By baptism we confess our faith in the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, and

testify of our death to sin and of our purpose to walk in newness of life. Thus we
acknowledge Christ as Lord and Saviour, become His people, and are received as
members by His church. Baptism is a symbol of our union with Christ, the
forgiveness of our sins, and our reception of the Holy Spirit. It is by immersion in
water and is contingent on an affirmation of faith in Jesus and evidence of
repentance of sin. It follows instruction in the Holy Scriptures and acceptance of
their teachings.—Fundamental Beliefs, 14

Chapter 14

 Baptism
181

Nyangwira, who lived in Central Africa, did not consider baptism to be merely an
option. For more than a year she had eagerly studied the Bible. She longed to become a
Christian. One evening she shared with her husband the things she had learned.
Outraged, he shouted, "I don't want this kind of religion in my home and if you keep
on studying I'll kill you." Although she was crushed, Nyangwira continued studying,
and soon was ready for baptism.

Before leaving for the baptismal service Nyangwira knelt respectfully before her
husband and told him she was to be baptized. He picked up his large hunting knife and
shouted, "I have told you that I do not want you to be baptized. The day you are
baptized I will kill you."

But Nyangwira, determined to follow her Lord, left with her husband's threats
resounding in her ears. Before entering the water, she confessed her sins and dedicated
her life to her Saviour, not knowing whether she would be laying down her life for her
Lord that day, too. Peace filled her heart as she was baptized.

When she returned home, she brought the knife to her husband.

"Have you been baptized?" he asked angrily.

"Yes," replied Nyangwira simply. "Here is the knife."<BR> "Are you ready to be
killed?"<BR> "Yes, I am."<BR>

Amazed at her courage, the husband no longer had a desire to kill her.1

How Important Is Baptism?

 Is baptism worth risking one's life for? Does God really require baptism? Does
salvation hinge on whether one is baptized?

Jesus' Example. One day Jesus left the carpenter shop in Nazareth, bade His family
farewell, and went to the Jordan

182

where His cousin John was preaching. Approaching John, He asked to be baptized.
Amazed, John tried to dissuade Him, saying, "'I have need to be baptized by You, and
are You coming to me?'"

"'Permit it to be so now, '" Jesus answered, "'for thus it is fitting for us to fulfill all
righteousness'" (Matt. 3:13-15).

Jesus' baptism forever gave this ordinance2 divine sanction (Matt. 3:13-17; cf. Matt.
21:25). Baptism is an aspect of righteousness in which all can participate. Since Christ,
the Sinless One, was baptized to "'fulfill all righteousness, '" we, who are sinners,
ought to do the same.

Jesus' Commandment. At the end of His ministry Christ commanded His disciples:
"'Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the
Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all things that I
have commanded you'" (Matt. 28:18-20).

In this commission Christ made it clear that He required baptism of those who wished
to become a part of His church, His spiritual kingdom. As, through the disciples'
ministry, the Holy Spirit brought people to repent and to accept Jesus as their Saviour
they were to be baptized in the name of the triune God. Their baptism would
demonstrate that they had entered into a personal relationship with Christ and were
committed to living in harmony with the principles of His kingdom of grace. Christ
concluded His mandate to baptize with the assurance, "'And lo, I am with you always,
even to the end of the age.'"

After Christ's ascension the apostles proclaimed the necessity and urgency of baptism
(Acts 2:38; 10:48; 22:16). In response, multitudes were baptized, forming the New
Testament church (Acts 2:41, 47; 8:12) and accepting the authority of the Father, the
Son, and the Holy Spirit.

Baptism and Salvation. Christ taught that "'He who believes and is baptized will be
saved'" (Mark 16:16). In the apostolic church baptism automatically followed
acceptance of Christ. It was a confirmation of the new believer's faith (cf. Acts 8:12;
16:30-34).

