Developmental Reading Rate – the speed of recognition,

comprehension, reaction and assimilation.

- involves the development of various skills,
such as vocabulary, comprehension, literary Extent of Reading Ranges:
appreciation, and study skills necessary for both
1. Intensive Reading
intensive and extensive reading.
– requires greater effort and concentration in
Developmental Reading Core
the reading process that ultimately calls for the
CMO No. 30, s. 2004 application of vocabulary and comprehension
skills.
Developmental Reading 1 – deals with the
sharpening of the teacher’s reading proficiency 2. Extensive Reading
in preparation for the introduction to the
– the process of recreatory reading in which a
nature of the reading process.
reader enjoys in leisure the reading of stories
Developmental Reading 2 – deals with the and entertaining information casually from
theories, techniques, and materials in teaching newspaper, magazines, short stories or novels.
beginning reading and their applications
Word Meaning:
The reading process (according to Miles Zintz,
1. Denotative Meaning
1972):
- the specific meaning of a word or a term as
Word Perception – the ability to pronounce the
it is literally designated.
word as a meaningful unit. It involves sensation.
2. Connotative Meaning
Comprehension – the skill in making individual
works construct useful ideas as they are read in - the suggestive or associative meaning of a
context. word or term which may be referred to as the
implication.
Reaction – a judgment on what the author has
said. E.g.
Assimilation / Integration – the ability to a. He was born in Waterloo.
assimilate idea or concept into one’s
background of experience so that it is useful as b. He met his waterloo last night in
part of the individual’s total experience the hands of his rival
Fixation – the vertical mark made when the Types of Reading:
eyes stop and the film continues to move. Good
readers have fewer fixation than poor readers. 1. Oral Reading

Interfixation – the short horizontal line caused - the process of decoding written words and
by the eyes which move from one stopping symbols in a manner that would be well
point to another. understood by the listeners.

Return Sweeps – long slanting lines resulting How to Lessen Tension in Oral Reading:
from the quick swinging back of the eyes from 1. Feel at ease.
the end of the line to the beginning of the next
line. 2. While standing, place your body’s
weight on one leg.
Regressions – backward or right-to-the-left
movements made in a reverse direction to 3. Look at the audience once in a while.
double check a point.
4. Look at the audience at proper pacing.
Span of Perception or Recognition Span – the
5. Smile.
distance or the number of words between
fixation point. It is the number of words taken How to Project Oneself in Proper Reading
every time the eyes stop. Stance:

1. Read reasonably aloud.

 2. Read in thought units. 5. Each of the following sentences is
marked with bars. The bar (\) indicates
3. Observe proper inflection.
where the reader should pause to
4. Read with proper pacing. signify the span of thought units. It is
recommended that the reader should
5. Pronounce and enunciate the words look at the audience at least 3 to 4
properly. words before the end of long
Standards for Classroom Oral Reading: sentences.

1. Stand straight with feet together in a Exercises for Increasing Eye-Span:

normal position. 1. The back door was closed with a bang \
2. Hold the book with the left hand. that literally shook the house for a
moment.
3. Read reasonably aloud with expression.
2. Avoid holding the reading material \ too
4. Observe proper phrasing and pacing. close to your face.
5. Read the sentences in thought units. 3. Find the farthest distance \ where you
6. Pronounce the words clearly with can see the letters well.

appropriate intonation and inflection. 4. If you have any defect in vision or

hearing \ avail of any medical
7. Glance at the audience once in a consultation \ and treatment right
away.
while.
5. If you read at twilight \ your eyes would
8. Don’t stammer. Enunciate the words
easily get strained.
flawlessly.
6. As much as possible \ do not read \
Types of Oral Reading: when you are facing the light.

1. Rehearsed Reading 7. See to it \ that while reading \ you are

in a room \ that is well lighted and
- the reader is given the necessary
properly ventilated.
oral reading practice.
8. It is not what a man tells \ but what he
2. Sight Reading does that makes him great.

