CS 6101_- CRYPTOGRAPHY AND NETHORK SECURITY UNIT T. - (INTRODUCTION & NUMBER THEORY Services , Mechanisms and atfrcles Lie Oot Securt anchitecloe -| velwerk eeuaihy Malcl ~ classical Erenyrton “ecbriquos Sporotric Cipha. ron | aubstihalto techniquos ) Transposon tochntays0s Stegnogragh) FINITE FIELAS AND NUMBER THEORY ! Groups , Rings, Fiolds + Nodulax asttfimehio - Euclel's Algonttin- Finite Fields - Totgpersal Attics -! Fimo Numbas ~ fesanl’s ard fuler's ‘Teme ~ | Testing fox prtveality L Tho cite Remainder Theorem - Discrete Lege, | UNIT L - BLOCK CIPHERS § PUBLIC KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY Paka Eoxnloo Stanand Black Cho. Pietlon~ Block | Giha. todos af Operalton | Advanced Eromptton Stardaxd (AEs) ~ Triple DES ~ Bloofesh - Ros oe Public. Koy | Cryebgeaphy : | Fethetples 4 nue toy cayposytams| The a algositfun — Key Maragorant + iene Heltean Key Erehame’ FlUphte cuwo asttimetic- ElUtte curve eoyrtoys aphy UNUT i - HASH FUNCTIONS AND DIGITAL SlgNATURES ; | Audforticectton requtrement + Authonttedtton Renclten |- MAC - | Hoh Functton Sealy q tosh tuncton'and MAc?=Mins ~ SHA! | | HMAG - CMAG ‘ nigital Sinature ard aucliantiertion probeeolel + | | B8le Gamal - Shovw ,UNIT- \v GECURITY PRACTICE @ SYSTEM SECURITY Audhenticerlion applications - Keakoros }-%:509 Accthanbiccrlion | seavicos |- Tntenek Firewalls yx Trusted Qysterm 4 Roles es of Firowalls - | Haul ralaked sontecagy | “Typos of Frac - Froud designs | SET for’ F-tommerce Teansachons\ Int de- dni Petoclon store | Virus and ebtel threats — Countermeasures -) Firawcalls design prindtples - Trusted Cyptoms - Prackial tenplamantelan of “opel, oat “uniy D - EWA 20 @ Wes secuRTy eral SocwSty | amine Sowicos fev E-mail abtocks posstblo | toch | E-mail | Establishing “t rom Acctfen aon of io. | Sow - Nos “otegatly - Nop Repudiadtton L Ply Gecee\ Prvecy (Pee) - | Sloe e seanihy * «Ove via a a soot = IPlard LP v4 | ‘Rolando Hood. Fpcapsuladny” Seay Rafond (esr) Votundt Ko Exchange (tras que TSAKMP(TKE Encabind) . | Wid Gousity + 954 | (tLe Basic € Probe | oxopatiy ‘Ya hoy - Chest aucthontiection — ~ Fd oa ceplogel by SSL Macks xed to 3+ | Peportabity - Eceing ~ Grane Heckooic Tranadnn (St) -| UNIT T -INTRoDUCTION @ NUMBER THEORY 4 dolwduction | | Tu choos ard communledions Links rqriver measuics | ty: puotaek. abo. Aang tetany | ® mata_Sousi | Te Bee erence @ Shy 4 weliods ob precing dake. fur uraufforzel discloaue £ tnedifiatwo, W redo. @ Inloarirtion cccusthy ¢ Tk % abad enabling collelowticn ichtle raven ing gisk wtf. an aaperch “Wot talancs availability Vous, con anki | of doko . | Compuber Scoutity » | Gencic pame for tha ccllechon of tools dosigned to | prokeck data ard to Vhucart fickoss . w Nola ke Geeussly » : Neasuses ty patteck dota dusteg Hots Hansmisvon , W Tbourat_Soeusily Moasuies ty protec data Ausing “thet transmission | | | ova ee 3 itercooneckedl rekvoorka « * Nead : In oe te avoid sccusthy videtions - ooo of *Kem ON) = Us A tranmils a sensitiv fafoamation file ty usr BR. ‘tte unacckosised usor 0 8 able ty monitor te Laansmixsion and capiwe a copy ¢ Fe file dusing Its transmission ,| Gphortox + back + plaintor 4 Maing > A mesage & cork fiom a custome Joa ebehi with indauchions for vaslous transactions . Arbsqquanty oth investments Jose Value and tfa customon danics sanding the 1: ' > whele Pranawstfteg fio massaga bho two users the uinauctortzed uso, vntercopls “Vo mosage » allkews its. cooker, 3 add ov delcko optsios , and) then forwards {fa moisage ty + destination usor. * Teaminology | Q) Coyebogsaphy The , proces q converting a pltntert toto ciphortoxt and then rotten forming rok morsage back 4p plaintext . ( Platotoxt : . The original message . OO Ceghaukext > The beantfor mad mosage priduced as oukpub © Df doperds on plaintext & hoy. W Ciphar +» fy algosttim fos Lransfonwing plazoto xt into ctghar tort . ; w ‘op \ Some. ertieal) informechion acd by Yfe cipho, Known only to Me cord & vocoivon . Wa Epetphor (encode) + Tho procens converting a Plaintoxt to phorboxt ting a cipha Qa toy. VU) Doct phon. (decode) + Tho prau of converting a a Cipkr ga feyTho shdy af princt ples & elias 1) Cuptanaly ais ck ty plain toxt | ff twainsfosming an dpha tert pa | | yithow “tte foousledge qf re tay « Alyo celled “code bralog | [ coutly, Gaal | ey Confideartiali | a ty 4 Ww) Avaslabibity. | CONFIDENTIALITY Bee refers to Uiwiting nfoxrratton acces and | gradloowe to aulforizad wor and poverting accow by oF disdosue + unarclrorized ores « consitive infowrnation should ba kopt Sook. from individuals who ai pot audhowtzed to xo fo informacion | INTEGRITY TE volo ty fo taut worthtnon 4 \nfprmation rosounces . TE ensuses that information pot changed ox alkmod in tvansit . | AVAWLABILITY ‘UH means that poople cho ose authorized 4 uso inhpimetion arc pot proveoted {roi doing $0.| > X Boo dobines a socutty sola asa cervico protded by a partoeal tayor 4 commmuntcatieg open. Gystems | hich ensues adequate saeuaitly of to ayotoms « | =X 800 divides Seuss Grvier toto five calepyies | © Aerfontieation a) Accoxs Conto? GW dala Confidentiality W) Mla “nteg ty W) Non- repudiation . © AUTHENTICATION + a Th ie Re proc 4 dekerrsining uholbes gomoone. — gorshing & , in fock , who o¥ what a is dedared b bo. Authentication 8s co mwconly dona Vhacugh tho wa gin passwords . | = Two opecitic authenticate caves aro apie in % S00 ‘> Poor entity Authentication wed tr axsoctation | with a legial conrection tp provide confidance 0 “fo, Wootity a fe ontition connected . %S tata Origin Audfentication does pot provide ee apetnat sha duplication ov modificadion of} dota units. :| W AccEas CONTROL ; | rb he ability to Limit and contra te | acces tv oct aystems € applications via communiation | Rinks « | > This outer contwls who can haw aces | fo a Tosure . | (WW) DATA CONFIDENTIALITY : | > Ut & the Concealment Of Inuemation ov | yosourcas . UE 2s he probection vanamitted dala from pamive attacks . = Tk & clawitied as ' ue Connaction confidarrabty : Tho protection of all wo dala én a copneckion . & Copnacontoe confidentiality The pwtechion a wer data toa single data block . & Edloctine Field confjcanhaly ‘Tho confidentiality Of alocted {cds within the wer dala on a coonection (oi) in a aide data lsleck & Traltie ftovo Cenfidan ality + The pactection Ao iWoumation fab | rwigrt bo doxined for of svation traf flows . |W DATA antegeiTy : 7A ray apply to a Gream mavages , a sgl morsage ov wloched fields within o Mostege=> Medificalion causes {oss ct — “Unbeyly . dala Integrity can be clasified as | & Conracttto inkeqtity wat necorerd GS Coorechion inbegalty witfiad recov | & Gdecfive Field connectton Tokay 4 Coorwelnnles “Lotegrity G Gloctive field ccnnachonloss Lnkegity « w NON -REPUDIATION + | > Ut provrta ctthor andor ox recoiver fore | denying a bransmited mooge . | F When a trorsage £5 donk Hho srecsiveA aan pHDve. | trot fe alleged gender in Pact eonk iho Mewago . > Kho a morsage & Yeodived , to Sender can Pre Vol He aller) eairo in fack rmcatrad fie. mozeqe *Mechaniow. Space Seousity mochan\ame Pervasive Srewslty Trechonisin . Ls Shoctfie Secunthy Mechanism + u ray bo incor porated tot The. apprprials preted foyer tp orda to provide. come f tho ost Seousitty eovicas.