3x  y  4; 3, 1, 4
(Average)
Practice, p. 66 (shown)
Linear Equations linear? h(x)  x 3  x 2  3x
State whether each equation or function is linear. Write yes or no. If no, explain
your reasoning.
28. 12x  y  0; 12,
1. h(x)  23 yes 2. y   x yes
2
3
1, 0 PHYSICS For Exercises 25 and 26, use the following information.
29. x  4y  5; 1,
5
3. y   No; x is a denominator. 4. 9  5xy  2 No; x and y are multiplied.
x
When a sound travels through water, the distance y in meters that the sound travels
Write each equation in standard form. Identify A, B, and C. 4, 5 in x seconds is given by the equation y  1440x.
30. x  7y  2; 1, 7,
3
5. y  7x  5 7x  y  5; 7, 1, 5 6. y   x  5 3x  8y  40; 3, 8, 40
8
2 3
25. How far does a sound travel underwater in 5 seconds? 7200 m
7. 3y  5  0 3y  5; 0, 3, 5 8. x    y   28x  8y  21; 28, 8, 21
7 4 2 26. In air, the equation is y  343x. Does sound travel faster in air or water? Explain.
Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of each equation. Then graph
the equation. 31. 2x  y  5; 2, 1, Sound travels only 1715 m in 5 seconds in air, so it travels faster underwater.
9. y  2x  4 2, 4 10. 2x  7y  14 7, 2
y
5 Write each equation in standard form. Identify A, B, and C.
y

32. x  2y  3; 1,
27. y  3x  4 28. y  12x 29. x  4y  5
(0, 4)
(0, 2)

(–2, 0) O (7, 0) x 2, 3

30. x  7y  2 31. 5y  10x  25 32. 4x  8y  12
O x

11. y  2x  4 2, 4 12. 6x  2y  6 1, 3

33. x  y  12; 1, 1, 12
1 1 1 1
y y
34. x  y  6; 1, 33. x  y  6 34. x  y  2 35. 0.5x  3 x  6; 1, 0, 6
2 2 3 3
1, 6
(–2, 0) O x (0, 3)

5
★ 37. 6 x  115 y  130 ★ 38. 0.25x  0.1  0.2y
(1, 0)

36. 0.25y  10
(0, –4)
O x
  
13. MEASURE The equation y  2.54x gives the length in centimeters corresponding to a
length x in inches. What is the length in centimeters of a 1-foot ruler? 30.48 cm
y  40; 0, 1, 40 25x  2y  9; 25, 2, 9 5x  4y  2; 5, 4, 2
Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of each equation. Then graph
LONG DISTANCE For Exercises 14 and 15, use the following information.
For Meg’s long-distance calling plan, the monthly cost C in dollars is given by the linear
the equation. 39–50. See pp. 107A–107H for graphs.
function C(t)  6  0.05t, where t is the number of minutes talked. 10 5
14. What is the total cost of talking 8 hours? of talking 20 hours? $30; $66 41. ,  39. 5x  3y  15 3, 5 40. 2x  6y  12 6, 2 41. 3x  4y  10  0
3 2 1
15. What is the effective cost per minute (the total cost divided by the number of minutes
talked) of talking 8 hours? of talking 20 hours? $0.0625; $0.055 42. 2x + 5y  10  0 5, 2 43. y  x 0, 0 44. y  4x  2 , 2
2
Gl
Reading
NAME
/M G ______________________________________________
Hill 66 DATE ____________
Gl PERIOD
Al _____
b 2
45. y  2 none, 2 46. y  4 none, 4 47. x  8 8, none
2-2 Readingto
to Learn
Learn Mathematics ELL
Mathematics,
Linear Equations
p. 67 48. x  1 1, none ★ 49. f(x)  4x  1 1, 1 ★ 50. g(x)  0.5x  3 6, 3
Pre-Activity How do linear equations relate to time spent studying?
4
Read the introduction to Lesson 2-2 at the top of page 63 in your textbook.

CRITICAL THINKING For Exercises 51 and 52, use x  y  0, x  y  5, and

1
• If Lolita spends 2  hours studying math, how many hours will she have
2
1
x  y  5.
to study chemistry? 1  hours
2
• Suppose that Lolita decides to stay up one hour later so that she now has
5 hours to study and do homework. Write a linear equation that describes
51. See margin for
this situation. x  y  5
graph. The lines are 51. Graph the equations on a coordinate plane. Compare and contrast the graphs.
Reading the Lesson parallel but have 52. Write a linear equation whose graph is between the graphs of x  y  0 and
different y-intercepts. x  y  5. Sample answer: x  y  2
1. Write yes or no to tell whether each linear equation is in standard form. If it is not,
explain why it is not.

a. x  2y  5 No; A is negative.
66 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
b. 9x  12y  5 yes

c. 5x  7y  3 yes

4
d. 2x   y  1 No; B is not an integer. NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
7

e. 0x  0y  0 No; A and B are both 0.

Enrichment,
2-2 Enrichment p. 68
Answers
f. 2x  4y  8 No; The greatest common factor of 2, 4, and 8 is 2, not 1.
Greatest Common Factor 16. No; x appears in a denominator.
2. How can you use the standard form of a linear equation to tell whether the graph is a Suppose we are given a linear equation ax  by  c where a, b, and c are nonzero
horizontal line or a vertical line? If A  0, then the graph is a horizontal line. If
B  0, then the graph is a vertical line.
integers, and we want to know if there exist integers x and y that satisfy the
equation. We could try guessing a few times, but this process would be time 17. No; y is inside a square root.
consuming for an equation such as 588x  432y  72. By using the Euclidean
Algorithm, we can determine not only if such integers x and y exist, but also find

Helping You Remember

them. The following example shows how this algorithm works. 18. No; x has exponents other than 1.
3. One way to remember something is to explain it to another person. Suppose that you Example
are studying this lesson with a friend who thinks that she should let x  0 to find the
x-intercept and let y  0 to find the y-intercept. How would you explain to her how to
Find integers x and y that satisfy 588x  432y  72.
Divide the greater of the two coefficients by the lesser to get a quotient and
19. No; x appears in a denominator.
remember the correct way to find intercepts of a line? Sample answer: The remainder. Then, repeat the process by dividing the divisor by the remainder
x-intercept is the x-coordinate of a point on the x-axis. Every point on
the x-axis has y-coordinate 0, so let y  0 to find an x-intercept. The
until you get a remainder of 0. The process can be written as follows.

588  432(1)  156 (1)

20. Yes; this is a linear function because it is
written as f(x)  6x  19, m  6, b  19.
y-intercept is the y-coordinate of a point on the y-axis. Every point on
the y-axis has x-coordinate 0, so let x  0 to find a y-intercept. 432  156(2)  120 (2)
156  120(1)  36 (3)
120  36(3)  12 (4)
36  12(3)
21. No; x has an exponent other than 1.
66 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions 22. No; x is inside a square root.
 GEOLOGY For Exercises 53–55, use the following information.
Suppose the temperature T (°C) below Earth’s surface is given by T(d)  35d  20,
where d is the depth (km). 4 Assess
53. Find the temperature at a depth of 2 kilometers. 90°C
54. Find the depth if the temperature is 160°C. 4 km Open-Ended Assessment
55. Graph the linear function. See margin. Modeling Have students place a
piece of spaghetti or a pencil on
FUND-RAISING For Exercises 56–59, use the following information.
The Jackson Band Boosters sell beverages for $1.75 and candy for $1.50 at home
a large coordinate plane to model
games. Their goal is to have total sales of $525 for each game. the graphs of these equations:
56. Write an equation that is a model for the different numbers of beverages and x  4, x  2, y  0, y  3,
candy that can be sold to meet the goal. 1.75b  1.5c  525 x  y, and x  y.
57. Graph the equation. See margin.
Geology 58. Does this equation represent a function? Explain. Getting Ready for
Geothermal energy from 59. If they sell 100 beverages and 200 pieces of candy, will the Band Boosters meet
hot springs is being used their goal? no
Lesson 2-3
for electricity in California, BASIC SKILL Lesson 2-3 presents
Italy, and Iceland. 60. GEOMETRY Find the area of the shaded region in the y
graph. (Hint: The area of a trapezoid is given by
the fact that perpendicular lines
1 21 y  x  5 have slopes that are negative
58. Yes; the graph A  h(b1  b2).)  units2 reciprocals. Exercises 71–78
2 2
passes the vertical should be used to determine
line test. 61. WRITING IN MATH Answer the question that was x
posed at the beginning of the lesson. O
your students’ familiarity with
How do linear equations relate to time spent studying? finding reciprocals.
Include the following in your answer: See margin.
• why only the part of the graph in the first quadrant is shown, and Assessment Options
• an interpretation of the graph’s intercepts in terms of the amount of time Quiz (Lessons 2-1 and 2-2) is
Lolita spends on each subject.
available on p. 113 of the Chapter 2
Standardized 62. Which function is linear? B Resource Masters.
Test Practice A f(x)  x2 B g(x)  2.7 C g(x)  
x1 D f(x)  
9  x2
63. What is the y-intercept of the graph of 10  x  2y? B
A 2 B 5 C 6 D 10

Maintain Your Skills

Mixed Review State the domain and range of each relation. Then graph the relation and
determine whether it is a function. (Lesson 2-1) 64 – 65. See pp. 107A– 107H for
64. D  {1, 1, 2, 4}, 64. {(1, 5), (1, 3), (2, 4), (4, 3)} 65. {(0, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (1, 0)} graphs.
R  {4, 3, 5}; yes
Solve each inequality. (Lesson 1-6)
65. D  {0, 1, 2},
R  {1, 0, 2, 3}; no 66. 2  3x  1  7 {x1  x  2} 67. x  4 2 {x x  6 or x 2}

68. TAX Including a 6% sales tax, a paperback book costs $8.43. What is the price
before tax? (Lesson 1-3) $7.95
Simplify each expression. (Lesson 1-1) Answers
69. (9s  4)  3(2s  6) 3s  14 70. [19  (8  1)]
3 4 61. A linear equation can be used to
Getting Ready for BASIC SKILL Find the reciprocal of each number. relate the amounts of time that a
the Next Lesson 1 1 1 2 3 student spends on each of two sub-
71. 3  72. 4  73.  2 74.  
3 4 2 3 2 jects if the total amount of time is
1 3 4
75.  5 76. 3  77. 2.5 0.4 78. 1.25 0.8 fixed. Answers should include the
5 4 15
following.
www.algebra2.com/self_check_quiz Lesson 2-2 Linear Equations 67
• x and y must be nonnegative
because Lolita cannot spend a
51. y 55. 57. c negative amount of time study-
x y  5 T (d )
160 ing a subject.
120 350 1.75b  1.5c  525
80 300 • The intercepts represent Lolita
40 250 spending all of her time on one
x 200 subject. The x-intercept repre-
4 32 O1 2 3 4 d
O 40 150 sents her spending all of her time
80 100
on math, and the y-intercept
xy0 120 T (d )  35d  20 50
160 represents her spending all of
x  y  5 0 100 200 400b
her time on chemistry.

Lesson 2-2 Linear Equations 67

 Lesson Slope
Notes

• Find and use the slope of a line.

1 Focus • Graph parallel and perpendicular lines.

does slope apply to

Vocabulary
5-Minute Check the steepness of roads?
• slope
Transparency 2-3 Use as a • rate of change The grade of a road is a percent that
quiz or review of Lesson 2-2. • family of graphs measures the steepness of the road. rise
• parent graph It is found by dividing the amount
Mathematical Background notes • oblique the road rises by the corresponding
are available for this lesson on horizontal distance. horizontal distance

p. 54C.
SLOPE The slope of a line is the ratio of the change in y

Building on Prior y-coordinates to the corresponding change in x-coordinates.

x 2  x1
The slope measures how steep a line is.
Knowledge y 2  y1
Suppose a line passes through points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2). (x , y )
2 2
In Lesson 2-2, students wrote The change in y-coordinates is y2  y1. The change in (x , y )
linear equations in standard x-coordinates is x2  x1. 1 1

change in y-coordinates
form and graphed them using Study Tip slope  
change in x-coordinates
O x

intercepts. In this lesson, they Slope y y

apply this skill to finding the 
2
1
The formula for slope is x2  x1
slope of a line and to graphing often remembered as
rise over run, where The slope of a line is the same, no matter what two points on the line are used.
parallel and perpendicular lines. the rise is the difference
in y-coordinates and the Slope of a Line
does slope apply to the run is the difference in
x-coordinates. • Words The slope of a line is the ratio of the change in y-coordinates to the
steepness of roads? change in x-coordinates.
Ask students: • Symbols The slope m of the line passing through (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given
• An engineer designed a road y2  y 1
by m   , where x1  x2.
x2  x 1
with a rise of 4 feet for each
horizontal distance of 100 feet.
What is the grade of this road?
4% Example 1 Find Slope
Find the slope of the line that passes through (1, 4) and (1, 2). Then graph
• If a road has a grade of 3%, the line.
what is its rise for each hori- y y y
zontal distance of 50 feet? 1.5 ft m
2
1
Slope formula (1, 4)
x2  x1
TEACHING TIP
2  4
Make sure students   (x1, y1)  (1, 4), (x2, y2)  (1, 2)
1  (1)
realize that y2 must come
6 O x
from the same ordered   or 3 Simplify.
2 (1,2)
pair as x2.
The slope of the line is 3.
Graph the two ordered pairs and draw the line. Use the slope to check your graph
by selecting any point on the line. Then go down 3 units and right 1 unit or go up
3 units and left 1 unit. This point should also be on the line.

68 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Resource Manager
Workbook and Reproducible Masters Transparencies
Chapter 2 Resource Masters 5-Minute Check Transparency 2-3
• Study Guide and Intervention, pp. 69–70 Answer Key Transparencies
• Skills Practice, p. 71
• Practice, p. 72 Technology
• Reading to Learn Mathematics, p. 73 Interactive Chalkboard
• Enrichment, p. 74
 Example 2 Use Slope to Graph a Line
Graph the line passing through (4, 3) with a slope of .
2
3
O
y
2 Teach
Graph the ordered pair (4, 3). Then, according to the x
SLOPE
(1, 1)
slope, go up 2 units and right 3 units. Plot the new point
at (1, 1). You can also go right 3 units and then up 2 units to (4, 3) In-Class Examples Power
plot the new point. Point®

Draw the line containing the points. 1 Find the slope of the line that
passes through (1, 3) and
(2, 3). Then graph the
The slope of a line tells the direction in which it rises or falls. line. 2
y

(1, 3)

If the line rises to If the line is If the line falls to the If the line is vertical,
the right, then the horizontal, then right, then the slope then the slope is O x
slope is positive. the slope is zero. is negative. undefined.

y y y y
(–2, –3)
(3, 3) (3, 2) (3, 2) (0, 3)
(2, 3)
x x
O x O x O (3, 0) O
(2, 2) 2 Graph the line passing
(2, 2) through (1, 3) with a slope
3
3  (2) 22 03
of   .
m   m   m   x1  x2, so m is 4
3  (2) 3  (3) 30
1 0  1 undefined. y

Slope is often referred to as rate of change . It measures how much a quantity (–3, 0) O x
changes, on average, relative to the change in another quantity, often time.
(1, –3)

Example 3 Rate of Change

USA TODAY Snapshots®
TRAVEL Refer to the graph at the
Log on for: right. Find the rate of change of Cruises grow in popularity 3 COMMUNICATION Refer to
the number of people taking The number of North Americans
• Updated data the graph below. Find the
cruises from 1985 to 2000. taking cruises, by year:
• More activities on rate of change of the number
rate of change y y
m
2
1 Slope formula
of radio stations on the air in
www.algebra2. x2  x1
Millions
com/usa_today 6.9  2.2 8 6.9 the United States from 1990
  Substitute.
2000  1985 to 1998.
6
 0.31 Simplify.
4 U.S. Radio Stations
Between 1985 and 2000, the on the Air
Number (thousands)

number of people taking cruises 2 14

2.2
increased at an average rate of 0 13 12.6
about 0.31(100,000) or 310,000 1985 2000 12
people per year.
Source: Cruise Lines International Association
11
By Hilary Wasson and Quin Tian, USA TODAY
10 10.8
0
www.algebra2.com/extra_examples Lesson 2-3 Slope 69 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Year

Source: The New York Times Almanac

Teacher to Teacher Between 1990 and 1998, the

number of radio stations on the
Judy Buchholtz Dublin Scioto H.S., Dublin, OH
air in the United States increased
“A match it, graph it CBL-motion detector lab is a fun way for students to at an average rate of 0.225(1000)
‘experience’ slope." or 225 stations per year.

Lesson 2-3 Slope 69

PARALLEL AND PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES A family of graphs is a group
PERPENDICULAR LINES of graphs that displays one or more similar characteristics. The parent graph is the
simplest of the graphs in a family. A graphing calculator can be used to graph
several graphs in a family on the same screen.
In-Class Example Power
Point®

4 Graph the line through (1, 2)

that is parallel to the line Lines with the Same Slope
with equation x  y  2. The calculator screen shows the graphs of y  3x,
y y  3x  2, y  3x  2, and y  3x  5.
Think and Discuss 1. See margin.
x  y  2 1. Identify the parent function and describe the
family of graphs. What is similar about the
graphs? What is different about the graphs? [4, 4] scl: 1 by [10, 10] scl: 1
O x
(2, –1)
2. Find the slope of each line. 3
(1, –2) 3. Write another function that has the same characteristics as this family of
graphs. Check by graphing. Sample answer: y  3x  4

In the Investigation, you saw that lines that have the same slope are parallel.
These and other similar examples suggest the following rule.
Answer
1. y  3x; The graphs are parallel
Parallel Lines
lines, but they have different Study Tip • Words In a plane, nonvertical lines • Model y
with the same slope are same
y-intercepts. Horizontal Lines parallel. All vertical lines are slope
All horizontal lines are parallel.
O x
parallel because they all
have a slope of 0.

Example 4 Parallel Lines

Graph the line through (1, 3) that is parallel to the y
line with equation x  4y  4. (3, 2)
(1, 3)
The x-intercept is 4, and the y-intercept is 1. Use the
intercepts to graph x  4y  4.
O x
The line falls 1 unit for every 4 units it moves to the
1 x  4y  4
right, so the slope is .
4
Now use the slope and the point at (1, 3) to graph the
line parallel to the graph of x  4y  4.

The figure at the right shows the graphs of two lines y

that are perpendicular. You know that parallel lines have
C (3, 2)
the same slope. What is the relationship between the A (2, 1)
slopes of two perpendicular lines? O
slope of line AB slope of line CD x
3  1 4 2 4  2 6 3
   or     or 
4  2 6 3 1  (3) 4 2 B (4, 3) D (1, 4)
The slopes are opposite reciprocals of each other. This
relationship is true in general. When you multiply the
slopes of two perpendicular lines, the product is always 1.
70 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Lines with the Same Slope Point out that the simplest of the graphs in a
family is often the one that passes through the origin, where the values of x
and y are both zero. Suggest that students substitute 0 for x in each equation
to find a point that will help them identify which graph goes with each
equation.

70 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Study Tip Perpendicular Lines In-Class Example Power
Point®
Reading Math • Words In a plane, two oblique lines • Model y
An oblique line is a line are perpendicular if and
that is neither horizontal only if the product of their
slope m 1
5 Graph the line through (2, 1)
nor vertical. slopes is 1. that is perpendicular to the
x
• Symbols Suppose m1 and m2 are
O line with equation
slope m 2
the slopes of two oblique 2x  3y  3.
lines. Then the lines are
perpendicular if and only if y
1
m1m2  1, or m2  .
m2

Any vertical line is perpendicular to any horizontal line. (2, 1)

O x
Example 5 Perpendicular Line
Graph the line through (3, 1) that is perpendicular to the line with equation
2x  5y  10.
The x-intercept is 5, and the y-intercept is 2. Use the y
intercepts to graph 2x  5y  10. (1, 6)
The line falls 2 units for every 5 units it moves to the
2
right, so the slope is . The slope of the perpendicular
5
3 Practice/Apply
2 5 (3, 1)
line is the opposite reciprocal of , or .
5 2
O x
Start at (3, 1) and go up 5 units and right 2 units. Use
this point and (3, 1) to graph the line. Study Notebook
Have students—
• add the definitions/examples of
the vocabulary terms to their
Vocabulary Builder worksheets for
Concept Check 1. OPEN ENDED Write an equation of a line with slope 0. Sample answer: y  1
Chapter 2.
2. Sometimes; the 2. Decide whether the statement below is sometimes, always, or never true. Explain.
slope of a vertical line
• draw sample graphs to compare
The slope of a line is a real number.
is undefined. 3. FIND THE ERROR Mark and Luisa are finding the slope of the line through (2, 4)
and contrast lines with positive
and (1, 5). slope, negative slope, zero slope,
Mark Luisa and a slope that is undefined.
5–4 1 4–5 1
• include any other item(s) that they
m =  or  m =  or – 
2 – (–1) 3 2 – (–1) 3 find helpful in mastering the skills
in this lesson.
Who is correct? Explain your reasoning. See margin.