- the reader is asked to read a Mannerism or Reading Habits

selection without prior practice or to be Avoided:

rehearsal. 1. Monotonous plodding

3. Silent Reading 2. Number kink

- the process of understanding facts or ideas in 3. Tone monotony

extensive way.
4. Voacalizing
Standards for Classroom Silent Reading:
5. Word analysis
1. Sit properly with straight but relaxed
6. Word blocking
body and with feet flat on the floor.
7. Word for word reading
2. Hold the book with two hands and set it
on the table at a desired reading angle.

3. Read only with your eyes. Avoid making Comprehension

any lip or throat movement.
- the process of discerning and
4. Exercises for Increasing Eye-Span: understanding what the writer or
speaker wants to put across to his
 readers or listeners by inference or by of communication skills thru the use of
direct expression. concrete objects.

First Level: Literal Level 2. Beginning Reading (elem)-the learner

begin recognize words, phrases,
The reader is expected to identify the
sentences, and symbols used to stand
basic details, follow instructions, and
for a thing or idea.
understand specific rules and orders.
3. Rapid Growth Stage (secondary)-the
e.g.
learner becomes more interested in
1. Identify the characters in the story. 2. developing vocabulary and
Describe the roles each of the comprehension skills.

characters played in the story. 4. Refinement Stage (post decondary)-the

reader has already acquired the
3. Summarize the story. necessary reading tools for
Second Level: Interpretative Level developmental reading.

This is referred to as “reading between

the lines.” The reader is expected to Reading Classification as to Speed
figure out what the author is implying in Rate:
his work.
1. Previewing -an act of viewing
e.g. something in advance. Could be
What incident in the story would show observed thru the questions:
that the leading character (name) was Is the author an authority on the
full of wisdom? subject?
e.g. 2. Skimming-The process of glancing
What moral could we derive from the through a book without reading word
story? for word, or reading only by the sign
posts or clues.
Third Level: Critical Level

This calls for the reader’s judgment on 3. Scanning- Glancing through a page to
the wisdom, propriety or validity of locate a particular kind of information.
one’s act, statement or performance.
Reading Classification as to Purpose:
e.g.
1. Study or Idea Reading-Gives premium
If you were the author, would you to understanding the main ideas with
entitle the story in the same way? the use of the SQ3R.
Fourth Level: Application Level 2. Exploratory Reading-To have a clearer
This is the highest level of view of the relationships of significant
comprehension; for, it approximates ideas presented in longer selections.
the creative thinking talent. 3. To have a clearer view of the
e.g. relationships of significant ideas
presented in longer selections.
Present orally an incident where
honesty as a virtue is exemplified. 4. Critical Reading- Tends to persuade and
assuage readers to conform with the
Write a short play based on the story of writers’ opinion.
“The Poor Dad.”
5. Analytic Reading
The Stages of Developmental Reading:
SQ3R:
1. Reading Readiness Stage (pre-elem)-
the child begins to acquire some forms Survey
Question Enunciation
-the utterance of speech sound.
Read

Recite Pronunciation
-the mode of saying words with the
Review proper sounds and correct accent.
Calls for the reader’s talent to analyze a
problem in relation to other activities of life. Accent
-the stress, emphasis or relative force
given to a syllable in the utterance of a
Context Clues: word.

- the process of discovering the meaning of a Stress

new word by deducing the meaning of other -the vocal prominence or force given to
words used in the sentence in association with a particular syllable in a word.
the new word.
Intonation
-the speech patterns of rising and falling
By using the acronym, SAID, you can tone of the voice.
remember the four types of context clues. Diacritical marks
 Circumflex – indicates the combination
Synonym
of rising and falling tone, as in cord, sir,
Antonym water
 Dieresis – indicates that the vowel is
Inference considered a separate syllable, as in
Definition zoology, cooperate, naïve.
 Cedilla – marked placed under letter c
1. Semantic Clue to indicate that the letter should be
- either words, phrases or clauses used with pronounced as /s/, as in façade,
the new words in the sentence which tend provencal.
to tip off the meaning of the new word.
READING MODELS
2. Syntactic Clue 1. Bottom-Up Reading Model
-emphasizes the written or printed text;
- refers to the drawing up of the meaning of
says reading is driven by a process that
the new terms with the application of word-
results in meaning, and proceeds from
formation and derivatives.
part to whole.
Can be drawn by: -emphasizes the ability to decode or put
into sound what is seen in a text.
a. word building

