Department of Civil Engineering,

Faculty of Engineering & Technology,

CINEC Campus

CE 3314 - Structural Design II

INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL DESIGN

LECTURER IN CHARGE : Ms. M.W. Chamodi Himasha

Module information
Module Code CE 3314
Credits 3
Prerequisite module CE 1314 - Mechanics
Module marks allocation 15% - Lab session
25% - Assignment
60% - Semester end examination

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References
Author Year Title Publisher
William M.C. McKenzie 2015 Design of Structural Elements to Eurocodes – Second Edition Palgrave Macmillan

Chanakya Arya 2009 Design of Structural Elements – Third Edition Spon Press

M.E. Brettle 2009 Steel Building Design: Introduction to the Eurocodes The Steel Construction
Institute
M.E. Brettle 2009 Steel Building Design: Concise Eurocodes The Steel Construction
Institute
M.E. Brettle 2009 Steel Building Design: Worked Examples – Open Sections The Steel Construction
Institute
M.E. Brettle 2010 Steel Building Design: Worked Examples for Students The Steel Construction
Institute
L. gardner & D.A. Nethercot 2011 Designer’s Guide to Eurocode: Design of Steel Buildings – Second Institution of Civil Engineers
Edition EN 1993-1-1, -1-3 and -1-8

N.S. Trahair, M.A. Bradford, 2008 The Behaviour and Design of Steel Structures to EC3 – Fourth Edition Taylor & Francis
D.A. Nethercot & L. Gardner

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Content
1. Structures
2. Types of Loads
3. Load Effects and Load Paths
4. Structural Elements and their behavior

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1. STRUCTURES

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1. Structures
• Structures are the key components in Civil Engineering projects
• Plan -> Construction -> Maintenance
• They must be designed;
• to last for a long time
• to meet with the uncertainties (Quality in materials and workmanship)
• to meet with possible changes in usage
• to withstand abnormal loading (Natural or man-made)

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1. Structures (Cont.)
Purpose of Civil Engineering Civil Engineering structures
structures
• To enclose a space • Buildings
• To provide access to a place • Bridges
• To supply water for different • Transmission towers
purposed • Dams
• To mitigate disasters • Retaining walls
• To support elements • Roads
• Aircraft landing runways

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 Burj Khalifa Golden Gate Bridge

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 Transmission tower Victoria dam

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 Roads

Airport runways

Retaining wall

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1. Structures (Cont.)
• An adequate safety factor should be assigned in the design of
structures to avoid excessive deflections and vibrations
• They should not show signs of distress due to excessive strains or
movements (cracking and settlements)
• Structures should resist effect of ageing, weathering, fatigue, fire.
• If a structure does not fulfill its intended purpose, they are a failure in
function.
Oscillating buildings, Leaking dams, vibrating bridges

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Case study - Tacoma bridge (1940)
• A suspension bridge
• In Washington, USA
• Open for traffic on 1st of July 1940
• Collapsed on 7th of November 1940

Torsional motion in the bridge

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1. Structures (Cont.)
• Cost effectiveness in both construction cost and maintenance cost
• Cost of a structure comprises of;
• Design fee
• Materials cost
• Fabrication cost
• Erection cost
• Labour cost
• Equipment hiring cost
• Time taken to complete the project affects the return of the benefit
of investment
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1. Structures (Cont.)

Aesthetically
Safe
appealing

Economical Functional

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1. Structures (Cont.)
• Elements in Civil Engineering
structures can be;
• Tension elements
• Compression elements Tension elements
• Bending elements
• Shear elements
• Action can be one dimensional,
two dimensional or three Compression elements
dimensionsal

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1. Structures (Cont.)

Shear elements

Bending elements

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 1. Structures (Cont.)
• Structural designer determine the
connection within elements and Output
connection with foundation
structure.
• Material for a structure is selected Structural
Design
depending on fitness to purpose,
availability, constructability, Structural
durability, affordability and visual Analysis

impact.

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1. Structures (Cont.)
• What is Structural Analysis?
It is the prediction of the performance of a given structure under prescribed
loads and other effects
• What is Structural Design?
It is the use of principles of statics, dynamics and mechanics of materials to
determine the structural element arrangement and sizes

Design procedure

Functional design Structural Framework design

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• Functional Design : ensures that the intended results are achieved
(working area allocation, staircases, elevators)
• Structural Framework Design : ensures that a proper arrangement is
made, adequate structural element sizes and strengths are met

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2. Types of Loads

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2. Types of Loads Loads

Imposed Forces of Indirect

Dead loads
• Dead loads – Self-weight of the loads nature forces
structure including finishes,
Thermal
permanent equipment Wind loads
effects
• Imposed load (Live loads)– Load
Differential
imposed on the structure because Snow loads
settlements
of its use (Weight of people,
furniture, equipment, stored goods Earthquake Hydrostatic
loads loading
and traffic)
Soil
pressures

