University Of Zakho

College Of Engineering
Mechanical Department

Experiment No. (2)

Mechanical Lab

Heat Pump (Heating)

Name : Dilshad Sarbast Faisal

Stage : 4th Stage

Data Of Submitting: 26/10/2020

List Of Contents:
 Introduction
 Purpose
 Apparatus
 Theory
 Procedure
 Reading
 Calculation
 Diagram
 Discussion
 Reference

2
Introduction:
A heat pump is a mechanical device that transfers heat from one environmental
compartment to another, typically against a temperature gradient (i.e. from cool to
hot). In order to do this, an energy input is required: this may be mechanical,
electrical or thermal energy. In most modern heat pumps, electrical energy powers
a compressor, which drives a compression–expansion cycle of refrigerant fluid
between two heat exchangers: a cold evaporator and a warm condenser. The
efficiency, or coefficient of performance (COP), of a heat pump is defined as the
thermal output divided by the primary energy (electricity) input. The COP
decreases as the temperature difference between the cool heat source and the warm
heat sink increases. An efficient ground source heat pump (GSHP) may achieve a
COP of around 4. Heat pumps are ideal for exploiting low‐temperature
environmental heat sources: the air, surface waters or the ground. They can deliver
significant environmental (CO2) and cost savings.

3
Purpose:
1. Determining the coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump (heating).
2. Comparison between COP for a Carnot heat pump and heat pump system in heating
mode.

Apparatus:
The heat pump using working fluid (R134a) consist of the following parts
(See fig. (1)):
1. Reciprocating Compressor: compresses the vaporous working fluid from
evaporator pressure to condenser pressure.
2. Shell and Coil Condenser: reject heat at constant pressure to the water.
3. Sight glass: used to see working fluid state after heat rejection process.
4. Pressure gauge: used to measure condenser pressure.
5. Thermostatic expansion (throttling) valve: expands the liquid working fluid
at constant enthalpy process.
6. Shell and Coil Evaporator: absorbs heat from the low temperature
reservoir(water) at constant pressure.
7. Sight glass: used to see working fluid state after heat absorption process.
8. pressure gauge: used to measure evaporator pressure.

4
Theory:

The ideal refrigeration cycle shown in figure(2), includes the following processes:

The ideal refrigeration cycle shown in figure(2), includes the following processes:
1-2: Isentropic compression, s2= s1.
2-3: constant pressure heat rejection in the condenser.
3-4 : Throttling in the expansion valve, h3 =h 4.
4-1 : constant pressure heat addition in the evaporator.
The refrigeration effect (evaporator) may be calculated as follows:
ℜ=q evap=h1−h 4

Where:
h1 is the enthalpy at evaporator outlet (compressor inlet) at evaporator pressure, kJ/kg.

h 4is the enthalpy at evaporator inlet (expansion valve outlet) at evaporator pressure, kJ/kg.

The work added to the compressor, per unit mass, is

w=h 2−h1

Where h2 is the enthalpy at compressor outlet (condenser inlet) at condenser pressure, kJ/kg.
The rejected heat from the condenser is:
5
q cond=h2−h3

Where h3 is the enthalpy at condenser outlet, kJ/kg.

The coefficient of performance of the refrigeration system is:
q cond h2−h3
COP HP= =
w h2−h1

The Carnot COP of the heat pump is determined using the following:
TH
COPcor , HP=
T H −T L

Experimental Procedure:
1. Pour a measured quantity of water inside water reservoir so that the heat

exchanger (condenser) is completely immersed in water.

2. Run the unit by using the main switch of the electrical power.

3. Record the readings of the temperatures and pressures of the evaporator and

condenser at specified time.

4. Repeat the third step each 5 minutes until the readings become stable.

For last reading:

5. Draw p-h and T-s diagram.

6. Calculate refrigeration effect, RE.

7. Calculate work added to the compressor, w comp .

8. Calculate heat rejected q cond to the water.

9. Calculate the coefficient of performance for heat pump (heating), COP HP .

10. Calculate coefficient of performance for heat pump Carnot cycle, COP car, HP.

6
7
Reading:

8
 Calculation:
𝑃𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 = 0.15 𝑀𝑃a
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 1.37 𝑀𝑃a
From table saturated refrigerant (A-12) at 150 kPa(0.15Mpa)
P hg
239.16+ 241.11 140 239.16
h1 =hg → hg =
2 150 hg
160 241.11
KJ
h1 =240.135
Kg
From table saturated refrigerant (A-12) at 1.37Mpa P hf
127.22−117.77 hf −117.77 1.2 117.77
ℎ3 = ℎ4 = ℎ𝑓→ = 1.37 hf
1.4−1.2 1.37−1.2
1.4 127.22
h f =¿ 125.8025 kJ/kg

h3 = h 4 = 125.8025 kJ/kg

From table saturated refrigerant (A-12) at 150 kPa(0.15Mpa)

0.94456+0.94190
s g=
2 P sg
KJ 140 0.94456
𝑠𝑔 = 0.94323 .K 150 sg
Kg
160 0.94190
KJ
𝑠1 = 𝑠2 = 0.94323 .K
Kg

From table saturated refrigerant (A-12) at 1.37Mpa

P sf
1.2 0.42441
0.45315−0.42441 s f (3)−0.42441 sf (3)
= 1.37
1.4−1.2 1.37−1.2
1.4 0.45315
KJ
𝑠𝑓 = 0.448839 .K
Kg
KJ
s3=0.448839 .K
Kg

9
 KJ
Pcond =¿1.37 MPa from superheated table A-13 at ( s g=0.94323 .K )
Kg
At P=1.2Mpa

h s
0.9614−0.9267 0.94322−0.9267 278.27 0.9267
= h@ 1.2 Mpa 0.94322
289.64−278.27 h−278.27
289.64 0.9614
KJ
h=¿ 283.683
Kg
0.9733−0.9389 297.10−285.47 h s
=
0.94322−0.9389 h@ 1.4 Mpa−285.47 285.47 0.9389
h@ 1.4 Mpa 0.94322
KJ
h=286.93 297.10 0.9733
Kg

At Pcond =¿1.37 MPa

286.93−283.683 h2−283.683 P h
=
1.4−1.2 1.37−1.2 1.2 283.683
KJ 1.37 h2
h2 =286.443 1.4 286.93
Kg

From table saturated refrigerant (A-12) at 150 kPa(0.15Mpa) p at evap

27.08+31.21
h f at P(evap )= P hf
2
140 27.08
h f at P(evap)=29.145kJ/kg 150 h f @ P (evap)
160 31.21

h 4=h f @ P (evap) + x (h g (1) −hf @ P (evap ) ) and now we can calculate from this equation the value of
quality (x)
h4−hfat P (evap)
x=
h g(1 ,evap)−h fat P (evap)

125.8025−29.145
x=
240.135−29.145

10
x=0.4581

then we need to calculate the value of h4

From table saturated refrigerant (A-12) at 150 kPa (0.15Mpa) P@ evap

0.11087 +0.12693
sf @ P (evap )=
2 sf
P
sf @ P (evap )=0.1189 140 0.11087
150 sf @ P (evap )
s4 =sfat P(evap )+ x( s g (1=2) −s fat P (evap) ) 160 0.12693
s4 =0.1189+ 0.4581(0.94322−0.1189)
KJ
s4 =0.4965 .K
Kg

h1 =240.135 k J /kg h4 k J / kg
=125.8025

𝑅𝐸 = 𝑞𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝 = ℎ1 − ℎ4 RE= 240.135 − 125.8025

𝑅𝐸 = 114.33 𝑘𝐽 ⁄ 𝑘𝑔

h2 =¿ 286.443 kJ/kg h1 =240.135 k J /kg

w comp=h 2−h1 w comp = 286.443 – 240.135

w comp=¿ 46.3117 kJ/kg

h2 =¿ 286.443 kJ/kg h3 =¿ 125.8025 kJ/kg

q cond=h2−h3 q cond=¿ 286.443 – 125.8025

q cond=¿ 160.6405 kJ/kg

q cond h2−h3 160.6405

COP HP= = COP HP=
w h2−h1 46.308

COP HP=3.4689

11
 Tin,cond=329.25 k Tout.cond=316.15 k
329.25+316.15
T H=
2

T H =322.7 0 K

Tin,evap=270.35 k Tout,evap=277.05 k
T evap / ¿ +T evap /out 270.35+ 277.05
T L= T L=
2 2
T L =273.7 ⁰ K

TH
COPcor , HP=
T H −T L
T cond /¿ +T cond / out 329.25+316.15
T H= T H=
2 2

T H =322.7 0 K
TH 322.7
COPcor , HP= COPcor , HP=
T H −T L 322.7−273.7

COPcor , HP=6.58

q cond h2−h3 160.6405

COP HP= = COP HP=
w h2−h1 46.308

COP HP=3.46

Result:
No. Time wevap qcond RE COPHP COPcar,HP TL TH

1 5 34.98 174.78 139.80 5 8.74 275.70 311.30

2 10 38.25 172.04 133.79 4.5 7.95 275.30 314.90
3 15 39.61 169.74 130.13 4.29 7.66 275.20 316.50