- collocation 2. Top-Down Reading Model

-suggests that processing of a text
- cline
begins in the mind of the readers with
- cluster meaning-driven processes, or an
assumption about the meaning of a
- derivation text.
4. Presentation clue -emphasizes readers bringing meaning
It is exemplified by the use of: to text based on their experiential
1. footnote 6. graphs background and interpreting text based
2. codes 7. pictures on their prior knowledge.
3. legends 8. illustrations
4. diagrams 9. references 3. Interactive Reading Model
5. explanation 10. visual aids -recognizes the interaction of bottom-
up and top-down processes
 simultaneously throughout the reading Content of Catalog Entries:
process. Author card  
Title card  
Rumelhart Model-states that successful Subject card
reading is both a perceptual and a
cognitive process. Content of Catalog Entries:
Stanovich Model--believes that neither Author card – the main card from
bottom-up nor top-down address all which all the other cards draw the
areas of reading comprehension. But following basic information: name of
the interactive-compensatory taps into author, title of the book, place of
the strength of both bottom-up and publication, publisher, copyright page
top-down.  
Anderson and Pearson Schematictic Title card – includes the title of the
View-believes that comprehension is book in the first entry. It also contains
the interaction between old and new the same entries as the author and the
information. subject cards.
Pearson and Tierny Model--states that  
reader reads with the expectation that Subject card – the most frequent
the writer has provided sufficient clues represented entry in the card catalog.
about the meaning. Students refer to the when doing
research for a term paper, and when
Matthewson’s model of attitude locating books for quick reference in
influence the library.
-states that attitude has tri-
componential construct: cognitive Reference books are of 2 types:
(evaluation), General Reference Books – those which
affective (feeling), and contain the needed information
conative (action readiness). e.g.
dictionary, encyclopedia, atlas,
Books are arranged according to their almanac, gazetteer, handbook
call numbers in the library. These call  
numbers are based upon either one of Specialized Referenced Books – those
two systems of classification: which refer the user to the source of
1. Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) information
2. Library Congress Classification (LCC) e.g.
index, bibliography
Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)
000 General Works Dictionary – provides information
about words – derivation, meaning,
100 Philosophy and Related
spelling, pronunciation, syllabication,
Disciplines
usage and current status.
200 Religion  
300 Social Sciences Encyclopedia – gives an overview of a
400 Language topic such as description, definite
500 Pure Sciences background, and bibliographical
600 Technology (Applied Sciences) references.
700 Arts  
800 Literature Almanac- originally, refers to a
900 General Geography and History projection of the coming year-days,
months, holidays, and weather
Card Catalog – indexes all materials in forecasts. Presently contains a
the library. It keeps a record of collection of miscellaneous facts and
materials in the library. statistical information.
 Atlas – a volume of maps, plates, charts Microprint – a microphotograph of
with or without explanatory text. printed materials reproduced in 6 by 9
 Gazetteer – a volume which provides inch cards or sheets that may
geographical data about places. accommodate as many as 100 pages of
Handbook – a small book held text.
conveniently in the hand and provides Microcard – another microscopic
miscellaneous items of information. It is reproduction on 3 by 5 inch library
also called a miscellany, a manual or a catalog cards that can contain as many
companion. as 80 pages of printed material, the
Indexes – publications which catalog images of which are placed on the card
(by subject and magazine) all articles in rows.
that have appeared in a given set of Microfiche – a 4 by 6 inch film card
periodicals. which can contain as many as 98 pages
  of reduced images of a text.
Bibliographies – listings of books and
other materials which have some Graphics – illustrated visual forms that
relationship to each other. summarize information and ideas
Some nonbook materials: through words, symbols, pictures and
 Pamphlets and clippings drawings.
 Government publication  
 Audiovisual materials  Graph – a visual representation of
 Microform: microfilm, microfiche, quantitative information meant to
microprint, microcard make the reader see instantly how
 Automated information resources gathered data relate to each other.
Examples are line graph, bar graph,
circle graph, pictograph.
 Pamphlet – a publication usually issued Diagram – drawing made up of lines
singly or in series. It is classified, and symbols which show the
catalogued and shelved in the general interrelationships of parts or elements,
collection. It is listed in the card catalog steps of a process, or key features of an
but arranged in the filing cabinet. object or an area. Examples are tree
chart, time line, technical diagram,
 Clipping – provides information on process diagram.
subjects too brief to be treated in Chart – visual that summarizes data,
pamphlets or books and therefore are explain a process, or describe a set of
not listed in the main catalog. relationships. It consists of any
combination of verbal and visual
 Microforms – microphotographically elements. Examples are outline chart,
produced printed matter which the tabular chart, flow chart, organizational
learners read with the aid of a microfilm chart.
reader. Footnote – refers to the exact source of
 The microforms are: ideas, statements, or quotations
 Microfilm included in the text. It may be placed
 Microprint within the text, at the bottom of the
 Microcard page, or at the end of article, chapter,
 Microfiche or book.