(D Encipherrant \ The use of malicmaticn) algorilims to | transfers data into a fore hak 2s pot vead ity inkelgbe Digital’ eigneen . | Paka appended tp, or a cryphograrhic transfor mation 4 1a dala unit at allows a ‘roerptont Ly hie dota unit ty prve the aurea '% lotegraity te | data anit t protect agatasl ger: | te) Accor Cont yl Sf A varioly of ra machaniens thot enforce ‘acces agra tor sos cos. @ dala. In yeh : Hh cat A vasioly cf inor mation mochanigms used | b ensue To inlean ty qo data unik ov clroam of dota usits « © Accthontication Exehange : A mechanism intended to ensue tho | Wontily fan entity by moans 4 ‘erising exchange , YY) Tralf ic Padding. ‘ ' Tho insertion q bits foto gaps in a data streams f frustyake traffic analysis atfompls - ® Nola tization ‘Tho use 4 a. inuted “thixd pay to swe Certain properties of a data exchangeWs Pervasive Soousity Mechanisms + Mechanisms ‘hat aro pot specific bo any partial ost Seoustly orice ov protocol Sower . 2 Trusted ‘hockenality : That & percatved to bo eos rock with smeared. to eve cnifora., W Event dobechvn + Debection 1 coousity rolarank oyonts - @" Secusity lobol The reskg hound to rosourco. that hamos 08 designates ie coounify atti butos Hot wesowire . (ay ay Recover: © Did cath. mua, fiom ‘mochanisms; such as erent andi @ maragermant pinctons @ tahod faced actions . K Bavthy _Aldacks Macks ¢ Computer based oho, Have ih Valuahle “Oorepononts ss H[v ; -8[00 te -dada Booustios Those Compandtts Gia evaluated ip tosmna (diab Hes, on al oll. Bore G Fem are C8” flows !> Awol + & Avel means people , propsy & information . Gy People tray Include emplayens , cushions, - Lr Propark auok ooniat of both. tangible % intangible iboms ‘ek can be assigned o Value. poly ‘Infos ipahon trasy Include DB, slw code,--- > Vulnoatility Gu yolas to fe eeunity flaw e in a. Gpstom that allows analfask fo be! axceemful » ° & Testing for vullroxabilities 3 sofa Fox mainkaintng ongerg sucusi ty 5 ollsing fo people vaponsibilities fox ite Socustty of one's, resources to Tespond effectively to naw dangers as fog axkse « > Thieal GT TYre tp a, sous co tres fa parbieulas type of attack; v Tanks come to many “fori Aopanliing on ‘Ahety mole, 4 obfack Fiom Weuses trojans , 7 Spyware & bots, thacals have evelved toto ‘serubeale enya totonded b> harm compas > Rink : 4 Hab" Bn rifeudltan of owsels seats" @ Wnaabiliies. Ge) , : Re A¥T4v,> Contol : LUE ts ap action, devieo , procdise oF bechne, 4Rak sremevos - ox. x rablucos sete rig Aebive of ie D 2 freed ‘ wa Ge denial of Passe Hacky poledsa” if wrouage Corks Froftio: Analysis . _* Pasaive aprace. Ly TE alfainptar ty leatn or ial wwe ¢ Info vneetics Prono), fo ayatem. oak Bow, nok. ajfert * ayabom POSTURCOS , SG tha! alfickon’ afma'te obkarn tolamnadion' pak i, to transit’. The tom pasive thdzeabes tat fo offacker Anos not adfempls “fp gaiform any rocdlifteations “+o “a dala. wv oo oh, Mawaqe Contant ata: REI © Fend conor G mnsxage Freo Opponank | eaadas sto Roéoive] ee iG »! Gendoy 7 “ o0hg I vol! Sp ee Sanh Pal a and a bransfoxsed file Troy colar Sept (@) conf da infbsman | yoo opould. Like ,to. provenk- opponent fom Henan cg the trantairsig Content . siThalfie Analyers + Rit Tobsave patter of wosag rom orelo to eat g Tl ae Tg Gondor Roceiver. Mask ‘tic.’ Contents i momage , So ‘rat opponants cout not oxtrack tha ‘nforrradoo from fe mnouage . Enayptrop 2s wed Bx masking. : Ka [Note]: Pawive Attacks axe voy difpiaedlt to dabock poeause “thoy Ao not. ‘gp ‘any dala alterahn , , * serve “AvTAcKe | Ls Uk involves oma eae 6 the data trea or “fhe creation qa a false Stream, Thos atfocks cay oo be provantad coal. : ‘ wo Masquerade 7 1,] Oppawoe * [Mowage from et tok apponia to be Prom condor] 12 Gen Rockivox QE tahos glace uber one ankily probands to be oo dasfeaot, _eokiky « apa attacks aso called as Tasqptiada allacks . :CH) Replay ° Leapise mesage Soro ] " 3 Te conde to Teccivr | lobe oppenan replay Wows age. to Tattle | 1 pas Gerda Rocoivor VU invdves the _ pausive caphuo 44 data unit and Hs Subsequent eres fo produce an ‘unautfiorizad ded 1) Modification ¢ Mewae : L Opponent rocdifias metiag: : "ete + Brom sardes, fo Receive] ;2—~Gas=- og te ty Tk tvelves come change fo “fhe ong! message - Tk produces an unauhiorized effeck W Dental _of Sauteo : opponent: [piers rs 2 Te a 4 & Fabiteation comes pos altacks . \ Another form is disruption of entire N)i0, ether by Ksabling the nehoowk os by sais it wthmessages 80 ax to Aeqradea parfermance . The first tye Dos attacks wow ingle source adfachs , rod a Single ee wos used tp “cdtack anol ayotom ant cauue somali & Otho ager b tae : =) abn flood . >| Gotvan~, TARGET a0uRCE GyaTEM eyaTeM Passive aTTAck. 7: | _Aetive armact WU Bw ‘he rokuan ¢ wv i rove, some rool ttadien covepdsoppieg | oD, ov qe 4 ffo dala ctreare ov fhe a, bammixcons ” ! create fa tale strom. | | | w Types Rikase : ‘menage bw “ype: Masquowocle , content Gi traffic ails. Modification of mosap @ Dos. 1 © vous dzptieult: todalect: 1s) ©) tary te doteck - W Te dros not abtack@) | WT afficts ta ayehm. alfget “fa ajoten, a+ Mao — ‘nfo Middle Affack « Ve an attack , in which an attacko j able fo wed, insol © roodtfy mrowsages b|vo shor pasty, without etdhr panty knowing tat tfo Unk blo ther has feon cerpramist) ' syot JG U woy indude ope oF Toowe. of é 7 ow cavsdacpping . G) Checon clphatfoxt Attack | w) Bubstihdtivn Meta Ww Poplay Packs Dos | Attacks, * 081 Socustty Architechue + TE focuser on socusity abtack: , Fs @ Sorte . sof A OSL Secusily [ 4 Axchibechwa j ee pte Any acho sfhak compromises the infor mateo socusity, : 4 : Socunthy Aitack : Gecusily Vechanlan 4 procoHs Hab Bs dasrgnal to datos, Provert OF macD ret frm a ei yack Scousihy Guia A Process! ng OF Communication cower ok eRances “tha soouily’ of a data PRR ng ayatem| ‘Applicadivr) ror sh oc Pi ¢ : _ 7 foot Fibeediclabde Applicaton Lay ale TF | NTTP, DNS MTP, "TTP, oxa,oure, | ~ peraPar mebefl-ETP., cramp, Popg| FTP ane, POPS, | 5 ae rye ee 6SL, TLS, i en i ; — ae Crnp- Crellerge Transport ayo h acid ae vp ree! gp are SP 3 phen | OPEN | ot asst ching layer : ; withing laur| 4: iat do 64 ater PAP P a sad , e j (00 aro. Rea oP oh a oy. ~ Seep Slt Nekwork fauyon ECP.cHAP 4 vane, , TS -TL teat for aig ee] Physical Transriss ior na ee te Phuyctoal_tovjor : SM Hfis layor, Ha socunitty framawosk protocks the ble plant , the woising @ folocommuniadtuos inhastruchwo - The physiol layer te proheehal by wedundant power and woAN connection . TE also maxns protecting fo. physical Ho, “+ Prolecking fe plysteal toyer entatli beaks, aloams on onbyancs , climalo cootwls @ aceen + data conto. W. Dataltok & No layers : AL the datallink & Nho layne, He cocust Pramercosk probe cha Sapte wt a numbar 4 tochnologios :© VPNs protoek infeersodion by encrypting it ard * Gerding ik Hengh encrypbod bunnals though. Tabor gy The tobouok . * ; , W NiDs Cho Trbnuicn Dobockin Septons) “eakch dogg, i Flowing oYOL te wires tohang Pr pit atraam palens ffl Could tndicale. aback, Ov walictous tobent.. Wr Host Istnesten Dolochon ajstons rooni by bi Shrauna, : : e entustrg “fa. host rochinas at tha leo Tolar Cosd-(Wad) p,.) ‘ aio teokitng fov Suspteous pottans. : ~ a. Nebooske & ‘Tuansport Tawjors i > OM te Nin @ Transpenk Nasjon oie coowity, (aman si vues froballs ty do _Skatahl Ynapoction GF pockets “enkoug & Leasing to. Niw- 4 oa sq sldion > Routous , using Accors Oonbrol fists (ACL) filha ep addion p Prterenking tragpie ‘Lyon “pg ystems tot hove Oho aad for tk, ee * AE to Mo @ transport tojen | >Fo altachiarks ty Decking ov Vins Saoning sho Maxaaicg Packals euch ay e-mash , embeded viruses or moalrerous Coda.i. Sesion , Presentation § Appltexlten_foyors : > At Roe Jaspus , to accusihy framorcomk C3 nuns of elniys @ tb canoe op. F Bro of Haw techniquas ara policies for system Renapprent 2uch ax, fedening fo, 08 yhaaping patch Sovols and 08 revisions wp to dale , mung § yori. only fa, carvicas rooded 4b Seppe Ro Sutras pros & tale i, ah otfon. press , dhe . V- Presantalen @ Applicakwy logs» Ver Mt Hee Mayors 1 the coaustty Framacork odtlizas | usar account manogoront,. Eo contre? acco tp the Nlw , aystoms : > Th saath Prama,potk ee on ayctom Ors, be contre acco ty thaty Machines , wl administrators to marge sox necors to fats Nios g applicatton managers eile as DBA f> qarknl acces to appligshons @ dake . -B™ fost Intrumn’ Sotectton ayesha ‘tatD5) , achive i tne fox lovely fa. reo, eovek jot fase loys te | umboh “for charpps +e crttial eystam Files, ‘thos eysbom tahorow. “rok might irditale an atfackr ying to grt contre of tho sister oo eouust ty framaxotk carn ale control sor acco contsally using a ‘role [Rule -Pasod Access Contyol (REAC) ongine , fiat uses a divectory sich os LDAP. PKI digital astificates con fo wed,A trowage 18 to bo transfered from Sowa tp Bostinalion acwas are sort of Intosnol. pote Ho stlos mn, coopaale for tho data exchange . SK tapiead ifptmeton chan charnd) B ertalbleshed toy dehy Q@ vwulo ‘fiough fo wtornol: From_aotace ty dostinali, | Ga te jochntgics fox provalan accuscty ‘fave fee | Componants | om eccuaty volated brauforadtien on ho infor maken & bo sont. ® amo coot tnformalnn —shatod 5 tooo puipeiples, it 2 dara punknovor hy te oppronk . Tuusbed Third Fox& CLASSICAL “ENCRYPTION TECHNIQUES + Te (Bipomabrie Oras Noel | Bibstitubon ‘Techniques , 7S . oes Transposition “Techniqhas , Geqnesraphi) + cyorcbte ihn Nl & This twoddl has five ingscbants * G Plointext is the origina) massago oF data Wak is fed toh 00 allgorttin ox inpu. . w Foo pon Agari tapos vasinus + aubukthbos & transformations on tho Gant iyir f <= UW Soerak. toy Bo valaa indepondest f' a plaintext & te algesttm, CM) Cephos text ts tho eearbled “neways produced os tubput . Ut dapord of a plaankat & so cack hoy. a W deenpten Aguuitfin takos tie ecphakoxt @- the goer I @ produas tho omyinal platotort . * The prvcers of roanipslahng mosages to make foro socwe 2s called cay phagresphy = the objective 1 3 to dowtar. an enexyphron “edatgie. % Wok TL wall be very digheull fo an i trathonized poy to understand fe contonts of the caphartert > The wo can recom “fo. onginal Wosage only by Aeouphng tic, @phortoxt uring (Wo Soak hey,a ; Frcuy pttoo Ag ovitfirn| + Model of ccnvontional) Cryphoeystem 7) cic whoo a , Yo ~ cephortexd - Ge - Eno elton Agoatfin K~ ene phin Koy x ~ nenpt ao thea, ocd movage [-plazotoxt ‘pita 1 Beesphvn Agorittine | oS Dees pion ia 3s Ciphokert ; ~ Chasacheutstios of ( A eth ay & The | tipo ¢ opesat tons wad fox Erameforntig plaintert 4" Cephostext ; ‘> The nbs ef hays ued. + The way (0 Rich tio plaiotert 2s proconad* Substitution Techniques : sen SS Gubstihadion —caplaen changos chasactors wy {ho plainke xt 4o pratico ax ciphatest . ; & B a fochniquo in-chich fio lettors f Plintoxt. are -roplacad by olfids. lolfors ov by Numbors | eyeT+ Cacsax Cipher * TH ia a Special are of subettifon techniques whawtn ach alphabet in Metage ta ‘replaced by an allphabot tfsco placs down thie Lene. For 9) Plazntext — Hello world Ciphostort — KHOoR ZRUOG Minabedepghtjtimrorareravergr CHAD ELE GHZ T KL MNO PleRETUVURYZ ABC Numerie) cxuivalont to each Jott is as Follows I AHO op bOL pore Zoe? od > For cach plaiotoct lelfa P, eubstihue caphortert lettor Co ' c=. &8,P) =(P43) tod a6, 4 ty ny on 8 fo, ae algort a i Coch e) aa =(PHR) Mod 26 , het KX anges fmm | tas, re a Decusphine olyostiim 2s P= Dly,c) = Cex) mad 2¢ Domesits + > Encayptton g mm cuyphon algorbiens ave known > ondy 9 ead | top gtoitny. => Easily mecogmizable . ooV- Monoalphabokic Cephos : Subtituhes ona let of, tho aliphobes. with anctier lelter cf {fo alphabo! . Reina be des ght {kSmnopgret wv we YZ Gm mrAbverzaadeghikipotugt reed Faq) Plain text Mossare. \ hello ow are You Caphortest Menage a.0g4 k aky moc wy fi. Plated Cipha LE & based on tha we 4 BX5 trabas of dottos conetmucted using Kogoord Fox &q) Plointert 1 St0ARAT IS MY BIRTH RIGHT Kayword MONARCHY . —+ aus dn} MJ Orpen A [etic Pal NU yo ec] w hyefie] D> e fe [a fais] « CG er te | atl Lea als Trask , opltt' the plistoxt tno Auaphs Poastext + Swol AR} As. tL MY] Biler| nelial wr. Cxhorfext : QX NA XB BS NC AG ZK Bo GF DP TP Game wo > tmadiake gh] ht sue Acoso + tonalFQ) © Wide he gold tn fe tra shunp- | Play pate @ wo are diceovred . exw Ce | Pease Ws Wil_epha : {> Tk, takes mo cuccowte ‘plaintost lelfes ard [ Substituos foo thom ro ctphorhoxt leffors, Leach chasanter te ami gral & numerical value os G0 bal z= ab. Cle (en Prt hn P2 +a P3) mod 96 C2 = (kar Pr t Koo Po + Kas Ps.) Wood 2.6 C3. (kaiP) + Kan Po + Kaa P3') toed 26 , > Those, Linear euahns can be weproxnbed as: {i Biginhnds: K GPT Roby Or |}, © {kor Kan, Koa | | Pa '| ined 26 cs kar Kaa Kaa] | Ps coho C> Cpha, text & Pe a) K> 3x8 thabvix 4 toy for €q) “Plaintext or Pay be tote Nerey tog of ot t@ af 2. aOD Ciphestert & Planted axe column vechxe fy length 2 c= KP ted 96 a(t 15 : or ge ai} | o wnod 26 > 2 a Oh 335 n i &19 tod 26 => ta ae wu oe 1 g « Pointext => Phy Mise. Nenay Cigar taxt > INS HDLE WMTRO | c= (KP) = KP md 2. P= o(k,p) = Kile mod 26. Vv: Polualphatctic Cubstittton ' & Each ocawence aI a chasacler have Se fferont gubkitutc:. The welahinhee Blo a chaacher in ‘He plaintes! io'a checks fo the otphalert $s one to mang.” Fp wep cote & The Vigenero aiphor ¥chonses a eagptepce ct kup, ‘represented bya olny. Tho Selo axe applicd fo Guccewtve plaintext chaachur , and wofien the ond fe vey B veadhed | Aart cyor >! 5 Plantert + “the Boy has the Bag fay ye,[ | Hp PlipText OPK WW CLY OPK WIM . Vi. Oro Tima fad + & The string is thosen at random © attest as long “us the mosage , go it does nt Topeak. Vernar Cipher user one time pad. Fa) Potntext ° .come { ' ‘4 Le t NCBT™ZQ ARX. Plo&nText. a Mac! longi: s " lg Whe rotate! stel__Ciphor ' a \ The UP b te conn adgoatin ann a Batra block o. fongtt. dw bits ard @ key &. Ly The plaintext lock L divided into 2 hesbees mek as Lele Us) gq Rapttt (Re).Y ' ' ' De 1 ' ! \ io G& Pasamotou 4 Block Aiz2 Fut Shoo enexygio | Daceg pron ath case ef rally (ener Gag] be? FF og y PlaipTent (aw Bits)= Connie, tho -Evaiyptron pray , , © REIS RE w= Ley & F URES Ke) => On te lads pion. Side) LBj = Rdg = LEQ ie REys ROL = Eps x FE CRD, Kye) = REY KE (RES , Kis) : [Les xF Cees Kw) K FCRE:s Ki) Ld = Res & RD, = Lee. thesation of tho encryption algorithm , Ler = Ree, Ree = Lee, XF CREp sake) #& Transposition Techefqyas : \ re Teassangos the Chasochoer in thie plintext to form tho ciphotoxt the lcbPors awe net . 4) Rail Fenee Cephr . © For evample + To enctpher- to plaintert “rect me offer thie pally" woh a wail foes oh depth 2, Mm e@ m a ft e fi 2 a, + et pein Y tt pry. ‘votiphor tect + mematrhaatet fet py,Erangle 3° Plaintoxt-,, The bavke 4) suitable os a ae _ call study Yor Cha giles io: Bobo why Bea Publobed | to er 07? gr acis Seat bio gba Set be ee es chore ° BSLeD bt FE 1 EL ESBaUTTOS ) “WrART . + Steguuodenniye? >” & can bo wed to hide @ motaqe wtendad for lar wehvieval by a epoetfie indindual oF grup. Stoqnegraplyy (Covered coating Comat charms’) Protockton’ ogatnst.:'Acbockipp 0) + Ee ogpalinat: *romoval (dota hiding), (Aecwtrenk reeahing) 4 veakocrnave? : i : inges petoti cong,» Gall beets ce. mead Cami aif oie ‘WH tho’ came usaiy’) $ coats) ery object B Masked @pectsie)% hepnography @ encrypt ona bath used to | evisu dato confidarstiadthy “PW hides “tha existance of sect rrowage * Steg nogptaphy pron . > shegooguaphy, Techniquos + Ls Genome Shageregepy = Eneaeg a hion thewage Th a’ atvand ot houman DNA. & Hiding Ww tort - Inhov mato hidden ty documents by masipulak ra Tho positions of Linas G1 008 ds a data io htm) frles. & Hiding in ro disk space - Heeleng data in unused 07 yexnrvad space. G Nieking Taka in Slo Greuatry— Pata can bo hidden fn the layout ef “code Cr) olechonic haukLs Shoo mio hiding in Images fargo Jrom 16 j ‘norton to maslting and filtoring to. applying’ toom aophtelicahed {magp. pearing dp ] \> Widang lo Nlw packets’ Haddon in packaks transmitted HReough He totou.. FINITE FIELDS @NUMBER THEORY * Nk Then : G& ere ‘ tothe at od pail Diva ly Ans DAs Given too toteyeis “bland “bl , toe. doug Sal ditvidas * How fe an irlager ¢ auch tak b=ae - > Th a didlos b, wo write alb . > Prvasibility Slasoments * + comat Jo Uispralb ¢ then afke fr all ¢. G TH al and ble (thon afe Soy albiard afc , then alebtte Vett. ly eee “C#0 . Ab iPand o only if eafcb “TH [ yw tebe. | 3 )3% + Tao 0 ]ou + fabs ay | 0% Tee ,® Pima Number : > Tb fs an Ywheger Wok can only he dinded | witout remainder by positive Negachtve values of |) haath and t ; Tf in He eat f prime nummbos , Hon [ego on et, a Ts OF | oa Po] whore “each apo, > Relatively Paine Intogots Too Iotoger aeb ora. lativaly. prime if qed lab) =). Fp Js 44 a. pmine 9 dy, The for fF = 4. The prtmes Wis ffan 4 aso 9,8,5 and +. If 94 Ys divbible by ang ase Numbos , it ta pot prme , How ,it Is, dot , 80 4% bs pam. . We Geet Sena ueel(scn) : PON positive “otega ‘Ate “alled tha QCD ef te Non-zeL0 ilegeus of aib iy : Ly &: B al Uivisoy af both. ab. Gr pny divteor ” of both a £6 ts aleo o divisor $4, => Sf a ge b shiter Do Common factoos - Moy atc weletively prime .FQ) qed (tyos 1081) yoo = foatx | 4 992 : ged (rot , lost = goo x 3 + 15 4e4 (899, 115)) goo = Ws ka + 92 ged (15,99) Palen? is = aanl +98 ged (22 29) ga eater =, O88 Fo. 43 (a2 )) ? 2, god (tqos 1921) = 28 y | * Finite Tiolds : A od with rite numba of elaments . 3 Car fo chown fiat to odor of a a. finite frold must be a power dia pains p?) | cctasm'h! Pa jie inhep ' S Finthe! Meld 4 ordeal i cain’ bo Ln using ast timotte med ps 2 : @ TE can’ be’ ahown ‘that’ Pini be Protas have oxdox Pp), usttenasep Ba prim. | os QTE ean bo, shaon tak Por each gate p ard cach peaifive Inhogoe 'p', thaw 2s | : Mo Nomex pheem ) a Unique -femte Field f own p?, @) Let GF Lon) wpramt a finite Pol) cf ordoy . p?.Le Const ri ctivn > eaele tee a tilt GF Cp) = Dans tee "tap aX + Lt ayy Go | arezey Fg) GF Us) = Ge (ak) = farstbxs ton 4d lL abierd € zy. G Groups > fh group (@) ts @ don- ~etophy aol togota with a binary operation (4) such «fat the following propathes aw gatistrod | v. ‘Asbootaivity Cod b) & a = has (na) For al? a,b,c OG, W Tdentty | than fs an oloment © € G auch that axe seta . For ale (oc eng! () Uverses | For each’ clomonl a 2 Gr, ‘Rome Bs an clumont be & euch. tak axb'i: bea =e. | | a ae gs aoe eee | deb tba Combutanvy “thon at cablled an | “Abelian @soup", 9” ee ee | A Ring RB a non-emphy eek with | feo Bina, operation, » addztion @ rmultipladtioo , Bch that | for a abe eR. |& Poly tomiad Rergs : A polynomial OVO. commutative rng b Ban axprosion f fe form , FU) = One® ge HAE Oy Addition gf pobppornial 2 $OO4 qs) = bm xP 4 TB ge ral @atho) x04 (@1+b,) ¥ + Goths), Nalliplicaitn d) polypomiels 1 AS FO) geo = Cy cnn ce toe hese, ex = 2 at by. MHypek * Modular Asttimalic + DARL nner In asthmatic, toodulo Se oe ig me YIN. Fa.) Wy mo) {a Ios Pepalie Wola titanic polis 0) {le toed n) +, Lb tod » wed. n=. Caeb) melen . (le mod 5) ~ Us mod J} road = (@-b) med n () (la red 6) ¥ Cb mad 55} med = (axb) mab ov.| | io, [ee 55 mab ae = 5] ee ee ~ Modular Espenentiatton : Yt tra type of Ak3B=h Sit Sot med Bat] Eg) (¥65 tod a. = ts /to = [yt +0823 “Slut eta = UFbY ites HEY at, ce V#ES; todd TD = C Fa) bee rod ag (53) ped a! Bl Ned 97! lo5 \o oe at eh a9 tae)’ mod AF =» (29” Ipod ony rood 97 => > => (195 %tn0d aah 18. mod -a9 > > or Cau mod oF AG mod ge TH ed 13 ; b BP” mod 97 = 2EaIkh mod VFmo ood BB. : \ : Ss -Qeyiee wes we? ana! Womed 53a = tt. WP med 53 = 11 med 53 = Is. WY nod 53 “= tue)" mod 53 = (mod sa)A> teed 53 =) 15% Wood 53 = 225 mod 53 = UB. ns {7 ppl Ba 5 UD)” ined 5a - ADE baipey pay 42 (Sito) "2 ye 139 rédins 7 = (0. : 13 Cp we thee nee! PTB tasp* Euclid's Algosittine » ‘> Aigpsitfime to find tha @eD of -too positive intagors . G @eo of foo tntagars Ys doped ax 3 An Tohegen e & called qe Cab) th fe following too Conditions ‘hold : ®wela Vv clo ® for any comomnen Biviess a af&b,dle. RD G@ep Cos 20). lbs = G4an +5 qed (20,5) oo PVA KEY, J & Polynomial Avimate : | A polpomal ‘ t8° an “exprenron ef tha form OnX” FO, 4 Faye +O for | Some. Don Rawat v ‘hoger Dd. We whan ag # > , “Hfe tt te called as poly nomtal 4 pe " Le tf a= 1 than the polynonital 3 atl fo be Tonic « ; G Th d=0 , ‘ion we sitply have a constant Renown as a constant polynomial ,* Fermat'e Thora * ‘uh pts prim @ a sO positive ikea not divisible by p, ion ab '= | mod Cp)” Fox mats Little Thoewem t WTR BB prtme & ‘ad ts an integer not divisible by p. thon 44 ® ‘And fox ere inleger a: a@ = altel p) ®) wofud in Pebice way-(R5A). 2 * Euler's Theowwm : Fox every ‘a! and ‘n' Hat avo rly pring: > = at 2-1 Cod, 0) = Bx, xa, Keay : pax, ™od.n), Cars,tnod D)e x peanmed] The ad 8 2s a. poumutaion of B ; Ao !| Texting: Ba Pama &_Poopottios » | © TH p 2 prim G a ts 4ve tnteges ows fon Pi tfon oF wed pian! “Fh and’ oka TH etthor & Mod P=t Cor) wod pe -| andi pe p-l. ® sob P be a prtme futher raat fan 2, Wwe ean ther writ p-t = ok 4. wtih kro ,q odd. | Bodie Redes aan Rup pane aed (ijn) #1 j-Clvon a b, thew extte erackly ona @oludion (p09) mo) +8 the strulkancous congrucne uno. antain, opodétions « % = a(mod m),- 1 = 6 tml n) Fa) Stabe CRT ond Pind x oy he fe ook of | congo equations sing Wee Xz Ke . Dy) % (rool). we: me m=3, ms 5, n3Ft " " Stops’ find WN + Lied NiN2.NS & dt,da,ds Nemexno%n3a ak = BXx5XF 3 . Ne nixnaaAng wre Ny 3M : die wood 11 Xzc ae PCa. xnardot ]TH Nee Worf wos Ing Nae Ning + Moo, 2 Why, = tof [ure 2] [te or | 2 5 Ayes tod nt, do: te woh no |. 42,7 tg toed ho wee : Wo] 2, + we oA 2 te tond 5 < “a tod “1 eal [ Bath faae 1] Honea, «= (OLewindt) + (2 %W2%d3) 4 (osnia cdi) = (onopna) 4 (ar21K!) 4 (2m 1) = Sho +6234 30 223, wed tos" yi bea + dioowhe Logetiyas + & Fundamental bo a pumbor 4 hie Bai Dpprins indvbing Ditto Neiman hay Orcharg @ DAN “The powou. of an intogon tocdiulls i Evox a and n thal aw vreledively pwma ! a) = 1 (ind n) ' toro (0) ~7 tularb qunlionl. function, ~ for room genoa) ex proston : a” = 1 (md 0),Fa) Considler “tre pours 44, modulo 14 “= tod 14 Pos ka = oat +i 2 t Conod 19) 18 = 8h3 = 18K+1 = ¢ (med 19) TH sayot = (2b x47 = & Cimed [@) aD = theos = 284 nlatn = I (mod (9) | 3” = 1 (red 14) & The logasttin of a muon is dofinad to be He powor 4p whitch some pasitive base must be yaiscl tn oder be eqpol fa twmbar. for base x ard fora Valuo yt yo oy og Prrvparbios of logaxétirn : o yl) =o w yx =! ca fea bp) = Og 4 Log W Boge ty)> 7 ge) + Lind p) , of tS bed of (inp) pct sled ' b b \W \ Ls Ths exposank 2s relaxed ty ax tea. Ascacto [epsitins