12
4 20 41.95 165.81 123.86 3.95 7.08 274.15 319.25
5 25 43.43 162.99 119.56 3.75 6.87 274.05 320.75
6 30 46.308 160.64 114.33 3.46 6.58 273.70 322.70

Diagram:

p-h diagram

kJ
h3=125.8025
kg
pcond=1.37Mpa
kJ
h2=286.443
kg

Pevap=0.15
Mpa
kJ kJ
h4=125.8025 h1=240.135 kg
kg

T-S diagram

S2=0.94323
kJ
kg . k
T=329.25 K

13
 T=270.35
K
S3= 0.448839
kJ
kg . k kJ
S1=0.94323 kg . k
T=277.05 K
T=316.15K
S4=0.4965
Discussion: J
kg . k
Q1/ What are the types of heat pumps? Explain them.

Ans/ Air Source

Inexpensive to install and commonly used, air source heat pumps function well in moderate
climates, using outside air as a medium for heat exchange.
Water Source
Water source heat pumps dissipate heat by way of water instead of air. They require well, lake,
or other water source access, and aren’t as common.
Ground Source
Ground source or geothermal heat pumps take advantage of thermal energy stored underground,
transferring heat in a similar manner to air source heat pumps. Due to the constant temperature of
the ground, they offer much more efficient operation, however installation is pricier and more
complicated due to the need for excavation and installation of underground piping.
Hybrid Heat Pump
In climates that run the gamut from very warm in the summer to very cold in the winter, two
types of hybrid systems are available to boost efficiency…
Ground & air source heat pump combos, with air source systems leading the way when air is
warm outside, but switching to ground source when temperatures drop.
Heat pump and gas/oil boiler combo, where simultaneous operation can offer more consistent
warmth at a higher level of efficiency. (Commonly used in homes with existing boiler systems.)
Solar Heat Pump
Used in conjunction with air and geothermal heat pumps, solar heat pumps integrate solar panels
as a power supply for the system. With a solar geothermal setup, it is therefore possible to
heat/cool your entire home by renewable energy.

14
Absorption or Gas-Fired Heat Pump
Driven by another heat source other than electricity (solar/geothermal/gas), these systems are
more typical to industrial applications.

Q2/ What is the relationship between COP of system and time when system starts
in steady state?
Ans/The time effect on COP When we do the excrement because we need a lot of time to reach
steady state but if we say our system in steady state that mean the time will not affect to COP
because we already in steady state.

Q3\What are error sources occur in this experiment and how to reduce them?
Ans/ time is very important for this experiment for this reason we need more time to reach the
device to steady state and take reading more accurate and device maybe error inside it then for
reduce this error we need wait more 5 minutes before we take last reading or a new device.

Q4/ what is the relationship between pressure of evaporator and COPHP, then
pressure of condenser and COPHP?
Ans/ Form this equation: [COPHP = 1 + COPR] I assumed that the COPHP are directly
proportional with COPR that mean when evaporator pressure increase COP will increase, and
when condenser pressure decrease the COP will increase.

Q5/ What is the difference between the heat engine and heat pump?
Ans/Heat engine converts heat energy into mechanical energy while a heat pump (or refrigerator)
transfers heat from cold body to hot body.
The heat pump is a device the removes the heat by doing mechanical work. eg. refrigerator. Thus
refrigerator is a heat pump.

Q6/ compare between COPref and COPhp. Discuss the difference between them with
calculation.
Ans/ [COP]H.P. = 1 + [COP]ref Therefore, A refrigerator is a device, which operates in a cycle and
maintains the temperature a particular body lower than the surrounding temperature. And in heat
pump, the desired effect is to maintain temperature of the body B more than the surrounding
temperature.

Note:

15
I have one note from the end of this experiment the our result that Obtained from
experiment it isn’t 100% true because when we take reading the device is not in
steady state so that this number obtained isn’t true special when we use this
resultant to determine enthalpy and entropy from the R134 chart.

Reference:
 https://www.careerride.com/mchoice/relation-between-cop-of-
heat-pump-cop-of-refrigerator-thermodynamics-
 topperlearning.com/answer/what-is-the-difference-between-a-heat-
pump-a-refigrator-and-a-heat-engine/se0e8paa
 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Effect-of-evaporator-
temperature-pressure-on-COP-at-a-constant-area-ratio-
generator_fig2_269977581
 https://www.delcohvac.com/blog/types-of-heat-pumps/

16