Microfilm – a 16 mm or 35 mm roll of
cartridge film which reproduces The Philippine Informal Reading
information by microcopying back Inventory (Phil-IRI) is an initiative of the
issues of newspapers and magazines, Bureau of Learning Delivery,
books, reports and government Department of Education that directly
publications, dissertations and other addresses its thrust to make every
printed materials. Filipino child a reader.
 It is anchored on the flagship program
of the Department: “Every Child A
Reader Program,” which aims to make
every Filipino child a reader and a
writer at his/her grade level.
The Phil-IRI is an informal reading
inventory composed of graded passages
designed to determine the individual
student's performance in oral reading,
silent reading and listening
comprehension.

Educational Technology
- a complex, integrated process
involving people, procedures, ideas,
devices, and organization for analyzing
problems and devising, implementing,
evaluating, and managing solutions to
those problems, involved in all aspects
of human learning.
Educational Media
- channels or avenues or instruments of
communication.
e.g.
books, magazines, newspapers,
radio, TV,
internet
Instructional Technology
- refers to those aspects of educational
technology that are concerned with
instruction as contrasted to design and
operations of educational institutions.
Technology Integration
- means using learning technologies to
introduce, reinforce, supplement and
extend skills.
Jerome Bruner presents the Three-Tiered
--William, ed. Model of learning where he points out that
(2000) every area of knowledge can be presented and
Technology in Education learned.
- the application of technology to any of ENACTIVE-ICONIC-SYMBOLIC
those processes involved in operating
the institutions which house the Enactive- sequence of actions
educational enterprise. Iconic-series of illustrations

Symbolic-series of symbols
- Systematic Approach for Teaching PPPF
- - views the entire educational program
as a system of closely interrelated parts. 1. Prepare Yourself

– Know your lesson objectives and what you

expect from the class after the session and why
you have selected such particular instructional
material.  Object- may include artifacts displayed
in a museum or objects displayed in
2. Prepare Your Students
exhibit.
– Set reasonably high class expectations and
learning goals. Give them guide questions to be  Simulation- a representation
able to answer during discussion. Motivate of a manageable real event, e.g.
them and keep them interested and engaged. earthquake drill,
fire drill.
3. Present the Material under the best possible
conditions  Game- It is played to win.
- rehearse your media ahead of class to avoid a
fiasco. 3. Dramatized Experience
– “Dramatization is an essential process
– don’t have a poor planning or avoid the R.O.G. of communication, in which both
syndrome. participants and spectators are
4. Follow Up engaged. A creative interaction takes
place, a sharing of ideas.”
– to find out if objective was attained or not. --Edgar Dale
 Play- depicts life, character, or culture
or a combination of all three. It portrays
1.Direct Purposeful Experience important ideas about life.

