Material Balancing Ago 2021 B

UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE COAHUILA
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUIMICAS

INGENIERIA QUIMICA
PROCESS
SYNTHESIS
PhD. MARIA MAURA TELLEZ ROSAS

2021
MATERIAL BALANCING
AND
SPECÍES ALLOCATION
SYNTHESIS OF MATERIAL FLOW
The analysis of material flow through an existing processing
plan is a passive activity, which merely identifies more
accurately the quantitative features of the process. The
synthesis of the material flow that ought to exist in a process is
a creative activity leading to processing plans which may not
have existed before. Synthesis is the end to which we must
direct our skill in material balancing.
Exercise 6
Sulfur Dioxide by Direct Oxidation.
Sulfur dioxide often is manufactured by the direct oxidation
of sulfur:
S + O2 SO2
However, to maintain a reasonably low temperature in the
burner, sufficient amounts of cool and inert gas must dilute
the oxygen before it is fed to the burner. The oxygen
mixture should be about 70 mole per cent inert and 30 per
cent oxygen.
What species allocations suggest themselves by the use
of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide as the diluent gases? Air is
to be used as the source of oxygen.
Exercise 7
Ethyl Acetate from Ethanol.
Ethyl acetate, a common commercial solvent, can be
manufactured from ethanol (ethyl alcohol) by a two-step reaction
path.
The first reaction is the controlled partíal oxidation of ethanol to
acetic acid and water. In the second reaction, the acetic acid is
reacted with additional ethanol to form ethyl acetate and water.
The reaction conditions are fixed rigidly to focus attention on
species allocations; in practice, the engineer might exploit
flexibility in the reaction conditions and conversions.
Reaction l. Oxidation of Ethanol
C2H5OH + O2 CH3COOH + H2O
Conditions: high pressure, vapor phase, reaction over

catalyst. At least 50 mole per cent nitrogen needed in
feed as diluent. Prohibited in feed is ethyl acetate. Water
is allowed. Oxygen must be in a 20 per cent excess of the
stoichiometric amount to completely consume the
ethanol.
Reaction 2. Esterification
C2H5OOH + CH3COOH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
Conditions: reaction occurs in solution at ambient

conditions, at a conversion of 60 per cent. Oxygen is
prohibited in feed. Water and nitrogen are allowed
contaminants.
Exercise 8
A drug (D) is produced in a three-stage extraction from the leaves
of a tropical plant. About 1000 kg of leaf is required to produce 1
kg of the drug. The extraction solvent (S) is a mixture containing
16.5 wt% ethanol (E) and the balance water (W). The following
process is carried out to extract the drug and recover the solvent.
A mixing tank is charged with 3300 kg of S and 620 kg of leaf. The
mixer contents are stirred for several hours, during which a
portion of the drug contained in the leaf goes into solution.
The contents of the mixer are then discharged through a filter. The
liquid filtrate, which carries over roughly 1% of the leaf fed to the
mixer, is pumped to a holding tank, and the solid cake (spent leaf
and entrained liquid) is sent to a second mixer. The entrained
liquid has the same composition as the filtrate and a mass equal
to 15% of the mass of liquid charged to the mixer.
The extracted drug has a negligible effect on the total mass and
volume of the spent leaf and the filtrate.
The second mixer is charged with the spent leaf from the first mixer
and with the filtrate from the previous batch in the third mixer. The
leaf is extracted for several more hours, and the contents of the
mixer are then discharged to a second filter. The filtrate, which
contains 1% of the leaf fed to the second mixer, is pumped to the
same holding tank that received the filtrate from the first mixer, and
the solid cake—spent leaf and entrained liquid—is sent to the third
mixer. The entrained liquid mass is 15% of the mass of liquid
charged to the second mixer.
The third mixer is charged with the spent leaf from the second mixer
and with 2720 kg of solvent S. The mixer contents are filtered; the
filtrate, which contains 1% of the leaf fed to the third mixer, is
recycled to the second mixer; and the solid cake is discarded.
As before, the mass of the entrained liquid in the solid cake is 15%
of the mass of liquid charged to the mixer. The contents of the
filtrate holding tank are filtered to remove the carried-over spent
leaf, and the wet cake is pressed to recover entrained liquid, which
is combined with the filtrate. A negligible amount of liquid remains in
the wet cake. The filtrate, which contains D, E, and W, is pumped to
an extraction unit (another mixer).
In the extraction unit, the alcohol–water–drug solution is contacted
with another solvent (F), which is almost but not completely
immiscible with ethanol and water. Essentially all of the drug (D) is
extracted into the second solvent, from which it is eventually
separated by a process of no concern in this problem. Some
ethanol but no water is also contained in the extract. The solution
from which the drug has been extracted (the raffinate ) contains
13.0 wt% E, 1.5% F, and 85.5%W.
It is fed to a stripping column for recovery of the ethanol. The feeds
to the stripping column are the solution just described and steam.
The two streams are fed in a ratio such that the overhead product
stream from the column contains 20.0 wt% E and 2.6% F, and the
bottom product stream contains 1.3 wt% E and the balanceW.
Draw and label a flowchart of the process, taking as a basis one
batch of leaf processed. Then calculate the masses of the
components of the filtrate holding tank. the masses of the
components D and E in the extract stream leaving the extraction
unit the mass of steam fed to the stripping column, and the masses
of the column overhead and bottoms products

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UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE COAHUILA

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS QUIMICAS

PhD. MARIA MAURA TELLEZ ROSAS

C2H5OH + O2 CH3COOH + H2O

Conditions: high pressure, vapor phase, reaction over

C2H5OOH + CH3COOH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

Conditions: reaction occurs in solution at ambient

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