Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Modelling and Simulation of Automatic Transmission

Eng. Naser Rashid Manea Rahian Al-Ajmi1, Hadyan Ali Alajmi 2

1
Specialist Trainer (C) in Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Arabic Republic of Egypt , Egypt .
2 Specialist Trainer (G) in Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, University of Arab Academy for Science,
Technology and Transport .
**Corresponding Contact

Abstract:- Several factors affect the characteristics of I. INTRODUCTION

vehicles, and among these factors is the modelling and
simulation of vehicle control shift components and which Currently, there is a constant and significant growth
occurs through the transmission of gears while and improvement in the good scope for vehicles with the
determining the features of the shift. Characteristics that automatic gearboxes when it comes to gearshift. Controlling
are affected in vehicles when modelling and simulation and handling a gearbox switching components, such as
are used are the vehicle's fuel-burning efficiency, freewheels and the clutches, has a significant impact on
gearbox durability, operability of vehicle, and driving gearshift comfort. Electronic Control Unit (ECU) is
comfort. This thesis used MATLAB software to design a implemented to do this controlling (Nezhadali and Eriksson,
model and simulate simplified models for gear-shift 2015).
methods, considering traffic conditions like road slope,
calculus of vehicle speed, and other factors to assess the There are many configurations used in automobiles,
transmission system's behaviour. The findings revealed but the “Automatic Transmission (AT)” is one of the most
that since the throttle input was reduced, the torque of widely used. These systems involve planetary gear sets that
the engine was increased whereas the speed of the engine achieve multiple gear ratios by combining components from
was reduced. Vehicle automation could be reliably various planetary gear (Yi et al., 2017).
achieved by optimizing the interaction between the speed
of the engine and the torque of the engine. The main focus of this study is Matlab/Simulink for
transmission integration. The changing state of the
Keywords;- MATLAB, Vehicle Control Shift, Modelling, transmission output shaft and the crankshaft is obtained
Simulation, Vehicle Automation, Gear-Shift Methods, from the differential design and engine design. The output
Traffic Conditions. shaft value and the torque of the crankshaft are returned
after it had been calculated. The procedure is illustrated in
the following figure (Zhao, 2013).

Figure 1: Structure of the model of the entire powertrain (Zhao, 2013).

II. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES testing, as the computer's performance continues to improve,
and novel modelling techniques become available.
A huge increase noticed during the recent years within
legal requirements and customer regarding automotive Regardless of whether a prototype of a car is being
industry taken into account the emissions produced by the designed or not, computer simulation is recognized as a key
automotive industry. element to use in developing new products as well as
different vehicles. These simulations can also be used to
Simulations were granted a vital and significant role in optimize different features and components of the drivetrain
the growth of the automotive industry. The programming during pre-studies.The most important objectives from this
resources, in that their own items are included, are created paper are:
by vehicle manufacturers to be used later for trails and

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Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
a. To develop mathematical and physical model for a
gearbox of an automatic type regarding the car of the
passengers.
b. To use the simplest design for the gearshift methods,
considering the expected circumstances such as; vehicle
speed calculus.
c. To approximate the proposed and styled scheme under
various failure modes, such as Gear hunting.
d. To use Matlab/Simulink to simulate the suggested
model.
e. To carry out a systematic estimate for the suggested
model in order to equate its reliability to that of other
related recent new vehicles:
Figure 2: Configuration of continuously Variable
III. LITERATUR REVIEW Transmission

Overview In addition, the CVT has one unique gear that

The automatic transmission is the preferred mode of functions as a parameter and can move smoothly across
transmission for the majority of drivers in today's society. nonstop appropriate gear ratios and sizes. This also allows
As opposed to conventional three-pedal shifters, hassle-free us to control the RPM or engine speed depending on the
moving, usability, and convenience have hit new heights. driver's behaviour when accelerating or decelerating.
The automatic transmissions began as simplistic gear
shifting mechanisms, and they were recognised for less than  Dual-Clutch Transmission (DCT)
stellar fuel mechanisms. They are now well-known for their It is a manual/automatic transmission that lacks a
reliability and high performance (Transmission, 2019). torque converter. Aside from that, it has two shafts with
clutches for shifting gears, one for the even number gears as
Types of automatic transmission well as the one for odd number ones.
The six types of automatic transmission can be given
as follows: Shifting between higher and lower gears is smooth, but
they can move unevenly over time and become noisy. This
 Traditional Automatic Transmission type is known as dry transmission because it does not
This type is also known as the torque automatic require a driver to change the gearbox oil. It finally loses its
converter, it is implemented in nearly each car. They use frictional performance and left the clutch (Auto Deal, 2019).
hydraulic fluid and torque converter to do the function of
varying gear in the place of the clutch. The control of engine  DSG (Direct Shift Gearbox)
unit is directly attached with this type of mechanism as well It has a similar configuration to a dual-clutch
as allows the precise and the smooth engine control for the transmission in that it has two clutches which open
car. interchangeably when changing gears. It provides smooth
acceleration as well as fast shifting. New systems offer more
 Automated-Manual Transmission reliable fuel systems than manual patterns. This process is
This type, which is manual transmission uses a regular known as wet transmission, as well as it is expected to last
gear in addition to clutch and makes use of the actuators, for decades in case of the fuel is replaced on a daily basis
sensors, pneumatics, and processors to assist manual usage (Automatic Revolution, 2019).
for the gears (Automatic Transmission, 2019).
 Tiptronic Transmission
 Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) This type is commonly used in performance-oriented
This type allows the seamless gear shifting by using cars or in sport and are called manumatic. It was founded during
pulleys or even belts in the place of the traditional gears, the late of '90s by Porsche. Its principle is same as the
which made of steel, along with the numerous ratios that are manual gearbox. Based on the previous information, the best
dependent on the RPM or on the engine speed, as seen in type to choose is depends mainly on the design of the
Figure 2. model.

Working Principle for Automatic transmission

Based on Mechanical Booster (2019), sliding mesh
gearbox or synchromesh was implemented in the manual
transmission, while the epicyclical gearbox was used in
automatic transmission. These types of gearboxes used no
gear or even sliding dogs to entice but the speeds of the
distinctive gear are obtained by fixing the brake bands
within the gear drum.

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Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
The guided shaft rotates and is linked to the earth gear. The gear is the most simple to configure, use, and
Following the removal of the gear system, it is able to shift extend in any car management system. Since it is extremely
as a function of a planet gear movement that is moved in the effective, compact, and consolidates a variety of other
direction of the axis. Any planet gear has many units to get management functions into a single location for users
the numerous patterns (Mechanical Booster, 2019). (Flamang et al., 2005)
.
Energy efficiency of automatic transmission
The basic feature of the automatic transmission, in
conjunction with differential, is to reduce the relatively high
degree of engine power to the vehicle's slower wheel speeds
as well as to increase the torque for the wheels (Sudha et al.,
2011).

Automatic transmissions allow smooth gear shifting by

using rollers or belts instead of standard steel gears, as well
as a variety of ratios that are based on RPM or speed
control. Transmission design has an effect on automotive
fuel consumption as well as energy quality (Gong, et al.,
2014).

Figure 3: Epicycle gear train (Mech study, 2019) IV. METHODOLOGY

The automatic transmission includes of different The running of combustion engines is carried out at
important components, its main component are oil plan, a high speeds, which are in fact imperfect and unsuitable for
converter housing, and the extension house. A converter starting, stopping, or going slowly. The gearbox's aim is to
housing assists in enfold torque converter as well as the case manage the engine's speed and torque ratios and then
owns specific train gear. The overall unit of the transmission providing the car with a wider range of driving.
is linked with the engine block (Mech study, 2019).
This is known as overdrive since the torque can be
The difference between working of manual reduced when the rpm is increased. The two equations that
transmission and the automatic transmission is that the follow show the obtained speed 𝜔𝑒𝑛𝑔 and torque 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑔 upon
control process for automatic transmission is made by gearbox, on the prop shaft about gear i with r i ratio (Guiju et
arrangement of the brakes that are operated in hydraulically al. 2014).
way (Alf cars, 2019). 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑔 . 𝑟𝑖 = 𝑇𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝 … … (1)

Gearbox management system At the same power level, the relation between speed can be
A transmission box, which is also known as a gearbox, got, Power = Torque X speed
is the vehicle's secondary source of power. It is used to
adjust the torque and speed of a vehicle in response to a 𝜔𝑒𝑛𝑔
= 𝜔𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝 … … (2)
range of load loads and road conditions. When climbing 𝑟𝑖
hills or when the car needs, the gearbox converts the
engine's speed into torque. It is also used as a torque In the previous equations, 𝜔𝑒𝑛𝑔 as well as 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑔 denotes
converter and transmission box (Alonso and Agusti, 2004). that the speed as well as the torque obtained by the engine.
The shaft for the counter is hammered to a clutch in a The source power 𝑃 which is rotational is in turns that given
gearbox control system with a couple of gear shifts. by the necx equation:
In the gearbox control system, the teeth for the gear as 𝑃 = 𝜔. 𝑇 … … (3)
well as other varying metal could not touch. (Lemmers et
al., 2011). The following are the three primary stages of the - Planetary-Gear Sets
gearbox control scheme. In many other cases, automatic gearboxes in
1. Providing the required torque to move the automobile commercial vehicles use a planetary-gear rail to switch
based on a difference in load situations. This can be between various ratios of the gear. It is made up of various
made by changing the ratio for the gear which is planter-gear classes and, in some cases, standard gears. The
between the engine crankshaft and the vehicle drive planter-gear kit contains three major components: sun-gear,
wheels. earth gears, and the internal gear, as well as a planet carrier.
2. Be shifted into reverse so that the vehicle can return Every one of these elements may function as output,
smoothly. information, or remain constant. As seen in Figure 4, all
3. Be transferred into the manual mode to start the engine. components in a planetary gear set configuration share a
common rotational axis (Wendelius, 2012).

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Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
By the driving point, the stator redirects the fluid as it
is driven through the impeller and the decelerated through
the turbine. Despite the major power losses, this ensures that
the turbine's torque is higher than the engine's torque.
However, the rise in torque within the conversion ratio is
represented by measures and is measured as seen below in
the following equation (Mathwork, 2019):
𝜇
𝑇𝑇
= … … (3)
𝑇𝑃

The torque for the turbine is denoted by T T in the

previous mathematical representation, while the torque for
Figure 4: illustrates the components of planetary-gear set the impeller is denoted by TP. There are various observed
(Wendelius, 2012) details about the ration of converting, this has an amount
greater or equal than 1 𝜇 ≥ 1, the maximal value for the
- Clutches ration regarding the conversion is achieved when the car is
Despite the fact that cars equipped with automatic stopped, so the rotor speed is equal to zero 𝜔𝑇 = 0.
gearboxes do not have a clutch pedal, it also does not imply
that no clutches will be used inside the gearbox. In contrast, This is analogous to the situation where the driver
multiple clutches are used inside the gear train. The clutch, presses the brake pedal, and the stopping torque is sufficient
in particular, consists of two plates with friction plates as to keep the car at a standstill. In case like this, the
well as a technique which either moves or presses these proportional power loss between the turbine as well as the
apart. (Zhang et al. 2015). impeller is equal to 100%. The corresponding formula is
used to calculate the power loss inside the torque converter
- Torque Converter (Mathwork, 2019)
The torque converter is a form of hydraulic fluid 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝜔𝑃 𝑇𝑃 − 𝜔𝑇 𝑇𝑇 … … (4)
coupling that connects the engine flywheel to the gearbox.
Initially, when the engine is run at a low speed while The following formula is used to calculate the
traveling, a very limited amount of traveling torque is reduction of relative power:
obtained by the converter, allowing the car to stop without
the engine destroying. The torque converter, on the other 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜂𝑟𝑒𝑙 = … … (5)
hand, provides additional torque to the vehicle during the 𝜔𝑃 𝑇𝑃
take-off phase. As a result, the car is more comfortable to
ride (Wendelius, 2012). While the driver releases the brakes, the turbine picks up the
speed, increasing in 𝜔𝑇 .
Table 2: The relations for one planetary-gear set under
diverse fixed, output and input components, 𝑍𝑖 signifies the Although the turbine's speed reaches the impeller's
number of cogs within 𝑖𝑡ℎ component (Wendelius, 2012). speed, 𝜔𝑇 → 𝜔𝑃 , A decrease results in torque conversion
Input Output Fixed Ratio of Comments and a reduction in power losses. This will continue until the
conversion speed relationship between the impeller's speed and the
Sun Carrier Ring 𝑍𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑔 Torque is turbine's speed is provided by the given formulas
1+ amplified (Nezhadali, and Eriksson, 2015):
𝑍𝑆𝑢𝑛 𝜔𝑇
>1 𝑣= … … (6)
𝑍𝑆𝑢𝑛 𝜔𝑃
Ring Carrier Sun Torque is
1+
𝑍𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑔 amplified
It indicates that while the conversion ratio is reduced
>1 to one, there is no rise in torque. In case like this and based
Carrier Sun Ring 1 Overdrive on eq. (4), 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = (1 − 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝 ). 𝜔𝑃 𝑇𝑃 . The converter's
𝑍𝑆𝑢𝑛 function is accomplished in this situation, but more
1+𝑍
𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑔 efficiency can be obtained if the turbine as well as impeller
<1 are locking comparatively so that within losses are
Carrier Ring Sun 1 Overdrive completely removed (Nezhadali, and Eriksson, 2015).
𝑍𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑔
1+ 𝑍
𝑆𝑢𝑛 As previously mentioned, the impeller and turbine
<1 flywheel are linked, which ensures they run at identical
Sun Ring Carrier 𝑍𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑔 Reverse Gear speeds 𝜔𝑃 = 𝜔𝑒𝑛𝑔 . Whatever the case might be, the
− <0
𝑍𝑆𝑢𝑛 resulting impeller torque, which is hydrodynamic 𝑇𝑃 , is not
Ring Sun Carrier 𝑍𝑆𝑢𝑛 Reverse Gear approximately identical to the engine torque. To calculate
− <0
𝑍𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑔 the impeller, torque the following formula will be used:

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Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
𝑇𝑃 = 𝜎 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐷𝑃5 𝜔𝑃2 … … (7) the accelerator and the brake pedals at the same time, it
could be safe assuming that 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑔 = 0 in case of an active
In the preceding equation, 𝜎 denotes the performance retarder. Therefore, 𝑇𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝 is established by the next formula:
index of the converter, 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 denotes the hydraulic fluid 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑟 . 𝑟𝑖 = 𝑇𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝 … … (9)
density, 𝐷 represents the density of the impeller. The
maximum amount of the torque conversion is obtained in Which means that in case of low gears, 𝑟𝑖 > 1, a
case when the car is at the situation of stopping, so 𝜔𝑇 = magnification will result on the braking torque. Whatever,
0 v = 0 . As the turbine's speed increases, the conversion when 𝑟𝑖 < 1 the torque will be reduced. As a result, main
ratio decreases, and the speed ratio reaches 1. This decrease retarders are more appropriate and efficient for use in cars
is usually linearly styled before the point of coupling, v that travel at extremely low speeds, like city buses. Vehicles
coup, is obtained, 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝 , in case like this 𝜇(𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝 ) = 1. that move at very high speeds, on the other hand, typically
Hence, 𝜇 can be expressed as given below in the following use secondary types of retarders (Mathwork ,2019 .)
equation:
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑥 −1
𝜇𝑚𝑎𝑥 − , 0 ≤ 𝑣 ≤ 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝
𝜇={ 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝 …… (8) Automatic Transmission Controller Analysis .
1 , 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝 < 𝑣 ≤ 1 In this chapter, the controller system of automatic
transmission was analysed depending on block diagram
- Retarder which is shown in Figure 5.
The proportion for the gear influences the retarder's
brake torque. Since it is unsafe for any driver to push both

Figure 5: Automatic Transmission Block diagram controller

Figure 5 shows the block diagram for the ATC. The There is a difference between the torques based on the
distribution for the flow of the power is presented. motion of impeller as well as the motion of the engine
Differential equations can be used to model a car engine. because of the inertia for both of them. The following
These differential equations have some characteristics such equation describes the difference in torque.
as regular and nonlinear and were chosen to simplify
modelling. 𝑇𝑒 − 𝑇𝑖 = ( 𝐼𝑖 + 𝐼𝑒 ) 𝑁𝑒
(10)
The previous block diagram shows each unit which are Where,
required for the modelling of the vehicle. For example, the Ne = engine 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
block diagram which is responsible to make a decision and Ie = Moment of inertia of the engine
to apply the logics for the system is a transmission control. Ii = Moment of inertia of the impeller
Te = Torque of the engine
Modelling of the Engine. Ti = Torque of the impeller

Since the moment of inertia for the impeller and

engine own physical properties derived from manufacturing,
the variance between the torques could be minimized or
improved if and only if a changing in speed was made. The
Figure 6: Modelling of the engine process of transmission is represented in Figure 7.

As shown in Figure 6, the throttle provides feedback

for the engine. The order is issued when the throttle is
opened or closed. For simplification, the order from throttle
would be dealt to be closed or open only.

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Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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- Gear set modelling:
The ratio of transmission is a ratio of output torque to input
torque:
𝑇 𝑁
𝑅𝑇𝑅 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑖𝑛 (17)
𝑇𝑖𝑛 𝑁𝑜𝑢𝑡

Thus, 𝑁𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅𝑇𝑅 𝑁𝑜𝑢𝑡

Figure 7: Transmission process in torque converter, gear set 𝑇𝑖𝑛 , 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡

and shift = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑁𝑖𝑛 , 𝑁𝑜𝑢𝑡
- Modelling of the torque converter: = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
As seen in the following equation, the torque f4 is a gear.
proportion is proportional to speed by the diameters for the
driver or by number of teeth. - Vehicle motion modelling
𝑤 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑁 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑇 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟
≡ ≡ ≡ (11)
𝑤 𝑔𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑁 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑇 𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛

4.2.2 Mathematical equation of torque converter unit:

The engine speed is considered to become the most
important parameter regarding torque. Taken into account
the capacity factor K. The following figure shows a
relationship between speed ratios and torque (Pohl, 2003).

Figure 9: Motion modelling of vehicle

From the general conservation of momentum and

energy equation:

- The torque of the load the output torque because of some

losses. The formula which links the load torque, and the
output torque is shown below:
𝐼𝑣 𝑁𝑤 = (𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ) (18)

Iv = Moment of inertia of the vehicle

Nw = Speed of the vehicle wheels (RPM)
- This is a theoretical equation.
- The influence of final drive ratio has to be
Figure 8: capacity factor VS speed ratio understood. because of the inversely proportional to torque,
the modelling equation is:
Based on the following equation, the torque ratio and
the K factor have an opposite relationship. 𝐼𝑣 𝑁𝑤 = 𝑅𝑓𝑑(𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ) (19)
N2
e
Ti = (12)
K2 𝑅𝑓𝑑 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒

Where, The torque produced by load must be considered in vehicle

N
K = f2 in (13) motion modelling, the following equation shows that:
Ne

The torque ratio is defined as the ration of output of torque 𝑇𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑓5 (𝑁𝑤 ) (20)
converter to speed of vehicle engine.
T
R TQ = in (14) The road load can be determined by calculating both the
Ne aerodynamics and the frictional damage.

And the ratio between speed ratios and is expressed as: 𝑇𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑠𝑔𝑛(𝐾𝑝ℎ)(𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 0 + 𝑅𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 2 𝑘𝑝ℎ2 + 𝑇𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘 )
𝑇𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓3 ∗ 𝑁𝑖𝑛 (15)

After substituting in the torque ratio (RTQ): Relevant shift points are chosen for automatic
𝑁
𝑅𝑇𝑄 = 𝑓3 𝑁𝑖𝑛 (16) transmission programs based on the car velocity, as seen in
𝑒
Figure 10.

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Figure 10: Transmission shift points as per the vehicle speed

.
Modelling of the Automatic Transmission for the vehicle.
MATLAB Simulink has been used to build a model for automatic transmission for a vehicle, as seen in Figure 11.

Figure 11: Matlab Simulink modelling for the Automatic Transmission for a vehicle

Figure 12: block diagram for the vehicle

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Figures 11 and 12 show the Matlab Simulink model - Engine MATLAB Simulink model
for an automatic transmission car. Each unit in this model
operates independently, allowing for optimization of each
necessary parameter.

Figure 13: Engine subsystem

Figure 14: Engine Matlab Simulink Model

The Simulink model of vehicle engine is seen in Figure 15 shows the model of the vehicle's
Figures 13 and 14. Based on these block diagram, the three transmission system. According to these block diagram, the
key variables used to model the vehicle's engine are throttle, parameters which used in constructing this model are
engine speed, and engine torque. throttle input and vehicle motion dynamics.

- Transmission system Matlab Simulink model - Torque Converter Matlab Simulink model
Using the Simulink, the torque converter has been
constructed as illustrated in Figure 16.

Figure 16: torque converter subsystem

The full details regarding torque converter is shown in

Figure 17.

Figure 15: Transmission system Matlab Simulink model

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Figure 17: Torque Converter Matlab Simulink model

Figure 17 represents the model of the vehicle's torque

converter. According to these block diagram, the parameters
used in constructing a torque converter mechanism are gear
ratio, impeller torque, engine speed, turbine speed, and
torque ratio.

- Transmission Gear Ratio Matlab Simulink

model
Ratio of gear is a vital element in maintaining motor
performance; if the gear ratio value is incorrect, the motor
would not operate at the preferred speed, the amount of the
energy expended will be relatively high, and the produced
torque will be decent but not at the optimum degree.

Figure 19: Engine Torque map data used in simulation

According to the graph in Figure 19, while the throttle

input is low, the engine torque is high when the speed of the
engine is low. According to the graph in Figure 19, while
the throttle input is low, the engine torque is high when the
speed of the engine is low. Vehicle automation could be
efficiently achieved by maximizing the relation between the
torque and the speed of engine.

Figure 18: Transmission Gear Ratio Matlab Simulink model

Obtained Results.

The engine speed as well as torque were investigated

by engine torque and speed, and the outcomes were plotted.
Map of engine torque and K _factor are derived from the Figure 20: Capacity factor used in simulation at 2nd and 3rd
following sources: gear ratio

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Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
A torque converter's characteristics are shown in the At 4 and 8 seconds, upshift points 2-3 as well as 3-4
graph above in Figure 20. A red line indicates the torque occurred. At this time, the vehicle's speed remains constant.
characteristics in gear ratio 2, and a blue line indicates the At t=15 seconds, an input throttle hit 100%, and the
torque characteristics at gear ratio 3. transmission switched to the third gear in the car, resulting
in a significant increase in engine speed from 2600 RPM to
Table 4: Opening percent of throttle and required time 3700 RPM. As the throttle is depressed, the engine
Time (in second) Input throttle % accelerates to 100 mph and then shifts to overdrive at t= 21
0 60 seconds. The car could shift into fourth gear.
15 40
150 0 VI. CONCLUSION
250 0
There are many configurations used in automobiles,
but the Automatic Transmission (AT) is among the most
commonly used schemes. These systems provide terrestrial
sets of the gear that achieve a variety of gear ratios by
connecting various planetary gear set components. At the
time of gearshift, the coupling procedure is carried out by
connecting brakes as well as oil-immersed clutches, also
known as change parts. Using planetary gear set mixtures
during the process of transmission allows for varying gear
proportion to be obtained, while transmission's lightweight
construction allows it to be used in all standard passenger
cars.
Figure 21: Automatic Transmission Simulink
In recent years, there has been a substantial and
Simulink's automatic transmission is used. The torque significant growth in consumer and regulatory standards
value set to zero. When the break torque is zero hence the pertaining to the automobile industry. Further, the new
vehicle is starting with 1000 RPM. carbon dioxide emission standards, the EU and customers
continue to emit NOx1 and various particulates. Simulations
have recently been given an important and significant role in
the growth of the automotive industry.

After modelling all of the vehicle automation system's

units, all of the parameters are varied and adjusted for the
desired performance. The torque of the engine and the
engine speed are then investigated, and a graph regarding
the variable speed of the engine and the engine torque is
formed. The findings revealed that when the throttle input is
Figure 22: Vehicle input throttle graph low, the torque of the engine is high as well as the engine
speed is low. Vehicle automation can thus be efficiently
achieved by maximizing the relation between engine torque
and the engine speed.

Depending on the findings of this thesis and the

improvements that have arisen in the systems of the
transmission, the following recommendations should be
considered in the future:
- It is easy to find clutch control functions which satisfy
the criteria for the comfort of the gearshift in terms of
force. Since the actuators of the Hydraulic clutch are
Figure 23: Vehicle speed used in most automatic gearboxes, they produce extra
dynamics, making the functions of the clutch control
When t=0, 60% input throttle is given by the driver, more difficult to implement. In order to solve this issue,
the result is low ratio of speed for torque converter that lead the hydraulic regulation of the gearbox clutches should
to high ratio of torque as represented in Figure 19 and also be modelled.
Figure 23. - The measurements in the vehicle are compared with
the results obtained from the simulation using
The car and its engine obtained an increase in speed MATLAB Simulink, in order to obtain a comprehensive
before time t = 2s. The vehicle engine's speed was greatly investigation of the validity of the models that were
decreased, and it achieved its high acceleration value once designed..
more.

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Volume 6, Issue 7, July – 2021 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
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