– concrete and firsthand experiences that make

 Pageant -community dramas that are
up the foundation of our learning.
based on local history, presented by
– sensory experiences. local actors.

e.g.  Tableau -[a French word which means

 preparing meal “picture”]
- A picture-like scene composed of
 making a piece of furniture people.
 doing PowerPoint presentation
 Pantomime-the art of conveying a story
 performing a lab experiment through bodily movements only.
 delivering a speech
 PuppetShadow puppet
2. Contrived Experoence Rod puppet
- “edited” copies of reality and are used Hand puppet
as substitutes for real things when it is Glove-and-finger puppet
not practical or not possible to bring or Marionette
do the real thing in the classroom.
 Model- a reproduction of a real thing in  Role-play -unrehearsed, unprepared
a small scale, or large scale, or exact and spontaneous dramatization of a
size – but made by synthetic materials. “let’s pretend” situation.
e.g. : Atom , Planetarium
 Mock up-a special model 4. Demonstration
where the parts of a model are singled - is showing how a teaching is done and
out, heightened and magnified in order emphasizing of the salient merits,
to focus on that part or process under utility, efficiency of a concept, a method
study. or a process or an attitude.
Guiding Principles:
 Specimen-any individual or item 1. Establish rapport. Greet your
considered typical of a group, class or audience. Make them feel at ease by
whole.
 your warmth and sincerity. Stimulate Web 2.0-represents new way of using
their interest. Sustain their attention the internet.
2. Avoid the COIK fallacy (Clear Only If Examples of Web 2.0 websites:
Known). Assume that the audience - Facebook
knows nothing or little about the lesson - Twitter
being demonstrated for the teacher to Blogging
be very thorough. - allows authors to quickly and easily
Points to Observe in Demo: self-publish text, artwork, and links to
1. Set the tone for good communication. other websites.
2. Keep the demonstration simple. Tagging
3. Do not wander from the main ideas. - sharing of information to others using
4. Check to see that your demo is being keywords or term to a piece of
understood. information so it can be found again by
5. Do not hurry your demo. browsing or searching the bookmarking
6. Do not drag out the demo. service sites.
7. Summarize as you go along and use RSS (Really Simple Syndication)
chalkboard, projector to synthesize. - useful tool for keeping updated on your
8. Hand out written materials at the favorite website.
conclusion - Can subscribe to that “feeds” all new
information on a topic of interest to
5. Field Trip one location.
- offers an excellent bridge between the Social Bookmarking
work of the school and the work of the - - a method for Internet user to
world outside. organize, store, and manage websites.
Social Networking
Visual Symbols - -fun way to communicate with friends
 Drawing and a powerful tool for education.
 Cartoons Games & Simulations
 Strip drawing (comics) - - widespread of activities in our culture
 Diagram and homes.
 Chart
 Graph Web 3.0-- the potential future of the
 Map web with all its possibilities where the
web does much thinking for you.
Hardware- physical components of the - all information is categorized and
computer that make everything works. stored in such a way that a computer
 Processor - brain of the computer can understand it as well as a human.
 Input devices – e.g. keyboard, mouse
 Output devices – e.g. speaker, printer ADDIE MODEL
 Mass storage – e.g. flashdrive - the generic process traditionally used
by instructional designers and training
Software-computer programs developers.
 System software - e.g. operating - represents a dynamic, flexible guideline
software for building effective training and
 Application software - e.g. games performance support tools.

Podcasting-It is a method of
communication that allows anyone to
create audio or video files, or a
combination of both audio and video
files, and post them to the internet for
others to download and use at any
time.
 R.A. 8792 - Electronic Commerce Act
of 2000
R.A. 10173 - Data Privacy Act of 2012

Illegal Access-“Unauthorized access

(without right) to a computer system or
application.”
Ex. Jason, an IT expert, hacked the gmail
account of Maria to find out if his wife
is cheating on him.

Illegal Interception-“Unauthorized
interception of any non-public
transmission of computer data to, from,
or within a computer system.”
Ex. The running SSC president
encrypted the system of the automated
election result for him to be updated of
his standing.