Guided Practice Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points.
1
GUIDED PRACTICE KEY 4. (1, 1), (3, 1) 0 5. (1, 0), (3, 2)  6. (3, 4), (1, 2) 1
2
Exercises Examples Graph the line passing through the given point with the given slope. FIND THE ERROR
4–6 1 3
7, 8 2
7. (2, 1), 3 8. (3, 4), 
2
7–8. See pp. 107A–107H. Point out that
9 4 Graph the line that satisfies each set of conditions. 9–11. See pp. 107A–107H.
when finding a slope,
10, 11 5
9. passes through (0, 3), parallel to graph of 6y  10x  30
if you use y1  y2 as the
12–14 3 numerator, you must use x1  x2
10. passes through (4, 2), perpendicular to graph of 3x  2y  6
as the denominator. To find the
11. passes through (1, 5), perpendicular to graph of 5x  3y  3  0
slope, you can move from point
Lesson 2-3 Slope 71 A to point B, or from point B to
point A, but you must move in a
consistent direction for both the
rise and the run.
Differentiated Instruction
Naturalist Ask students to apply what they have learned about slope,
grade, or steepness as they describe or sketch what they see around
Answer
them in nature, such as the shapes of hills, branches of trees, and roof 3. Luisa; Mark did not subtract in a
lines of houses. consistent manner when using the
slope formula. If y2  5 and y1  4,
then x 2 must be 1 and x 1 must
be 2, not vice versa.
Lesson 2-3 Slope 71
 Application WEATHER For Exercises 12–14, use the table that shows the temperatures at
different times on March 23, 2002.
About the Exercises…
Organization by Objective Time 8:00 A.M. 10:00 A.M. 12:00 P.M. 2:00 P.M. 4:00 P.M.
• Slope: 15–42 Temp (°F) 36 47 55 58 60
• Parallel and Perpendicular 12. What was the average rate of change of the temperature from 8:00 A.M. to
Lines: 43–52 10:00 A.M.? 5.5°/h
Odd/Even Assignments 13. What was the average rate of change of the temperature from 12:00 P.M. to
4:00 P.M.? 1.25°/h
Exercises 15–36 and 43–50 are
14. During what 2-hour period was the average rate of change of the temperature
structured so that students the least? 2:00 P.M.–4:00 P.M.
practice the same concepts
whether they are assigned
odd or even problems.
★ indicates increased difficulty
Alert! Exercises 56 and 57
require a graphing calculator.
Practice and Apply
5
Homework Help Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points. 15. 
Assignment Guide For See 15. (6, 1), (8, 4) 16. (6, 8), (5, 5) 13
2
Exercises Examples
Basic: 15–21 odd, 31–35 odd, 3
15–30 1 17. (6, 5), (4, 1)  18. (2, 7), (4, 1) 4
5
37–39, 43–47 odd, 51–55, 58–75 31–36 2
19. (7, 8), (1, 8) 0 20. (2, 3), (0, 5) 1
37–42 3
Average: 15–35 odd, 37–39, 43–52 4, 5 21. (2.5, 3), (1, 9) 8 22. (4, 1.5), (4, 4.5) undefined
43–51 odd, 52–55, 58–75 ★ 24. 12, 23, 56, 14 5
Extra Practice  
★ 23. 12, 13 , 14, 23  4
4
(optional: 56, 57) See page 830. ★ 25. (a, 2), (a, 2) undefined ★ 26. (3, b), (5, b) 0
Advanced: 16–36 even, 40–42,
44–50 even, 52–69 (optional: ★ 27. Determine the value of r so that the line through (6, r) and (9, 2) has slope 1. 1
3
70–75) ★ 28. Determine the value of r so that the line through (5, r) and (2, 3) has slope 2. 9
All: Practice Quiz 1 (1–5)
ANCIENT CULTURES Mayan Indians of Mexico and Central America built
pyramids that were used as their temples. Ancient Egyptians built pyramids to
use as tombs for the pharohs. Estimate the slope that a face of each pyramid
makes with its base.
Answers ★ 29. ★ 30.
31. y

O x
The Pyramid of the Sun in The Great Pyramid in Egypt
32. y Teotihuacán, Mexico, measures measures 756 feet on each side of
about 700 feet on each side of its its square base and was originally
square base and is about 210 feet 481 feet high. about 1.3
high. about 0.6
Graph the line passing through the given point with the given slope.
O x 2 1
31–36. See margin. 31. (2, 6), m   32. (3, 1), m   33. (3, 4), m  2
3 5
34. (1, 2), m  3 35. (6, 2), m  0 36. (2, 3), undefined
72 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

33. y
34. y 35. y 36. y
O x

O x O x O x

72 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 ENTERTAINMENT For Exercises Study
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

Guide andIntervention
Intervention,
____________ PERIOD _____

CD and Tape Shipments 2-3 Study Guide and

37–39, refer to the graph that shows p. 69
Slope(shown) and p. 70
the number of CDs and cassette Slope
1000

Number (millions)
tapes shipped by manufacturers to Slope m of a Line For points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), where x1  x2, m    
2 1 change in y y y
800 CDs change in x x2  x1

retailers in recent years.

600 Example 1 Determine the slope of Example 2 Graph the line passing
37. about 68 million 37. Find the average rate of change of the line that passes through (2, 1) and 4
through (1, 3) with a slope of  .
5
400 Cassettes (4, 5).
per year the number of CDs shipped from y2  y1
m
x2  x1
Slope formula
Graph the ordered
pair (1, 3). Then,
y

200 according to the

1991 to 2000.  
5  (1)
4  2
(x1, y1)  (2, 1), (x2, y2)  (4, 5)
slope, go up 4 units
and right 5 units.
O x

0
38. about 32 million
6 Plot the new point
   1
38. Find the average rate of change of 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 6
Simplify. (4,1). Connect the
points and draw
The slope of the line is 1.
per year the number of cassette tapes shipped Year the line.

Exercises
from 1991 to 2000. Source: Recording Industry Association of America Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points.
3. (5, 1) and (7, 3) 2
39. Interpret the sign of your answer to 1. (4, 7) and (6, 13) 3 2. (6, 4) and (3, 4) 0
2 1
4. (5, 3) and (4, 3)   6. (1, 4) and (13, 2)  
Exercise 38. 3
5. (5, 10) and (1,2) 2
2
5 2 3
7. (7, 2) and (3, 3)   8. (5, 9) and (5, 5)  
The number of cassette tapes shipped has been decreasing. 9. (4, 2) and (4, 8) 

Lesson 2-3
4 5 4
Graph the line passing through the given point with the given slope.
1
10. slope    11. slope  2 12. slope  0
TRAVEL For Exercises 40–42, use the following information. Time Distance
3
passes through (0, 2) passes through (1, 4) passes through (2, 5)

Mr. and Mrs. Wellman are taking their daughter to college. (h) (mi)
y y

O
y

x
The table shows their distance from home after various
amounts of time. 0 0 O x O x

1 55
40. Find the average rate of change of their distance from 13. slope  1 14. slope   
3
4
15. slope  
1
5

home between 1 and 3 hours after leaving home. 55 mph 2 110 passes through (4, 6)
y
passes through (3, 0)
y
passes through (0, 0)
y

41. Find the average rate of change of their distance from 3 165 O x

O x

home between 0 and 5 hours after leaving home. 45 mph 4 165 O x

42. What is another word for rate of change in this 5 225 Gl NAME
/M G ______________________________________________
Hill 69 DATE ____________
GlPERIOD
Al _____
b 2

situation? speed or velocity Skills

2-3 Practice,
Practice p. 71 and
(Average)
Practice,
Slope p. 72 (shown)
Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points.
5 5
1. (3, 8), (5, 2)   2. (10, 3), (7, 2)  3. (7, 6), (3, 6) 0
Graph the line that satisfies each set of conditions. 43–50. See pp. 107A–107H. 4
5
17
7
4. (8, 2), (8, 1) undefined 5. (4, 3), (7, 2)   6. (6, 3), (8, 4)  
3 2
43. passes through (2, 2), parallel to a line whose slope is 1 Graph the line passing through the given point with the given slope.

3 7. (0, 3), m  3 8. (2, 1), m   

3

44. passes through (4, 1), perpendicular to a line whose slope is  y
4

2 y

45. passes through (3, 3), perpendicular to graph of y  3

O x

(0, –3) (2, 1)

46. passes through (2, 5), parallel to graph of x  4 O x

4
47. passes through (2, 1), parallel to graph of 2x  3y  6 9. (0, 2), m  0
y
10. (2, 3), m  
y
5

48. passes through origin, parallel to graph of x  y  10 O

(0, 2)

x
O x

★ 49. perpendicular to graph of 3x  2y  24, intersects that graph at its x-intercept

(2, –3)

★ 50. perpendicular to graph of 2x  5y  10, intersects that graph at its y-intercept Graph the line that satisfies each set of conditions.
11. passes through (3, 0), perpendicular 12. passes through (3, 1), parallel to a line
3 whose slope is 1
to a line whose slope is 
2
y y

51. GEOMETRY Determine whether quadrilateral ABCD with vertices A(2, 1), (–3, –1)
O x

B(1, 1), C(3, 2), and D(0, 4) is a rectangle. Explain. Yes; slopes show that O (3, 0) x

adjacent sides are perpendicular.

DEPRECIATION For Exercises 13–15, use the following information.

52. CRITICAL THINKING If the graph of the equation ax  3y  9 is perpendicular

A machine that originally cost $15,600 has a value of $7500 at the end of 3 years. The same
machine has a value of $2800 at the end of 8 years.

to the graph of the equation 3x  y  4, find the value of a. 1 13. Find the average rate of change in value (depreciation) of the machine between its
purchase and the end of 3 years. $2700 per year
14. Find the average rate of change in value of the machine between the end of 3 years and
the end of 8 years. $940 per year
15. Interpret the sign of your answers. It is negative because the value is decreasing.
53. WRITING IN MATH Answer the question that was posed at the beginning of Gl NAME
/M G ______________________________________________
Hill 72 DATE ____________
Gl PERIOD
Al _____
b 2

the lesson. See pp. 107A–107H. Reading

2-3 Readingto
to Learn
Learn Mathematics
Mathematics, p. 73 ELL
How does slope apply to the steepness of roads? Slope
Pre-Activity How does slope apply to the steepness of roads?
Include the following in your answer: Read the introduction to Lesson 2-3 at the top of page 68 in your textbook.
• What is the grade of a road that rises 40 feet over a horizontal distance
• a few sentences explaining the relationship between the grade of a road and of 1000 feet? 4%
• What is the grade of a road that rises 525 meters over a horizontal
the slope of a line, and distance of 10 kilometers? (1 kilometer  1000 meters) 5.25%

• a graph of y  0.08x, which corresponds to a grade of 8%. (A road with a Reading the Lesson

grade of 6% to 8% is considered to be fairly steep. The scales on your x- and 1. Describe each type of slope and include a sketch.

Type of Slope Description of Graph Sketch

y-axes should be the same.) Positive The line rises to the right. y

www.algebra2.com/self_check_quiz Lesson 2-3 Slope 73 O x

Zero The line is horizontal. y

O x

NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

Enrichment, p. 74 Lesson 2-3

2-3 Enrichment Negative The line falls to the right. y

O x

Aerial Surveyors and Area

Many land regions have irregular shapes. Aerial surveyors y Undefined The line is vertical. y
supply aerial mappers with lists of coordinates and elevations (5, 7)
for the areas that need to be photographed from the air. These O x
(2, 5)
maps provide information about the horizontal and vertical
features of the land.
(6, 3)
(2, 1)
Step 1 List the ordered pairs for the vertices in 2. a. How are the slopes of two nonvertical parallel lines related? They are equal.
counterclockwise order, repeating the first O x
ordered pair at the bottom of the list. b. How are the slopes of two oblique perpendicular lines related? Their product is 1.

Step 2 Find D, the sum of the downward diagonal products (5, 7) Helping You Remember
(from left to right).
D  (5  5)  (2  1)  (2  3)  (6  7) (2, 5)
3. Look up the terms grade, pitch, slant, and slope. How can everyday meanings of these
 25  2  6  42 or 75 words help you remember the definition of slope? Sample answer: All these words
can be used when you describe how much a thing slants upward or
(2, 1) downward. You can describe this numerically by comparing rise to run.
Step 3 Find U, the sum of the upward diagonal products
(from left to right).
U  (2  7)  (2  5)  (6  1)  (5  3) (6, 3)

Lesson 2-3 Slope 73

 Standardized 54. What is the slope of the line shown in the graph at y

4 Assess Test Practice the right? D

A
3

2
B 
2
3
C
2

3
D
3

2
Open-Ended Assessment 55. What is the slope of a line perpendicular to a O x
1
Modeling Have students use a line with slope ? D
2
piece of spaghetti or a pencil on A 2 B 
1 C
1
 D 2
a coordinate plane to model lines 2 2
with slopes of 1, 1, and 0, as
well as a line with undefined Graphing FAMILY OF GRAPHS Use a graphing calculator to investigate each family of
Calculator graphs. Explain how changing the slope affects the graph of the line.
slope. Then have them use a
56. y  2x  3, y  4x  3, y  8x  3, y  x  3 56–57. See margin.
second piece of spaghetti or a
57. y  3x  1, y  x  1, y  5x  1, y  7x  1
second pencil to model a pair of
parallel lines and then a pair of
perpendicular lines. Maintain Your Skills
Mixed Review Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of each equation. Then graph
Intervention If the equation. (Lesson 2-2) 58–60. See pp. 107A– 107H for graphs.
8
New there is any 58. 2x  5y  20 10, 4 59. 4x  3y  8  0 2,  60. y  7x 0, 0
3
doubt whether Find each value if f(x)  3x  4. (Lesson 2-1)
your students 5
63. f  
1
61. f(1) 7 62. f(3) 5 64. f(a) 3a  4
2 2
thoroughly un-
Solve each inequality. (Lessons 1-5 and 1-6)
derstand the concept of slope,
65. 5  2x  7  13 {x1  x  3} 66. 2z  5  1475 {zz  735}
consider spending an extra day
on this lesson. Use the Extra 67. SCHOOL A test has multiple-choice questions worth 4 points each and true-
Practice on p. 830, the Study false questions worth 3 points each. Marco answers 14 multiple-choice questions
correctly. How many true-false questions must he answer correctly to get at least
Guide and Intervention Mas- 80 points total? (Lesson 1-5) at least 8
ters, or the Practice Masters to
reinforce this concept. Simplify. (Lessons 1-1 and 1-2)
1 1
68. (15a  9b)  (28b  84a) 17a  b 69. 3  (21
7)  8
4 9
3 7

Getting Ready for Getting Ready for PREREQUISITE SKILL Solve each equation for y.
Lesson 2-4 the Next Lesson (To review solving equations, see Lesson 1-2.) 70–75. See margin.
PREREQUISITE SKILL Lesson 2-4 70. x  y  9 71. 4x  y  2 72. 3x  y  7  0
presents writing the equation of a 73. 5x  2y  1  0 74. 3x  5y  4  0 75. 2x  3y  11  0
line given the slope and a point on
the line. Exercises 70–75 should be
used to determine your students’ P ractice Quiz 1 Lessons 2–1 through 2–3
familiarity with solving equations 1. State the domain and range of the relation {(2, 5), (3, 2), (2, 1), (7, 4), (0, 2)}.
for a given variable. (Lesson 2-1) D  {7, 3, 0, 2}, R  {2, 1, 2, 4, 5}
2. Find the value of f(15) if f(x)  100x  5x2. (Lesson 2-1) 375
Assessment Options
3. Write y  6x  4 in standard form. (Lesson 2-2) 6x  y  4
Practice Quiz 1 The quiz
provides students with a brief 4. Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of 3x  5y  30. Then graph
the equation. (Lesson 2-2) 10, 6; See margin for graph.
review of the concepts and skills
in Lessons 2-1 through 2-3. 5. Graph the line that goes through (4, 3) and is parallel to the line whose equation
Lesson numbers are given to the is 2x  5y  10. (Lesson 2-3) See margin.
right of exercises or instruction
74 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
lines so students can review
concepts not yet mastered.
70. y  9  x Answers (Practice Quiz 1)
Answers
71. y  4x  2 4. y 5. y
56. The graphs have the same 72. y  3x  7
y-intercept. As the slopes O x
5 1
increase, the lines get steeper. 73. y   x  
2 2
57. The graphs have the same 3 4
y-intercept. As the slopes become 74. y   x   3x  5y  30
5 5 x
more negative, the lines get 2 11
75. y    x   O
steeper. 3 3

74 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Writing Linear Equations Lesson
Notes

• Write an equation of a line given the slope and a point on the line.
• Write an equation of a line parallel or perpendicular to a given line.
1 Focus
Vocabulary do linear equations apply to business?
• slope-intercept form When a company manufactures a product, they must consider two types of cost.
5-Minute Check
• point-slope form There is the fixed cost, which they must pay no matter how many of the product Transparency 2-4 Use as a
they produce, and there is variable cost, which depends on how many of the quiz or review of Lesson 2-3.
product they produce. In some cases, the total cost can be found using a linear
equation such as y  5400  1.37x. Mathematical Background notes
are available for this lesson on
p. 54D.
FORMS OF EQUATIONS Consider the graph at y
the right. The line passes through A(0, b) and C(x, y). C (x, y )
៭៮៮៮៬ You can use these
Notice that b is the y-intercept of AC. Building on Prior
៭៮៮៮៬ . Substitute the
two points to find the slope of AC Knowledge
coordinates of points A and C into the slope formula. O
x
y y A (0, b )
In Lesson 2-3, students studied
m
2
1 Slope formula
x2  x1 slope and the graphs of parallel
yb and perpendicular lines. In this
m   (x1, y1)  (0, b), (x2, y2)  (x, y)
x0 lesson, students apply these ideas
yb to writing the equations of lines.
m   Simplify.
x

Now solve the equation for y. do linear equations

mx  y  b Multiply each side by x.
apply to business?
mx  b  y Add b to each side. Ask students:
y  mx  b Symmetric Property of Equality • What are some examples of
costs that might be included
When an equation is written in this form, it is in slope-intercept form .
in the fixed cost? utilities,
salaries, rent
Study Tip Slope-Intercept Form of a Linear Equation
• What are some examples of
Slope-intercept • Words The slope-intercept form • Model y
Form of the equation of a line costs that might be included in
The equation of a vertical is y  mx  b, where m is O x the variable cost? raw materials,
line cannot be written in the slope and b is the
slope-intercept form
y-intercept. packaging, shipping
because its slope is (0, b )
undefined. • Symbols y  mx  b y  mx  b
←

slope y-intercept

If you are given the slope and y-intercept of a line, you can find an equation of the
line by substituting the values of m and b into the slope-intercept form. For example,
if you know that the slope of a line is 3 and the y-intercept is 4, the equation of the
line is y  3x  4, or, in standard form, 3x  y  4.

You can also use the slope-intercept form to find an equation of a line if you know
the slope and the coordinates of any point on the line.
Lesson 2-4 Writing Linear Equations 75

Resource Manager
Workbook and Reproducible Masters Transparencies
Chapter 2 Resource Masters Graphing Calculator and 5-Minute Check Transparency 2-4
• Study Guide and Intervention, pp. 75–76 Spreadsheet Masters, p. 30 Answer Key Transparencies
• Skills Practice, p. 77 School-to-Career Masters, p. 3
• Practice, p. 78 Technology
• Reading to Learn Mathematics, p. 79 Interactive Chalkboard
• Enrichment, p. 80
• Assessment, pp. 113, 115

Lesson x-x Lesson Title 75

 Example 1 Write an Equation Given Slope and a Point
2 Teach Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that has a slope of  and
passes through (4, 1).
2
3

FORMS OF EQUATIONS Substitute for m, x, and y in the slope-intercept form.

(4, 1)
y

y  mx  b Slope-intercept form
In-Class Examples Power
3 O x
Point® 3
 
1   (4)  b
2
(x, y)  (4, 1), m  
3
2
2
1 Write an equation in slope- 16b Simplify.
intercept form for the line that 5  b Subtract 6 from each side.
3 The y-intercept is 5. So, the equation in slope-intercept form is y  x  5.
3
has a slope of   and passes 2
5
3
through (5, 2). y  5x  1
If you are given the coordinates of two points on a line, you can use the
point-slope form to find an equation of the line that passes through them.
Teaching Tip Make sure that
students understand that the Point-Slope Form of a Linear Equation
letter m is always used for slope,
• Words The point-slope form of • Symbols slope
and b for the y-intercept, in

←
the equation of a line is
y  mx  b. y  y1  m(x  x1), where y  y1  m(x  x1)

←
←
(x1, y1) are the coordinates of
2 What is an equation of the a point on the line and m is coordinates of point on line
the slope of the line.
line through (2, 3) and
(3, 7)? D
A y  2x  1 Standardized Example 2 Write an Equation Given Two Points
1 Test Practice
B y  x  1 Multiple-Choice Test Item
2
1 What is an equation of the line through (1, 4) and (4, 5)?
C y  x  1
2 A
1
y  x  
11
B
1
y  x  
13
C
1
y  x  
13
D y  3x  1
D y  2x  1 3 3 3 3 3 3

Read the Test Item

You are given the coordinates of two points on the line. Notice that the answer
choices are in slope-intercept form.
Solve the Test Item
• First, find the slope of the line.
y y
m
2
1 Slope formula
x2  x1
54
  (x1, y1)  (1, 4), (x2, y2)  (4, 5)
4  (1)
1 1
  or  Simplify.
3 3
1
The slope is . That eliminates choices B and D.
3
• Then use the point-slope form to find an equation.
y  y1  m(x  x1) Point-slope form
1
Test-Taking Tip y  4  [x  (1)] m  31; you can use either point for (x1, y1).
3
To check your answer, 1 1
substitute each ordered y  4   x  
 Distributive Property
3 3
pair into your answer. Each 1 11
should satisfy the equation. y  x   The answer is A.
3 3

76 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Standardized Example 2 Point out that

finding the slope eliminated
Test Practice two of the choices.
Emphasize that eliminating
some of the answer choices helps you to use your time
efficiently when taking a timed test.

76 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 When changes in real-world situations occur at a linear rate, a linear equation can
be used as a model for describing the situation. In-Class Example Power
Point®

Example 3 Write an Equation for a Real-World Situation 3 SALES As a part-time

salesperson, Jean Stock is
SALES As a salesperson, Eric Fu is paid a daily salary plus commission. When
his sales are $1000, he makes $100. When his sales are $1400, he makes $120. paid a daily salary plus
a. Write a linear equation to model this situation.
commission. When her sales
are $100, she makes $58.
Let x be his sales and let y be the amount of money y
he makes. Use the points (1000, 100) and (1400, 120)
160 When her sales are $300, she
to make a graph to represent the situation. 120
(1400, 120) make $78.
y2  y 1
m  Slope formula 80
(1000, 100) a. Write a linear equation to
x2  x1
model this situation.
120  100 (x1, y1)  (1000, 100), 40
 
1400  1000 (x2, y2)  (1400, 120)
y  0.1x  48
x
 0.05 Simplify. 0 400 800 1200 1600 b. What are Ms. Stock’s daily
salary and commission rate?
Now use the slope and either of the given points with the point-slope form to
write the equation.
$48; 10%
y  y1  m(x  x1) Point-slope form c. How much would Jean make
y  100  0.05(x  1000) m  0.05, (x1, y1)  (1000, 100) in a day if her sales were
y  100  0.05x  50 Distributive Property $500? $98
y  0.05x  50 Add 100 to each side.
Teaching Tip Point out that
The slope-intercept form of the equation is y  0.05x  50. when the units differ on the two
axes, you cannot estimate the
b. What are Mr. Fu’s daily salary and commission rate? slope of the graphed line by
The y-intercept of the line is 50. The y-intercept represents the money Eric comparing it to the slope of
would make if he had no sales. In other words, $50 is his daily salary. x  y as the 45-degree line with
The slope of the line is 0.05. Since the slope is the coefficient of x, which is his a slope of 1.
sales, he makes 5% commission.
Study Tip
Alternative Method c. How much would he make in a day if Mr. Fu’s sales were $2000?
You could also find Mr. Fu’s
salary in part c by extending
Find the value of y when x  2000. PARALLEL AND
the graph. Then find the y  0.05x  50 Use the equation you found in part a. PERPENDICULAR LINES
y value when x is 2000.  0.05(2000)  50 Replace x with 2000.
 100  50 or 150 Simplify.
In-Class Example Power
Point®

Mr. Fu would make $150 if his sales were $2000. 4 Write an equation for the line
that passes through (3, 2)
and is perpendicular to the
PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES The slope-intercept and point- line whose equation is
slope forms can be used to find equations of lines that are parallel or perpendicular y  5x  1. y  1
x
13
to given lines. 5 5

Example 4 Write an Equation of a Perpendicular Line

Write an equation for the line that passes through (4, 3) and is perpendicular to
the line whose equation is y  4x  1.
The slope of the given line is 4. Since the slopes of perpendicular lines are
1
opposite reciprocals, the slope of the perpendicular line is .
4
(continued on the next page)
www.algebra2.com/extra_examples Lesson 2-4 Writing Linear Equations 77

Lesson 2-4 Writing Linear Equations 77

 Use the point-slope form and the ordered pair (4, 3) to y
TEACHING TIP
3 Practice/Apply You could also use slope-
intercept form.
write the equation.
y  y1  m(x  x1) Point-slope form
y  4 x  1

1
y  3  [x  (4)] (x, y)  (4, 3), m  41
4 O
1 x
Study Notebook y  3  x  1 Distributive Property
4
1
Have students— y   x  4 Add 3 to each side.
4
• add the definitions/examples of 1
An equation of the line is y  x  4.
4
the vocabulary terms to their
Vocabulary Builder worksheets for
Chapter 2.
• add the slope-intercept and point-
slope forms of a linear equation
Concept Check 1. OPEN ENDED Write an equation of a line in slope-intercept form.
1. Sample answer: 2. Identify the slope and y-intercept of the line with equation y  6x. 6, 0
to their notebooks, with examples y  3x  2 3. Explain how to find the slope of a line parallel to the graph of 3x  5y  2.
of both types of equations. See margin.
• add items from Example 2 to their Guided Practice State the slope and y-intercept of the graph of each equation.
3
GUIDED PRACTICE KEY 4. y  2x  5 2, 5 5. 3x  2y  10  0 , 5
list of test-taking tips, which they 2
Exercises Examples Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that satisfies each set of
can review as they prepare for
4–7 1 conditions. 6. y  0.5x  1 7. y  3x  2 8. y  5x  16
standardized tests. 4 32
7. slope   , passes through 2, 
8, 9, 11, 12 2, 3 1
6. slope 0.5, passes through (6, 4)
• include any other item(s) that they 10 4 4 2
8. passes through (6, 1) and (8, 4) 9. passes through (3, 5) and (2, 2)
find helpful in mastering the skills 9. y  x  
3 16
5 5 10. passes through (0, 2), perpendicular to the graph of y  x  2 y  x  2
in this lesson.
11. Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the y
graph at the right. y  5x  7 (0, 7)
4
Standardized 12. What is an equation of the line through (2, 4) and
Test Practice (3, 1)? B
3 26 3 14
A y  x   B y  x   (4, 2)
About the Exercises… 3
5
26
5
3
5
14
5
C y  x   D y  x  
Organization by Objective 5 5 5 5 O x

• Forms of Equations: 13–34 ★ indicates increased difficulty

• Parallel and Perpendicular
Lines: 35–38
Practice and Apply
Odd/Even Assignments Homework Help State the slope and y-intercept of the graph of each equation.
For See 2 2 3 3 1 5
Exercises 13–40 are structured Exercises Examples 13. y  x  4 , 4 14. y  x , 0 15. 2x  4y  10 , 
3 3 4 4 2 2
so that students practice the 13–18, 21–28 1
16. 3x  5y  30  0 ★ 17. x  7 ★ 18. cx  y  d c, d
19, 20, 2, 3
same concepts whether they 29–34, 39, 40 undefined, none
are assigned odd or even 35–38 4 Write an equation in slope-intercept form for each graph.
41–52 1–3 5 29
problems. 19. y y  0.8x 20. y y  x  
3 3
Extra Practice (2.5, 2)
See page 831. (4, 3)
Assignment Guide 3
16. , 6 O
Basic: 13, 15, 19–35 odd, 39, 5 x
O x
41–43, 45, 49–54, 57–67
(7, 2)
Average: 13–39 odd, 41–43,
45–54, 57–67 (optional: 55, 56)
78 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
Advanced: 14–40 even, 44,
46–63 (optional: 64–67)

Differentiated Instruction
Answer Intrapersonal Have students write a paragraph summarizing any
3. Solve the equation for y to get problems they have with relating graphs to their equations. Ask them to
3 2 include specific techniques they find useful to help them with this task.
y  x  . The slope of this line
5 5
3
is . The slope of a parallel line is
5
the same.

78 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Write an equation in slope-intercept form for each graph. Study
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

Guide andIntervention
Intervention,
____________ PERIOD _____

2-4 Study Guide and

21. y y  4 22. y y2 p. 75 (shown)
Writing and p. 76
Linear Equations
Forms of Equations
(0, 2)
Slope-Intercept Form
y  mx  b, where m is the slope and b is the y-intercept
of a Linear Equation
O x Point-Slope Form y  y1  m(x  x1), where (x1, y1) are the coordinates of a point on the line and
of a Linear Equation m is the slope of the line

O x Example 1 Write an equation in Example 2 Write an equation in

(0,4) slope-intercept form for the line that slope-intercept form for the line that
1
has slope 2 and passes through the has slope  and x-intercept 5.
point (3, 7). 3
y  mx  b Slope-intercept form
Substitute for m, x, and y in the
slope-intercept form.
1
3  
0   (5)  b 1
(x, y)  (5, 0), m  
3
y  mx  b Slope-intercept form 5
7  (2)(3)  b (x, y )  (3, 7), m  2
0b Simplify.
3
7  6  b Simplify. 5
  b 5
Subtract 
3 3 from both sides.
13  b Add 6 to both sides.
5
The y-intercept is 13. The equation in The y-intercept is   . The slope-intercept
3
slope-intercept form is y  2x  13. 1 5
form is y   x   .
Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that satisfies each set of Exercises
3 3

conditions. Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that satisfies each set of
conditions.

23. y  3x  6 23. slope 3, passes through (0, 6) 24. slope 0.25, passes through (0, 4) 1. slope 2, passes through (4, 6)
3
2. slope  , y-intercept 4
2
3
y  2x  2 y x4
24. y  0.25x  4 1
25. slope  , passes through (1, 3)
3
26. slope , passes through 5, 1)
2
13

1 7 2 2 3. slope 1, passes through (2, 5) 4. slope   , passes through (5, 7)

5

25. y  x   27. slope 0.5, passes through (2, 3) 28. slope 4, passes through the origin yx3 13
y   x6
5
2 2

Lesson 2-4
Write an equation in slope-intercept form for each graph.
3 17 29. passes through (2, 5) and (3, 1) 30. passes through (7, 1) and (7, 8)
26. y  x  
5. y 6. y 7. y

2 2 (5, 2)

32. passes through (2, 3) and (0, 0)

(1, 6)

27. y  0.5x  2 31. passes through (4, 0) and (3, 0) (4, 5) (–4, 1)

O x

1 1
28. y  4x 33. x-intercept 4, y-intercept 4 y  x  4 34. x-intercept , y-intercept  (3, 0)
(0, 0)
O x
3 4 O x

2 2 10
4
29. y  x  
17 35. passes through (4, 6), parallel to the graph of y  x  5 y  x   y  3x  9 5
y x 1
y 4
x  1
5 5 3 3 3 4 9 9
1
30. no slope-intercept 36. passes through (2, 5), perpendicular to the graph of y  x  7 y  4x  3 Gl

Skills
NAME
/M G ______________________________________________
Hill

Practice, p. 77 and
75 DATE ____________
GlPERIOD
Al _____
b 2

4 2-4 Practice (Average)

form for x  7 ★ 37. passes through (6, 5), perpendicular to the line whose equation is 3x  15y  3 Practice, p. Equations
Writing Linear 78 (shown)
31. y  0 ★ 38. passes through (3, 1), parallel to the line that passes through (3, 3) and (0, 6)
State the slope and y-intercept of the graph of each equation.
1. y  8x  12 8, 12 2. y  0.25x  1 0.25, 1
3
3. y    x   , 0
3
5 5
3 y  x  4
32. y  x 4. 3y  7 0, 
7
3
5. 3x  15  5y  , 3
3
5
6. 2x  3y  10  ,  
2
3
10
3
2 Write an equation in slope-intercept form for each graph.

3 1 39. Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line that passes

34. y  x  
7. y 8. y 9. y
x y
through the points indicated in the table. y  3x  2
(4, 4)

4 4 (–3, 3)

1 5
(0, 2)

1 23 O x

37. y  x   40. Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line that passes O x O x
(3, –1)
1 1
15 5 through (2, 10), (2, 2), and (4, 2). y  2x  6
(0, –2)

3 7 y2 3
y x2
2
2
y   x1
3
Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that satisfies each set of

GEOMETRY For Exercises 41–43, use the equation d  180(c  2) that gives the conditions.
10. slope 5, passes through (3, 8)
4
11. slope  , passes through (10, 3)
5
total number of degrees d in any convex polygon with c sides. y  5x  23 4
y x  11
5
41. Write this equation in slope-intercept form. d  180c  360 12. slope 0, passes through (0, 10)
2
13. slope   , passes through (6, 8)
3
2
y  10 y   x4
42. Identify the slope and d-intercept. 180, 360 14. passes through (3, 11) and (6, 5)
3
15. passes through (7, 2) and (3, 1)

43. Find the number of degrees in a pentagon. 540° 2

y x9
3
1
y   1
x
4 4
16. x-intercept 3, y-intercept 2 17. x-intercept 5, y-intercept 7
2 7
y   x2 y x7
3 5

44. ECOLOGY A park ranger at Blendon Woods estimates there are 6000 deer in 18. passes through (8, 7), perpendicular to the graph of y  4x  3 y    x  9
1
4

the park. She also estimates that the population will increase by 75 deer each 19. RESERVOIRS The surface of Grand Lake is at an elevation of 648 feet. During the
current drought, the water level is dropping at a rate of 3 inches per day. If this trend
continues, write an equation that gives the elevation in feet of the surface of Grand Lake
year thereafter. Write an equation that represents how many deer will be in the after x days. y  0.25x  648

park in x years. y  75x  6000 20. BUSINESS Tony Marconi’s company manufactures CD-ROM drives. The company will
make $150,000 profit if it manufactures 100,000 drives, and $1,750,000 profit if it
manufactures 500,000 drives. The relationship between the number of drives
manufactured and the profit is linear. Write an equation that gives the profit P when
n drives are manufactured. P  4n  250,000

45. BUSINESS Refer to the signs below. At what distance do the two stores charge Gl
Reading
NAME
/M G ______________________________________________
Hill 78 DATE ____________
Gl PERIOD
Al _____
b 2

the same amount for a balloon arrangement? 10 mi 2-4 Readingto

to Learn
Learn Mathematics
Mathematics, p. 79 ELL
Writing Linear Equations
Pre-Activity How do linear equations apply to business?
Read the introduction to Lesson 2-4 at the top of page 75 in your textbook.
Conrad’s Balloon Bouquets The Balloon House • If the total cost of producing a product is given by the equation
y  5400  1.37x, what is the fixed cost? What is the variable cost
(for each item produced)? $5400; $1.37
$20 balloon arrangements $30 Balloon • Write a linear equation that describes the following situation:
A company that manufactures computers has a fixed cost of $228,750 and
Delivery: $3 per mile Arrangements a variable cost of $852 to produce each computer.
y  228,750  852x
$2 per mile delivery Reading the Lesson
1. a. Write the slope-intercept form of the equation of a line. Then explain the meaning of
each of the variables in the equation. y  mx  b; m is the slope and b is the
y-intercept. The variables x and y are the coordinates of any point on
www.algebra2.com/self_check_quiz Lesson 2-4 Writing Linear Equations 79 the line.

b. Write the point-slope form of the equation of a line. Then explain the meaning of each
of the variables in the equation. y  y1  m(x  x1); m is the slope. x and y
are the coordinates of any point on the line. x1 and y1 are the
coordinates of one specific point on the line.
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

Enrichment,
2-4 Enrichment p. 80 2. Suppose that your algebra teacher asks you to write the point-slope form of the equation
of the line through the points (6, 7) and (3, 2). You write y  2  3(x  3) and
your classmate writes y  7  3(x  6). Which of you is correct? Explain. You are
both correct. Either point may be used as (x1, y1 ) in the point-slope form.
Two-Intercept Form of a Linear Equation You used (3, 2), and your classmate used (6, 7).
You are already familiar with the slope-intercept form of a linear equation,
x y
y  mx  b. Linear equations can also be written in the form     1 with 3. You are asked to write an equation of two lines that pass through (3, 5), one of them
a b
Lesson 2-4

x-intercept a and y-intercept b. This is called two-intercept form. parallel to and one of them perpendicular to the line whose equation is y  3x  4.
The first step in finding these equations is to find their slopes. What is the slope of the
Example 1 x y parallel line? What is the slope of the perpendicular line? 1
Draw the graph of     1. y 3; 
3 6 3
The graph crosses the x-axis at 3 and the y-axis at 6. Graph Helping You Remember
(3, 0) and (0, 6), then draw a straight line through them.
4. Many students have trouble remembering the point-slope form for a linear equation.
How can you use the definition of slope to remember this form? Sample answer:
y2  y1
O x
Write the definition of slope: m  
x2  x1 . Multiply both sides of this
equation by x2  x1. Drop the subscripts in y2 and x2. This gives the
Example 2 Write 3x  4y  12 in two-intercept form. point-slope form of the equation of a line.
3x 4y 12
      Divide by 12 to obtain 1 on the right side.
12 12 12
x y
 1

Lesson 2-4 Writing Linear Equations 79

 SCIENCE For Exercises 46–48, use the information on temperatures at the left.

4 Assess 46. Write and graph the linear equation that gives the number y of degrees Fahrenheit
in terms of the number x of degrees Celsius. y  9x  32; See margin for graph.
5
47. What temperature corresponds to 20°C? 68°F
Open-Ended Assessment
48. What temperature is the same on both scales? 40°
Writing Have students write
their own summary of how to TELEPHONES For Exercises 49 and 50, use the following information.
Namid is examining the calling card portion of his phone bill. A 4-minute call at
relate graphs to their equations, the night rate cost $2.65. A 10-minute call at the night rate cost $4.75.
including slope, intercepts, and
49. Write a linear equation to model this situation. y  0.35x  1.25
parallel and perpendicular lines. Science 50. How much would it cost to talk for half an hour at the night rate? $11.75
Ice forms at a temperature
of 0°C, which corresponds 51. CRITICAL THINKING Given 䉭ABC with vertices A(6, 8), B(6, 4), and
Getting Ready for to a temperature of 32°F. C(6, 10), write an equation of the line containing the altitude from A.
A temperature of 100°C
Lesson 2-5 corresponds to a
(Hint: The altitude from A is a segment that is perpendicular to BC.) y  2x  4
PREREQUISITE SKILL Lesson 2-5 temperature of 212°F.
52. WRITING IN MATH Answer the question that was posed at the beginning of
presents modeling real-world data the lesson.
using scatter plots. Exercises 64–67 How do linear equations apply to business?
should be used to determine your Include the following in your answer: See margin.
students’ familiarity with finding • the fixed cost and the variable cost in the equation y  5400  1.37x, where y is
the median of a set of numbers. the cost for a company to produce x units of its product, and
• the cost for the company to produce 1000 units of its product.
Assessment Options Standardized 53. Find an equation of the line through (0, 3) and (4, 1). C
Quiz (Lessons 2-3 and 2-4) is Test Practice A y  x  3 B y  x  3 C yx3 D y  x  3
available on p. 113 of the Chapter 2
Resource Masters.
1
2
3
2  
1 1

54. Choose the equation of the line through ,  and ,  . A
2 2 
Mid-Chapter Test (Lessons 2-1 1
A y  2x   B y  3x
5
C y  2x   D
1
y  x  1
2 2 2
through 2-4) is available on
p. 115 of the Chapter 2 Resource Extending For Exercises 55 and 56, use the following information.
Masters. the Lesson x y
The form     1 is known as the intercept form of the equation of a line because
a b
a is the x-intercept and b is the y-intercept. x y
    1
Answers 55. Write the equation 2x  y  5  0 in intercept form. 5 5
2 5
56. Identify the x- and y-intercepts of the graph of 2x  y  5  0. , 5
2
46. y
80
60 Maintain Your Skills
40 y  95 x  32
O x Mixed Review Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points. (Lesson 2-3)
30 10 10 20 30 57. (7, 2), (5, 6) 2 58. (1, 3), (3, 3) 3 59. (5, 0), (4, 0) 0
20
40 60. INTERNET A Webmaster estimates that the time (seconds) required to connect to
the server when n people are connecting is given by t(n)  0.005n  0.3. Estimate
the time required to connect when 50 people are connecting. (Lesson 2-2) 0.55 s
52. A linear equation can sometimes
be used to relate a company’s Solve each inequality. (Lessons 1-5 and 1-6)
cost to the number they produce 61. x  2 99
62. 4x  7 31 63. 2(r  4)  5  9
of a product. Answers should {xx  6} {rr  6}
include the following.
Getting Ready for PREREQUISITE SKILL Find the median of each set of numbers.
the Next Lesson (To review finding a median, see pages 822 and 823.)
• The y-intercept, 5400, is the cost 64. {3, 2, 1, 3, 4, 8, 4} 3 65. {9, 3, 7, 5, 6, 3, 7, 9} 6.5
the company must pay if they 66. {138, 235, 976, 230, 412, 466} 323.5 67. {2.5, 7.8, 5.5, 2.3, 6.2, 7.8} 5.85
produce 0 units, so it is the fixed
80 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
cost. The slope, 1.37, means
that it costs $1.37 to produce
each unit. The variable cost is
1.37x.
• $6770

80 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Modeling Real-World Data: Lesson
Using Scatter Plots Notes

• Draw scatter plots.

• Find and use prediction equations. Speed (mph) Calories
1 Focus
Vocabulary can a linear equation model the number 5 508
of Calories you burn exercising? 6 636 5-Minute Check
• scatter plot
• line of fit 7 731 Transparency 2-5 Use as a
The table shows the number of 8 858
• prediction equation Calories burned per hour by a quiz or review of Lesson 2-4.
140-pound person running at
various speeds. A linear function Mathematical Background notes
can be used to model these data. are available for this lesson on
p. 54D.

Building on Prior
Knowledge
SCATTER PLOTS To model data with a function, it is helpful to graph the data. In Lesson 2-4, students wrote
A set of data graphed as ordered pairs in a coordinate plane is called a scatter plot. linear equations based on infor-
A scatter plot can show whether there is a relationship between the data.
mation provided about their
graphs. In this lesson, students
Example 1 Draw a Scatter Plot apply those skills to modeling
HOUSING The table below shows the median selling price of new, privately- real-world data with scatter plots
owned, one-family houses for some recent years. Make a scatter plot of the data.
and writing their prediction
Year 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 equations.
Price ($1000) 122.9 121.5 130.0 140.0 152.5 169.0
Source: U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
can a linear equation
Study Tip model the number of
Graph the data as ordered pairs, with the number of years since 1990 on the Calories you burn exercising?
Choosing the horizontal axis and the price on the vertical axis.
Independent Ask students:
Variable Median House Prices
Letting x be the number of
• Will a person that weighs less
years since the first year 180 than 140 pounds burn more or
in the data set sometimes 170
160
less Calories than shown in the
Price ($1000)

simplifies the calculations

involved in finding a
150 table at the given speeds? less
140
function to model the • What is a reasonable estimate
130
data.
120 of the number of Calories a
110
140-pound person burns
0 2 4 6 8 10
Years Since 1990 running at a speed of 4 miles
per hour? about 400 Calories
PREDICTION EQUATIONS Except for (0, 122.9), the data in Example 1 appear
to lie nearly on a straight line. When you find a line that closely approximates a set
of data, you are finding a line of fit for the data. An equation of such a line is often
called a prediction equation because it can be used to predict one of the variables
given the other variable.
Lesson 2-5 Modeling Real-World Data: Using Scatter Plots 81

Resource Manager
Workbook and Reproducible Masters Transparencies
Chapter 2 Resource Masters School-to-Career Masters, p. 4 5-Minute Check Transparency 2-5
• Study Guide and Intervention, pp. 81–82 Science and Mathematics Lab Manual, Answer Key Transparencies
• Skills Practice, p. 83 pp. 97–102
• Practice, p. 84 Teaching Algebra With Manipulatives Technology
• Reading to Learn Mathematics, p. 85 Masters, p. 218 Interactive Chalkboard
• Enrichment, p. 86

Lesson x-x Lesson Title 81

 To find a line of fit and a prediction equation for a set of data, select two points

2 Teach that appear to represent the data well. This is a matter of personal judgment, so your
line and prediction equation may be different from someone else’s.

SCATTER PLOTS Example 2 Find and Use a Prediction Equation

In-Class Example Power Study Tip HOUSING Refer to the data in Example 1.
Point®
Reading Math a. Draw a line of fit for the data. How well does the line fit the data?
1 EDUCATION The table below A data point that does not
appear to belong with the
Ignore the point (0, 122.9) since it would not be close to a line that represents the
rest of the data points. The points (4, 130.0) and (8, 152.5) appear to represent
shows the approximate rest of the set is called an the data well. Draw a line through these two points. Except for (0, 122.9), this
percent of students who sent outlier.
line fits the data very well.
applications to two colleges in
various years since 1985. Make Median House Prices
a scatter plot of the data. 180
170
Years 160

Price ($1000)
0 3 6 9 12 15 150
Since 1985
140
Percentage 20 18 15 15 14 13 130
120
Source: U.S. News & World Report 110

Percentage of Students 0 2 4 6 8 10
Applying to Two Colleges Years Since 1990
22
20 b. Find a prediction equation. What do the slope and y-intercept indicate?
Percentage

18 Find an equation of the line through (4, 130.0) and (8, 152.5). Begin by finding
the slope.
16
y y
m
2
1 Slope formula
14 x2  x1
12 152.5  130.0
Study Tip   Substitute.
84
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 Reading Math  5.63 Simplify.
Years Since 1985 When you are predicting
for an x value greater than y  y1  m(x  x1) Point-slope form
any in the data set, the
y  130.0  5.63(x  4) m  5.63, (x1, y1)  (4, 130.0)
process is known as
extrapolation. When you y  130.0  5.63x  22.52 Distributive Property
PREDICTION EQUATIONS are predicting for an y  5.63x  107.48 Add 130.0 to each side.
x value between the least
One prediction equation is y  5.63x  107.48. The slope indicates that the
In-Class Example Power
Point®
and greatest in the data
set, the process is known median price is increasing at a rate of about $5630 per year. The y-intercept
as interpolation. indicates that, according to the trend of the rest of the data, the median price in
2 EDUCATION Refer to the 1990 should have been about $107,480.
data in In-Class Example 1. c. Predict the median price in 2010.
a. Draw a line of fit for the The year 2010 is 20 years after 1990, so use the prediction equation to find the
data. How well does the line value of y when x  20.
fit the data? y  5.63x  107.48 Prediction equation
Percentage of Students  5.63(20)  107.48 x  20
Applying to Two Colleges
 220.08 Simplify.
22 TEACHING TIP The model predicts that the median price in 2010 will be about $220,000.
20 On pages 87 and 88,
Percentage

18 students will learn about d. How accurate is the prediction?

a number that measures
16 Except for the outlier, the line fits the data very well, so the predicted value
how well a line fits a set
of data.
should be fairly accurate.
14
12 82 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Years Since 1985
Except for (6, 15), the line fits Differentiated Instruction
the data fairly well.
Naturalist Ask students how scatter plots and prediction equations
(continued on the next page) might be used to relate local insect and animal populations to food
supplies, temperature, and rainfall. Have interested students devise a
plan for conducting the research necessary for developing such a
prediction equation.

82 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 b. Find a prediction equation.
Head versus Height What do the slope and
y-intercept indicate? Using
Study Tip Collect the Data (3, 18) and (15, 13):
Outliers • Collect data from several of your classmates. Use a tape measure to measure y  0.42x  19.25; The slope
If your scatter plot the circumference of each person’s head and his or her height. Record the
data as ordered pairs of the form (height, circumference).
indicates that the percent is fall-
includes points that are far
from the others on the ing at about 0.4% each year. The
Analyze the Data 1–5. See students’ work.
graph, check your data y-intercept indicates the percent in
before deciding it is an 1. Graph the data in a scatter plot. 1985 should have been about 19%.
outlier. You may have 2. Choose two ordered pairs and write a prediction equation.
made a graphing or
3. Explain the meaning of the slope in the prediction equation. c. Predict the percent in 2010.
recording mistake.
about 9%
Make a Conjecture
4. Predict the head circumference of a person who is 66 inches tall. d. How accurate is the
5. Predict the height of an individual whose head circumference is 18 inches. prediction? The fit is only
approximate, so the prediction
may not be very accurate.

Concept Check 1. Choose the scatter plot with data that could best be modeled by a linear function. d 3 Practice/Apply
a. y b. y c. y d. y

O x O x O x
O
x
Study Notebook
Have students—
• add the definitions/examples of
2. D  {1, 1, 2, 4}, 2. Identify the domain and range of the relation in the graph at y the vocabulary terms to their
R  {0, 2, 3}; Sample the right. Predict the value of y when x  5. Vocabulary Builder worksheets for
answer using (1, 0)
3. OPEN ENDED Write a different prediction equation for the Chapter 2.
and (2, 2): 4
data in Examples 1 and 2 on pages 81 and 82.
Sample answer using (4, 130.0) and (6, 140.0): y  5x  110
O x • write a summary of the procedure
Guided Practice Complete parts a–c for each set of data in Exercises 4 and 5. for placing a line of fit on a
GUIDED PRACTICE KEY a. Draw a scatter plot. scatter plot and how to find a
Exercises Examples b. Use two ordered pairs to write a prediction equation. prediction equation using this line.
4, 5 1, 2 c. Use your prediction equation to predict the missing value. • include any other item(s) that they
4. SCIENCE Whether you are climbing a mountain or flying in an airplane, the find helpful in mastering the skills
higher you go, the colder the air gets. The table shows the temperature in the in this lesson.
atmosphere at various altitudes. 4–5. See pp. 107A–107H.

Altitude (ft) 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Temp (°C) 15.0 13.0 11.0 9.1 7.1 ?
Source: NASA

5. TELEVISION As more channels have been added, cable television has become
attractive to more viewers. The table shows the number of U.S. households with
cable service in some recent years.

Year 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2010

Households (millions) 55 57 59 65 67 ?
Source: Nielsen Media Research

www.algebra2.com/extra_examples Lesson 2-5 Modeling Real-World Data: Using Scatter Plots 83

Algebra Activity
Materials: tape measure, grid paper
• You can use string and a ruler as an alternative way to measure the
circumference of a person’s head as well as their height.
• Measurements can be made in inches or in centimeters. You may want to
have half the class use one system and the other half the alternate system.

Lesson 2-5 Modeling Real-World Data: Using Scatter Plots 83

 ★ indicates increased difficulty
Practice and Apply
About the Exercises…
Homework Help Complete parts a–c for each set of data in Exercises 6–9.
Organization by Objective For See
Exercises Examples
a. Draw a scatter plot.
• Scatter Plots: 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, 15
6–21 1, 2 b. Use two ordered pairs to write a prediction equation.
• Prediction Equations: 6b,
6c, 7b, 7c, 8b, 8c, 9b, 9c, c. Use your prediction equation to predict the missing value.
Extra Practice
10–14, 16–21 See page 831. 6. SAFETY All states and the District of Columbia have enacted laws setting
21 as the minimum drinking age. The table shows the estimated cumulative
6a. See margin.
Odd/Even Assignments number of lives these laws have saved by reducing traffic fatalities.
6b. Sample answer
Exercises 6–9 are structured so using (1996, 16.5) Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2010
that students practice the same and (1998, 18.2): Lives (1000s) 15.7 16.5 17.4 18.2 19.1 ?
concepts whether they are y  0.85x  1680.1
Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
assigned odd or even problems. 6c. Sample answer:
28,400 7. HOCKEY Each time a hockey player scores a goal, up to two teammates may
Alert! Exercise 21 involves
7a. See margin. be credited with assists. The table shows the number of goals and assists for
research on the Internet or some of the members of the Detroit Red Wings in the 2000–2001 NHL season.
other reference materials. 7b. Sample answer
using (4,5) and (32,37): Goals 31 15 32 27 16 20 8 4 12 12 ?
y  1.14x  0.44
Assignment Guide 7c. Sample answer:
Assists 45 56 37 30 24 18 17 5 10 7 15
Basic: 7, 10–12, 19–24, 31–42 about 13 Source: www.detroitredwings.com

Average: 7, 9, 10–12, 15–24, 8. HEALTH Bottled water has become very popular. The table shows the number
31–42 (optional: 25–30) of gallons of bottled water consumed per person in some recent years.

Advanced: 6, 8, 13–37 Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 2010
A scatter plot of loan
(optional: 38–42) payments can help you Gallons 8.2 9.4 10.7 11.6 12.5 13.1 ?
analyze home loans. Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture
Visit www.algebra2.
com/webquest to ★ 9. THEATER Broadway, in New York City, is the center of American theater. The
Answers continue work on your table shows the total revenue of all Broadway plays for some recent seasons.
WebQuest project.
6a. Lives Saved by Season ’95–’96 ’96 –’97 ’97–’98 ’98–’99 ’99 –’00 ’09 –’10
Minimum Drinking Age Revenue ($ millions) 436 499 558 588 603 ?
8a. See margin. Source: The League of American Theatres and Producers, Inc.
25
Lives (thousands)

8b. Sample answer

20 MEDICINE For Exercises
using (1993, 9.4)
15 10–12, use the graph that
and (1996, 12.5):
10 y  1.03x  2043.39
shows how much Americans USA TODAY Snapshots®
spent on doctors’ visits in
5 8c. Sample answer: some recent years. Cost of seeing the doctor
0 about 26.9 gal How much Americans spend a year on doctor visits:
10. Write a prediction equation
’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 9a. See pp. 107A–107H. from the data for 1990, 1995,
Year 9b. Sample answer and 2000.
7a. using (1, 499) 11. Use your equation to predict $563
2000–2001 and (3, 588):
1990
the amount for 2005.
Detroit Red Wings y  44.5x  454.5, 12. Compare your prediction to 1995 $739
60 where x is the number the one given in the graph.
50 of seasons since The value predicted by the $906
1995–1996 equation is somewhat lower 20001
40
Assists

9c. Sample answer: than the one given in the graph.

30 $1,172
about $1078 million or 20051
20 $1.1 billion 10. Sample answer using (1990, 583) 1 — projected
10 and (1995, 739): y  31.2x  61,505 Source: U.S. Health Care Financing Administration

0 11. Sample answer: $1051 By Mark Pearson and Jerry Mosemak, USA TODAY

10 20 30 40
84 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
Goals

8a. Bottled Water Consumption

14
Online Lesson Plans
12
10
USA TODAY Education’s Online site offers resources and
Gallons

8 interactive features connected to each day’s newspaper.

6 Experience TODAY, USA TODAY’s daily lesson plan, is
4 available on the site and delivered daily to subscribers.
2 This plan provides instruction for integrating USA TODAY
0 graphics and key editorial features into your mathematics
’91 ’93 ’95 ’97 ’99
Year
classroom. Log on to www.education.usatoday.com.

84 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 FINANCE For Exercises 13 and 14, use the following information. Study Guide
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

andIntervention
Intervention,
____________ PERIOD _____

2-5 Study Guide and

Della has $1000 that she wants to invest in the stock market. She is considering p. 81 (shown)
Modeling Real-Worldand p. 82
Data: Using Scatter Plots
buying stock in either Company 1 or Company 2. The values of the stocks at the Scatter Plots When a set of data points is graphed as ordered pairs in a coordinate
ends of the last four months are shown in the tables below. plane, the graph is called a scatter plot. A scatter plot can be used to determine if there is
a relationship among the data.

Example BASEBALL The table below shows the number of home runs and
runs batted in for various baseball players who won the Most Valuable Player
Company 1 Company 2 Award during the 1990s. Make a scatter plot of the data.
Home Runs Runs Batted In MVP HRs and RBIs
Share Share 33 114
150

Month Month 125

Runs Batted In
39 116
Price ($) Price ($) 40 130
100
75
50
28 61
Aug. 25.13 Aug. 31.25 41 128
25

0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
47 144
Sept. 22.94 Sept. 32.38 Source: New York Times Almanac
Home Runs

Oct. 24.19 Oct. 32.06 Exercises

Make a scatter plot for the data in each table below.
Nov. 22.56 Nov. 32.44
1. FUEL EFFICIENCY The table below shows the average Average Fuel Efficiency
fuel efficiency in miles per gallon of new cars
Finance ★ 13. Based only on these data, which stock should Della buy? Explain.
manufactured during the years listed.
36
30

Miles per Gallon

Year Fuel Efficiency (mpg) 24

A financial analyst can 1960 15.5

18

advise people about how ★ 14. Do you think investment decisions should be based on this type of reasoning? If 1970
1980
14.1
22.6
12
6
0

to invest their money and not, what other factors should be considered? 1990 26.9
1960 1970 1980
Year
1990

Source: New York Times Almanac

plan for retirement. 13–14. See pp. 107A–107H. 2. CONGRESS The table below shows the number of Women in Congress
women serving in the United States Congress during 70

Number of Women
Online Research GEOGRAPHY For Exercises 15–18, use the table below that shows the elevation the years 19871999. 56
Congressional Session Number of Women 42

For information about and average precipitation for selected cities. 100 25
28
14
101 31
0
a career as a financial

Lesson 2-5
100 102 104
102 33
Session of Congress

analyst, visit: Average Average 103 55

Elevation Elevation 104 58

www.algebra2.com/ City Precip. City Precip. 105 62

(feet) (feet) Source: Wall Street Journal Almanac

careers (inches) (inches) NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________

Gl /M G Hill 81 GlPERIOD
Al _____
b 2

Rome, Italy 79 33 London, England 203 30 Skills

2-5 Practice,
Practice (Average)
p. 83 and
Practice, p. 84 (shown)
Modeling Real-World Data: Using Scatter Plots
Algiers, Algeria 82 27 Paris, France 213 26 For Exercises 1–3, complete parts a–c for each set of data.
a. Draw a scatter plot.
Istanbul, Turkey 108 27 Bucharest, Romania 298 23 b. Use two ordered pairs to write a prediction equation.
c. Use your prediction equation to predict the missing value.
Montreal, Canada 118 37 Budapest, Hungary 456 20 1. FUEL ECONOMY The table gives the Weight (tons) 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.8 2 2.1 2.4
approximate weights in tons and estimates
Stockholm, Sweden 171 21 Toronto, Canada 567 31 for overall fuel economy in miles per gallon
for several cars.
Miles per Gallon 29 24 23 21 ? 17 15

Fuel Economy Versus Weight

1b. Sample answer using (1.4, 24) and
Berlin, Germany 190 23 30

Fuel Economy (mi/gal)

(2.4, 15): y  9x  36.6 25
20
1c. Sample answer: 18.6 mi/gal
Source: World Meteorological Association 15
10
5

★ 15. Draw a scatter plot with elevation as the independent variable. See pp. 107A– 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Weight (tons)
2.0 2.5

16. Sample answer ★ 16. Write a prediction equation. 107H. 2. ALTITUDE In most cases, temperature decreases with increasing altitude. As Anchara
drives into the mountains, her car thermometer registers the temperatures (°F) shown
in the table at the given altitudes (feet).
using (213, 26) ★ 17. Predict the average annual precipitation for Dublin, Ireland, which has an Altitude (ft) 7500 8200 8600 9200 9700 10,400 12,000 Temperature
Versus Altitude
and (298, 23): elevation of 279 feet. Sample answer: about 23 in.
Temperature (F) 61 58 56 53 50 46 ? 65

Temperature (F)
60

y  0.04x  34.52 2b. Sample answer using (7500, 61) and

(9700, 50): y  0.005x  98.5
55

★ 18. Compare your prediction to the actual value of 29 inches. See margin. 2c. Sample answer: 38.5°F
50
45

0 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000

Altitude (ft)

3. HEALTH Alton has a treadmill that uses the time on the treadmill and the speed of
CRITICAL THINKING For Exercises walking or running to estimate the number of Calories he burns during a workout. The
table gives workout times and Calories burned for several workouts.
uates
19 and 20, use the table that shows the High School Grad Time (min) 18 24 30 40 42 48 52 60

percent of people ages 25 and over Calories Burned 260 280 320 380 400 440 475 ?

Percent Burning Calories 3b. Sample answer using (24, 280) and
with a high school diploma over the Year 500 (48, 440): y  6.67x  119.92

Calories Burned
400

last few decades. 52.3 3c. Sample answer: about 520 calories
1970 300
200
62.5
19. Sample answer 19. Use a prediction equation to predict 1975
100

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
66.5
using (1975, 62.5) and the percent in 2010. 1980
Time (min)

(1995, 81.7): 96.1% 73.9

20. Do you think your prediction is 1985 Gl
Reading
NAME
/M G ______________________________________________
Hill 84 DATE ____________
Gl PERIOD
Al _____
b 2

77.6 2-5 Readingto

to Learn
Learn Mathematics
accurate? Explain. See margin. 1990 Mathematics, p. 85 ELL
81.7 Modeling Real-World Data: Using Scatter Plots
1995 Pre-Activity How can a linear equation model the number of Calories you burn
83.4 exercising?

21. RESEARCH Use the Internet or 1999 Read the introduction to Lesson 2-5 at the top of page 81 in your textbook.
• If a woman runs 5.5 miles per hour, about how many Calories will she
other resource to look up the burn in an hour? Sample answer: 572 Calories

population of your community or • If a man runs 7.5 miles per hour, about how many Calories will he burn
in half an hour? Sample answer: 397 Calories
state in several past years. Use a Source: U.S. Census Bureau
prediction equation to predict the Reading the Lesson
population in some future year. See students’ work. 1. Suppose that a set of data can be modeled by a linear equation. Explain the difference
between a scatter plot of the data and a graph of the linear equation that models that
data.
www.algebra2.com/self_check_quiz Lesson 2-5 Modeling Real-World Data: Using Scatter Plots 85 Sample answer: The scatter plot is a discrete graph. It is made up just of
the individual points that represent the data points. The linear equation
has a continuous graph that is the line that best fits the data points.

2. Suppose that tuition at a state college was $3500 per year in 1995 and has been
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____

Answers
increasing at a rate of $225 per year.

Enrichment,
2-5 Enrichment p. 86 a. Write a prediction equation that expresses this information.
y  3500  225x

18. Sample answer: The predicted value differs Median-Fit Lines b. Explain the meaning of each variable in your prediction equation.
x represents the number of year since 1995 and y represents the
from the actual value by more than 20%, A median-fit line is a particular type of line of fit. Follow the steps below to
find the equation of the median-fit line for the data. tuition in that year.

possibly because no line fits the data very well. Approximate Percentage of Violent Crimes Committed by
Juveniles That Victims Reported to Law Enforcement 3. Use this model to predict the tuition at this college in 2007. $6200
Year 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

20. Sample answer: The predicted percent is Offenders 36 35

Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics
33 32 31 30 29 29 30 Helping You Remember
4. Look up the word scatter in a dictionary. How can its definition help you to remember

almost certainly too high. Since the percent 1. Divide the data into three approximately equal groups. There should always
the meaning of the difference between a scatter plot and the graph of a linear equation?
Sample answer: To scatter means to break up and go in many directions.
Lesson 2-5

be the same number of points in the first and third groups. In this case, there The points on a scatter plot are broken up. In a scatter plot, the points
cannot exceed 100%, it cannot continue to will be three data points in each group. are scattered or broken up. In the graph of a linear equation, the points
are connected to form a continuous line.
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
increase indefinitely at a linear rate. Year Offenders Year Offenders Year Offenders

Lesson 2-5 Modeling Real-World Data: Using Scatter Plots 85

 22. WRITING IN MATH Answer the question that was posed at the beginning of
4 Assess the lesson.
How can a linear equation model the number of Calories you burn exercising?
Open-Ended Assessment Include the following in your answer: See margin.

Writing Ask students to write • a scatter plot and a prediction equation for the data, and
instructions that could be used to • a prediction of the number of Calories burned in an hour by a 140-pound
person running at 9 miles per hour, with a comparison of your predicted
teach a friend how to read a value with the actual value of 953.
graph such as the one shown in
Example 2 on p. 82. The impor- Standardized 23. Which line best fits the data in the graph at the right? D y

tance of reading titles, captions, Test Practice A yx B y  0.5x  4 3

and text, as well as the scales C y  0.5x  4 D y  0.5  0.5x
2
should be included as part of the 24. A prediction equation for a set of data is y  0.63x  4.51.
1
instructions. For which x value is the predicted y value 6.4? A
A 3 B 4.5 O 1 2 3 4x
C 6 D 8.54
Getting Ready for
Lesson 2-6 Extending For Exercises 25–30, use the following information.
the Lesson A median-fit line is a particular type of line of fit. Follow the steps below to find
PREREQUISITE SKILL Lesson 2-6 the equation of the median-fit line for the data.
presents the graphing of special
functions, including absolute Federal and State Prisoners (per 100,000 U.S. citizens)
value functions. Exercises 38–42 Year 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 1999
should be used to determine Prisoners 217 247 297 332 389 427 461 476
your students’ familiarity with Source: U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics
finding absolute values. 25. 1988, 1993, 1998; 25. Divide the data into three approximately equal groups. There should always be
247, 360.5, 461 the same number of points in the first and third groups. Find x1, x2, and x3, the
medians of the x values in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Find y1, y2, and y3,
Answer the medians of the y values in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
26. Find an equation of the line through (x1, y1) and (x3, y3). y  21.4x  42,296.2
22. Data can be used to write a linear
27. Find Y, the y-coordinate of the point on the line in Exercise 26 with an
equation that approximates the
x-coordinate of x2. 354
number of Calories burned per
28. about (1993, 28. The median-fit line is parallel to the line in Exercise 26, but is one-third closer to
hour in terms of the speed that a 356.17) (x2, y2). This means it passes through x2, Y  y2 . Find this ordered pair.
2 1
person runs. Answers should 3 3
include the following. 29. Write an equation of the median-fit line. y  21.4x  42,294.03
• Calories Burned 30. Predict the number of prisoners per 100,000 citizens in 2005 and 2010.
While Running about 613, about 720
1000
800 Maintain Your Skills
Calories

600
400
Mixed Review Write an equation in slope-intercept form that satisfies each set of conditions.
(Lesson 2-4) 31. y  4x  6
200 3 6
32. y  x   31. slope 4, passes through (0, 6) 32. passes through (5, 3) and (2, 0)
7 7
0 5 6 7 8 9 4x
Find each value if g(x)    7. (Lesson 2-1)
Speed (mph) 3 29 37
33. g(3) 3 34. g(0) 7 35. g(2)  36. g(4) 
Sample answer using (5, 508) 3 3
37. Solve x  4 3. (Lesson 1-6) {x x  7 or x 1}
and (8, 858):
y  116.67x  75.35 Getting Ready for PREREQUISITE SKILL Find each absolute value. (To review absolute value, see Lesson 1-4.)

 
• about 975 calories; Sample the Next Lesson 2 2
38. 3 3 39. 11 11 40. 0 0 41.   42. 1.5 1.5
3 3
answer: The predicted value
86 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
differs from the actual value by
only about 2%.

Teacher to Teacher
Susan Nelson Spring H.S., Spring, TX
"I have my students take measurements of their height and arm span and
record them. We enter the entire class’ data into a graphing calculator and
find the linear regression. Then we use the regression equation to make
predictions."

86 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Graphing
Calculator
A Follow-Up of Lesson 2-5
Investigation
A Follow-Up of Lesson 2-5
Lines of Regression Getting Started
You can use a TI-83 Plus graphing calculator to find a line that best fits a set of data.
This line is called a regression line or line of best fit . You can also use the
calculator to draw scatter plots and make predictions. Know Your Calculator The TI-83
Plus graphing calculator has a
INCOME The table shows the median income of U.S. families for the period 1970–1998.
linear regression function,
LinReg(ax  b), that uses a least-
Year 1970 1980 1985 1990 1995 1998 squares fit method to determine
Income ($) 9867 21,023 27,735 35,353 40,611 46,737 the values for a and b. This
Source: U.S. Census Bureau involves calculus and finding the
Find and graph a regression equation. Then predict the median income in 2010. distance from each point to the
line of best fit.
Find a regression equation. Graph the regression equation.
Correlation Coefficient With
• Enter the years in L1 and the incomes in L2. • Use STAT PLOT to graph a scatter plot.
DiagnosticOn, the calculator also
KEYSTROKES: STAT ENTER 1970 ENTER KEYSTROKES: 2nd [STAT PLOT] ENTER
displays values for r2 and r. The
• Find the regression equation by selecting ENTER closer the value of | r | is to 1, the
LinReg(axb) on the STAT CALC menu. • Select the scatter plot, L1 as the Xlist, and L2 as better the equation fits the data.
KEYSTROKES: STAT 4 ENTER the Ylist.
• Copy the equation to the Y list and graph.

The regression
KEYSTROKES:

GRAPH
VARS 5 1
Teach
equation is about
y  1304.19x  • Make sure students have
2,560335.07. cleared the L1 and L2 lists before
they enter the new data.
The slope indicates that family incomes were • After students have entered
increasing at a rate of about $1300 per year. data, have them work in pairs
The number r is called the linear correlation
to verify that the data display
coefficient . The closer the value of r is to 1 or [1965, 2010] scl: 5 by [0, 50,000] scl: 10,000 shows the correct numbers
1, the closer the data points are to the line. Notice that the regression line does not pass before proceeding.
If the values of r2 and r are not displayed, use through any of the data points, but comes close
DiagnosticOn from the CATALOG menu.
• Have students complete
to all of them. The line fits the data very well.
Exercises 1–15.
Predict using the regression equation.
• Find y when x  2010. Use value on the CALC menu.
KEYSTROKES: 2nd CALC 1 2010 ENTER
According to the regression equation, the median
family income in 2010 will be about $61,087.

www.algebra2.com/other_calculator_keystrokes
Investigating Slope-Intercept Form 87
Graphing Calculator Investigation Lines of Regression 87

Graphing Calculator Investigation Lines of Regression 87

 Graphing Calculator Investigation

Exercises
Assess GOVERNMENT For Exercises 1–3, use the table below that shows the population
and the number of representatives in Congress for selected states.

Refer students to the calculator State CA NY TX FL NC IN AL

display shown in Step 1 on p. 87, Population (millions) 29.8 18.0 17.0 12.9 6.6 5.5 4.0
and ask the following questions. Representatives 52 31 30 23 12 10 7
Source: The World Almanac
• What is the regression
equation for the income data? 1. Make a scatter plot of the data. See margin.
y  1304.19x  2,560,335.07 2. Find a regression equation for the data. y  1.73x  0.39
• What does the value of r tell you 3. Predict the number of representatives for Oregon, which has a
population of about 2.8 million. 5 Attendance
about the regression equation? Year
(millions)
The value of r is very close to 1, so
BASEBALL For Exercises 4–6, use the table at the right that shows 1985 18.4
the data points are very close to
the total attendance for minor league baseball in some recent years. 1990 25.2
the graph of that equation.
4. Make a scatter plot of the data. See margin. 1995 33.1
5. Find a regression equation for the data. y  1.31x  2581.6 2000 37.6
Answers 6. Predict the attendance in 2010. 51,500,000 Source: National Association of
Professional Baseball Leagues
1. TRANSPORTATION For Exercises 7–11, use the table below that shows the retail
sales of motor vehicles in the United States for the period 1992–1999.

Motor Vehicle Sales

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Vehicles (thousands) 13,118 14,199 15,413 15,118 15,456 15,498 15,963 17,414
Source: American Automobile Manufacturers Association 9. about 470,000 vehicles more per year
[0, 30] scl: 5 by [0, 60] scl: 10
7. Make a scatter plot of the data. See margin.
4. 8. Find a regression equation for the data. y  470.06x  922,731.40
9. According to the regression equation, what was the average rate of
change of vehicle sales during the period? Skin Diving and
10. Predict the sales in 2010. about 22,088,000 Scuba Equipment

11. How accurate do you think your prediction is? Explain. See margin. Sales
Year
($ millions)

RECREATION For Exercises 12–15, use the table at the right that shows 1993 315
[1980, 2005] scl: 5 by [0, 40] scl: 10
the amount of money spent on skin diving and scuba equipment in 1994 322
some recent years. 14. about $440,000,000 1995 328
7.
12. Find a regression equation for the data. y  6.93x  13,494.43 1996 340
13. Delete the outlier (1997, 332) from the data set. Then find a new 1997 332
regression equation for the data. y  7.36x  14,354.33 1998 345
14. Use the new regression equation to predict the sales in 2010. 1999 363
15. Compare the new correlation coefficient to the old value and state Source: National Sporting Goods
whether the regression line fits the data better. See margin. Association

[1990, 2000] scl: 2 by

88 Investigating Slope-Intercept Form
[13,000, 18,000] scl: 1000
88 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
11. The prediction may not be
accurate because different parts
of the data could be represented
by lines with different slopes. The
sales could drop, as they did in
1995, or they could level out, as
they did in 1996 and 1997.
15. The correlation coefficient,
0.9761660092, is closer to 1. The
new regression line fits the data
better.
88 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
 Special Functions Lesson
Notes

• Identify and graph step, constant, and

identity functions.
• Identify and graph absolute value and 1 Focus
Vocabulary piecewise functions. Weight not
over (ounces)
Price ($)

• step function 1 0.34 5-Minute Check

do step functions apply to
• greatest integer function 2 0.55 Transparency 2-6 Use as a
• constant function postage rates? 3 0.76 quiz or review of Lesson 2-5.
• identity function 4 0.97
The cost of the postage to mail a letter ...
• absolute value function ...
is a function of the weight of the letter. Mathematical Background notes
• piecewise function But the function is not linear. It is a are available for this lesson on
special function called a step function . p. 54D.

Building on Prior
Knowledge
STEP FUNCTIONS, CONSTANT FUNCTIONS, AND THE IDENTITY In Lesson 2-5, students drew
FUNCTION The graph of a step function is not linear. It consists of line segments scatter plots. In this lesson they
or rays. The greatest integer function , written f(x)  [[x]], is an example of a step draw graphs of several special
function. The symbol [[x]] means the greatest integer less than or equal to x. For example, functions: step, constant,
[[7.3]]  7 and [[1.5]]  2 because 1 1.5. Study the table and graph below.
identity, absolute value, and
Study Tip f (x)  [[x]] A dot means that the piecewise.
point is included in
Greatest Integer x f (x)
the graph. do step functions apply
Function 3 x  2 3
Notice that the domain of f (x ) to postage rates?
2 x  1 2
this step function is all real Ask students:
numbers and the range is 1 x  0 1 f (x )  x 
all integers. 0 x1 0 • What is the cost of mailing a
1 x2 1 O x letter when the weight is
2 x3 2 A circle means that
0.9 ounces? $0.34 when it is
3 x4 3 the point is not 1.1 ounces? $0.55 What is the
included in the graph. ratio of the change in price over
the change in weight from 0.9
Example 1 Step Function ounce to 1.1 ounces? 1.05 from
1.8 ounces to 2.0 ounces? 0
BUSINESS Labor costs at the Fix-It Auto Repair Shop are $60 per hour or any
fraction thereof. Draw a graph that represents this situation. • How can you tell that this is not
Explore The total labor charge must be a multiple of $60, so the graph will be the a linear function? Sample answer:
graph of a step function. The slope between some pairs of
Plan If the time spent on labor is greater than 0 hours, but less than or equal points is not the same as the slope
to 1 hour, then the labor cost is $60. If the time is greater than 1 hour but between other pairs of points.
less than or equal to 2 hours, then the labor cost is $120, and so on.
Solve Use the pattern of times and costs to make a table, where x is the number
of hours of labor and C(x) is the total labor cost. Then draw the graph.
(continued on the next page)
Lesson 2-6 Special Functions 89

Resource Manager
Workbook and Reproducible Masters Transparencies
Chapter 2 Resource Masters Graphing Calculator and 5-Minute Check Transparency 2-6
• Study Guide and Intervention, pp. 87–88 Spreadsheet Masters, p. 29 Answer Key Transparencies
• Skills Practice, p. 89 Teaching Algebra With Manipulatives
• Practice, p. 90 Masters, p. 219 Technology
• Reading to Learn Mathematics, p. 91 Interactive Chalkboard
• Enrichment, p. 92
• Assessment, p. 114

Lesson x-x Lesson Title 89

 C (x )

2 Teach
x C (x)
0x 1 $60 420
360
1x 2 $120 300
240
STEP FUNCTIONS, 2x 3 $180
180
CONSTANT FUNCTIONS, 3x 4 $240 120
60
AND THE IDENTITY 4x 5 $300
0 x
FUNCTION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Examine Since the shop rounds any fraction of an hour up to the next whole
In-Class Examples Power
Point® number, each segment on the graph has a circle at the left endpoint and
a dot at the right endpoint.
1 PSYCHOLOGY One psychol-
ogist charges for counseling
sessions at the rate of $85 per You learned in Lesson 2-4 that the slope-intercept form of a linear function is
hour or any fraction thereof. y  mx  b, or in functional notation, f(x)  mx  b. When m  0, the value of the
Draw a graph that represents function is f(x)  b for every x value. So, f(x)  b is called a constant function.
The function f(x)  0 is called the zero function.
this situation.
C (x )
510 Example 2 Constant Function
425
Graph f(x)  3.
340
255 For every value of x, f(x)  3. The f (x)  3 f (x )
170 graph is a horizontal line.
x f (x) f (x )  3
85
2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6x 0.5 3
Teaching Tip Help clear up 0 3
O x
confusions about step functions 1
 3
3
by asking students to choose
several sample times, in hours
and minutes, and find the
associated costs. Lead them to
see that two different times Another special case of slope- f (x)  x f (x )
intercept form is m  1, b  0. This
(x values) can have the same x f (x)
is the function f(x)  x. The graph is
cost (C value). the line through the origin with 2 2
O
slope 1. 0.5 0.5
2 Graph g(x)  3. 0 0
f (x )  x
x

y Since the function does not change

1 1
the input value, f(x)  x is called the 
3

3
identity function .
Study Tip
O x Absolute Value ABSOLUTE VALUE AND PIECEWISE f (x)  x f (x )
g (x)  3
Function FUNCTIONS Another special function is
x f (x) f (x )  x 
Notice that the domain is the absolute value function , f(x)  x.
all real numbers and the 3 3
range is all nonnegative
2 2
real numbers.
1 1
O x
0 0
1 1

Intervention 2 2
3 3
New Students who
are having 90 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
trouble with
the absolute
value graphs may see more
clearly what is happening if
they draw their own graph of
the parent function y  | x |.

90 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 The absolute value function can be written as f(x)  xx ifif xx  00. A function ABSOLUTE VALUE AND
PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS
that is written using two or more expressions is called a piecewise function.
Study Tip Recall that a family of graphs is a group of graphs that displays one or more
similar characteristics. The parent graph of most absolute value functions is y  x.
In-Class Example Power
Point®
Look Back
To review families of
graphs, see Lesson 2-3. Teaching Tip Lead students to
Example 3 Absolute Value Functions see that the y-intercept, b, of
Graph f(x)  x  1 and g(x)  x  2 on the same coordinate plane.
the graph of an absolute value
Determine the similarities and differences in the two graphs. function of the form y  | x |  b
indicates how the parent graph
Find several ordered pairs for each function.
of y  | x | is translated.
x  1 x  2
x x
3 Graph f(x)  | x  3| and
2 2
g(x)  | x  2 | on the same
3 0
1 2 1 1
coordinate plane. Determine
0 1 0 2
the similarities and
1 2 1 1
differences in the two graphs.
2 3 2 0
y
Graph the points and connect them.
• The domain of each function is all real numbers. y  |x  3|
y  |x  2|
• The range of f(x)  x  1 is {yy  1}. f (x )  x   1

The range of g(x)  x  2 is {yy  2}. f (x )

• The graphs have the same shape, but different O x

y-intercepts.
• The graph of g(x)  x  2 is the graph of
f(x)  x  1 translated down 3 units. O x
The domain of both graphs is all
g (x )  x   2
real numbers. The range of
f(x)  | x  3| is {y | y  0}. The
range of g(x)  | x  2| is
You can also use a graphing calculator to investigate families of absolute {y | y  0}. The graphs have the
value graphs. same shape, but different
x-intercepts. The graph of
TEACHING TIP g(x)  | x  2| is the graph of
abs( is located on the f(x)  | x  3| translated 5 units
MATH NUM menu. Families of Absolute Value Graphs to the left.
The calculator screen shows the graphs of y  5x  y  3x  y  2x 
y  x, y  2x, y  3x, and y  5x.
Think and Discuss
1. All of the graphs 1. What do these graphs have in common? y  x 
have a corner point at 2. Describe how the graph of y  ax changes as
the origin. a increases. Assume a 0.
2. The graph becomes 3. Write an absolute value function whose graph
narrower. is between the graphs of y  2x and [8, 8] scl: 1 by [2, 10] scl: 1
4. The graphs are y  3x. Sample answer: y  2.5x 
reflections of each
4. Graph y  x and y  x on the same screen. Then graph y  2x and
other about the x-axis. y  2x on the same screen. What is true in each case?
5. The graph opens
downward. 5. In general, what is true about the graph of y  ax when a  0?

www.algebra2.com/extra_examples Lesson 2-6 Special Functions 91

Families of Absolute Value Graphs It is important that students arrive at

the conclusion in Exercise 2 that the graph of the function narrows as the
coefficient a increases. As an extension, ask students to compare the graph of
y  | x | with the graph of y  | x |  2 and with y  2| x |. Make sure they see
the difference between adding 2 and having 2 as a coefficient.

Lesson 2-6 Special Functions 91

 To graph other piecewise functions, examine the inequalities in the definition of
In-Class Examples Power
Point® the function to determine how much of each piece to include.

x  1 if x 3 Example 4 Piecewise Function

4 Graph f(x)   1 if x 3 . Study Tip Graph f(x)   x  4 if x  2 . Identify the domain and range.
1 if x  2
Identify the domain and Graphs of
range. Piecewise Step 1 Graph the linear function f(x)  x  4 for x  2. f (x )

Functions Since 2 does not satisfy this inequality, stop

y
The graphs of each part of with an open circle at (2, 2).
O x
a piecewise function may
or may not connect. A
Step 2 Graph the constant function f(x)  1 for x  2.
graph may stop at a given Since 2 does satisfy this inequality, begin with a
x value and then begin closed circle at (2, 1) and draw a horizontal ray
O x again at a different y value to the right.
for the same x value. The function is defined for all values of x, so the domain is all real numbers. The
values that are y-coordinates of points on the graph are 1 and all real numbers less
than 2, so the range is {y| y  2 or y  1}.

The domain is all real numbers. Special Functions

The range is {y |y 2}. Step Constant Absolute Value Piecewise
Function Function Function Function
5 Determine whether each
f (x ) f (x ) f (x ) f (x )
graph represents a step
function, a constant function,
an absolute value function, or O x O x O x O x
a piecewise function.
a. y
horizontal segments horizontal line V-shape different rays,
and rays segments, and curves

O x Example 5 Identify Functions

Determine whether each graph represents a step function, a constant function,
an absolute value function, or a piecewise function.
a. b.
f (x ) f (x )

piecewise function
b. y O x O x

O x
Since this graph consists of multiple Since this graph is a horizontal line,
horizontal segments, it represents a it represents a constant function.
step function.

absolute value function Concept Check 1. Find a counterexample to the statement To find the greatest integer function of x
when x is not an integer, round x to the nearest integer. Sample answer: [[1.9]]  1
3. Sample answer: 2. Evaluate g(4.3) if g(x)  [[x  5]]. 1
f (x)  x  1 3. OPEN ENDED Write a function involving absolute value for which f(2)  3.
92 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Differentiated Instruction ELL

Verbal/Linguistic Have students explain why step functions, constant
functions, and piecewise functions are so named.

92 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Guided Practice Identify each function as S for step, C for constant, A for absolute value, or P for

GUIDED PRACTICE KEY

piecewise.
4. f (x ) A 5. f (x ) S
3 Practice/Apply
Exercises Examples
4, 5 5
6–11 1–4
12–14 1
O x
O x Study Notebook
Have students—
• add the definitions/examples of
6. D  all reals,
R  all integers
the vocabulary terms to their
7. D  all reals, Graph each function. Identify the domain and range. 6–11. See pp. 107A–107H for Vocabulary Builder worksheets for
R  all integers Chapter 2.
6. f(x)  [[x]] 7. g(x)  [[2x]] graphs.
8. D  all reals,
R  all nonnegative 8. h(x)  x  4 9. f(x)  3x  2 • draw their own graphs to compare
reals 1 if x  0 x  3 if x 1 and contrast step, constant, abso-
9. D  all reals, 10. g(x)   x  2 if x  0 11. h(x)   2x if x 1 lute value, and piecewise functions.
R  all nonnegative D  all reals, R  {y|y 2} D  all reals, R  all reals
reals • Include any other items(s) that
Application PARKING For Exercises 12–14, use the following information. they find helpful in mastering the
A downtown parking lot charges $2 for the first hour and $1 for each additional
hour or part of an hour. skills in the lesson.
12. What type of special function models this situation? step function
13. Draw a graph of a function that represents this situation. See margin.
1
14. Use the graph to find the cost of parking there for 4 hours. $6
2
★ indicates increased difficulty
Practice and Apply About the Exercises…
Organization by Objective
Homework Help Identify each function as S for step, C for constant, A for absolute value, or P for • Step Functions, Constant
For See piecewise.
Exercises Examples Functions, and the Identity
15. f (x ) C 16. f (x ) A 17. f (x ) S
15–20 5 Function: 24–29
21–29 1 • Absolute Value and
30–37, 3
45–47, 49 O x O Piecewise Functions: 30–41
38–41, 2, 4 x O x
44, 48 Odd/Even Assignments
42, 43 1, 3 Exercises 15–20 and 24–43 are
Extra Practice structured so that students
See page 831.
18.
practice the same concepts
f (x ) S 19. f (x ) A 20. f (x ) P
whether they are assigned
odd or even problems.
x
O x O
Assignment Guide
O x
Basic: 15–21 odd, 22, 23,
25–41 odd, 49–65
Average: 15–21 odd, 22, 23,
21. TRANSPORTATION Bluffton High School chartered buses so the student body 25–43 odd, 49–65
could attend the girls’ basketball state tournament games. Each bus held a
maximum of 60 students. Draw a graph of a step function that shows the Advanced: 16–20 even, 22, 23,
relationship between the number of students x who went to the game and the 24–44 even, 45–59 (optional:
number of buses y that were needed. See margin. 60–65)
www.algebra2.com/self_check_quiz Lesson 2-6 Special Functions 93 All: Practice Quiz 2 (1–5)

Answers
13. 21. y
5
4
Cost ($)

3
2
1
x
O 60 180 300

0 Time (hr)
Lesson 2-6 Special Functions 93
 Study Guide
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

andIntervention
Intervention,
____________ PERIOD _____
TELEPHONE RATES For Exercises 22 and 23, use the following information.
2-6 Study Guide and
p. 87 (shown) Sarah has a long-distance telephone plan where she pays 10¢ for each minute or part
Special Functions and p. 88
Step Functions, Constant Functions, and the Identity Function The chart
of a minute that she talks, regardless of the time of day.

Lesson 2-6
below lists some special functions you should be familiar with.

Function Written as Graph

22. Graph a step function that represents this situation. See pp. 107A–107H.
Constant f(x)  c horizontal line
Identity f(x)  x line through the origin with slope 1 23. Sarah made a call to her brother that lasted 9 minutes and 40 seconds. How
Greatest Integer Function f(x)  x
one-unit horizontal segments, with right endpoints missing, arranged
like steps much did the call cost? $1.00
The greatest integer function is an example of a step function, a function with a graph that
consists of horizontal segments.

Example
Graph each function. Identify the domain and range. 24–43. See pp. 107A–107H.
Identify each function as a constant function, the identity function,
or a step function.
24. f(x)  [[x  3]] 25. g(x)  [[x  2]] 26. f(x)  2[[x]]
a. b. f (x )

27. h(x)  3 x 28. g(x)  x  3 29. f(x)  [[ x]]  1

f (x )
[[ ]] [[ ]]
O x O x 30. f(x)  2x 31. h(x)  x 32. g(x)  x  3
33. g(x)  x  4 34. h(x)  x  3 35. f(x)  x  2

   
1 1
36. f(x)  x   37. f(x)  x  
a constant function a step function

Exercises
4 2

 x2 ifif xx 33  11 ifif xx  2

Identify each function as a constant function, the identity function, a greatest
integer function, or a step function.
38. f(x)  39. h(x) 
1. f (x ) 2. f (x ) 3. f (x )
2

 
O x O x O x
40. f(x)  x if x  3 1 if x 2
2 if 3 x  1 41. g(x)  x if 2  x  2
2x  2 if x  1 x  1 if x  2
a constant function a step function the identity function
★
42. f(x)  [[x]] ★ 43. g(x)  [[x]]
★
Gl NAME
/M G ______________________________________________
Hill 87 DATE ____________
GlPERIOD
Al _____
b 2

Skills
2-6 Practice,
Practice (Average)
p. 89 and f (x )
Practice, p. 90 (shown)
Special Functions
44. Write the function shown in the graph.


Graph each function. Identify the domain and range.

1. f(x)  0.5x 2. f(x)  x  2

2 if x  1
f (x) f (x)
Nutrition f (x)  2x if 1 x  1 O
x
x if x 1
O x
O x Good sources of vitamin C
include citrus fruits and
D  all reals, R  all integers D  all reals, R  all integers juices, cantaloupe, broccoli,
3. g(x)  2x 4. f(x)  x  1
g (x) f (x )
brussels sprouts, potatoes,
O x sweet potatoes, tomatoes,
and cabbage.
O x

Source: The World Almanac NUTRITION For Exercises 45–47, use the following information.
D  all reals,
R  nonpositive reals
D  all reals,
R  nonnegative reals
The recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C is 2 micrograms per day.
x  2 if x  2 4  x if x 0
5. f(x)  3x if x 2 6. h(x)   2x  2 if x  0 45. Write an absolute value function for the difference between the number of
f (x) h (x)
45. f (x)  x  2 micrograms of vitamin C you ate today x and the recommended amount.
46. What is an appropriate domain for the function? {xx  0}
O x

O x

47. Use the domain to graph the function. See pp. 107A–107H.
D  all reals, R  all reals D  all nonzero reals, R  all reals
7. BUSINESS A Stitch in Time charges 8. BUSINESS A wholesaler charges a store $3.00
$40 per hour or any fraction thereof
for labor. Draw a graph of the step
per pound for less than 20 pounds of candy and
$2.50 per pound for 20 or more pounds. Draw a
48. INSURANCE According to the terms of Lavon’s insurance plan, he must pay
function that represents this situation.
Labor Costs
graph of the function that represents this
situation. Candy Costs
the first $300 of his annual medical expenses. The insurance company pays 80%
280
240
105
90 of the rest of his medical expenses. Write a function for how much the insurance
company pays if x represents Lavon’s annual medical expenses. See margin.
Total Cost ($)

200 75
Cost ($)

160 60
120 45
80 30
40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
15

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
49. CRITICAL THINKING Graph |x|  |y|  3. See pp. 107A–107H.
Hours Pounds

Gl NAME
/M G ______________________________________________
Hill 90 DATE ____________
Gl PERIOD
Al _____
b 2
Reading
2-6 Readingto
to Learn
Learn Mathematics 50. WRITING IN MATH Answer the question that was posed at the beginning of
Mathematics, p. 91 ELL the lesson.
Special Functions
Pre-Activity How do step functions apply to postage rates?
Read the introduction to Lesson 2-6 at the top of page 89 in your textbook.
How do step functions apply to postage rates?
• What is the cost of mailing a letter that weighs 0.5 ounce?
$0.34 or 34 cents Include the following in your answer: See pp. 107A–107H.
• Give three different weights of letters that would each cost 55 cents to
mail. Answers will vary. Sample answer: 1.1 ounces,
1.9 ounces, 2.0 ounces
• an explanation of why a step function is the best model for this situation,
while your gas mileage as a function of time as you drive to the post office
Reading the Lesson
1. Find the value of each expression.
cannot be modeled with a step function, and
a. 3  3 3  3 • a graph of a function that represents the cost of a first-class letter.
b. 6.2  6.2 6.2  6

5
94 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
c. 4.01  4.01 4.01 

2. Tell how the name of each kind of function can help you remember what the graph
looks like.
a. constant function Sample answer: Something is constant if it does not
change. The y-values of a constant function do not change, so the NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
graph is a horizontal line.
b. absolute value function Sample answer: The absolute value of a number Enrichment,
2-6 Enrichment p. 92
Answer
tells you how far it is from 0 on the number line. It makes no difference

 0.8(x  300)0 ifif 0x 300

x 300
whether you go to the left or right so long as you go the same
distance each time.
c. step function Sample answer: A step function’s graph looks like steps
that go up or down.
Greatest Integer Functions
Use the greatest integer function  x to explore some unusual graphs. It will
48. f(x) 
be helpful to make a chart of values for each functions and to use a colored
pen or pencil.
d. identity function Sample answer: The x- and y-values are always
identically the same for any point on the graph. So the graph is a line Graph each function.
through the origin that has slope 1. x
1. y  2x   x 2. y  
x
Helping You Remember y y
4 4
3. Many students find the greatest integer function confusing. Explain how you can use a 3 3
number line to find the value of this function for any real number. Answers will vary.
Sample answer: Draw a number line that shows the integers. To find the 2 2
value of the greatest integer function for any real number, place that 1 1
number on the number line. If it is an integer, the value of the function is
the number itself. If not, move to the integer directly to the left of the
–4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4x –4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4x
number you chose. This integer will give the value you need.
–1 –1

–2 –2

94 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 51. For which function does f   1? B
1
Standardized
Test Practice A f(x)  2x B
2
f(x)  2x C f(x)  [[ x]] D f(x)  [[ 2x]] 4 Assess
52. For which function is the range {yy 0}? D
A f(x)  x B f(x)  [[ x]] C f(x)  x D f(x)  x
Open-Ended Assessment
Modeling Have students draw a
Maintain Your Skills large coordinate plane on a sheet
of paper. Then have them use
Mixed Review HEALTH For Exercises 53–55, use the table that shows the life expectancy for toothpicks (or other similar
people born in various years. (Lesson 2-5) objects) to model the general
Year 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1997 shapes of step, constant, and
Expectancy 68.2 69.7 70.8 73.7 75.4 76.5 absolute value functions.
Students should identify each
Source: National Center for Health Statistics
type of graph as they model it.
53. Draw a scatter plot in which x is the number of years since 1950. See margin.
54. Find a prediction equation.
55. Predict the life expectancy of a person born in 2010. Sample answer: 78.7 yr
Getting Ready for
54. Sample answer using (10, 69.7) and (47, 76.5): y  0.18x  67.9 Lesson 2-7
Write an equation in slope-intercept form that satisfies each set of conditions. PREREQUISITE SKILL Lesson 2-7
(Lesson 2-4)
presents graphing inequalities. It
56. slope 3, passes through (2, 4) 57. passes through (0, 2) and (4, 2)
is sometimes necessary to solve
y  3x  10 yx2
Solve each inequality. Graph the solution set. (Lesson 1-5) an inequality for y in order to
58. 3x  5  4 {x x  3}
5
59. 28  6y  23 yy 
6   determine whether to shade
58–59. See margin for graphs. above or below the boundary.
Getting Ready for PREREQUISITE SKILL Determine whether (0, 0) satisfies each inequality. Write Exercises 60–65 should be used
the Next Lesson yes or no. (To review inequalities, see Lesson 1-5.) to determine your students’
3
60. y  2x  3 yes 61. y  x  1 no 62. y x  5 no familiarity with inequalities.
4
63. 2x  6y  3 0 yes 64. y x no 65. x  y 3 yes
Assessment Options
Practice Quiz 2 The quiz
provides students with a brief
P ractice Quiz 2 Lessons 2-4 through 2-6 review of the concepts and skills
2 in Lessons 2-4 through 2-6.
1. Write an equation in slope-intercept form of the line with slope  that passes
2 11 3 Lesson numbers are given to the
through (2, 5). (Lesson 2-4) y  x  
3 3 right of exercises or instruction
BASKETBALL For Exercises 2–4, use the following information. lines so students can review
On August 26, 2000, the Houston Comets beat the New York Liberty to win their concepts not yet mastered.
fourth straight WNBA championship. The table shows the heights and weights of
the Comets who played in that final game. (Lesson 2-5) Quiz (Lessons 2-5 and 2-6) is
available on p. 114 of the Chapter
Height (in.) 74 71 76 70 66 74 72 2 Resource Masters.
Weight (lb) 178 147 195 150 138 190 ?
Source: WNBA Answers (Practice Quiz 2)
2. Draw a scatter plot. See margin. Sample answer using (66, 138) and 2. Houston Comets
3. Use two ordered pairs to write a prediction equation. (74, 178): y  5x  192 250
4. Use your prediction equation to predict the missing value. Sample answer: 168 lb 200
Weight (lb)

150
5. Graph f(x)  x  1. Identify the domain and range. (Lesson 2-6) See margin.
100
50
Lesson 2-6 Special Functions 95
0 65 70 75 80
Height (in.)
Answers 5. f (x )
53. Life Expectancy 58.
78 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
76 f (x )  |x  1|
Expectancy (yr)

74 59.
O x
72 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 D = all reals
70
R = nonnegative reals
68
66

0 10 20 30 40 50
Years Since 1950
Lesson 2-6 Special Functions 95
 Lesson Graphing Inequalities
Notes

• Graph linear inequalities.

1 Focus • Graph absolute value inequalities.

Vocabulary do inequalities apply to fantasy football?

5-Minute Check • boundary
Transparency 2-7 Use as a Dana has Vikings receiver Randy Moss as a player on
his online fantasy football team. Dana gets 5 points
quiz or review of Lesson 2-6. per receiving yard that Moss gets and 100 points per
touchdown that Moss scores. He considers 1000 points
Mathematical Background notes or more to be a good game. Dana can use a linear
are available for this lesson on inequality to check whether certain combinations of
p. 54D. yardage and touchdowns, such as those in the table,
result in 1000 points or more.
do inequalities apply to
fantasy football? GRAPH LINEAR INEQUALITIES A linear inequality resembles a linear
equation, but with an inequality symbol instead of an equals symbol. For example,
Ask students: y 2x  1 is a linear inequality and y  2x  1 is the related linear equation.
• What is the meaning of “receiv- The graph of y  2x  1 separates the coordinate plane
y
ing yards?” the number of yards into two regions. The line is the boundary of each region.
that a team advances down the The graph of the inequality y 2x  1 is the shaded y  2x  1
region. Every point in the shaded region satisfies the
field when the receiver of a pass inequality. The graph of y  2x  1 is drawn as a solid line
catches the ball to show that points on the line satisfy the inequality. If the O x
inequality symbol were  or , then points on the
y ≤ 2x  1
boundary would not satisfy the inequality, so the

2 Teach boundary would be drawn as a dashed line.

You can graph an inequality by following these steps.
Step 1 Determine whether the boundary should be solid or dashed.
GRAPH LINEAR Graph the boundary.
INEQUALITIES Step 2 Choose a point not on the boundary and test it in the inequality.
In-Class Example Power
Point®
Step 3 If a true inequality results, shade the region containing your test point.
If a false inequality results, shade the other region.
1 Graph x  2y  4.
y
Example 1 Dashed Boundary
Graph 2x  3y 6.
The boundary is the graph of 2x  3y  6. Since the inequality symbol is ,
the boundary will be dashed. Use the slope-intercept form,
O x 2
y  x  2. y
3
2x  3y  6
x  2y  4 Now test the point (0, 0). The point (0, 0) is usually a good
point to test because it results in easy calculations.

TEACHING TIP 2x  3y 6 Original inequality O x

Students may wish to test 2(0)  3(0) 6 (x, y)  (0, 0)
a point in the shaded 0 6 false
region as a check of their
work. Shade the region that does not contain (0, 0).

96 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

Resource Manager
Workbook and Reproducible Masters Transparencies
Chapter 2 Resource Masters 5-Minute Check Transparency 2-7
• Study Guide and Intervention, pp. 93–94 Answer Key Transparencies
• Skills Practice, p. 95
• Practice, p. 96 Technology
• Reading to Learn Mathematics, p. 97 Alge2PASS: Tutorial Plus, Lesson 4
• Enrichment, p. 98 Interactive Chalkboard
• Assessment, p. 114
 Inequalities can sometimes be used to model real-world situations.
In-Class Example Power
Point®

Example 2 Solid Boundary 2 EDUCATION The SAT has

BUSINESS A mail-order company is hiring temporary employees to help in two parts. One tutoring com-
their packing and shipping departments during their peak season.
pany advertises that it special-
a. Write an inequality to describe the number of employees that can be assigned
to each department if the company has 20 temporary employees available.
izes in helping students who
have a combined score on the
Let p be the number of employees assigned to packing and let s be the number
assigned to shipping. Since the company can assign at most 20 employees total SAT that is 900 or less.
to the two departments, use a symbol. a. Write an inequality to describe
Study Tip The number the number the combined scores of
of employees of employees is at
for packing and for shipping most twenty.
students who are prospective
Look Back tutoring clients. x  y 900
}
}
}
}
}
To review translating
p  s 20
verbal expressions b. Graph the inequality.
to inequalities, see
y
Lesson 1-5. b. Graph the inequality.
Since the inequality symbol is , the graph of the 32
s 800
related linear equation p + s = 20 is solid. This is the x  y  900
28
boundary of the inequality. 24 400
20 x  y = 20
Test (0, 0). 16
p  s 20 0
Original inequality 12 400 800 1200 x
8
0  0 20 (p, s)  (0, 0) 4 c. Does a student with a verbal
0 20 true O 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 p score of 480 and a math score
Shade the region that contains (0, 0). Since the variables of 410 fit the tutoring
cannot be negative, shade only the part in the first quadrant. company’s guidelines? yes
c. Can the company assign 8 employees to packing and 10 employees to
shipping?
The point (8, 10) is in the shaded region, so it satisfies the inequality. The
GRAPH ABSOLUTE VALUE
company can assign 8 employees to packing and 10 to shipping. INEQUALITIES
In-Class Example Power
Point®

GRAPH ABSOLUTE VALUE INEQUALITIES Graphing absolute value 3 Graph y  |x|  2.

inequalities is similar to graphing linear inequalities. The inequality symbol y
determines whether the boundary is solid or dashed, and you can test a point
to determine which region to shade.
O x
Example 3 Absolute Value Inequality y  |x |  2
Graph y  x  1.
Since the inequality symbol is , the graph of the related y
equation y  x  1 is dashed. Graph the equation.
Test (0, 0).
y  x  1 Original inequality
y x 1
O x
3 Practice/Apply
0  0  1 (x, y) = (0, 0)
001 0 = 0
01 true
Study Notebook
Shade the region that includes (0, 0). Have students—
• complete the definitions/examples
www.algebra2.com/extra_examples Lesson 2-7 Graphing Inequalities 97 for the remaining terms on their
Vocabulary Builder worksheets for
Chapter 2.
Differentiated Instruction • include any other items(s) that
Interpersonal Have students work in pairs as they graph the they find helpful in mastering the
inequalities, so they can check and correct each other’s procedures and skills in this lesson.
results. When graphing, one partner can work to determine the location
of the boundary while the other partner determines whether the shaded
region is above or below the boundary.

Lesson 2-7 Graphing Inequalities 97

 About the Exercises…
Organization by Objective
Concept Check 1. Write an inequality for the graph at the right. y

2. Explain how to determine which region to shade

• Graph Linear Inequalities: 1. y 3x  4 when graphing an inequality. See margin.
13–24, 33–39 3. OPEN ENDED Write an absolute value inequality
• Graph Absolute Value for which the boundary is solid and the solution is the O x

Inequalities: 25–30 region above the graph of the related equation.

Sample answer: y  x
Odd/Even Assignments
Guided Practice Graph each inequality. 4–9. See pp. 107A–107H.
Exercises 13–32 are structured
4. y  2 5. y 2x  3 6. x  y  0
so that students practice the
7. x  2y 5 8. y 2x 9. y 3x  1
same concepts whether they
are assigned odd or even
problems.
Application SHOPPING For Exercises 10–12, use the following information.
Gwen wants to buy some cassettes that cost $10 each and some CDs that cost
Alert! Exercises 44–47 require a GUIDED PRACTICE KEY $13 each. She has $40 to spend.
Exercises Examples
graphing calculator. 10. Write an inequality to represent the situation, where c is the number of cassettes
4–7 1, 2 she buys and d is the number of CDs. 10c  13d 40
Assignment Guide 8, 9
10–12
3
2
11. Graph the inequality. See pp. 107A–107H.
Basic: 13–27 odd, 31, 33, 34, 12. Can she buy 3 cassettes and 2 CDs? Explain.
No; (3, 2) is not in the shaded region.
40–43, 48–56
★ indicates increased difficulty
Average: 13–31 odd, 33–37,
40–43, 48–56 (optional: 44–47)
Practice and Apply
Advanced: 14–32 even, 38–56 Homework Help Graph each inequality. 13–30. See pp. 107A–107H.
For See 13. x  y 5 14. 3  x  3y 15. y 6x  2
Exercises Examples
13–24, 31, 32 1, 2 16. x  5 y 17. y  4x  3 18. y  2  3x
25–30, 41 3
19. y  1 20. y  1  4 21. 4x  5y  10 0
4 Assess 33–40

Extra Practice
2
22. x  6y  3 0
1
23. y x  5
3
1
24. y  x  5
2
Open-Ended Assessment See page 832. 25. y x 26. y 4x 27. y  x  3

Speaking Have students explain 28. y  x  1  2 ★ 29. x  y 1 ★ 30. x y

how to tell just from looking at 31. Graph all the points on the coordinate plane to the left of the graph of x  2.
an inequality with y alone on the Write an inequality to describe these points. x  2
left whether the shaded area will 32. Graph all the points on the coordinate plane below the graph of y  3x  5.
be below or above the boundary, Write an inequality to describe these points. y  3x  5
as well as whether the boundary 31–32. See pp. 107A–107H for graphs.
SCHOOL For Exercises 33 and 34, use the following information.
is solid or dashed. Rosa’s professor says that the midterm exam will count for 40% of each student’s
grade and the final exam will count for 60%. A score of at least 90 is required for an A.
Assessment Options 33. The inequality 0.4x  0.6y  90 represents this situation, where x is the midterm
Quiz (Lesson 2-7) is available score and y is the final exam score. Graph this inequality. See pp. 107A–107H.
on p. 114 of the Chapter 2 34. If Rosa scores 85 on the midterm and 95 on the final, will she get an A? yes
Resource Masters.
DRAMA For Exercises 35–37, use the following information.
Tickets for the Prestonville High School Drama Club’s spring play cost $4 for adults and
Answers $3 for students. In order to cover expenses, at least $2000 worth of tickets must be sold.
35. Write an inequality that describes this situation. 4a  3s  2000
2. Substitute the coordinates of a
point not on the boundary into the 36. Graph the inequality. See pp. 107A–107H.
inequality. If the inequality is sat- 37. If 180 adult and 465 student tickets are sold, will the club cover its expenses? yes
isfied, shade the region containing 98 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions
the point. If the inequality is not
satisfied, shade the region that
does not contain the point.
44. 45. 46. 47.

[10, 10] scl: 1 by [10, 10] scl: 1 [10, 10] scl: 1 by [10, 10] scl: 1 [10, 10] scl: 1 by [10, 10] scl: 1 [10, 10] scl: 1 by [10, 10] scl: 1

98 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 FINANCE For Exercises 38–40, use the following Dividend Study Guide
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE

andIntervention
Intervention,
____________ PERIOD _____

2-7 Study Guide and

information. Company p. 93 (shown) and p. 94
per Share Graphing Inequalities
Carl Talbert estimates that he will need to earn at least Graph Linear Inequalities. A linear inequality, like y  2x  1, resembles a linear
$9000 per year combined in dividend income from the Able Rentals $1.20 equation, but with an inequality sign instead of an equals sign. The graph of the related
linear equation separates the coordinate plane into two half-planes. The line is the
boundary of each half-plane.
two stocks he owns to supplement his retirement plan. Best Bikes $1.80 To graph a linear inequality, follow these steps.
1. Graph the boundary, that is, the related linear equation. If the inequality symbol is
38. Write and graph an inequality for this situation. See pp. 107A–107H. or , the boundary is solid. If the inequality symbol is  or , the boundary is dashed.
2. Choose a point not on the boundary and test it in the inequality. (0, 0) is a good point to
39. Will he make enough from 3000 shares of each company? yes

Lesson 2-7
choose if the boundary does not pass through the origin.
3. If a true inequality results, shade the half-plane containing your test point. If a false
inequality results, shade the other half-plane.

40. CRITICAL THINKING Graph y  x. See pp. 107A–107H. Example Graph x  2y  4. y

The boundary is the graph of x  2y  4.

41. WRITING IN MATH Answer the question that was posed at the beginning of 1
Use the slope-intercept form, y    x  2, to graph the boundary line.
2 O
x

The boundary line should be solid.

Finance the lesson. Now test the point (0, 0).
?
0  2(0)  4 (x, y )  (0, 0)

A dividend is a payment How do inequalities apply to fantasy football? 04 false

Shade the region that does not contain (0, 0).

from a company to an Include the following in your answer: See pp. 107A–107H.
investor. It is a way to Exercises

make money on a stock • an inequality, and an explanation of how you obtained it, to represent a good Graph each inequality.

without selling it. game for Randy Moss in Dana’s fantasy football league, 1. y  3x  1 2. y  x  5 3. 4x  y 1
y y y

• a graph of your inequality (remember that the number of touchdowns cannot O x

be negative, but receiving yardage can be), and O x O x

• which of the games with statistics in the table qualify as good games.
x
4. y    4 5. x  y 6 6. 0.5x  0.25y  1.5
2

Standardized y y y

42. Which could be the inequality for the graph? A y

O x O x

Test Practice y  3x  2
A B y 3x  2
O x

C y 3x  2 D y  3x  2
O x
43. Which point satisfies y 5x  3? B
Gl NAME
/M G ______________________________________________
Hill 93 DATE ____________
GlPERIOD
Al _____
b 2

Skills
2-7 Practice,
Practice (Average)
p. 95 and
A (2, 2) B (1, 3) Practice, p. 96 (shown)
Graphing Inequalities
Graph each inequality.
C (3, 7) D (2, 4) 1. y 3 2. x 2 3. x  y 4
y y y

O x

Graphing SHADE( COMMAND You can graph inequalities with a graphing calculator by
O x

O x

Calculator using the Shade( command located in the DRAW menu. You must enter two functions.
• The first function defines the lower boundary of the region to be shaded. 4. y  3x  5 5. y   x  3
1
2
6. y  1  x
y y y
• The second function defines the upper boundary of the region.
• If the inequality is “y ,” use the Ymin window value as the lower boundary. O x
O x O x

• If the inequality is “y ,” use the Ymax window value as the upper boundary.
7. x  3y 6 8. y x  1 9. y 3x  1  2

Graph each inequality. 44–47. See margin. y y

O
y

44. y  3 45. y x  2 46. y 2x  4 47. x  7 y O x

O
x

Maintain Your Skills

COMPUTERS For Exercises 10–12, use the following information.

Mixed Review Graph each function. Identify the domain and range. (Lesson 2-6)
A school system is buying new computers. They will
buy desktop computers costing $1000 per unit, and
notebook computers costing $1200 per unit. The total
80
70
Computers Purchased

cost of the computers cannot exceed $80,000.

48. f(x)  [[x]]  4 49. g(x)  x  1 50. h(x)  x  3
60

48–50. See pp. 107A–

Notebooks
50
10. Write an inequality that describes this situation.
1000d  1200n 80,000 40

107H for graphs. 30

SALES For Exercises 51–53, use the table that shows the years of experience for 11. Graph the inequality. 20

48. D  all reals,

10

eight sales representatives and their sales during a given period of time. (Lesson 2-5) 12. If the school wants to buy 50 of the desktop 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

R  all integers
computers and 25 of the notebook computers, Desktops
will they have enough money? yes

49. D  all reals, Years 6 5 3 1 4 3 6 2 Gl NAME

/M G ______________________________________________
Hill 96 DATE ____________
Gl PERIOD
Al _____
b 2

R  {yy  1} Reading

2-7 Readingto
to Learn
Learn Mathematics
Sales ($) 9000 6000 4000 3000 6000 5000 8000 2000 ELL
Mathematics, p. 97
50. D  all reals, R  Graphing Inequalities
Pre-Activity How do inequalities apply to fantasy football?
all nonnegative reals 51. Draw a scatter plot. See margin. Read the introduction to Lesson 2-7 at the top of page 96 in your textbook.
• Which of the combinations of yards and touchdowns listed would Dana
52. Sample answer 52. Find a prediction equation. consider a good game? The first one: 168 yards and
3 touchdowns
using (4, 6000) 53. Predict the sales for a representative with 8 years of experience. • Suppose that in one of the games Dana plays, Moss gets 157 receiving
yards. What is the smallest number of touchdowns he must get in order
and (6, 8000): Sample answer: $10,000 for Dana to consider this a good game? 3

Lesson 2-7
y  1000x  2000 Solve each equation. Check your solution. (Lesson 1-3) Reading the Lesson
1
54. 4x  9  23 8 55. 11  2y  5 3 56. 2z  3  6z  1  1. When graphing a linear inequality in two variables, how do you know whether to make
the boundary a solid line or a dashed line? If the symbol is  or , the line is
2 solid. If the symbol is or , the line is dashed.

www.algebra2.com/self_check_quiz Lesson 2-7 Graphing Inequalities 99

2. How do you know which side of the boundary to shade? Sample answer: If the test
point gives a true inequality, shade the region containing the test point. If
the test point gives a false inequality, shade the region not containing
the test point.
NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ____________ PERIOD _____
51. Sales vs. Experience 3. Match each inequality with its graph.
Enrichment,
2-7 Enrichment p. 98 a. y 2x  3 iii b. y  2x  3 iv c. y  2x  3 ii d. y  2x  3 i
10,000 i. y ii. y iii. y iv. y
Algebraic Proof
8000 The following paragraph states a result you might be asked to prove in a O x O x
Sales ($)

mathematics course. Parts of the paragraph are numbered. O x O x

6000 01 Let n be a positive integer.
02 Also, let n1  s(n1) be the sum of the squares of the digits in n.
4000 03 Then n2  s(n1) is the sum of the squares of the digits of n1, and n3  s(n2)
Helping You Remember
is the sum of the squares of the digits of n2.
2000 04 In general, nk  s(nk  1) is the sum of the squares of the digits of nk  1. 4. Describe some ways in which graphing an inequality in one variable on a number line is
similar to graphing an inequality in two variables in a coordinate plane. How can what
05 Consider the sequence: n, n1, n2, n3, …, nk, …. you know about graphing inequalities on a number line help you to graph inequalities in
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 06 In this sequence either all the terms from some k on have the value 1, a coordinate plane? Sample answer: A boundary on a coordinate graph is
similar to an endpoint on a number line graph. A dashed line is similar to
07 or some term, say nj, has the value 4, so that the eight terms a circle on a number line: both are open and mean not included; they
represent the symbols and . A solid line is similar to a dot on a
Years 4, 16, 37, 58, 89, 145, 42, and 20 keep repeating from that point on.
number line: both are closed and mean included; they represent the
symbols  and .
Use the paragraph to answer these questions.

1. Use the sentence in line 01 List the first five values of n 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Lesson 2-7 Graphing Inequalities 99

 Study Guide
and Review
Vocabulary and Concept Check
Vocabulary and
absolute value function (p. 90) linear equation (p. 63) range (p. 56)
Concept Check boundary (p. 96) linear function (p. 63) rate of change (p. 69)
Cartesian coordinate plane (p. 56) line of fit (p. 81) relation (p. 56)
• This alphabetical list of constant function (p. 90) mapping (p. 57) scatter plot (p. 81)
vocabulary terms in Chapter 2 dependent variable (p. 59) one-to-one function (p. 57) slope (p. 68)
includes a page reference domain (p. 56) ordered pair (p. 56) slope-intercept form (p. 75)
where each term was family of graphs (p. 70) parent graph (p. 70) standard form (p. 64)
introduced. function (p. 57) piecewise function (p. 91) step function (p. 89)
functional notation (p. 59) point-slope form (p. 76) vertical line test (p. 57)
• Assessment A vocabulary greatest integer function (p. 89) prediction equation (p. 81) x-intercept (p. 65)
test/review for Chapter 2 is identity function (p. 90) quadrant (p. 56) y-intercept (p. 65)
available on p. 112 of the independent variable (p. 59)
Chapter 2 Resource Masters.
Choose the correct term to complete each sentence.
1. The (constant, identity) function is a linear function described by f(x)  x.
Lesson-by-Lesson 2. The graph of the (absolute value, greatest integer) function forms a V-shape and is
Review described by f(x)  x.
3. The (slope-intercept, standard) form of the equation of a line is Ax  By  C, where
A and B are not both zero.
For each lesson,
4. Two lines in the same plane having the same slope are (parallel, perpendicular).
• the main ideas are 5. The (domain, range) is the set of all x-coordinates of the ordered pairs of a relation.
summarized, 6. The set of all y-coordinates of the ordered pairs of a relation is the (domain, range).
• additional examples review 7. The ratio of the change in y-coordinates to the corresponding change in
concepts, and x-coordinates is called the (slope, y-intercept) of a line.
8. The (line of fit, vertical line test) can be used to determine if a relation is a function.
• practice exercises are provided.

Vocabulary
PuzzleMaker
ELL The Vocabulary PuzzleMaker
software improves students’ mathematics 2-1 Relations and Functions
vocabulary using four puzzle formats— See pages
Concept Summary
56–62.
crossword, scramble, word search using a
word list, and word search using clues. • A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The domain is the set of all x-coordinates,
and the range is the set of all y-coordinates.
Students can work on a computer screen
or from a printed handout. • A function is a relation where each member of the domain is paired with exactly
one member of the range.

Example Graph the relation {(3, 1), (0, 2), (2, 5)} and find the domain y
(2, 5)
MindJogger and range. Then determine whether the relation is a function.
Videoquizzes The domain is {3, 0, 2}, and the range is {1, 2, 5}.
(0, 2)
Graph the ordered pairs. Since each x value is paired with (3, 1)
ELL MindJogger Videoquizzes exactly one y value, the relation is a function.
provide an alternative review of concepts O x
presented in this chapter. Students work
in teams in a game show format to gain 100 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions www.algebra2.com/vocabulary_review
points for correct answers. The questions
are presented in three rounds.
Round 1 Concepts (5 questions) TM

Round 2 Skills (4 questions) Some students may need help in deciding which tabs to use. Ask
Round 3 Problem Solving (4 questions) student volunteers to share the thinking process they used to de-
cide where various material should go. Remind students that their
For more information notations should be complete sentences that will make sense when
about Foldables, see they are reviewed weeks later.
Teaching Mathematics
Encourage students to refer to their Foldables while completing the
with Foldables.
Study Guide and Review and to use them in preparing for the
Chapter Test.

100 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Chapter 2 Study Guide and Review Study Guide and Review

Exercises Graph each relation or equation and find the domain and range. Then
determine whether the relation or equation is a function. Answers
See Examples 1 and 2 on pages 57 and 58. 9–12. See margin for graphs.
11. y
9. {(6, 3), (2, 1), (2, 3)} 10. {(5, 2), (2, 4), (1, 1), (5, 2)}
11. y  0.5x D  all reals, 12. y  2x  1 D  all reals, R  all reals; yes
R  all reals; yes
y  0.5 x
Find each value if f(x)  5x  9. See Example 5 on page 59. O
13. f(6) 21 14. f(2) 19 15. f(y) 5y  9 16. f(2v) 10v  9 x

9. D  {2, 2, 6}, R  {1, 3}; yes 10. D  {5, 1 2}, R  {2, 1, 2, 4}; no

2-2 Linear Equations

See pages Concept Summary
63–67. 12. y
• A linear equation is an equation whose graph is a line. A linear function
can be written in the form f(x)  mx  b.
y  2x  1
• The standard form of a linear equation is Ax  By  C.
O
Example Write 2x  6  y  8 in standard form. Identify A, B, and C. x
2x  6 = y  8 Original equation
2x  y  6  8 Subtract y from each side.

2x  y  14 Add 6 to each side.

The standard form is 2x  y  14. So, A  2, B  1, and C  14.

23. y
4
O x
Exercises State whether each equation or function is linear. Write yes or no. If
no, explain your reasoning. See Example 1 on page 63. 16 12 8 4 4 8 12 16
4
17. 3x2  y  6 No; x has 18. 2x  y  11 yes 19. h(x)   2x  1 No; x is 8
an exponent other than 1. inside a square root. 12
Write each equation in standard form. Identify A, B, and C. See Example 3 on page 64. 16
20 1
20. y  7x  15 21. 0.5x  0.2y  0.4
2 3
22. x   y  6 5 y  x  4
3 4 24
7x  y  15; 7, 1, 15 5x  2y  4; 5, 2, 4 8x  9y  72; 8, 9, 72 28
Find the x-intercept and the y-intercept of the graph of each equation. Then
graph the equation. See Example 4 on page 65. 23–25. See margin for graphs.
24. y
1 8
23. y  x  4 4, 20 24. 6x  12y  48 8, 4 25. y  x  9 9, 9 6 x  12 y  48
5 6
4
2
O x
2-3 Slope y
8 6 4 2
2
2 4 6 8
See pages Concept Summary x 2  x1
4
68–74. 6
• The slope of a line is the ratio of the change in y-coordinates 8
y 2  y1 (x 2, y 2)
to the corresponding change in x-coordinates.
y y
m
2
1 (x 1, y 1)
x2  x1 25. y
2
• Lines with the same slope are parallel. Lines with slopes O x O x
that are opposite reciprocals are perpendicular. 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Chapter 2 Study Guide and Review 101 4

6 y  x  9
8
10
9. y 10. y 12
(6, 3) (2, 4) 14
(2, 3) (5, 2)
(2 , 1) (1, 1)
O x O x
(5, 2)

Chapter 2 Study Guide and Review 101

0054-107H Alg 2 Ch02-828000 11/22/02 10:33 PM Page 102

Study Guide and Review Chapter 2 Study Guide and Review

Example Find the slope of the line that passes through (⫺5, 3) and (7, 9).
Answers y ⫺y
m⫽ᎏ
2
ᎏ1 Slope formula
x2 ⫺ x1
29. y
9⫺3
⫽ ᎏᎏ (x1, y1) ⫽ (⫺5, 3), (x2, y2) ⫽ (7, 9)
7 ⫺ (⫺5)
6 1
⫽ ᎏᎏ or ᎏᎏ Simplify.
12 2
O x
Exercises Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points.
See Example 1 on page 68.
5 3
26. (⫺6, ⫺3), (6, 7) ᎏᎏ 27. (5.5, ⫺5.5), (11, ⫺7) ⫺ ᎏᎏ 28. (⫺3, 24), (10, ⫺41) ⫺5
6 11
Graph the line passing through the given point with the given slope.
30. y See Example 2 on page 69. 29–31. See margin.
5 1
29. (0, 1), m ⫽ 2 30. (3, ⫺2), m ⫽ ᎏᎏ 31. (⫺5, 2), m ⫽ ⫺ᎏᎏ
2 4
Graph the line that satisfies each set of conditions.
See Examples 4 and 5 on pages 70 and 71. 32–35. See margin.
O x 32. passes through (2, 0), parallel to a line whose slope is 3
1
33. passes through (⫺1, ⫺2), perpendicular to a line whose slope is ᎏᎏ
2
34. passes through (4, 1), perpendicular to graph of 2x ⫹ 3y ⫽ 1
35. passes through (⫺2, 2), parallel to graph of ⫺2x ⫹ y ⫽ 4

31.
2-4 Writing Linear Equations
y

See pages Concept Summary

75–80.
• Slope-Intercept Form: y ⫽ mx ⫹ b
x
O • Point-Slope Form: y ⫺ y1 ⫽ m(x ⫺ x1)
Example Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line through (4, 5) that is
parallel to the line through (⫺1, ⫺3) and (2, ⫺1).
2
First, find the slope of the given line. The parallel line will also have slope ᎏᎏ.
3
y ⫺y
m⫽ᎏ
2
ᎏ1 Slope formula y ⫺ y1 ⫽ m(x ⫺ x1) Point-slope form
32. y x2 ⫺ x1
2 2
⫺1 ⫺ (⫺3) (x , y ) = (⫺1, ⫺3),
y ⫺ 5 ⫽ ᎏᎏ(x ⫺ 4) (x1, y1) ⫽ (4, 5), m ⫽ ᎏᎏ
3
3
⫽ ᎏᎏ (x1, y1) ⫽ (2, ⫺1)
2 ⫺ (⫺1) 2 7
2 2
y ⫽ ᎏx ⫹ ᎏᎏ
ᎏ Slope-intercept form
3 3
2
⫽ ᎏᎏ Simplify.
3
O x
Exercises Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that satisfies
each set of conditions. See Examples 1, 2, and 4 on pages 76–78.
3 3 27
36. slope ᎏᎏ, passes through (⫺6, 9) y ⫽ ᎏᎏx ⫹ ᎏᎏ
4 4 2
5
37. passes through (3, ⫺8) and (⫺3, 2) y ⫽ ⫺ᎏᎏx ⫺ 3
33. y 3 1 7
38. passes through (⫺1, 2), parallel to the graph of x ⫺ 3y ⫽ 14 y ⫽ ᎏᎏx ⫹ ᎏᎏ
3 3 3 17
39. passes through (3, 2), perpendicular to the graph of 4x ⫺ 3y ⫽ 12 y ⫽ ⫺ᎏᎏx ⫹ ᎏᎏ
4 4

102 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

O x

34. y 35. y

O x O x

102 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Chapter 2 Study Guide and Review Study Guide and Review

2-5 Modeling Real-World Data: Answer

See pages
81–86.
Using Scatter Plots
40.
Concept Summary
• A scatter plot is a graph of ordered pairs of data.
40
• A prediction equation can be used to predict one of the variables given the
other variable. 35

People (millions)
30
25
Example WEEKLY PAY The table below shows the median weekly earnings for American
workers for the period 1985–1999. Predict the median weekly earnings for 2010. 20
15
Year 1985 1990 1995 1999 2010 10
Earnings ($) 343 412 479 549 ? 5
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 0
’75 ’80 ’85 ’90 ’95 ’00
A scatter plot suggests that any two points
Median Weekly Earnings Year
could be used to find a prediction equation.
Use (1985, 343) and (1990, 412). 700
600 479
y2  y1
m 
Earnings ($)
Slope formula 500 343
x2  x1
400 549
412  343 (x1, y1)  (1985, 343),
  300 412
1990  1985 (x2, y2)  (1990, 412) 200
69
  or 13.8 Simplify. 100
5 0
1985 1990 1995 2000
y  y1  m(x  x1) Point-slope form Year

y  343  13.8(x  1985) Substitute. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

y  13.8x  27,050 Add 343 to each side.

C02 099C 82 999
To predict the earnings for 2010, substitute 2010 for x.
y  13.8(2010)  27,050 x  2010

 688 Simplify.

The model predicts median weekly earnings of $688 in 2010.

Exercises For Exercises 40–42, use the table that shows the People
number of people below the poverty level for the period Year
(millions)
1980–1998. See Examples 1 and 2 on pages 81 and 82.
1980 29.3
40. Draw a scatter plot. See margin.
1985 33.1
41. Use two ordered pairs to write a prediction equation.
1990 33.6
42. Use your prediction equation to predict the number
1995 36.4
for 2010. Sample answer: 42.2 million
1998 34.5
41. Sample answer using (1980, 29.3) and (1990, 33.6):
y  0.43x  822.1 2010 ?
Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Chapter 2 Study Guide and Review 103

Chapter 2 Study Guide and Review 103

 • Extra Practice, see pages 830–832.
Study Guide and Review • Mixed Problem Solving, see page 863.

Answers 2-6 Special Functions

See pages Concept Summary
89–95.
49. y
Greatest Integer Constant Absolute Value Piecewise

f (x ) f (x ) f (x ) f (x )
O x
f (x )  x
O
O x O x O x x
f (x )  |x |

y  3x  5

Example Graph the function f(x)  3x  2. y

Identify the domain and range.
50. y
O
The domain is all real numbers.
x
The range is all real numbers f (x )  3|x |  2
greater than or equal to 2.
x y 1
O x
Exercises Graph each function. Identify the domain and range.
See Examples 1–3 on pages 89–91. 43–48. See pp. 107A–107H.
43. f(x)  [[x]]  2 44. h(x)  [[2x  1]] 45. g(x)  x  4

51. y
46. h(x)  x  1  7 47. f(x)   2 if x  1 48. g(x)  2x  3 if x  1
x  1 if x  1 x  4 if x 1 

y  0.5x  4 2-7 Graphing Inequalities

See pages Concept Summary
O x 96–99.
You can graph an inequality by following these steps.
Step 1 Determine whether the boundary is solid or dashed. Graph the boundary.
Step 2 Choose a point not on the boundary and test it in the inequality.
Step 3 If a true inequality results, shade the region containing your test point.
52. y If a false inequality results, shade the other region.
2x  y  3 Example Graph x  4y 4. y

Since the inequality symbol is , the graph of the boundary

should be solid. Graph the equation. Test (0, 0).
O x
x + 4y 4 Original inequality x  4y  4 O
x

0  4(0) 4 (x, y) = (0, 0)

0 4 Shade the region that contains (0, 0).