Peter used the experience of Noah during the Flood to illustrate the relationship
between baptism and salvation. In antediluvian times sin had reached such proportions
that, through Noah, God warned the world to repent or face destruction. Only eight
persons believed, entered the ark, and "were saved through water." "There is also an
antitype which now saves us," Peter said, "namely baptism (not the removal of the filth
of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience toward God), through the resurrection
of Jesus Christ" (1 Peter 3:20, 21).

Peter explained that we are saved by baptism as Noah and his family were saved
through water. Of course God, not the flood waters, saved Noah. By analogy, it is the
blood of Christ, not the water of baptism, that removes sin from the believer. "But
baptism, like [Noah's] obedience in

183

entering the ark, is 'the answer of a good conscience toward God.' When man by God's
power gives 'the answer,' salvation provided 'by the resurrection of Jesus Christ'
becomes effective."3

However, while baptism is vitally linked to salvation, it does not guarantee

salvation.4 Paul considered Israel's exodus experience to be a symbolic representation
of baptism:5 "I do not want you to be unaware that all our fathers were under the
cloud, all passed through the sea, all were baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the
sea, all ate the same spiritual food, and all drank the same spiritual drink." "Immersed"
in water—the cloud above and the water on each side—the people of Israel were
symbolically baptized as they passed through the Red Sea. Yet in spite of this
experience "God was not well pleased" with most of them (1 Cor. 10:1-5). So today,
baptism does not automatically assure salvation. Israel's experience was written for our
"admonition, on whom the ends of the ages have come. Therefore let him who thinks
he stands take heed lest he fall" (1 Cor. 10:11, 12).

"One Baptism"
The administration of baptism in the Christian world varies. Some employ immersion,
or dipping; others aspersion, or sprinkling; and still others affusion, or pouring.
Characteristic of the unity the Spirit brings in God's church is the practice of "one
baptism" (Eph. 4:5).6 What does the Bible reveal about the meaning of the term to
baptize, about the practice itself, and its spiritual significance?

The Meaning of the Word "Baptize." The English word baptize comes from the

Greek verb baptizo, which implies immersion, since it is derived from the verb bapto,
meaning "to dip in or under."7 When the verb to baptize refers to water baptism it
carries the idea of immersing, or dipping a person under water.8

In the New Testament the verb to baptize is used (1) to refer to water baptism (e.g.
Matt. 3:6; Mark 1:9; Acts 2:41); (2) as a metaphor of Christ's suffering and death
(Matt. 20:22, 23; Mark 10:38, 39; Luke 12:50); (3) to the coming of the Holy Spirit
(Matt. 3:11; Mark 1:8; Luke 3:16; John 1:33; Acts 1:5; 11:16); and (4) of ablutions or
the ritual washing of the hands (Mark 7:3, 4; Luke 11:38). This fourth usage simply
denotes washings to cleanse from ceremonial impurities, and does not legitimize
baptism by pouring.9 Scripture uses the noun baptism of both water baptism and
Christ's death (Matt. 3:7; 20:22).

J.K. Howard observes that the New Testament offers "no evidence that sprinkling was
ever an apostolic practice, indeed the evidence all points to it being a late
introduction."10

Baptism in the New Testament. The incidents of water baptism the New Testament
records involved immersion. We read that John baptized in the river

184

Jordan (Matt. 3:6; cf. Mark 1:5) and "in Aenon near Salim, because there was much
water there" (John 3:23). Only immersion would require "much water."

John immersed Jesus. He baptized Jesus "in the Jordan" and after the baptism Jesus
"came up out of the water" (Mark 1:9, 10, RSV; cf. Matt. 3:16).11

The apostolic church baptized by immersion also. When Philip the evangelist baptized
the Ethiopian eunuch they both "went down into the water" and "came up out of the
water" (Acts 8:38, 39).