GAGNE-proponent of Nine Events of Data Interference-“Unauthorized

Instructions alteration, damaging, deletion or
Constructivism-a conceptual model of deterioration of computer data,
learning that builds a personal electronic document, or electronic data
understanding through appropriate message, and including the introduction
learning activities and a good learning or transmission of viruses.”
environment Ex. Maria sent a virus to her friend Ana
Meaningful Learning – gives focus to to make fun of her, but all of Ana’s
new experiences that are related to documents, including her thesis, were
what the learner already knows. corrupted.
Discovery Learning – students perform
tasks to uncover what is to be learned. System Interference-“Unauthorized
Generative Learning – the learners are hindering or interference with the
active, attend to learning events, functioning of a computer or computer
generate meaning from those network by inputting, transmitting,
experiences and draw inferences, damaging, deleting, deteriorating,
thereby creating a personal model or altering or suppressing computer data
explanation to the new experience in or program, electronic document, or
the context of existing knowledge. electronic data messages, and including
the introduction or transmission of
Copyright is a legal issue while viruses.”
plagiarism is an
ethical issue Cyber Squatting-Acquisition of domain
name over the Internet in bad faith to
Cyberspace profit, mislead, destroy reputation, and
“Imagined place where electronic data deprive others from the registering the
goes: the notional realm in which same. This includes those existing
electronic information exists or is trademark at the time of registration;
exchanged” names of persons other than the
R.A. 10627 – Anti-Bullying Act of 2013 registrant; and acquired with
R.A. 10175 – Cybercrime Prevention Act intellectual property interests in it.
of 2012 Ex. Mr. Juan used the name
R.A. 9775 - Anti-Child Pornography Act microsoft.com to sell pirated and
of 2009 unlicensed software.
Computer Related
Forgery-“Unauthorized input,
alteration, or deletion of computer data
resulting to inauthentic data with the
intent that it be considered or acted
upon for legal purposes as if it were
authentic, regardless whether or not
the data is directly readable and
intelligible; or The act of knowingly
using computer data which is the
product of computer-related forgery as
defined here, for the purpose of
perpetuating a fraudulent or dishonest
design”
Ex: The IT student, accessed his profile
at the MIS, and changed his 5.0 mark to
1.5 for him to be able to graduate.

Computer related Identity

Theft-“Unauthorized acquisition, use,
misuse, transfer, possession, alteration
or deletion of identifying information
belonging to another, whether natural
or juridical.”
Ex: Mark used the identity of his friend
to make romantic advances to Ana.

Cybersex-“Willful engagement,
maintenance, control, or operation,
directly or indirectly, of any lascivious
exhibition of sexual organs or sexual
activity, with the aid of a computer
system, for favor or consideration.
Ex: Dianne, was forced by her uncle to
show her private parts to a foreigner
through skype.

Child Pornography
“Unlawful or prohibited acts defined
and punishable by  Republic Act No.
9775  or the Anti-Child Pornography Act
of 2009, committed through a computer
system.”

Libel-“Unlawful or prohibited acts of

libel as defined in Article 355 of the
Revised Penal Code, as amended
committed through a computer system
or any other similar means which may
be devised in the future. Revised Penal
Code Art. 355 states  Libel means by
1.Exclusion- When students are directly or Presidential Decree No. 603
indirectly prevented or denied access to 1975
education in any form
-Creation of special classes
2. Segregation-When students are classified
-There shall be special classes in every
according to impairment,provided a separate
province
environment to respond to particular
impairment Batas Pambansa blg. 344
1983
3. Integration-When students are placed in the
mainstream system, often in special class, or in -The Accessibility Law
general classroom with no adequate
adaptations and support -AN ACT TO ENHANCE the Mobility of
Disabled Persons
4.Inclusion- When students are provided w/
equitable & participatory learning experience, RA 7272 Magna Carta for Persons with
removing the barriers that impede learning Disabilities (1992)

IMPAIRMENT -An act providing for the rehabilitation,

self-development, and self-reliance of
• Any loss or abnormality in the persons with disability.
psychological, physiological or
anatomical structure or function of the -Integration into the mainstream of
body. society

DISABILITY Individuals with Disabilities Education

Act
• An inability or reduced capacity to 2004
perform a task in a specific way.
-guarantees students with disabilities
HANDICAP free and appropriate public education
• The impact or consequence of a -Right to be educated with non-disabled
disability. peers