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2. Types of Loads (Cont.)
Wind loads Earthquake loads
• Acts transverse to the surface of the • Cause horizontal acceleration in
structure structures
• Generally, for structures with lower • Induce lateral forces -> Therefore,
height, wind force is considered as a need to maintain lateral stability
static force
• For tall and slender structures – • Special guidelines are being practiced
Dynamic nature of wind may need to in earthquake prone areas
be concerned
• Key factors in wind force calculation –
Basic wind speed, return period
• Sri Lankan national annex for wind
design code

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2. Types of Loads (Cont.)
• Thermal effects:
• Change in temperature cause movements in structure
• Resistance to these movements induces forces in the structure
• Thus, detailing should be done in the design stage to permit these movements
• Ex: Bridge bearings
• Differential settlements:
• Cause rotational and translational movements in structures.
• Hence, induce forces in the structure
• Need to be considered at the design stage and proper allocations should be made
• Hydrostatic loads:
• Create horizontal forces in the structure (swimming pools, tanks and dams)
• Pressure in a liquid at a given depth is the same in all directions (P=hγ)

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2. Types of Loads (Cont.)
• Soil pressure:
• Horizontal forces on retaining structures
• Because of the shear strength of the soil, the soil pressure is less than hydrostatic pressure
(ability in soil to maintain a stable slope)
• Usually, soil pressure = (1/3) of hydrostatic pressure

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3. Load Effects and Load Paths

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3. Load Effects and Load Paths
• Load effect:
May cause a concentrated effect May cause a distributed effect
May act for a short period of time May act throughout the lifetime
Magnitude of the load may vary during Magnitude may be stable
the lifetime of the structure
May act combined with other loads May act as individual loads

• Therefore, the worst scenario should be considered during the design

Permanent or change
Static loads Dead load, Imposed load
slowly
Loads
Wind load, impact of a moving
Dynamic loads Change rapidly
object

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3. Load Effects and Load Paths (Cont.)

• The way loads are transferred to

the foundation is known as load
path

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3. Load Effects and Load Paths (Cont.)

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3. Load Effects and Load Paths (Cont.)

Load paths in bridges

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4. Structural Elements and their
behavior

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 4. Structural Elements and their behavior
• Tension members
• Member subjected to direct pull
• One dimensional tension members:
• Chords and internal tie members in trusses
• Bracings
• Cables and deck hangers
• Two dimensional tension members:
• Membrane elements subjected to in-plane
tension
• Most efficient of structural members since
they mainly subject to a uniform tensile
stress throughout the cross section
• Fail in tearing either due to inadequate
tensile strength or cross sectional area

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 4. Structural Elements and their behavior (Cont.)
• Compression members
• Members subjected to direct pushing
action
• One dimensional compression
members:
• Chords and internal tie members in
trusses
• Bracings
• Columns, props
• Two dimensional compression
members:
• Walls
• Can fail in material crushing or
member bucking
• For thin sections local buckling
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 4. Structural Elements and their behavior (Cont.)
• Compression members
• Members crush either due to inadequate compressive strength of
material or due to inadequate cross sectional area of member
• Buckling depends on flexibility of material and geometry of member
• Geometry of the member means;
• Length of member
• Type of restraint at ends or at the intermediate span
• Cross sectional area
• Cross sectional shape
• Term slenderness is introduced to define the effect of geometry
• Larger slenderness means greater tendency to buckle

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 4. Structural Elements and their behavior (Cont.)
• Bending/Flexural members
• Member subjected to transverse
loading at a distance from the support
• One dimensional bending members:
• Beams
• Purlins
• Rafters
• Two dimensional bending members:
• Floor slabs
• Bridge decks
• Bending members subject to a
combination of tensile, compressive,
and shear stresses
• Thus, can fail in different ways

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 4. Structural Elements and their behavior (Cont.)
• Bending members
• Members fail in bending either when maximum tensile stress reaches material
tensile strength or maximum compressive stress reaches material compressive
strength
• Member fails in shear when maximum shear stress reaches the material shear
strength
• Excessive deflection
• Fail in bearing either at supports or at points of concentrated loads, when
maximum bearing stress reaches the bearing strength of the material
• Compressive forces in bending members can cause local buckling or lateral
torsional buckling

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 4. Structural Elements and their behavior (Cont.)
• Further topics
• Elements subjected to combined effect
• Members connected each other and to the ground

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 4. Structural Elements and their behavior (Cont.)
• Elements subjected to combined
effect
• Generally, axial effects or bending
effects do not act in isolation
• In most cases, structural elements
subject to a combined effect
• Examples:
• Due to eccentric connections
• Loading between node points
• Frame action

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Introduction to Design of Steel
Structures
Next topic

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Thank you!
Any questions?

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