Exercises Graph each inequality. See Examples 1–3 on pages 96 and 97.
53. y 49. y 3x  5 50. x y  1 51. y  0.5x  4 49–54. See
52. 2x  y  3 53. y  x  2 54. y x  3 margin.

y  |x |  2 104 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

O x

54. y
y  |x  3|

O x

104 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Practice Test Practice Test

Vocabulary and Concepts

Assessment Options
Choose the correct term to complete each sentence.
Vocabulary Test A vocabulary
1. The variable whose values make up the domain of a function is called the
(independent, dependent) variable.
test/review for Chapter 2 can be
2. To find the (x-intercept, y-intercept) of the graph of a linear equation, let y  0.
found on p. 112 of the Chapter 2
3. An equation of the form (Ax  By  C, y  mx  b) is in slope-intercept form.
Resource Masters.
Chapter Tests There are six
Skills and Applications Chapter 2 Tests and an Open-
Ended Assessment task available
Graph each relation and find the domain and range. Then determine in the Chapter 2 Resource Masters.
whether the relation is a function. 4–5. See pp. 107A–107H for graphs.
4. {(4, -8), (2, 2), (0, 5), (2, 3), (4, 9)} 5. y  3x  3 D  all reals, R  all reals; yes
Chapter 2 Tests
D  {4, 2, 0, 2, 4), R  {9, 8, 2, 3, 5}; yes
Find each value. Form Type Level Pages
6. f(3) if f(x)  7  x2 2 7. f(0) if f(x) = x  3x2 0 1 MC basic 99–100
Graph each equation or inequality. 8–19. See pp. 107A–107H. 2A MC average 101–102
3
8. y  x  4 9. 4x  y  2 10. x  4 2B MC average 103–104
5
11. y  2x  5 12. f(x)  3x  1 13. f(x)  [[3x]] 3
2C FR average 105–106
2D FR average 107–108
14. g(x)  x  2 
15. h(x)  x  2 if x  2
2x  1 if x  2
16. y 10
3 FR advanced 109–110
17. x 6 18. 2x  5 3y 19. y  4x  1
MC = multiple-choice questions
Find the slope of the line that passes through each pair of points. FR = free-response questions
5
20. (8, 4), (6, 1)  21. (2, 5), (4, 5) 0 22. (5, 7), (4, 6) 13
2 Open-Ended Assessment
Graph the line passing through the given point with the given slope. 23–25. See pp. 107A–107H. Performance tasks for Chapter 2
1 can be found on p. 111 of the
23. (1, 3), 2 24. (2, 2),  25. (3, 2), undefined
3
Chapter 2 Resource Masters. A
Write an equation in slope-intercept form for the line that satisfies each sample scoring rubric for these
set of conditions.
4 tasks appears on p. A28.
26. slope 5, y-intercept 11 y  5x  11 27. x-intercept 9, y-intercept 4 y  x  4
2 9
28. passes through (6, 15), parallel to the graph of 2x  3y  1 y   x  11
3
29. passes through (5, 2), perpendicular to the graph of x  3y  7 y  3x  13
TestCheck and
Worksheet Builder
RECREATION For Exercises 30–32, use the Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 This networkable software has
table that shows the amount Americans
spent on recreation in recent years.
Amount ($ billions) 401.6 429.6 457.8 494.7 three modules for assessment.
30. Draw a scatter plot, where x represents Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis • Worksheet Builder to make
the number of years since 1995. See margin. worksheets and tests.
31. Write a prediction equation. Sample answer using (0, 401.6) and (1, 429.6): y  28x  401.6 • Student Module to take tests
32. Predict the amount that will be spent on recreation in 2010. Sample answer: $821.6 billion on-screen.
33. STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE What is the slope of a line parallel to y  2  4(x  1)? D • Management System to keep
A 4 B 
1
C 
1
D 4 student records.
4 4
www.algebra2.com/chapter_test Chapter 2 Practice Test 105 Answer
30. Money Spent
on Recreation
Portfolio Suggestion 550
Amount ($ billions)

500
Introduction In this chapter, you have graphed many different kinds of 450
functions. The appearances of these graphs were also very different from one
400
another.
350
Ask Students Select one kind of graph that you found difficult to master and
300
explain why you felt this to be the case. Suggest ways that this topic might be
presented in a different way to help other students who have the same 0 1 2 3 4
difficulty. Years Since 1995

Chapter 2 Practice Test 105

 Standardized
Test Practice

These two pages contain practice 6. If one side of a triangle is three times as long as
Part 1 Multiple Choice a second side and the second side is s units long,
questions in the various formats then the length of the third side of the triangle
that can be found on the most Record your answers on the answer sheet
can be A
provided by your teacher or on a sheet of
frequently given standardized paper. A 3s. B 4s.
tests. C 5s. D 6s.
1. In the figure, ⬔B and ⬔BCD are right angles.
A practice answer sheet for these 
BC is 9 units, 
A
B is 12 units, and 
C
D is 8 units.
What is the area, in square units, of 䉭ACD? A
two pages can be found on p. A1
A 36 7. Which of the following sets of numbers has the
of the Chapter 2 Resource Masters. A
12
B
B 60 property that the product of any two numbers
NAME DATE PERIOD is also a number in the set? D
Standardized
2 Standardized Test Practice
Test Practice C 72 9
Student Recording
Student Record Sheet,
Sheet (Use with pages 106–107 of p. A1Edition.)
the Student
I the set of positive numbers
Part 1 Multiple Choice
D 135 II the set of prime numbers
Select the best answer from the choices given and fill in the corresponding oval. D C
8 III the set of even integers
1 A B C D 4 A B C D 7 A B C D

2 A B C D 5 A B C D 8 A B C D
A I only
3 A B C D 6 A B C D 9 A B C D 2. If x  3 is an even integer, then x could be B II only
Part 2 Short Response/Grid In which of the following? B
C III only
2 1
Solve the problem and write your answer in the blank.
For Questions 11–17, also enter your answer by writing each number or symbol in
A B
a box. Then fill in the corresponding oval for that number or symbol. D I and III only
10 12 14 16 C 0 D 2
/ / / / / /
. . . . . . . . . . . .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3x
3 3 3 3

3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

8. If     , then x  ______. D

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
3. What is the slope of the line that contains the
7x
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
7 7 7 7
7 7
Answers

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

points (15, 7) and (6, 4)? B

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

3
11 13 15 17 A  B 3
1 1 7
A  B 
.
/
.
/
. . .
/
.
/
. . .
/
.
/
. . .
/
.
/
. .
4 3 C 7 D 21
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 2
C  D 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4
5
6
4
5
6
4
5
6
4
5
6
4
5
6
4
5
6
4
5
6
4
5
6
4
5
6
4
5
6
4
5
6
4
5
6
4
5
6
4
5
6
4
5
6
4
5
6
8 3
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

Part 3 Quantitative Comparison 9. The average (arithmetic mean) of r, s, x, and y

Select the best answer from the choices given and fill in the corresponding oval. 4. In 2000, Matt had a collection of 30 music CDs. is 8, and the average of x and y is 4. What is
18 A B C D 20 A B C D 22 A B C D
Since then he has given away 2 CDs, purchased the average of r and s? D
19 A B C D 21 A B C D
6 new CDs, and traded 3 of his CDs to Kashan
for 4 of Kashan’s CDs. Since 2000, what has
A 4 B 6
been the percent of increase in the number of C 8 D 12
CDs in Matt’s collection? D
Additional Practice 1
A 3% B 10%
3
See pp. 117–118 in the Chapter 2
2 2
Resource Masters for additional C 14% D 16%
7 3
standardized test practice.
Test-Taking Tip
5. If the product of (2  3), (3  4), and (4  5) is Questions 1–9 On multiple-choice questions, try
equal to three times the sum of 40 and x, then to compute the answer first. Then compare your
x  ______. B answer to the given answer choices. If you don’t
A 43 B 65 find your answer among the choices, check your
calculations.
C 105 D 195
106 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

TestCheck and
Log On for Test Practice
Worksheet Builder
The Princeton Review offers
additional test-taking tips and Special banks of standardized test
practice problems at their web site. Visit questions similar to those on the SAT,
www.princetonreview.com or ACT, TIMSS 8, NAEP 8, and Algebra 1
www.review.com End-of-Course tests can be found on
this CD-ROM.

106 Chapter 2 Linear Relations and Functions

 Aligned and
verified by

Part 2 Short Response/Grid In Part 3 Quantitative Comparison

Record your answers on the answer sheet Compare the quantity in Column A and
provided by your teacher or on a sheet of the quantity in Column B. Then determine
paper. whether:
A the quantity in Column A is greater,
7
10. If n is a prime integer such that 2n 19  n
8 B the quantity in Column B is greater,
what is one possible value of n?
11, 13, 17, or 19 C the two quantities are equal, or
D the relationship cannot be determined
C
11. If A is 2 units, what is the value of t? 1/4
from the information given.
or .25
3t 5t Column A Column B

A B C 18. m is an integer greater than 3. A

1 1 1
1    
12. If 0.85x  8.5, what is the value of ? 4 m 4
x
1/10 or .1
19. y C
13. In 䉭ABC, what is the value of
w  x  y  z? 240 P
Q
B
O x
y˚

w˚

60˚ x˚ z˚
A C
the x-coordinate the y-coordinate
14. In an election, a total of 4000 votes were cast of point Q of point P
for three candidates, A, B, and C. Candidate
C received 800 votes. If candidate B received 20. The cost of 3 bananas and 2 apples is $1.50. D
more votes than candidate C and candidate
A received more votes than candidate B, cost of one apple cost of one banana
what is the least number of votes that
candidate A could have received? 1601 21. The average (arithmetic mean) of three
integers, x, y, and z is 30. B

15. If the points P(2, 3), Q(2, 5), and R(2, 3) are the average
vertices of a triangle, what is the area of the (arithmetic mean) 30
triangle? 4 of x, y, z, and 29

22. y m A
16. How many of the first one hundred positive
integers contain the digit 7? 19 (0, k )

17. A triangle has a base of length 17, and the (1  k , 0)O x

other two sides are equal in length. If the
lengths of the sides of the triangle are
integers, what is the shortest possible length
the slope of line m 1
of a side? 9
www.algebra2.com/standardized_test Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice 107

Chapter 2 Standardized Test Practice 107

 Pages 60–61, Lesson 2-1 27. y 28. y
2. Sample answer: y
(3.6, 8) (2.5, 1) (1, 1)
(0, 1)
O x
O x (1.4, 2) (1, 1)

O x
(0, 1.1)
(2, 3)
7. D  {7}, 8. D  {3, 4, 6},
R  {1, 2, 5, 8}, no R  {2.5}, yes
y (7, 8) y 29. y 30. y

(7, 5) (4, 2.5) y  3x

(3, 2.5) (6, 2.5) O x O x
(7, 2)
O x y  5x

O x
(7, 1)
Additional Answers for Chapter 2

31. y 32. y
9. D  all reals, 10. D  {x |x  0},
R  all reals, yes R  all reals, no
y y O x

O x
y  7x  6
2 y  3x  4
xy
O x O x

y  2x  1
33. y 34. y

23. y 24. y

(1, 5) (3, 5) (4, 5) O x

2
(6, 5) yx
x  2y 2  3
O x
(2, 1)
(3, 0)
O x O x 35. American League Leaders
170
165
25. (2, 8) y 26. y 160
RBI

(3, 7) 155
(5, 6)
150
(2, 5) (3, 4)
(6, 5) 145
140
0 48 50 52 54 56
(4, 3)
HR

x
39. Stock Price 43. 30+ Years of Service
O 70 14
O x 60 12
Representatives

50 10
Price ($)

40 8
30 6
20 4
10 2
0 0
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 ’87 ’91 ’95 ’99
Year Year

107A Chapter 2 Additional Answers

44. D  {1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1999}, 45. y 46. y
R  {3, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13}
45. Each domain value is paired with only one range value y4
so the relation is a function, but the range value 12 is
paired with two domain values so the function is not O x O x
one-to-one.

y  2
Pages 65–67, Lesson 2-2
9. y 10. y
47. y 48. y
8
6
O x
4 x8 x1
2
O x O x O
8 64 2 2 4 6 x
2
y  3x  5 4
xy20 6
8

11. y 12. y
49. f (x ) 50. g (x )
3x  2y  6 f (x )  4x  1
g (x )  0.5x  3
x

Additional Answers for Chapter 2

O x O
4x  8y  12 O x O x

39. y 40. y
64. y 65. y
(1, 5) (
1, 3) (4, 3) (1, 3)
(0, 2)
5x  3y  15 2x  6y  12
x (1, 0)
O O x O x O x
(2, 1)

(2, 4)

41. y 42. y

3x  4y  10  0
Pages 71–74, Lesson 2-3
O x O x
7. y 8. y
2x  5y  10  0

O x O x
43. y 44. y

yx

O
x O x
y  4x  2

Chapter 2 Additional Answers 107B

 9. y 10. y • Think of the diagram at the beginning of the lesson
as being in a coordinate plane. Then the rise is a
change in y-coordinates and the horizontal distance
is a change in x-coordinates. Thus, the grade is a
O x slope expressed as a percent.
• y

O x

11. y x
y  0.08x

58. y 59. y
O x 8
2x  5y  20 6
4
2
O
43. y 44. y 108 64 2 2 4x O x
2
4 4x  3y  8  0
6
8
Additional Answers for Chapter 2

O x O x
60. y

45. y 46. y y  7x

O
x

O x O x

47. y 48. y
Pages 83–85, Lesson 2-5
4a. Atmospheric Temperature 4b. Sample answer using
16 (2000, 11.0) and
x x 14
O O (3000, 9.1):
Temperature (˚C)

12
10 y  0.0019x  14.8
8 4c. Sample answer:
6
5.3C
4
2
49. y 50. y
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Altitude (ft)

5a. Cable Television 5b. Sample answer using

80 (1992, 57) and (1998, 67):
x
Households (millions)

70
O 60
y  1.67x  3269.64
50 5c. Sample answer:
O x 40
about 87 million
30
20
53. The grade or steepness of a road can be interpreted 10
0
mathematically as a slope. Answers should include the ’88 ’90 ’92 ’94 ’96 ’98 ’00
following. Year

107C Chapter 2 Additional Answers

9a. Broadway 10. g (x ) 11. h (x )
Play Revenue
700

Revenue ($ millions)
600
500
O x
400
O x
300
200
100

0 1 2 3 4
Seasons Since ’95–’96 22.
1.00
13. Sample answer: Using the data for August and 0.90
0.80
November, a prediction equation for Company 1 is 0.70

Cost ($)
y  0.86x  25.13, where x is the number of months 0.60
since August. The negative slope suggests that the 0.50
value of Company 1’s stock is going down. Using the 0.40
data for October and November, a prediction equation 0.30
0.20
for Company 2 is y  0.38x  31.3, where x is the 0.10
number of months since August. The positive slope
suggests that the value of Company 2’s stock is going 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
up. Since the value of Company 1’s stock appears to Minutes
be going down, and the value of Company 2’s stock 24. D  all reals, 25. D  all reals,

Additional Answers for Chapter 2

appears to be going up, Della should buy Company 2. R  all integers R  all integers
14. No. Past performance is no guarantee of the future f (x ) g (x )
performance of a stock. Other factors that should be
considered include the companies’ earnings data and g (x )  x  2
how much debt they have.
15. World Cities O x O x
40
35 f (x )  x  3
Precipitation (in.)

30
25
20
15 26. D  all reals, 27. D  all reals,
10
R  all even integers R  {3a |a is an integer}
5
f (x ) h (x )
0 200 400 600 12
Elevation (ft) 9
6 h (x )  3x

Pages 93–94, Lesson 2-6 O x

O x 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
6. 7. 3
f (x ) g (x )
f (x )  2x 6
f (x )  x 9
g (x )  2x 12
O
O x x 28. D  all reals, 29. D  all reals,
R  all integers R  all integers
g (x ) f (x )

f (x )  x  1
8. h (x ) 9. f (x )
O x O x
h (x )  |x  4| g (x )  x  3

f (x )  |3x  2|

O x O x

Chapter 2 Additional Answers 107D

 30. D  all reals, R  all 31. D  all reals, R  all 40. D  all reals, 41. D  all reals,
nonnegative reals nonnegative reals R  {y | y 0 or y  2} R  {y | y  2}
f (x ) h (x ) f (x ) g (x )

f (x )  |2x |
h (x )  |x |
O x O
O x O x x

32. D  all reals, 33. D  all reals, 42. D  all reals, R  all 43. D  all reals, R  all
R  {y | y  3} R  {y | y  4} nonnegative whole nonnegative whole
g (x ) g (x ) numbers numbers
f (x ) g (x )
g (x )  |x |  4

O x
g (x )  |x |  3
O x O x

O x f (x )  |x | g (x )  |x |
Additional Answers for Chapter 2

34. D  all reals, R  all 35. D  all reals, R  all

nonnegative reals nonnegative reals 47. f (x ) 49. y
h (x ) f (x ) |x |  |y |  3

f (x )  |x  2| x O x
O
O x O x
h (x )  |x  3|

50. A step function can be used to model the cost of a

36. D  all reals, R  all 37. D  all reals, R  all letter in terms of its weight. Answers should include
nonnegative reals nonnegative reals the following.
f (x ) f (x ) • Since the cost of a letter must be one of the values
$0.34, $0.55, $0.76, $0.97, and so on, a step
function is the best model for the cost of mailing a
letter. The gas mileage of a car can be any real
O x O x number in an interval of real numbers, so it cannot
|
f (x )  x  1
4| |
f (x )  x  1
2|
be modeled by a step function. In other words, gas
mileage is a continuous function of time.
•
2.10
1.80
38. D  all reals, 39. D  {x | x  2 or x 2},
Cost ($)

1.50
R  {y | y  3} R  {1, 1} 1.20
f (x ) h (x ) 0.90
0.60
0.30
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
O x O x Weight (oz)

107E Chapter 2 Additional Answers

Pages 98–99, Lesson 2-7 18. y 19. y
4. y 5. y y 1

y 2 O x O x
O x O x
y  2  3x
y  2x  3

20. y 21. y
6. y 7. y

y 14 4x  5y  10  0

O x O x
x
O x O
x  2y  5

x y 0

22. y 23. y
8. y 9. y y  1x  5
3

Additional Answers for Chapter 2

y  |2x | O x
x
O x O x  6y  3  0
y  3|x |  1
O x

24. y 25. y
11. d 13. y

O x
10c  13d  40 y  1x  5
2 y  |x | O x
x
c O
O
x  y  5

26. y 27. y
14. y 15. y

y  |4x |
3  x  3y y  6x  2 x
O x O
O x O x
y  |x |  3

28. y 29. y
16. y 17. y y  |x  1|  2
x y 1
y  4x  3
O O
x x
x
O O x x  y  1
x 5y

Chapter 2 Additional Answers 107F

 30. y 31. y • y
12
y  |x |
x  2 10 5x  100y  1000

8
x O x
O
6
y  |x |
4

2
32. y 33. y
O
350 50 100 200 300 x
O x
250
0.4x  0.6y  90 • the first one
150
48. f (x ) 49. g (x )
y  3x  5 50
g (x )  | x |  1
O 50 150 250 350 x
O x O
36. s 38. 1.2a  1.8b  9000 x
800
b
600 6000 1.2a  1.8b  9000 f (x )  x  4
Additional Answers for Chapter 2

4a  3s  2000
400 4000

200 2000 50. h (x )

a a
O 200 400 600 800 O 2000 4000 6000 8000

40. y O x
h (x )  |x  3|

|y |  x
O x

Page 104, Chapter 2 Study Guide and Review

43. D  all reals, 44. D  all reals,
R  all integers R  all integers
41. Linear inequalities can be used to track the f (x ) h (x )
performance of players in fantasy football leagues.
Answers should include the following. f (x )  x  2 h (x )  2x  1
• Let x be the number of receiving yards and let y be
the number of touchdowns. The number of points O x O x
Dana gets from receiving yards is 5x and the number
of points he gets from touchdowns is 100y. His total
number of points is 5x  100y. He wants at least
1000 points, so the inequality 5x  100y  1000
represents the situation.
45. D  all reals, 46. D  all reals,
R  {y | y  4} R  {y | y  7}
g (x ) h (x )

O x

h (x )  |x  1|  7

g (x )  |x |  4

O x

107G Chapter 2 Additional Answers

47. D  all reals, 48. D  {x | x  1}, 14. g (x ) 15. h (x )
R  {y | y 0 or y  2} R  {y | y 5}
f (x ) g (x )
O x
O x
O O x g (x )  |x  2|
x

16. y 17. y
12 8

8 4 x 6
Page 105, Chapter 2 Practice Test y  10
4
4. y 5. y 4 O 4 8 12 x
8 x
6 4
8 4 O 4 8
4
2 4 8
O
8 6 4 2 2 4 6 8x O x
2
4
18. y 19. y
6 y  3x  3 2x  5  3y
8

Additional Answers for Chapter 2

y  4|x  1|
8. y 9. y O x

O x x
O

O x
y  3x  4 23. y 24. y
5
y  4x  2

x
10. y 11. y O x O

x  4
O x

O x
y  2x  5 25. y

12. f (x ) 13. f (x ) O x
4

f (x )  3x  1 2
O
O x 1  1 1 1 x
3 3
2

4

Chapter 2 Additional Answers 107H