Baptism in History. Before the Christian era the Jews baptized their proselytes by
immersion. The Essenes at Qumran followed the practice of immersing both members
and converts.12

Evidence from the paintings in catacombs and churches, from the mosaics on floors,
walls, and ceilings, from sculptured reliefs, and from drawings in ancient New
Testaments "overwhelmingly testifies to immersion as the normal mode of baptism in
the Christian church during the first ten to fourteen centuries."13 Baptisteries in the
ancient cathedrals, churches, and ruins in North Africa, Turkey, Italy, France, and
elsewhere still testify to the antiquity of this practice.14

The Meaning of Baptism

Baptism's meaning is intimately related to its mode. Alfred Plummer said, "It is only
when baptism is administered by immersion that its full significance is seen."15

Symbol of Christ's Death and Resurrection. As covering by waters symbolized

overwhelming trouble and afflictions (Ps. 42:7; 69:2; 124:4, 5), so Jesus' water baptism
represented a prophetic enactment of His suffering, death, and burial (Mark 10:38;
Luke 12:50) and His emergence from the water spoke of His subsequent resurrection
 (Rom. 6:3-5).

Baptism would have had no significance as a symbol of Christ's passion "if the
apostolic church had practiced a mode of baptism other than immersion." Therefore
"the strongest argument for baptism by immersion is a theological one."16

Symbol of Being Dead to Sin and Alive to God. In baptism believers enter into the
passion experience of our Lord. Paul said, "Do you not know that as many of us as
were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into His death? Therefore we were
buried with Him through baptism into death, that just as Christ was raised from the
dead. . . we also should walk in newness of life" (Rom. 6:3, 4).

The intimacy of the believer's relationship with Christ is revealed through expressions
like "baptized into Christ Jesus," "baptized into His death," and "buried with Him
through baptism." Howard noted, "In the symbolic act of baptism the believers enters
into the death of Christ, and in a real sense that death

185

becomes his death; and he enters into the resurrection of Christ, and that resurrection
becomes his resurrection."17 What does the believers's entering into the passion of our
Lord imply?

1. Death to sin. In baptism believers "have been united together in the likeness of His
[Christ's] death" (Rom. 6:5) and "crucified with Christ" (Gal. 2:20). This means "our
old man was crucified with Him, that the old body of sin might be done away with,
that we should no longer be slaves of sin. For he who has died has been freed from sin
(Rom. 6:6-8).

Believers have renounced their former lifestyle. They are dead to sin and confirm that
the "old things have passed away" (2 Cor. 5:17), their lives being hid with Christ in
God. Baptism symbolizes the crucifixion of the old life. It is not only a death but also a
burial. We are "buried with Him in baptism" (Col. 2:12). As a burial follows a person's
death, so when the believer goes down into the watery grave the old life that passed
away when he accepted Jesus Christ is buried.

In baptism believers renounced the world. In obedience to the command "'Come out
from among them and be separate, says the Lord. Do not touch what is unclean'" (2
Cor. 6:17), candidates make public their forsaking of Satan's service and their
receiving of Christ into the life.

In the apostolic church the call to repentance included the call to baptism (Acts 2:38).
Thus baptism also marks true repentance. Believers die to their transgressing of the
law and abtain forgiveness of sin through the cleansing blood of Jesus Christ. The
baptismal ceremony is a demonstration of an inner cleansing—the washing away of
 sins that have been confessed.

2. Alive to God. Christ's resurrection power goes to work in our lives. It enables us to

walk in newness of life (Rom. 6:4)—dead now to sin, "but alive to God in Christ Jesus
our Lord" (Rom. 6:11). We testify that the only hope of a life victorious over the old
nature is in the grace of a risen Lord who has provided a new spiritual life through the
energizing power of the Holy Spirit. This new life lifts us to a higher plateau of human
experience, giving us new values, aspirations, and desires that focus on a commitment
to Jesus Christ. We are new disciples of our Saviour, and baptism is the sign of our
discipleship.

Symbol of a Covenant Relationship. In Old Testament times circumcision marked the

covenantal relationship between God and Abraham (Gen. 17:1-7). The Abrahamic
covenant had both spiritual and national aspects. Circumcision was a mark of national
identity. Abraham himself and all the males of his family eight days old and older were
to be circumcised (Gen. 17:10-14; 25-27). Any male not circumcised was to be "'cut
off'" from God's people because he had broken the covenant (Gen. 17:14).

That the covenant was made between God and Abraham, an adult, reveals its

186

spiritual dimension. Abraham's circumcision signified and confirmed his previous

experience of justification by faith. His circumcision was "a seal of the righteousness
of the faith which he had while still uncircumcised" (Rom. 4:11).

But circumcision alone did not guarantee entrance into the true spiritual dimension of
the covenant. Frequently God's spokesmen warned that nothing less than spiritual
circumcision would suffice. "'Circumcise the foreskin of your heart, and be stiff-
necked no longer'" (Deut. 10:16; cf. 30:6; Jer. 4:4). The "uncircumcised in the heart"
were to be punished with the Gentiles (Jer. 9:25, 26).

When the Jews rejected Jesus as the Messiah they broke their covenant relationship
with God, terminating their special status as His chosen people (Dan. 9:24-27; see
chapter 4 of this book). Although God's covenant and His promises remained the same,
He chose a new people. Spiritual Israel replaced the Jewish nation (Gal. 3:27-29; 6:15,
16).

Christ's death ratified the new covenant. People entered this covenant through spiritual
circumcision—a response of faith to Jesus' atoning death. Christians have "the gospel
for the uncircumcised" (Gal. 2:7). The new covenant requires an "inward faith" and not
an "outward rite" of those who would belong to spiritual Israel. One can be a Jew
through birth; but one can be a Christian only through the new birth. "For in Christ
Jesus neither circumcision nor uncircumcision avail anything, but faith working
through love" (Gal. 5:6). What matters is "circumcision is that of the heart, in the
 Spirit" (Rom. 2:28, 29).

Baptism, the sign of a saving relationship with Jesus, represents this spiritual
circumcision. "In Him you were also circumcised with the circumcision made without
hands, by putting off the body of the sins of the flesh, by the circumcision of Christ,
buried with Him in baptism, in which you also were raised with Him through faith in
the working of God who raised Him from the dead" (Col. 2:11, 12).

"Having the 'body of flesh' removed through the spiritual circumcision performed by
Jesus, the one baptized now 'puts on Christ' and enters into the covenant relationship
with Jesus. As a result he is in line to receive the fulfillment of the covenant
promises."18 "For as many of you as were baptized into Christ have put on Christ. . . .
If you are Christ's, then you are Abraham's offspring, heirs according to promise" (Gal.
3:27-29, RSV). Those who have entered into this covenant relationship experience
God's assurance, "'I will be their God, and they shall be My people'" (Jer. 31:33).

Symbol of Consecration to Christ's Service. At His baptism Jesus received a special

outpouring of the Holy Spirit, signifying His anointing or dedication to the mission His
Father had assigned Him (Matt. 3:13-17; Acts 10:38). His experience reveals that
water baptism and

187

Spirit baptism belong together, that a baptism void of the reception of the Holy Spirit
is incomplete.

In the apostolic church the outpouring of the Holy Spirit generally followed water
baptism. So today, when we are baptized in the name of the Father, the Son, and the
Holy Spirit, we are dedicated, consecrated, and united with the three great powers of
heaven and to the spreading of the everlasting gospel.

The Holy Spirit prepares us for this ministry by purifying our hearts from sin. John
declared that Jesus "'will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire'" (Matt. 3:11). Isaiah
revealed that God would cleanse His people from their impurities "by the spirit of
judgment and by the spirit of burning" (Isa. 4:4). I will "'thoroughly purge away your
dross, '" God said, "'and take away all your alloy'" (Isa. 1:25). "God is a consuming
fire" to sin (Heb. 12:29). The Holy Spirit will purify the lives of all who surrender to
Him, consuming their sins.

Then the Holy Spirit provides them with His gifts. His gifts are "a special divine
endowment, given at the time of baptism, to enable the believer to serve the church and
to minister to those who have not yet accepted Jesus Christ."19 The baptism of the
Holy Spirit gave the early church the power to witness (Acts 1:5, 8), and only that
same baptism will enable the church to complete its mission of proclaiming the
 everlasting gospel of the kingdom (Matt. 24:14; Rev. 14:6).

Symbol of Entrance Into the Church. As a sign of a person's regeneration or new

birth (John 3:3, 5), baptism also marks that person's entrance into Christ's spiritual
kingdom.20 Since it unites the new believer to Christ, it always functions as the door
to the church. Through baptism the Lord adds the new disciples to the body of
believers—His body, the church (Acts 2:41, 47; 1 Cor. 12:13). Then they are members
of God's family. One cannot be baptized without joining the church family.

Qualifications for Baptism

Scripture compares the relationship between Christ and His church to a marriage. In
marriage, both parties should know well the responsibilities and commitments
involved. Those desiring baptism must reveal in their lives faith, repentance, and the
fruits of repentance, as well as an understanding of the meaning of baptism and the
subsequent spiritual relationship.21

Faith. One prerequisite for baptism is a faith in Jesus' atoning sacrifice as the only
means of salvation from sin. Christ said, "'He who believes and is baptized will be
saved'" (Mark 16:16). In the apostolic church only those who believed the gospel were
baptized (Acts 8:12, 36, 37; 18:8).

Since "faith comes by hearing, and hearing by the word of God" (Rom. 10:17),
instruction is an essential part of baptismal preparation. Christ's great commission

188

confirms the importance of such instruction: "'Go therefore and make disciples of all
the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy
Spirit, teaching them to observe all things that I have commanded you'" (Matt. 28:19,
20). Becoming a disciple involves thorough instruction.

Repentance. "'Repent, '" said Peter, "'and let every one of you be baptized'" (Acts
2:38). Instruction in the Word of God produces not only faith but repentance and
conversion. In response to God's call people see their lost condition, confess their
sinfulness, submit themselves to God, repent of their sin, accept Christ's atonement,
and consecrate themselves to a new life with Him. Without conversion they cannot
enter a personal relationship with Jesus Christ. Only through repentance can they
experience death to sin—a prerequisite for baptism.

Fruits of Repentance. Those who desire baptism must profess faith and experience
repentance. But unless they also bring forth "'fruits worthy of repentance'" (Matt. 3:8)
they will not have met the Biblical requirements for baptism. Their lives ought to
demonstrate their commitment to the truth as it is in Jesus and express their love to
God through obedience to His commandments. In preparing for baptism they ought to
have surrendered erroneous beliefs and practices. The fruits of the Spirit displayed in
 their lives will reveal that the Lord abides in them and they in Him (John 15:1-8).
Unless they give this evidence of their relationship with Christ, they are not yet ready
to join the church.22

Examination of Candidates. Becoming a church member involves taking a spiritual

step; it is not simply a matter of having one's name recorded in a book. Those
administering baptism are responsible for determining the readiness of candidates for
baptism. They must ascertain the candidate's understanding of the principles for which
the church stands and give evidence of a new creation and an enjoyable experience in
the Lord Jesus.23

Yet they must be careful not to judge the motives of those seeking baptism. "When a
person presents himself as a candidate for church membership, we are to examine the
fruit of his life, and leave the responsibility of his motive with himself."24

Some have been buried alive in the water of baptism. Self did not die. These did not
receive a new life in Christ. Those who have joined the church in this way have
brought with them the seeds of weakness and apostasy. Their "unsanctified" influence
confuses those within and without the church and jeopardizes its witness.

Should Infants and Children Be Baptized? Baptism incorporates new believers into

the church within the context of "being born again." Their conversion has qualified
them for baptism and

189

church membership. Incorporation takes place at the "new birth," not at "infant birth."
This is why believers were baptized—"both men and women" (Acts 8:12, 13, 29-38;
9:17, 18; 1 Cor. 1:14). "Nowhere in the New Testament," Karl Barth admitted, "is
infant baptism either permitted or commanded."25 G.R. Beasley-Murray confessed, "I
find myself unable to recognize in infant baptism the baptism of the New Testament
Church."26

Because infants and little children cannot experience conversion, they do not qualify
for baptism. Does that mean they are excluded from the new covenant community?
Certainly not! Jesus did not exclude them from His kingdom of grace. "'Let the little
children come to Me, and do not forbid them, '" He said, "'for of such is the kingdom
of heaven.' And He laid His hands on them'" (Matt. 19:14, 15). Believing parents fulfill
a vital role in guiding their children into a relationship with Christ that will eventually
lead them to baptism.

Jesus' positive response to the mothers who brought their children to Him to be blessed
has led to the practice of child dedication. For this service parents bring their children
to church to be presented or dedicated to God.
At what age should a person be ready for baptism? Individuals can be baptized if they
(1) are old enough to understand the meaning of baptism, (2) have surrendered to
Christ and are converted, (3) understand the fundamental principles of Christianity,
and (4) comprehend the significance of church membership. A person puts his
salvation in jeopardy only when he has come to the age of accountability and then
rejects the influence of the Holy Spirit.

Because individuals differ as to their spiritual maturity at any given age, some are
ready for baptism at an earlier age than are others. So we can set no fixed minimum
age for baptism. When parents consent to their children's being baptized at an early
age, they must accept the responsibility for their spiritual growth and character
development.

The Fruit of Baptism

The pre-eminent fruit baptism bears is a life lived for Christ. Goals and aspirations
focus on Christ, not on self. "If then you were raised with Christ, seek those things
which are above, where Christ is, sitting at the right hand of God. Set your mind on
things above, not on things of the earth" (Col. 3:1, 2). Baptism is not the reaching of
the highest peak attainable to the Christian. As we grow spiritually, we acquire
Christian graces to be used in serving others on God's plan of multiplication: "Grace
and peace be multiplied to you in the knowledge of God and of Jesus our Lord" (2
Peter 1:2). As we remain faithfully committed to our baptismal vows, the Father, Son,
and Holy Spirit, in whose name we have been baptized, guarantee that we have access
to divine power to assist in every emergency we may face in the postbaptismal life.

190

The second fruit is a life lived for Christ's church. We are no longer isolated
individuals; we have become members of Christ's church. As living stones we make up
God's temple (1 Peter 2:2-5). We maintain a special relationship to Christ, the head of
the church, from whom we receive our daily graces for growth and development in
love (Eph. 4:16). We assume responsibilities within the covenant community, the
members of which, bear a responsibility for the newly baptized (1 Cor. 12:12-26). For
their own good, as well as that of the church, these new members must be involved in a
life of worship, prayer, and loving service (Eph. 4:12).

The final fruit is a life lived in and for the world. It is true that we who have been
baptized hold our citizenship in heaven (Phil. 3:20). But we have been called out of the
world simply to be trained within the body of Christ to return to the world as servants,
participating in Christ's saving ministry. True disciples will not withdraw from the
world into the church; we are born into Christ's kingdom as missionaries. Faithfulness
to our baptismal covenant involves leading others into the kingdom of grace.27

Today God anxiously waits for us to enter into the abundant life He so graciously has
provided. "'And now why are you waiting? Arise and be baptized, and wash away your
 sins, calling on the name of the Lord'" (Acts 22:16).

References

1 S.M. Samuel, "A Brave African Wife," Review and Herald, February 14, 1963, p. 19. [back] [top]

2 An ordinance is an established symbolic religious rite or observance that sets forth the central truths of
the gospel and that is of universal and perpetual obligation. Christ prescribed two ordinances—baptism
and the Lord's Supper. An ordinance is not a sacrament in the sense of being an opus operatum—an act
that in and of itself imparts grace and effects salvation. Baptism and the Lord's Supper are sacraments
only in the sense of being like the sacramentum, the oath taken by Roman soldiers to obey their
commander even unto death. These ordinances involve a vow of total allegiance to Christ. See
Strong, Systematic Theology (Philadelphia, PA: Judson Press, 1954), p. 930; "Baptism," SDA
Encyclopedia, rev. ed., pp. 128, 129. [back] [top]

3 Jemison, Christian Beliefs, p. 244. [back] [top]

4 "From the beginning SDA's, in common with their Protestant heritage, have rejected any view of
baptism as an opus operatum, that is, as an act that, in and of itself, imparts grace and effects salvation"
("Baptism," SDA Encyclopedia, rev. ed., p. 128). [back] [top]

5 SDA Bible Commentary, rev. ed., vol. 6, p. 740. [back] [top]

6 At times individuals who have experienced baptism by immersion feel convicted that they should be
rebaptized. Does this desire conflict with Paul's assertion that there is only "one baptism" (Eph. 4:5)?
Paul's practice reveals that it does not. On a visit to Ephesus he met several disciples who had been
baptized by John the Baptist. They had experienced repentance and expressed their faith in the coming
Messiah (Acts 19:1-5).

These disciples had no clear understanding of the gospel. "When they received baptism at the hand of
John, they were holding serious errors. But with clearer light they gladly accepted Christ as their
Redeemer; and with this advance step came a change in their obligations. As they received a purer faith,
there was a corresponding change in their life and character. In token of this change, and as an
acknowledgment of their faith in Christ, they were rebaptized, in the name of Jesus.

"Many a sincere follower of Christ has had a similar experience. A clearer understanding of God's will,
places man in a new relation to Him. New duties are revealed. Much which before appeared innocent, or
even praiseworthy, is now seen to be sinful. . . . His former baptism does not satisfy him now. He has
seen himself a sinner, condemned by the law

191

of God. He has experienced anew a death to sin, and he desires again to be buried with Christ by
baptism, that he may rise to walk in newness of life. Such a course is in harmony with the example of
Paul in baptizing the Jewish converts. That incident was recorded by the Holy Spirit as an instructive
lesson for the church" (White, Sketches From the Life of Paul [Battle Creek, MI: Review and Herald,
1883], pp. 132, 133; see also Seventh-day Adventist Church Manual [Washington, D.C.: General
Conference of Seventh-day Adventists, 1986], rev. ed., p. 50; White, Evangelism, pp. 372-375).

Scripture says nothing that would deny rebaptism to individuals who have broken their covenant with
God through grievous sin or apostasy and then experienced reconversion and desire a renewal of their
 covenant (see Seventh-day Adventist Church Manual, pp. 51, 162; White, Evangelism, p. 375). [back]
[top]

7 See Albrecht Oepke, "Bapto, Baptizo," in Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, ed. Gerhard
Kittel, trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley (Grand Rapids: Wm B. Eerdmans Publ. C., 1964), vol. 1, p. 529.
Vine noted that bapto"was used among the Greeks to signify the dyeing of a garment, or the drawing of
water by dipping a vessel into another, etc." (W.E. Vine, An Expository Dictionary of Biblical
Words [New York, NY: Thomas Nelson, 1985], p. 50). "To dip," appears three times in the New
Testament, in each instance reflecting the meaning "to submerge." In the parable of the rich man and
Lazarus, the rich man requested Abraham to permit Lazarus to dip the tip of his finger into cold water
and bring a drop to moisten his tongue (Luke 16:24). On the night before the crucifixion Jesus identified
His betrayer by dipping a morsel and handing it to Judas (John 13:26). And when John in vision saw
Jesus riding forth as the commander of the armies of heaven, Jesus' garments appeared to John as though
they had been dipped in blood (Rev. 19:13). [back] [top]

8 George E. Rice, "Baptism: Union With Christ," Ministry, May 1982, p. 20. [back] [top]

9 See Albrecht Oepke, "Bapto, Baptizo," in Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, vol. 1, p. 535.
Cf. Arndt and Gingrich, Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament, p. 131. [back] [top]

10 J.K. Howard, New Testament Baptism (London: Pickering && Inglis Ltd., 1970), p. 48. [back] [top]

11 Italics supplied. [back] [top]

12 Matthew Black, The Scrolls and Christian Origins (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1961), pp.
96-98. See also "Baptism," SDA Bible Dictionary, rev. ed., pp. 118, 119. [back] [top]

13 G.E. Rice, "Baptism in the Early Church," Ministry, March, 1981, p. 22. Cf. Henry F.
Brown, Baptism Through the Centuries (Mountain View, Cal.: Pacific Press, l965); William L.
Lampkin, A History of Immersion(Nashville: Broadman Press, 1962); Wolfred N. Cotte, The
Archeology of Baptism (London: Yates and Alexander, 1876). [back] [top]

14 Brown, Baptism Through the Centuries, pp. 49-90. [back] [top]

15 Alfred Plummer, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to S. Luke, The
International Critical Commentary, ed. Samuel R. Driver, et al., 5th ed. (Edinburgh: T. && T. Clark,
1981 reprint), p. 88. [back] [top]

16 "Baptism," SDA Encyclopedia, rev. ed., p. 128. [back] [top]

17 Howard, New Testament Baptism, p. 69. [back] [top]

18 G.E. Rice, "Baptism: Union With Christ," Ministry, May 1982, p. 21. [back] [top]

19 Gottfred Oosterwal, "Every Member a Minister? From Baptism to a Theological Base," Ministry,

Feb. 1980, pp. 4-7. See also Rex D. Edwards, "Baptism as Ordination," Ministry, Aug. 1983, pp. 4-6.
[back] [top]

20 White in SDA Bible Commentary, rev. ed., vol. 6, p. 1075. [back] [top]

21 If there are qualifications for baptism, how can one be "baptized for the dead"? The following
 interpretation preserves the harmony of the Biblical message: In 1 Corinthians 15 Paul stresses the
significance of the resurrection from the dead and rejects the notion that there is no resurrection. He
shows that if there is no resurrection the believer's faith is in vain and futile (1 Cor. 15:14, 17). Along
the same lines he argues "what will they do who are baptized for the dead, if the dead do not rise at all?
Why then are they baptized for the dead?" (1 Cor. 15:29).

Some have interpreted the expression "baptized for the dead" as a reference to vicarious baptism by
believers for dead persons. In light of the Biblical qualifications for baptism one cannot maintain such a
view. W. Robertson Nicoll points out that what Paul is referring to was a "normal experience, that the
death of Christians leads to the conversion of survivors, who in the first instance 'for the sake of the
dead' (their beloved dead), and in the hope of reunion, turn to Christ." Paul describes such converts
"baptized for the dead." "The hope of future blessedness, allying itself with family affections and
friendship, was one of the most powerful factors in the early spread of Christianity" (W. Robertson
Nicoll, ed., The Expositor's Greek Testament [Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1956], vol. 2, p.
931. M. Raeder points out that the preposition "for" [huper in Greek] in the expression "baptized for the
dead" is a preposition of purpose.

192

This means that this baptism was "'for the sake of'" or "'because of' the dead for the purpose of being
reunited with dead Christian relatives at the resurrection" [M. Raeder, "Vikariatstaufe in 1 K.
15:29?" Zeitschrift fur die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft, 45 (1955), pp. 258-260 quoted by Harold
Riesenfeld, "Huper," Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, vol. 8, p. 513]. Cf. Howard, New
Testament Baptism, pp. 108, 109).

Howard states that in its context Paul's argument in 1 Corinthians 15:29 runs, "If Christ has not risen
those who have died 'in Christ' have perished, and, with no hope, we become hopeless and wretched,
especially those who have entered the Christian community and have been baptized for the sake of those
who have died in Christ, hoping to be reunited with them" (Howard, "Baptism for the Dead: A Study of
1 Corinthians 15:29," Evangelical Quarterly, ed. F.F. Bruce [Exeter, Eng.: Paternoster Press], July-
September, 1965, p. 141). [back] [top]