“people-first” language
• Under IDEA, special education is language—speech or writing— that
defined as: focuses on the individual person, not on
the person’s disability
• “Specially designed instruction, at no
cost to parents, to meet the unique RA 10754
needs of a child with a disability.” 2015-An Act Expanding the Benefits and
Privileges of Persons with Disability
IDEA
(PWD)
Individuals with Disabilities Education
UN Convention on the Rights of
Act.
Persons with Disabilities
• It is the federal law that ensures that 2008
the rights of children and youth with
-protects the right to education of
disabilities and their parents are
persons with disabilities
protected
-right to inclusive education
Children with disabilities in SPED
setting graduated with: Rosa's Law, 2010
1. Poor academic performance which changed references to “mental
retardation” in specified Federal laws
2. Mediocre skills
to “intellectual disability,” and
3. Difficulty searching for a job references to “a mentally retarded
 individual” to “an individual with • Cognitive functioning- normal
an intellectual disability. to mild and moderate levels

Intellectual Disability • elfin or dwarf-like facial

features
• originates before the age of 18,
• ’overly friendly’’
• significant limitations in both
intellectual functioning and in adaptive • lack of reserve towards
behavior strangers

• Cognitive Functioning Autism

• Sub-average Intellectual Skills • A developmental disability significantly

• Low Academic Achievement • Affects verbal and nonverbal

communication and social interaction
• Difficulty attending to tasks
• evident before age three
Mild---- IQ 50-70, educable
• problems with social interaction with
Moderate ----- IQ 40-50, trainable
others. This may include problems
Severe------ IQ 25-39 talking back and forth, working, or
playing with others.
Down Syndrome
• unusual interest in objects
• Named after Dr. Langdon Down
• need for sameness
• Caused by chromosomal abnormality
• great variation in abilities
• Trisomy 21
• under or over reaction to one or more
• physical growth delays of the five senses: sight, touch, taste,
• mild to moderate ID smell, or hearing

• characteristic facial features. • repeated actions or body movements

Klinefelter Syndrome • unusual emotional reactions and

expressions
• Males receive an extra X
chromosome Learning Disabilities

• Underdevelopment of male sex • neurologically-based processing

organs, problems.

• acquisition of female secondary • processing problems can interfere with

sex characteristics are common. learning basic skills and higher level
skills.
Children with Klinefelter
syndrome may have; • average or above average intelligence

• learning disabilities •  referred to as “hidden disabilities”

• delayed speech and language 1. ADHD

development. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder-Hyperactivity
Behavior:
Impulsivity
• quiet, sensitive, and
unassertive, Inattention

William Syndrome ATTENTION

• Caused by deletion of a portion 2. Dyscalcula-learning disabilities

of the seventh chromosome. involving maths
 -inability to understand the meaning of • EBD-(i) An inability to build or
numbers maintain satisfactory
-inability to apply mathematical interpersonal relationships with
principles to solve problems. peers and/or teachers. For
-MATHEMATICS preschool-age children, this
would include other care
3. Dysgraphia-Severe difficulty in providers.
learning to write (ii) An inability to learn which
inability to write coherently cannot be adequately explained
affects a person’s handwriting ability by intellectual, sensory or
and fine motor skills health factors
WRITING (iii) Consistent or chronic
inappropriate type of behavior
4. Dyslexia-Severe difficulty in or feelings under normal
learning to read, may also include conditions.
writing. (iv) Displayed pervasive mood
Reading and Writing of unhappiness or depression.
(v) Displayed tendency to
develop physical symptoms,
5. Dyspraxia-affects fine and gross pains or unreasonable fears
motor skills- in particular associated with personal or
handwriting school problems.
Coordination
Hearing Impairment-defect or damage
6. Dysorthographia-severe difficulty in to the hearing mechanism which may
learning to spell occur in any part of the ear.
trouble analyzing the sounds, • hearing disability or loss of hearing
syllables, and meaningful parts of • mild to moderate to profound.
words
Spelling Barriers Inclusive Education
• Attitudinal barriers
Visual Impairment-an impairment in • Physical barriers
vision that even with correction, • Inappropriate curriculum
adversely affects educational • Untrained teachers
performance • Inadequate funding
Functionally blind
• uses Braille but has vision for
environmental tasks
Low vision
• can read with magnification or
environmental modification
Totally blind
• must use tactual and auditory
learning; no meaningful input
through vision
Braille
•  is a system of touch reading and
writing for blind persons
• named after its creator, Louise Braille

• EBD-An emotional and behavioral

disorder is an emotional disability
characterized by the following: