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EE6351- Electrical Drives and Controls Department of EEE 2017-2018

ENGINEERING COLLEGES
2017 – 2018 Odd Semester
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Department of EEE

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SUBJECT CODE: EE8353

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SUBJECT NAME: ELECTRICAL DRIVES AND CONTROLS
Regulation: 2017

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Year and Semester: II Year and III Semester
Prepared by
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Sl. Affiliating
Name of the Faculty Designation
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No. College
1 P.Balaji Assistant Professor CET
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2 Mr.A.Ann Rufus Assistant Professor CET

3 Mr.R.Jeba Raj Assistant Professor CET

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Verified by DLI, CLI and Approved by the Centralised Monitoring Team dated
EE8353 - ELECTRICAL DRIVES AND CONTROLS

LTPC
3 00 3
OBJECTIVES
 To understand the different characteristics of electrical DC and AC motors
 To study the braking mechanism of electrical motors
 To study the conventional and solid-state drives
 To study the different methods of starting D.C motors and induction motors
 To understand the basic concepts of different types of electrical machines and
their performance

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UNIT I INTRODUCTION 8

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Basic Elements – Types of Electric Drives – factors influencing the choice of electrical
drives – heating and cooling curves – Loading conditions and classes of duty –

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Selection of power rating for drive motors with regard to thermal overloading and Load
variation factors.
UNIT II DRIVE MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS 9
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Mechanical characteristics – Speed-Torque characteristics of various types of load and
drive motors – Braking of Electrical motors – DC motors: Shunt, series and compound -
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single phase and three phase induction motors.

UNIT III STARTING METHODS 8
Types of D.C Motor starters – Typical control circuits for shunt and series motors –
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Three phase squirrel cage and slip ring induction motors.

UNIT IV CONVENTIONAL AND SOLID STATE SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. DRIVES
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Speed control of DC series and shunt motors – Armature and field control, Ward-
Leonard control system - Using controlled rectifiers and DC choppers –applications.
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UNIT V CONVENTIONAL AND SOLID STATE SPEED CONTROL OF A.C. DRIVES

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Speed control of three phase induction motor – Voltage control, voltage / frequency
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control, slip power recovery scheme – Using inverters and AC voltage regulators –
applications.
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TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOMES:
Upon Completion of this subject, the students can able to explain different types of
electrical machines and their performance
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Vedam Subrahmaniam, “Electric Drives (concepts and applications)”, Tata McGraw-
Hill, 2001
2. Nagrath .I.J. & Kothari .D.P, “Electrical Machines”, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1998
REFERENCES:
1. Pillai.S.K “A first course on Electric drives”, Wiley Eastern Limited, 1998
2. Singh. M.D., K.B.Khanchandani, “Power Electronics”, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1998
3. Partab. H., “Art and Science and Utilisation of Electrical Energy”, Dhanpat Rai and
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Sons,1994.

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DETAILED LESSON PLAN

AIM
To expose the students to understand the main concept of electrical drives their
characteristics, braking, starting, control and applications.
OBJECTIVES
 To understand the different characteristics of electrical DC and AC motors
 To study the braking mechanism of electrical motors
 To study the conventional and solid-state drives
 To study the different methods of starting D.C motors and induction motors

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 To understand the basic concepts of different types of electrical machines and

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their performance
Cum. Books
S.No Topics Covered Hours

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Hours Referred
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
Introduction and Basic Elements of electrical
1 1 1 T1
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drives
2 Types of Electric Drives 1 2 T1
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Factors influencing the choice of electrical
3 1 3 T1
drives
4 Heating curves of Electrical Machines 1 4 T1
5 Cooling curves of Electrical Machines 1 5 T1
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6 Loading conditions and classes of duty 1 6 T1

Selection of power rating for drive motors with
7 regard to thermal overloading and Load 1 7 T1
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variation factors
Selection of power rating for drive motors with
8 1 8 T1
regard to Load variation factors
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Numerical on heating and cooling of Electrical

9 1 9 T1
drives
UNIT II DRIVE MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS
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Introduction to Mechanical characteristics of

10 1 10 T2
electrical motor drives
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Speed-Torque characteristics of DC shunt

11 1 11 T2
drive motors
Speed-Torque characteristics DC series and
12 1 12 T2
compound drive motors
Speed-Torque characteristics of various types
13 1 13 T2
of Induction drive motors
14 Introduction to braking of electrical motors 1 14 T2
Braking of Electrical motors – DC motors:
15 1 15 T2
Shunt motor
Braking of Electrical motors – DC motors:
16 1 16 T2
series and compound motor
Braking of Electrical motors – AC motors:
17 1 17 T2
single phase induction motors.

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Braking of Electrical motors – AC motors:

18 1 18 T2
three phase induction motors.
UNIT III STARTING METHODS
19 Introduction to DC Motor starters 1 19 T2
D.C Motor starters – Typical control circuits for
20 1 20 T2
shunt motors
D.C Motor starters – Typical control circuits for
21 1 21 T2
series and compound motors
22 Introduction to AC Motor starters 1 22 T2
AC Motor starters – Three phase squirrel cage
23 1 23 T2
induction motors.
AC Motor starters – Three phase squirrel cage
24 1 24 T2
induction motors.
AC Motor starters – Three phase squirrel cage

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25 1 25 T2
induction motors.

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AC Motor starters – Three phase slip ring
26 1 26 T2
induction motors.

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AC Motor starters – Three phase slip ring
27 1 27 T2
induction motors.
UNIT IV CONVENTIONAL AND SOLID STATE SPEED CONTROL OF DC DRIVES
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Introduction to conventional Speed control of
28 1 28 T1,T2
DC motors
Speed control of DC shunt motors – Armature
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29 1 29 T1,T2
and field control
Speed control of DC series motors – Armature
30 1 30 T1,T2
and field control
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31 Ward-Leonard control system 1 31 T1,T2

Introduction to solid state Speed control of DC
32 1 32 T1,T2
motors
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Speed control Using controlled rectifiers half

33 1 33 T1,T2
control
Speed control Using controlled rectifiers fully
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34 1 34 T1,T2
control
35 Speed control by DC choppers 1 35 T1,T2
36 Speed control by DC choppers –Class A,B 1 36 T1,T2
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37 Speed control by DC choppers – 4 quadrant 1 37 T1,T2

UNIT V CONVENTIONAL AND SOLID STATE SPEED CONTROL OF AC DRIVES
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Introduction to Speed control of AC motor

38 1 38 T1,T2
Drives
39 Speed control of three phase induction motor 1 39 T1,T2
Speed control of three phase induction motor –
40 1 40 T1,T2
Voltage control
Speed control of three phase induction motor
41 1 41 T1,T2
voltage / frequency control
Conventional speed control of slip power
42 1 42 T1,T2
recovery scheme-Sherbius system
Conventional speed control of slip power
43 1 43 T1,T2
recovery scheme-Krammer system
Speed control of three phase induction motor –
44 1 44 T1,T2
Using inverters

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Speed control of three phase induction motor –

45 1 45 T1,T2
Using AC voltage regulators
Solid state speed control of slip power
46 1 46 T1,T2
recovery scheme-Sherbius system
Solid state speed control of slip power
47 1 47 T1,T2
recovery scheme-Krammer system

Industrial Connectivity
 Manufacturing Industry
 Steel Industries &Welding Industries

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INDEX
Unit Q. No Title Page No
1-14 PART A 9
PART B
1 Types of electrical drive 10
2 Comparisons between the AC and DC drives 14
I 3 Factors Influencing choice Of Electrical Drives 14
4 Classes of duty in detail 16
5 Heating curve of motor 19

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PART C

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6 Cooling curve of motor 21
1-10 PART A 23

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PART B
1(a) Speed – torque characteristics of dc shunt motor 24
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1(b) Speed – torque characteristics of dc series motor 25
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2 Regenerative braking and plugging of dc motors 27

II 3 Load characteristics of DC series motor. 29
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4 Load characteristics of DC compound motor 30

5 Various methods of braking 31
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PART C
6(a) Dynamic braking on dc motors 34
Speed – torque characteristics of induction motor
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6(b) 35
1-11 PART A 37
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PART B
1 Three point starters 39
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III 2 Four point starter. 41

3 DOL and Auto transformer starter 42
4 Star to delta starter 45
5 Rotor resistance starter in induction motor 47
PART C
6 Stator resistance starter in induction motor 48
1-15 PART A 50
PART B

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1 Ward-Leonard speed control system for DC motor 52

2 Single phase fully controlled rectifier drive 54
IV 3 Chopper fed four quadrant dc drive 56
4 speed control of dc shunt motor 57
5 speed control of dc series motor 60
PART C
6 Three phase fully controlled DC motor drive 64
1-11 PART A 68
PART B

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1 Speed control of induction motor from starter side 70

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2 Conventional Kramer and Sherbius system 72
V 3 Static Sherbius and Kramer system 74

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4 V/f control method of AC drive 76
5 Rotor resistance control 77
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PART C
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6 CSI fed induction motor drive 78

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UNIT 1 – INTRODUCTION
PART A
1. What is meant by electrical drives?
Systems employed for motion control are called "Drives" and many employ any of
the prime movers such as, diesel or petrol engines, gas or steam turbines, hydraulic
motors and electric motors for supplying mechanical energy for motion control. Drives
employing electrical motors are known as "Electrical drives".
2. What are the different types of drives? (Dec 2014)
1. Group drive 2. Individual drive 3. Multi motor drive

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3. What are the different types of electrical drives? (June 2013)

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1. DC drives 2. AC drives
4. What are the advantages of electric drives?

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i. flexible control
ii. Drives can be provided with automatic fault detection systems
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iii. They are available in wide range of torque, speed and power.
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iv. It can operate in all the four quadrants of speed-torque plane.
5. Mention the different factors for the selection of electric drives.
(May 2013) (May 2014)
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1. Steady state operation requirements 2. Transient operation requirements

3. Requirements related to the source 4. Capital and running cost,
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maintenance needs, life 5. Environment and location 6. Reliability

6. What are the parts of electrical drives?(May 2014)
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1. Electrical motors and load 2.Power modulator 3.Sources 4. Control unit

5. Sensing unit
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7. What are the applications of electrical drives?

1. Paper mills 2.Electric traction 3.Cement mills 4.Steel mills
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8. What are the advantages of group drive?

a) Initial cost is less b) Less space is required in group drive c) Maintenance
cost is less d) Group drive system is useful because all operation are stopped
simultaneously
9. What are the different types of classes of duty?
Continuous duty
Short time duty operation of motor Main classes of duties
Intermittent periodic duty
Intermittent periodic duty with starting
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Intermittent periodic duty with starting & braking

Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading
Continuous duty with starting & braking
Continuous duty with periodic load changes
10. What is meant by cooling time constant?
Cooling time constant is defined as the time required to cool the machine down
to 0.368 times the initial temperature rise above the ambient temperature.
11. What are the factors that influence the choice of electrical drives? (Dec 2011)
1. Shaft power & speed 2.Power range 3.Speed range 4.Starting torque

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5.Efficiency 6.Starting torque 7.Influence on the supply network

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12. Draw the basic block diagram of electric drive. ( Dec 2013)

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13. What is meant by “load equalization”?

In the method of “load Equalization” intentionally the motor inertia is increased by
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adding a flywheel on the motor shaft, if the motor is not to be reversed. For
effectiveness of the flywheel, the motor should have a prominent drooping characteristic
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so that on load there is a considerable speed drop.

14. What is heating time constant?
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Heating time constant is defined as the time taken by the machine to attain 0.632 of
its final steady temperature rise. The heating time constant of the machine is the
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index of the time taken by the machine to attain its final steady temperature rise.
PART-B
1. What is meant by electrical drive? Explain the types of electrical drive?
Electrical Drive:
Systems employed for motion control are called "Drives" and many employ any of
the prime movers such as, diesel or petrol engines, gas or steam turbines, hydraulic
motors and electric motors for supplying mechanical energy for motion control. Drives
employing electrical motors are known as "Electrical drives".

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Types of electrical Drives:

The drive system with Electric as prime mover is known as Electric drive.
Depending on type of the motor used Electric drive system is classified
(i)AC drives and (ii)DC drives.
Generally the electric drive system consists of Electric drive motor, Energy
Transmitting device, Mechanical load and Speed control devices and circuitry.
Depending upon the mode of connection between Electric drive motor and
Mechanical load, the number of drive motor used and the layout of drive, the electrical
drive motor is classified as,

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1. Group drive or Line shaft drive, 2. Individual drive, 3. Multi-motor drive.

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Group Drive or Line Shaft Drive
The Group drive consists of a single motor which drives or actuates several

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mechanical load by means of one or more line shafts supported on bearings. It is also
called as „Line Shaft Drive‟.
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The line shaft of the group drive is connected with mechanical load through multi-
stepped pulleys and belts. The size of the line shaft pulley and load shaft pulley
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determines the speed of the drives machines or loads.

Advantage of Group Drive
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1. The group drive is the most economic even after taking into account the cost of
line shaft, pulleys, belts and other installations. This is because the rating of the
main motor is less than sum of the rating of the individual motors required to
drive each load separately.
2. All the loads may not be working at the same time. So the HP of the group drive
motor is less than the sum of HP of individual motor working separately. So the
cost is reduced.
Disadvantages of Group Drive
Nowadays group drive is rarely used because of following factors.
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1. If the fault occur in driving motor, then all the driven loads becomes idle.
2. Since line shaft is long and large and numbers of pulleys are connected,
considerable power loss takes place in energy transmitting device. [Line shaft]
3. The level of noise produced at the work site is high
4. The driven loads have to be installed to suit the layout of line shaft.
5. Due to the line shaft arrangement and belts the drive do not have clean
appearance.
6. Due to the belt and multi stepped pulley arrangement, this drive is not safe.
7. An Individual load speed control is very difficult because of the usage of stepped

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pulleys and belt arrangement.

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Applications of Group Drive
Group drive is used in processes where the stoppage of one operation needs the

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stoppage of sequence of operation, as in the case of „Textile mills‟
Individual Drive
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The individual drive systems consist of only one electric drive motor. This
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system activates various parts of single Mechanical equipment. Here each part of
Mechanical equipment is considered as a separate load. The single electric drive motor
is connected to all the individual mechanical load through suitable energy transmission
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devises
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In the above block diagram the mechanical equipment has single electric drive
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motor M and three individual load parts namely A, B and C. The individual load parts
A,B and C are connected to the electric motor M. The individual load parts are kept at
different position inside the mechanical equipment. Each load part is connected to the
electric motor through different energy transmission devices.
Example for individual drive is Lathe. Here the individual motor drive is used for
activating various parts i.e., rotating the spindle with the tools, moving the feed (job) and
drives cooling and lubricating pumps. Here all the operation mentioned is carried out by
single electric motor. The energy transmission devices used here are gears and pulley
etc.

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Advantages of individual Drive:

1. Individual drive has affective layout flexibility i.e. all the drive parts are placed
inside single equipment.
2. Individual drive provides safe working condition, because no moving parts are
visible.
3. The appearance of the Individual drive is clean and neat.
Disadvantages of Individual Drive:
1. The Individual drives are less efficient because the single electric motor is
connected with number of load parts through number of gears. So the energy
loss is high.

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2. The failure of electric motor stops the entire operations of the mechanical

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equipment.

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Multi-Motor Drive:
The Multi-motor drive has separate electric motor to drive the different load parts
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of single mechanical equipment. In some cases all the motors are used to drive only
one load part of the equipment to fulfil different operation.
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The block diagram shows Multi-motor drive system with three separate electric
motors (1, 2, and 3). Each motor drives separate load parts (A, B, C). In some cases
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there is only one load, each motor drive this load at different instant of time.
Example of multi-motor drive is travelling cranes .The Travelling crane has only
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one load i.e., the movies arm with hook. There are three basic operations in Travelling
crane, namely Hoisting (lowering and raising ), Long-travel motion (stretching forward
and backward of the arm) and Cross-travel motion(moving to the Right and Lift ) These
three operations are carried out by three separate electric motor i.e. one for Hoisting,
one for cross-travel motion and one for long –travel motion.
Applications of Multi – Motor Drive:
Multi –motor is mostly used in
1. Paper mills, 2. Rolling mills, 3. Rotary printing machines 4. Metal working
machines.
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Advantages of Multi-Motor Drive:

1. Multi-motor driver offers flexibility of layout of loads.
2. Stoppage of one motor do not affects the operation of other motors and loads.
3. The speed control is very easy.
Disadvantage of Multi-Motor Drive:
1. Its only disadvantage is that it is costly in the initial stages
2. The usage of number of motors leads to confusion during control operation.

2. Compare the AC and DC drives.

S.No DC Drives AC Drives

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1 The Power circuit and control circuits The power circuit and control circuits
are simple & inexpensive are complex

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2 It requires frequent maintenance Less maintenance required
3 The commutation makes the motor These problems are not there. Motors
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bulky, costly and heavy. are inexpensive, particularly the
squirrel cage motor.
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4 Speed and design rating are limited Speed and design rating have no upper
due to commutation. limits.
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5 It is used in certain locations only. It can be used in all locations.

6 Fast response and wide speed range In solid state control the speed range
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are smoothly achieved by conventional is wide and in conventional method it is

method and solid state control. stepped and limited.
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7 The line conditions are very poor. ie, For regenerative drives the line power
Poor power factor, harmonic distortion factor is poor. For non-regenerative
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of the current. drives the line power factor is better.

8 Power/Weight ratio is small. Power/Weight ratio is large
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3. What are all the Factors Influencing choice of Electrical Drives? Explain.
There are certain factor that governs or influences, the selection choice electrical
drives. They are:
1. Availability of Electrical Supply
The electric drive is a drive system with electrical motor as a prime mover. The
selection of electrical drive is based on the availability of electrical supply. There are
three-types electrical supplies, namely AC supply, DC supply, and Rectified DC supply.
If AC supply is available. Then AC drive is selected motor. An AC drive consists of AC
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motor as a drive motor .If DC supply is available, then DC drive is selected .DC drive
consist of DC motor as a drive motor. Hence nature of electrical supply available
governs selection of electric drive.
2. Nature of Operation characteristics of Electric drive motors
The electric drive motor has different types of operating characteristics such as
1) Starting characteristics
2) Running characteristics
3) Speed control characteristics
4) Braking characteristics

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For example the running characteristic of electric drive motor shows how the motor

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behaves where it is loaded .In some cases if the load is increased , the speed of the
motor is drastically reduced .so such motors are not selected for constant speed

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applications.
3. Economic Consideration
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The electrical motor is selected based on two economic considerations, namely
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a) Initial cost:
The initial cost is nothing out capital cost. This is the cost occurred during
purchase and erection.
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b) Running cost :
This is the cost running the electric drive E.G. maintenance cost, fuel cost etc.
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4. Type of the Drive system

Type of the Drive system available also governs the choice of electric motor.
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There are three types of drive system namely Group drive, Individual diver and Multi
motor drive. Assume that at any particular location, different small loads are available.
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Since the loads are separate unit, it can be driven by single large motor (group drive).
So here a DC motor or an AC motor is selected with huge HP rating.
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5. Types of Load
The type of load available, also governs the selection of electric drive. Generally
the loads are classified based on the Torque characteristics .Torque is the twisting force
required to drive (rotate) the load, based on the Torque characteristics loads are
classified as follows.
1. Load requiring constant Torque with speed
2. Load requiring increasing Torque with speed
3. Load requiring high starting Torque (high inertia load)

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Assume that load cannot with high inertia available .This high inertia loads
cannot be accelerated or decelerated quickly .They require high starting Torque.
Therefore motor with high starting torque such as DC series or 3 ( There Phase) Slip
ring induction motor is selected .Thus type of load influence the choice of electric motor.
6. Mechanical considerations
(i)Type of enclosure (ii)Type of bearings (iii)Type of Transmission devices
7. Environmental Considerations
(i)Noise pollution (ii)Environmental Pollution
8. Load – With standing Capability of motors

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The size and rating required for the drive motor influence the selection of the

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electric drive motor. The size of the motor describes load- withstanding capability .when
the motor is loaded, the line current drawn by the motor increases. As a result losses

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increases and more heat is developed .If the heat is hot dissipated then insulation in the
motor fails leading to complete breakdown of the motor. Here duty cycle of the load and
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the Torque requirement are important factors in deciding size and rating of the motor.
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4. Explain about the classes of duty in detail.
Classes of Duty:
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The Size and rating of a motor is selected from the viewpoint of heat
development, when the motor is loaded. The temperature inside the motor rises due to
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the losses taking place in it. The losses are mainly due to high current taken by the
motor, when it is loaded. Temperature rise varies directly with the square of current
(Losses I2 and T I2). If the heat is not dissipated properly, then temperature rises to the
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extreme limit. As a result, motor get damaged.

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The heating of the motor depends upon load conditions or duty to which it is
subjected. Here the Duty means the application of load with respect to time. If the load
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is applied continuously without any gap, then it is known as Continuous Duty. In this
case, motor heats up and never cools down. From the above discussion it is clear that
load applied to motor with respect to time is known as Duty. The duty can be classified
under three broad categories, namely
a. Continuous duty, b. Short time duty, c. Intermittent duty
(a) Continuous duty
The load, which is applied continuously without any break is known as Continuous
duty. I.e the drive motor always run with some load. It is classified into three types
as follows

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(i) Continuous Duty with Constant Load (ii) Continuous Duty with Short Time
Load (iii) Continuous Duty with Intermittent Load
(i) Continuous Duty With Constant Load

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The load that is continuous without any break and of constant magnitude is

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known as Continuous Duty with Constant Load. Here the motor is always loaded with
constant load. Due to continuous duty temperature rises exponentially in the drive

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motor as the time progresses. The duty (Load) is shown as straight line and the
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temperature rise is shown as broken line in the fig above. Since temperature rises
continuously, selection of rating of the motor is very important. The rating of the motor
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selected for Continuous duty load is known as Continuous rating. The continuous rating
here means, the temperature rise is inside the maximum limit, when the motor is
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continuously loaded. Since temperature rises exponentially, small load is normally

selected for continuous rating. The example of this kind of load is fan type loads.
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(ii) Continuous Duty with Short Time Load

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The load that is continuous and fluctuates between two levels (maximum and
minimum) with the maximum level existing only for short duration is known as
Continuous Duty with Short time Load. Here the time interval between the occurrences
of two maximum levels is large. Even thought the load fluctuates, the motor is
constantly loaded with the minimum level load. The temperature rises when the load is
at maximum level and falls when at minimum level. The temperature never falls to zero

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level (ambient temperature) because the motor is always loaded with minimum level of
load. The best example of this kind of load is Metal cutting lathes and conveyors.
(iii)Continuous Duty with Intermittent Load

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The load that is continuous and fluctuates between two levels (maximum and
minimum) with the maximum level occurring intermittently is known as Continuous Duty

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With Intermittent Load. Her time interval between the occurrence two maximum levels
is small. Even though the load fluctuates intermittently, the motor is continuously
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loaded with the minimum level load..the temperature rises when the load is at maximum
gin
level and falls when at minimum level. The temperature never falls to zero level
(ambient temperature) because the motor is always loaded with minimum level of load.
The temperature rises steadily because of intermittent nature of the load. The bet
En

examples of kind o load are Metal cutting lathes and Conveyors.

(b) Short time duty
arn
Le
w.
ww

The load that exists only for the short duration of time is known as short Time
Load. Between two short time loads the motor is not loaded and it is switched off. The
time interval between two short time load is known as Off-Load Period. When the motor
is subjected to short time load, the temperature rises and during the off load period the
motor cool completely and the temperature falls to the ambient temperature (room or

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initial temperature). The best examples of this kind of load are Weirs, Household
appliances, Automatic lock gates and bridges.
(c) Intermittent duty

n
g.i
The load that occurs intermittently with very small off-load period is known as
Intermittent Duty. The time interval between two load is known as Off-Load Period.

rin
Between two load occurrences the motor can be switched off. When the motor is
subjected to intermittent load, the temperature rises during the on-load period and the
ee
temperature falls during off-load period. But the motor is not completely cooled to
gin
ambient temperature. This is because the off-load period is very small and not
sufficient to cool to ambient temperature. The best examples of this kind of load are
Weirs, Household appliances, Automatic lock gates and bridges.
En

5. Explain and derive the Heating curve of electrical motor drive.

arn

The heating and cooling calculations are made based on the following
assumptions.
Le

(i) The machine is considered to be homogeneous body having a uniform

temperature gradient that means it has the same temperature throughout its
w.

body
(ii) Heat dissipation taking place is proportional to the differences of temperature
ww

of the body and the surrounding medium. No heat is radiated.

(iii) The rate of dissipation of heat is constant at all temperatures.
Heating cure:
During operation of motor various losses such as copper loss, iron loss and
windage loss takes place. Due to this losses heat produced inside the machine and
increases the temperature of the motor. This motor temperature is greater than
ambient temperature, the part of hear produced flows to the surrounding medium
Assuming the heat developed is proportional to the losses, we have the standard
and balanced equation.
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𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲

= 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐩𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐦𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦
+ 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲 /𝐡𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐛𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐛𝐞𝐝.
Wdt=A𝜆θdt + GS dθ (1)
Where W = power loss in the motor due to heat in watts
A= area of cooling surface in m2
𝜆= rate of heat dissipation in W/ m2/Co
G= weight of active part of motor in Kg
S= specific heat of the materials used in the body in J/Kg/ C o

n
θ= temperature raise of the body

g.i
dθ= temperature raise in a small interval dt
by rearrange the equation (1)

rin
Wdt- A𝜆θdt = GS dθ
(W - A𝜆θ)dt = GS dθ
ee
𝑊
A𝜆 − θ dt = GS dθ
A𝜆
gin

𝑊 GS
− θ dt = A𝜆 dθ
A𝜆
dt dθ
= (2)
En

GS 𝑊
−θ
A𝜆 A𝜆

The temperature raise reaches its maximum value, then the body is said to have
arn

reached the maximum temperature raise θm

Therefore the equation (1) becomes
Le

Heat generated = Heat dissipated

Wdt=A𝜆θmdt
w.

W=A𝜆θm
W
θm=A𝜆 (3)
ww

Substitute equation (3) in (2) we get

dt dθ
GS = (4)
θm −θ
A𝜆

Integrating above equation both sides, we get

A𝜆
t = - ln θm − θ + K (5)
𝐺𝑆

At t=0, θ =θ0
0 = - ln θm − θ + K
K= ln θm − θo (6)
Substitute eqn (6) in eqn (5) we get,
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A𝜆
t = - ln θm − θ + ln θm − θo
𝐺𝑆
A𝜆
t θm −θo
𝑒 𝐺𝑆 = θm −θ
A𝜆
t
θm − θ 𝑒 𝐺𝑆 = θm − θo
A𝜆
θ = θm − θm − θo 𝑒 − t
𝐺𝑆 (7)
GS
Where = 𝜏 = Thermal heating time constant
A𝜆

It is defined as time taken to reach 63.2% steady state temperature θm

Now the equation (7) becomes

n
t
θ = θm − θm − θo 𝑒 − 𝜏 (8)

g.i
Motor starting from cool conditions and hence θo = 0 Co
Substituting this condition in eqn (8) we get

rin
t
θ = θm [1-𝑒 − 𝜏 ] ee (9)

Based on the eqn (8) & (9) the heating curve of the machine is drawn.
gin
En
arn
Le

PART C
w.

6. Explain and derive the Cooling curve of electrical motor drive.

ww

Cooling curve:
If the machine is switched off from main supply or when the load on the machine
is reduced the machine get cools. It cools to the ambient temperature, when it is
switched off

There is no heat generated and all the heat stored in the machine is dissipated to
surroundings. The balance equation can be written as bellow

𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲 + 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐲

= 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐩𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐦𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦

Wdt+GS dθ =A𝜆′ θdt (1)

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GS dθ =A𝜆′ θdt – Wdt

GS W
dθ = θ − A𝜆 ′ dt (2)
A𝜆 ′

dθ - degrease in temperature, so a negative sign has to be included in the left

hand side of eqn(2)
GS W
- A𝜆 ′ dθ = θ − A𝜆 ′ dt
dθ 𝑑𝑡
- W = GS (3)
θ−
A 𝜆′ A 𝜆′
When the final temperature drop θf is reached then the heat generated if equal
to heat dissipated.

n
Wdt= A𝜆′ θf dt

g.i
W
θf = A𝜆 ′ (4)

rin
Substituting eqn(4) in eqn (3) we get
dθ 𝑑𝑡
- =
θ−θf GS
ee
A 𝜆′
Integrating the above equation both sides, we get
gin

A𝜆 ′
- ln θ − θf = t+ K
𝐺𝑆
En

A𝜆 ′
ln θ − θf = − 𝐺𝑆 t+ K (5)

at t=0, θ = θ𝑚
arn

The eqn (5) becomes

ln θ𝑚 − θf = K (6)
Le

Substitute eqn (6) in eqn (5) we get

w.

A𝜆 ′
ln θ − θf = − 𝐺𝑆 t+ ln θ𝑚 − θf
ww

A 𝜆′
− t
θ= θ𝑓 + θ𝑚 − θf 𝑒 𝐺𝑆

GS
where = 𝜏 ′ = cooling time constant
A𝜆 ′
t
− ′
θ= θ𝑓 + θ𝑚 − θf 𝑒 𝜏
t t
− ′ − ′
θ= θ𝑓 1−𝑒 𝜏 + θ𝑚 𝑒 𝜏 (7)

The above equation is suitable only when the load is switched off, Otherwise the
equation (7) becomes
t
− ′
θ= θ𝑚 𝑒 𝜏 (8)
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The above equation represents the cooling time constant of the motor.

UNIT 2 - DRIVE MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS

PART A
1. Draw the speed-torque characteristics of dc shunt motor and series motor.
(May2013) (May 2014)

n
g.i
rin
2. A series motor should never be started without some mechanical load why?
ee
When the load current Ia falls to a small value, speed becomes dangerously high.
Hence a series motor should never be started without some mechanical load.
gin

3. What is rheostat braking?

In rheostat breaking the armature is disconnected from the supply and external
En

resistance is connected as a variable resistance. The braking is controlled by varying

the series resistance.
arn

4. What is the application of dc motor?

DC shunt motor:-
Le

1. For driving constant speed operations 2. Machine tools 3. Lathes

4. Blowers and fans 5. Centrifugal pumps 6.Reciprocating pumps
w.

DC series motor:-
1.Electric locomotives 2. Rapid transit systems 3.Trolley cars 4.Cranes and
ww

hoists 5. Conveyors
DC compound motor:-
1. Elevators.2. Air compressors3.Rolling mills 4. Heavy planers
5. A dc shunt motor is called as constant speed motor-why?
The drop in speed from no-load fuel-load is small; hence the dc shunt motor is
also called as constant speed motor.
6. What are the different types of electric braking? (Nov2013)(May 2013)
1. Regenerative braking 2. Dynamic braking 3. Plugging
7. What are the advantages of electric braking?

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1. High efficient method 2. Low maintenance 3. Braking is very smooth

8. What is meant by regenerative braking? (Dec 2011)
In the regenerative braking operation, the motor operators as a generator, while it
is still connected to the supply. Here, the motor speed is greater than the
synchronous speed. Mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy, part of
which is returned to the supply and rest of the energy is last as heat in the winding
and bearings.
9. What is meant by plugging? (Dec 2014)
The plugging operation can be obtained by changing the polarity of the motor. For a

n
machine, the phase sequence of the starter windings and dc machines the polarities

g.i
of the field or armature terminals.
10. What is the necessity of braking? (Dec 2014)

rin
The quickness and accuracy of braking techniques determine the productivity and
quality of the manufactured goods. Control the motor for our optimum requirement.
ee
PART B
1.(a)Explain speed – torque characteristics of dc shunt motor with suitable
gin

diagrams. (Dec-2014)
Torque speed characteristics of a shunt motor:
En

A constant applied voltage V is assumed across the armature. As the armature

current Ia, varies the armature drop varies proportionally and one can plot the variation
arn

of the induced emf E. The mmf of the field is assumed to be constant. The flux inside
the machine however slightly falls due to the effect of saturation and due to armature
Le

reaction. The variation of these parameters is shown in Fig. Knowing the value of E and
flux one can determine the value of the speed. Also knowing the armature current and
w.

the flux, the value of the torque is found out. This procedure is repeated for different
values of the assumed armature currents and the values are plotted as in Fig.
ww

From these graphs, a graph indicating speed as a function of torque or the

torque-speed characteristics is plotted. As seen from the figure the fall in the flux due to
load increases the speed due to the fact that the induced emf depends on the product of
speed and flux. Thus the speed of the machine remains more or less constant with load.
With highly saturated machines the on-load speed may even slightly increase at over
load conditions. This effect gets more pronounced if the machine is designed to have its
normal field ampere turns much less than the armature ampere turns. This type of
external characteristics introduces instability during operation and hence must be

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avoided. This may be simply achieved by providing a series stability winding which aids
the shunt field mmf.

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.

1(b). Explain about speed – torque characteristics of dc series motor. (Dec 2006)
ww

Load characteristics of a series motor

Following the procedure described earlier under shunt motor, the torque speed
Characteristics of a series motor can also be determined. The armature current also
happens to be the excitation current of the series field and hence the flux variation
resembles the magnetization curve of the machine. At large value of the armature
currents the useful flux would be less than the no-load magnetization curve for the
machine. Similarly for small values of the load currents the torque varies as a square of
the armature currents as the flux is proportional to armature current in this region. As
the magnetic circuit becomes more and more saturated the torque becomes

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proportional to Ia as flux variation becomes small. Fig. (a) shows the variation of E1,
flux, torque and speed following the above procedure from which the torque-speed
characteristics of the series motor for a given applied voltage V can be plotted as shown
in Fig.(b) The initial portion of this torque-speed curve is seen to be a rectangular
hyperbola and the final portion is nearly a straight line. The speed under light load
conditions is many times more than the rated speed of the motor. Such high speeds are
unsafe, as the centrifugal forces acting on the armature and commutator can destroy
them giving rise to a catastrophic break down. Hence series motors are not
recommended for use where there is a possibility of the load becoming zero. In order to

n
safeguard the motor and personnel, in the modern machines, a 'weak' shunt field is

g.i
provided on series motors to ensure a definite, though small, value of flux even when
the armature current is nearly zero. This way the no-load speed is limited to a safe

rin
maximum speed. It is needless to say, this field should be connected so as to aid the
series field.
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

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2. Explain in detail operation of regenerative braking and plugging of dc motors.

n
g.i
(May-2006)
In regenerative braking as the name suggests the energy recovered from the

rin
rotating masses is fed back into the d.c. power source. Thus this type of braking
improves the energy efficiency of the machine. The armature current can be made to
ee
reverse for a constant voltage operation by increase in speed/excitation only. Increase
in speed does not result in braking and the increase in excitation is feasible only over a
gin

small range, which may be of the order of 10 to 15%. Hence the best method for
obtaining the regenerative braking is to operate, the machine on a variable voltage
En

supply. As the voltage is continuously pulled below the value of the induced emf the
speed steadily comes down. The field current is held constant by means of separate
arn

excitation. The variable d.c. supply voltage can be obtained by Ward-Leonard

arrangement, shown schematically in Fig. .
Le

Braking torque can be obtained right up to zero speed. In modern times static
Ward-Leonard scheme is used for getting the variable d.c. voltage. This has many
w.

advantages over its rotating machine counterpart. Static set is compact, has higher
efficiency, and requires lesser space and silent in operation; however it suffers from
ww

drawbacks like large ripple at low voltage levels, unidirectional power flow and low over
load capacity. Bidirectional power flow capacity is a must if regenerative braking is
required. For Series motors Series motors regenerative braking cannot be applied.
Plugging :
The third method for braking is by plugging. Fig. shows the method of connection
for the plugging of a shunt motor. Initially the machine is connected to the supply with
the switch S in position number 1. If now the switch is moved to position 2, then a
reverse voltage is applied across the armature. The induced armature voltage E and
supply voltage V aid each other and large reverse current flows through the armature.
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This produces a large negative torque or braking torque. Hence plugging is also termed
as reverse voltage braking. The machine instantly comes to rest. If the motor is not
switched off at this instant the direction of rotation reverses and the motor starts rotating
the reverse direction. This type of braking therefore has two modes viz. 1) plug to
reverse and 2) plug to stop. If we need the plugging only for bringing the speed to zero,
then we have to open the switch S at zero speed. If nothing is done it is plug to reverse
mode. Plugging is a convenient mode for quick reversal of direction of rotation in
reversible rives. Just as in starting, during

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.

Figure Regenerative braking of a shunt machine

ww

Figure : Plugging or reverse voltage braking of a shunt motor

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Plugging also it is necessary to limit the current and thus the torque, to reduce
the stress on the mechanical system and the commutator. This is done by adding
additional resistance in series with the armature during plugging.
Series motors :
In the case of series motors plugging cannot be employed as the field current too
gets reversed when reverse voltage is applied across the machine. This keeps the
direction of the torque produced unchanged. This fact is used with advantage, in
operating a d.c. series motor on d.c. or a.c. supply. Series motors thus qualify to be
called as `Universal motors'.

n
Compound motors :

g.i
Plugging of compound motors proceeds on similar lines as the shunt motors.
However some precautions have to be observed due to the presence of series field

rin
winding. A cumulatively compounded motor becomes differentially compounded on
plugging. The mmf due to the series field can 'over power' the shunt field forcing the flux
ee
to low values or even reverse the net field. This decreases the braking torque, and
gin
increases the duration of the large braking current. To avoid this it may be advisable to
deactivate the series field at the time of braking by short-circuiting the same. In such
cases the braking proceeds just as in a shunt motor. If plugging is done to operate the
En

motor in the negative direction of rotation as well, then the series field has to be
reversed and connected for getting the proper mmf. Unlike dynamic braking and
arn

regenerative braking where the motor is made to work as a generator during braking
period, plugging makes the motor work on reverse motoring mode.
Le

3. Explain load characteristics of DC series motor.

w.

Load characteristics of a series motor

Following the procedure described earlier under shunt motor, the torque speed
ww

Characteristics of a series motor can also be determined. The armature current also
happens to be the excitation current of the series field and hence the flux variation
resembles the magnetization curve of the machine. At large value of the armature
currents the useful flux would be less than the no-load magnetization curve for the
machine. Similarly for small values of the load currents the torque varies as a square of
the armature currents as the flux is proportional to armature current in this region. As
the magnetic circuit becomes more and more saturated the torque becomes
proportional to Ia as flux variation becomes small.
Fig. (a) shows the variation of E1, flux, torque and speed following the above
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procedure from which the torque-speed characteristics of the series motor for a given
applied voltage V can be plotted as shown in Fig.(b) The initial portion of this torque-
speed curve is seen to be a rectangular hyperbola and the final portion is nearly a
straight line. The speed under light load conditions is many times more than the rated
speed of the motor. Such high speeds are unsafe, as the centrifugal forces acting on
the armature and commutator can destroy them giving rise to a catastrophic break
down. Hence series motors are not recommended for use where there is a possibility of
the load becoming zero. In order to safeguard the motor and personnel, in the modern
machines, a 'weak' shunt field is provided on series motors to ensure a definite, though

n
small, value of flux even when the armature current is nearly zero. This way the no-load

g.i
speed is limited to a safe maximum speed. It is needless to say, this field should be
connected so as to aid the series field.

rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le

4. Explain load characteristics of DC compound motor.

w.

Load characteristics of a compound motor

ww

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` Two situations arise in the case of compound motors. The mmf of the shunt field
and series field may oppose each other or they may aid each other. The first
configuration is called differential compounding and is rarely used. They lead to
unstable operation of the machine unless the armature mmf is small and there is no
magnetic saturation. This mode may sometimes result due to the motoring operation of
a level-compounded generator, say by the failure of the prime mover. Also, differential
compounding may result in large negative mmf under overload/starting condition and
the machine may start in the reverse direction. In motors intended for constant speed
operation the level of compounding is very low as not to cause any problem.

n
Cumulatively compounded motors are very widely used for industrial drives. High

g.i
degree of compounding will make the machine approach a series machine like
characteristics but with a safe no-load speed. The major benefit of the compounding is

rin
that the field is strengthened on load. Thus the torque per ampere of the armature
current is made high. This feature makes a cumulatively compounded machine well
ee
suited for intermittent peak loads. Due to the large speed variation between light load
gin
and peak load conditions, a y wheel can be used with such motors with advantage. Due
to the reasons provided under shunt and series motors for the provision of an additional
series/shunt winding, it can be seen that all modern machines are compound machines.
En

The difference between them is only in the level of compounding.

arn

5. Explain various methods of braking.

Rheostatic braking
Le

Consider a d.c shunt motor operating from a d.c supply with the switch S
connected to position 1 as shown in figure. S is a single pole double throw switch and
w.

can be connected either to position 1 or to position 2. One end of an external resistance

Rb is connected to position 2 of the switch S as shown.
ww

Let with S in position 1, motor runs at n rpm, drawing an armature current Ia and

the back emf is Note the polarity of Eb which, as usual for motor mode in
opposition with the supply voltage. Also note Te and n have same clockwise direction.

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n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
Now if S is suddenly thrown to position 2 at t = 0, the armature gets disconnected from
the supply and terminated by Rb with field coil remains energized from the supply.
Since speed of the rotor can not change instantaneously, the back emf value Eb is still
En

maintained with same polarity prevailing at t = 0-. Thus at t = 0+, armature current will
be Ia = Eb/(ra + Rb) and with reversed direction compared to direction prevailing during
arn

motor mode at t = 0- Obviously for t > 0, the machine is operating as generator

dissipating power to Rb and now the electromagnetic torque Te must act in the opposite
Le

direction to that of n since Ia has changed direction buthas not As

w.

time passes after switching, n decreases reducing K.E and as a consequence both Eb
and Ia decrease. In other words value of braking torque will be highest at t = 0+, and it
ww

decreases progressively and becoming zero when the machine finally come to a stop.
Plugging or dynamic braking
This method of braking can be understood by referring to figures 39.25 and
39.26. Here S is a double pole double throw switch. For usual motoring mode, S is
connected to positions 1 and 1'.Across terminals 2 and 2', a series combination of an
external resistance Rb and supply voltage with polarity as indicated is connected.
However, during motor mode this part of the circuit remains inactive.

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n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En

To initiate braking, the switch is thrown to position 2 and 2' at t = 0, thereby

disconnecting the armature from the left hand supply. Here at t = 0+, the armature
arn

current will be Ia = (Eb + V)/(ra + Rb) as Eb and the right hand supply voltage have
additive polarities by virtue of the connection. Here also Ia reverses direction-producing
Le

Te in opposite direction to n. Ia decreases as Eb decreases with time as speed

decreases. However, Ia can not become zero at any time due to presence of supply V.
w.

So unlike rheostatic braking, substantial magnitude of braking torque prevails. Hence

stopping of the motor is expected to be much faster then rheostatic breaking. But what
ww

happens, if S continuous to be in position 1' and 2' even after zero speed has been
attained? The answer is rather simple, the machine will start picking up speed in the
reverse direction operating as a motor. So care should be taken to disconnect the right
hand supply, the moment armature speed becomes zero.
Regenerative braking
A machine operating as motor may go into regenerative braking mode if its
speed becomes sufficiently high so as to make back emf greater than the supply
voltage i.e., Eb > V. Obviously under this condition the direction of Ia will reverse
imposing torque which is opposite to the direction of rotation. The situation is explained
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in figures 39.27 and 39.28. The normal motor operation is shown in figure 39.27 where
armature motoring current Ia is drawn from the supply and as usual Eb < V. Since

The question is how speed on its own become large enough to make
Eb < V causing regenerative braking. Such a situation may occur in practice when the
mechanical load itself becomes active. Imagine the d.c motor is coupled to the wheel of
locomotive which is moving along a plain track without any gradient as shown in figure.
Machine is running as a motor at a speed of n1 rpm. However, when the track has a
downward gradient (shown in figure 39.28), component of gravitational force along the
track also appears which will try to accelerate the motor and may increase its speed to

n
n2 such that Eb In such a scenario, direction of Ia reverses, feeding

g.i
power back to supply.

rin
ee
gin
En

PART C
6 (a). Explain in detail the operation of dynamic braking on dc motors.
arn

Dynamic braking of Shunt machine:

In dynamic braking the motor is disconnected from the supply and connected to a
Le

dynamic braking resistance RDB. This is done by changing the switch from position 1 to
2. The supply to the field should not be removed. Due to the rotation of the armature
w.

during motoring mode and due to the inertia, the armature continues to rotate. An emf is
induced due to the presence of the field and the rotation. This voltage drives a current
ww

through the braking resistance. The direction of this current is opposite to the one which
was owing before change in the connection. Therefore, torque developed also gets
reversed. The machine acts like a brake. for a particular value of RDB.
The positive torque corresponds to the motoring operation. Fig. shows the
dynamic braking of a shunt excited motor and the corresponding torque-speed curve.
Here the machine behaves as a self-excited generator. Below a certain speed the self-
excitation collapses and the braking action becomes Zero. Basically the electric braking
involved is fairly simple. The electric motor can be made to work as a generator by

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suitable terminal conditions and absorb mechanical energy. This converted mechanical
power is dissipated used on the electrical network suitably.

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin

Figure : Dynamic Braking of a shunt motor Series machine :

En

In the case of a series machine the excitation current becomes zero as soon as
the armature is disconnected from the mains and hence the induced emf also vanishes.
arn

In order to achieve dynamic braking the series field must be isolated and connected to a
low voltage high current source to provide the field. Rather, the motor is made to work
Le

like a separately excited machine. When several machines are available at any spot, as
in railway locomotives, dynamic braking is feasible. Series connection of all the series
w.

fields with parallel connection of all the armatures connected across a single dynamic
braking resistor is used in that case.
ww

Compound machine:
In the case of compound machine, the situation is like in a shunt machine. A
separately excited shunt field and the armature connected across the braking resistance
are used. A cumulatively connected motor becomes differentially compounded generator and
the braking torque generated comes down. It is therefore necessary to reverse the series field if
large braking torques are desired.
6(b)Explain in detail speed – torque characteristics of induction motor.(May-2007)
In order to estimate the speed torque characteristic let us suppose that a
sinusoidal voltage is impressed on the machine. Recalling that the equivalent circuit is

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the per-phase representation of the machine, the current drawn by the circuit is given by
𝑉𝑠
𝐼𝑠 = 𝑅′ (1)
𝑅𝑠 + 𝑟 +𝑗 (𝑋 𝑙𝑠 +𝑋′𝑙𝑟 )
𝑠

Where Vs is the phase voltage phasor and Is is the current phasor. The magnetizing
current is neglected. Since this current is owing through , the air-gap power is given by
𝑅′𝑟
𝑷𝒈= 𝐼𝑠 2
𝑠
The torque may be plotted as a function of `s' and is called the torque-slip (or
torque- speed, since slip indicates speed) characteristic | a very important characteristic
of the induction machine. Equation(1) is valid for a two-pole (one pole pair) machine. In

n
general, this expression should be multiplied by p, the number of pole-pairs. A typical

g.i
torque-speed characteristic is shown in figure bellow. This plot corresponds to a 3 kW, 4
pole, 60 Hz machine. The rated operating speed is 1780 rpm.

rin
Further, this curve is obtained by varying slip with the applied voltage being held
constant. Coupled with the fact that this is an equivalent circuit valid under steady state,
ee
it implies that if this characteristic is to be measured experimentally, we need to look at
gin
the torque for a given speed after all transients have died down.
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

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Another point to note is that the equivalent circuit and the values of torque
predicted is valid when the applied voltage waveform is sinusoidal. With non-sinusoidal
voltage waveforms, the procedure is not as straightforward.
With respect to the direction of rotation of the air-gap flux, the rotor maybe driven
to higher speeds by a prime mover or may also be rotated in the reverse direction. The
torque-speed relation for the machine under the entire speed range is called the
complete speed-torque characteristic. A typical curve is shown in fig for a four-pole
machine, the synchronous speed being 1500 rpm. The plot also shows the operating
modes of the induction machine in various regions. The slip axis is also shown for

n
convenience.

g.i
rin
ee
gin
En

UNIT 3 - STARTING METHODS

PART – A
arn

1. What is the need for a starter in electrical motors? (Nov/Dec-2015, Apr/May-

2015, Nov/Dec-2014, May/June-2016)
Le

A DC motor is directly switched on, at the time of starting, the motor back emf is
zero. Due to this, the Armature current is very high. Due to the very high armature
w.

current, the motor become damaged. The starting current can be limited by using
starter.
ww

2. Mention the advantages of four point starter over three point starter.(Nov/Dec-
2015)
The main advantage of the 4-point starter is the dc motor used for field control
(above rated speed control).
3. What are the different methods of DC motor starters?(Nov/Dec-2014, May/June-
2014)
Two point starter, three point starter, and four point starter
4. What are the methods of starting three phase squirrel cage induction
motor?(Nov/Dec-2014)
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DOL starter, Primary resistance starter, Star/delta starter, and Auto transformer
starter
5. List various method of starting of DC series motor.(Apr/May-2015)
Two point starter
6. What is the objectives of rotor resistance starter?(Apr/May-2015)
To limit the starting current, to control the starting torque and to vary the motor
speed
7. State the difference between three phase squirrel cage and slip-ring induction
motors.(May/June-2016)

n
S.No Slip ring induction motor Squirrel cage induction motor

g.i
1 Have end rings in rotor circuit No end rings in rotor circuit
2 External resistance can be External resistance cannot be added

rin
added
3 High starting torque Low starting torque
ee
gin
8. What is the basic principle of primary resistance starter used in 3-phase
induction motor?(May/June-2014)
A variable resistance is connected in series with supply terminal of the motor.
En

The purpose of these resistances is to reduce the supply voltage. This reduces the
supply voltage given to the motor terminal. The reduced voltage is to limit the starting
arn

current (50%).
9. What are the two types of rotors of three phase induction motor?(Nov/Dec-
Le

2013)
(i)Squirrel cage rotor,
w.

(ii)Slip ring rotor

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10. State the basic principle of DOL for 2-phase induction motor. (May/June-2013)
The 3 induction motor below 5 HP can be directly switched on to the supply
mains by means of DOL Starter. The motor below 5 HP has high armature resistance
and hence has low starting current. Hence the motors up to 5 HP can be directly
switched on using DOL Starter.
11. What is the condition for starting of DC series motor? Why?(Nov/Dec-2011)
The series motor should be started with the loaded condition because of high
starting torque.
T α Ia2

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PART -B
1. Explain three point starters in detail. (Nov/Dec-2015, Apr/May-2015, May/June-
2016)
The three – point starter consist of the variable resistance, available with number of
partitions. It has three connection points namely L, F and A. Hence it is known as three-
point starter. L - Line terminal - Connected with supply mains. F - Field terminal -
Connected with field circuit of DC motor A - Armature terminal - Connected with
armature circuit of DC motor The supply main is connected to the connection point L.
The connection point L is connected to Over Current magnet (OC). The OC is

n
connected with conducting movable arm which makes contact with variable starting

g.i
resistor. The other end of the starting resistor is connected to the connection point A.
The connection point F is connected with the No volt magnet (NV)

rin
Operation:
The motor is connected with the starter as shown in the connection. Here the DC
ee
shunt motor is connected with the Three-point starter. The supply main is connected
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with point L.
En
arn
Le
w.
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The shunt field (f1 and f2 ) of the motor is connected with point. The armature
(A1 and A2 ) is connected with the control spring. The start the motor, the handle is

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slowly moved against the control spring force, to make contact with first division (on
position) of the variable starting resistance. At this point field winding gets supply
through the metal rod and the No-Volt coil is energized. The metal rod forms parallel
path with the starting resistance. The this point entire starting resistance is available in
the armature circuit. As the handle moved further, it goes on making contact with
divisions 2, 3, 4 etc. When starter handle is at division 3, the division to 1 and 2 are
removed from the circuit. If the starter handle reaches Run position, the entire starting
resistance is removed from the armature circuit. Now the motor runs at rated speed.
The starter is placed in the Run position with the help of No – Volt magnet.

n
Function of No-Volt magnet (NV)

g.i
(i) The No-Volt magnet keeps starter handle at run position against the control
spring. The No-Volt magnet attracts the soft iron bar placed in the handle. The No-Volt

rin
magnet is energized by the current flowing through the field circuit. If there is no No-Volt
magnet, the starter handle is pulled back to the Off position by the control spring and
ee
the motor is switched Off.
gin
(ii)During the failure of DC supply the No-Volt magnet is de-energized so the
magnetic power is lost. The handle comes backs to the Off position by the action of
control spring, if the No-Volt magnet is not there. Due to the presence of No-Volt
En

magnet and control spring the starter handle comes backs back to the Off position
whenever the supply fails. If there is no control spring then handle remains in the run
arn

position when the supply fails. When the supply returns the motor is directly connected
to the supply main, developing high starting current.
Le

(iii)During low voltage condition the No-Volt magnet releases the handle to the
Off position and hence protect the motor form low voltage
w.

Function of Over Current magnet (OC)

When the load on motor increases above the rated limit then the armature takes
ww

high current. When the motor is left unprotected from this high current, then it is
damaged. The over current magnet is used for this protection. When there is high
current due to over load or due to short circuit the over current magnet is energized and
attracts soft iron rod H. As a result, the soft iron rod H closes the switch S. When the
switch S is closed, it short circuits the No-Volt magnet. As a result No-Volt magnet is de-
energized and release the starter handle to the off position. So the motor is switched off
and protected from the over current or high current. Disadvantage of Three point starter
During the speed control of DC shunt motor, using flux control method, the field current
is reduced to get speed above the rated speed. Now the No-Volt magnet is de-
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energized due to reduced field current. This is because No-Volt magnet is connected in
the field circuit. Since the No-Volt magnet is de-energized, the handle reaches Off
position and the motor is switches Off. This problem can be rectified if No-Volt coil and
field circuit are separated. This is done four – point starter, which is described in the
following section.

2. Explain four point starters in detail. (Apr/May-2015, May/June-2014)

The four point starter like in the case of a 3 point starter also acts as a protective
device that helps in safeguarding the armature of the shunt or compound excited DC
motor against the high starting current produced in the absence of back emf at starting.

n
The 4 point starter has a lot of constructional and functional similarity to a three point

g.i
starter, but this special device has an additional point and a coil in its construction. This

rin
naturally brings about some difference in its functionality, though the basic operational
characteristic remains the same. The basic difference in circuit of 4 point starter as
ee
compared to 3 point starter is that the holding coil is removed from the shunt field
current and is connected directly across the line with current limiting resistance in
gin

series.
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

A 4 point starter as the name suggests has 4 main operational points, namely
1. 'L' Line terminal. (Connected to positive of supply.)

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2. 'A' Armature terminal. (Connected to the armature winding.)

3. 'F' Field terminal. (Connected to the field winding.)
4. Like in the case of the 3 point starter, and in addition to it there is, A 4th point N.
(Connected to the No Voltage Coil NVC)
The remarkable difference in case of a 4 point starter is that the No Voltage
Coil is connected independently across the supply through the fourth terminal called 'N'
in addition to the 'L', 'F' and 'A'. As a direct consequence of that, any change in the field
supply current does not bring about any difference in the performance of the NVC. Thus
it must be ensured that no voltage coil always produce a force which is strong enough

n
to hold the handle in its 'RUN' position, against force of the spring, under all the

g.i
operational conditions. Such a current is adjusted through No Voltage Coil with the help
of fixed resistance R connected in series with the NVC using fourth point 'N' as shown in

rin
the figure above.
Function of No-Volt magnet (NV)
ee
(i) The No-Volt magnet keeps starter handle at run position against the control
gin
spring. The No-Volt magnet attracts the soft iron bar placed in the handle. The No-Volt
magnet is energized by the current flowing through the field circuit. If there is no No-Volt
magnet, the starter handle is pulled back to the Off position by the control spring and
En

the motor is switched Off.

(ii)During the failure of DC supply the No-Volt magnet is de-energized so the
arn

magnetic power is lost. The handle comes backs to the Off position by the action of
control spring, if the No-Volt magnet is not there. Due to the presence of No-Volt
Le

magnet and control spring the starter handle comes backs back to the Off position
whenever the supply fails. If there is no control spring then handle remains in the run
w.

position when the supply fails. When the supply returns the motor is directly connected
to the supply main, developing high starting current.
ww

(iii)During low voltage condition the No-Volt magnet releases the handle to the
Off position and hence protect the motor form low voltage

3. Explain in detail DOL and Auto transformer starter. (Apr/May-2015)

Direct-On-Line Starter (DOL Starter)
The 3 induction motor below 5 HP can be directly switched on to the supply
mains by means of DOL Starter. The motor below 5 HP has high armature resistance
and hence has low starting current. Hence the motors up to 5 HP can be directly

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switched on using DOL Starter. The DOL starter provides protection against No-Voltage
and Overload current.
Operation
The 3 induction motor (upto 5HP) is started by means of DOL starter. Typical
control circuit for starting 3 induction motor by DOL starter. The induction motor is
connected to supply mains through switching main and four normally open contacts.
Initially the switching main is closed. The DOL starter consists of a Switching contacts
are activated by plunger and No-volt coil arrangement. No-Volt coil is connected
through two push buttons (ON and OFF) across any of the two phases of 3 supply.

n
The ON and OFF button are used to start and stop the motor. These are the manually

g.i
operated control buttons available in DOL starter. There is a set of thermal relays which
is connected in series with stator of induction motor provide overload protection.

rin
To start the motor, the “ON” push button (normally open) is pressed which
energize the „No-Volt Coil‟ by connecting across two phase. The No-Volt, Coil pulls the
ee
plunger is such a direction that all the normally open (N.O) contacts are closed and now
gin
the motor is connected across the supply through three contacts. The fourth contact (4)
serves as a „hold on contact‟, which keeps the no volt coil circuit complete even after the
ON Push button is released.
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

When the supply goes off or when „OFF‟ switch (normally closed) is pressed, the
No-Volt coil circuit is opened and hence is de-energized, as a result plunger is released.

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And all the contacts returns to open position thereby, disconnecting the motor from the
supply mains. When the motor is overloaded, the thermal over load coil opens the
switch S, hence the No-Volt coil circuit is open and plunger is sent back the contacts to
normally open position. Thus disconnecting motor from the supply.
Auto transformer Starter
Principle
A 3 Star-connected Autotransformer is used to reduce the voltage applied to the
stator of the 3 induction motor. Such starter is known as Autotransformer starter. The
primary winding of Autotransformer is supplied with 3 voltage from the supply mains.

n
The secondary of Autotransformer produce reduced variable voltage.

g.i
Construction
An Auto-transformer is connected between 3 supply mains and 3 squirrel cage

rin
induction motor. The primary (P) of the autotransformer is connected with the 3 supply
mains through a change over switch. The secondary (S) of the autotransformer is
ee
connected with the 3 induction motor through change over switch.
gin

The change over switch has two positions namely, Start and Run. When the
En

change over switch is in Start position, the 3 induction motor is connected to 3 supply
mains through autotransformer. When the change over switch is in Run position, the 3
arn

induction motor is directly connected to the 3 supply mains. i.e., Auto transformer is
removed.
Le

Operation
To start the 3induction motor the change over switch is kept is Start position.
w.

Now the 3 induction motor is connected to 3 supply mains through Autotransformer.

The voltage is reduced in the Auto-transformer and it depends upon on position of slide
ww

contact available in the transformer and this position decides transformation ratio (K). If
the transformation ratio is 0.5, then half of the voltage applied to the primary appears
across the secondary. This reduced voltage is now applied to the stator of 3  induction
motor, through change over switch. Sincere reduced voltage is applied across the
stator, the starting current is reduced to the safe limit.
Once the motor picks up 80% of rated speed, the change over switch can be
switched to the Run position. Now the transformer is eliminated from the stator circuit.
So 3 induction motor is directly connected to supply mains. Due to this, rated voltage is

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applied to the stator winding. The motor starts rotating with rated speed. The changing
of switch position can also be done automatically by the usage of relays.

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin

Expression for Staring Torque

En

Let the motor be started by an Auto-transformer having transformation ratio (K). If

Isc is the starting current when normal voltage is applied and applied voltage during
arn

starting is KV, then motor input current Ist = KIsc (Secondary current)
Supply current = Current of auto transformer
K (KIsc) = K2Isc
Le

KIst =
Tst  K2 Isc 2
w.

If 2
Tf  
Sf
ww

Tst Isc2
 = K 2
 x sf
Tf If
If may be noted is similar o the expression obtained for stator rheostat starter
except that x has been replaced by transformer ratio K.

4. Explain in detail about star to delta starter. (Apr/May-2015)

The 3 stator winding of 3 induction motor can be connected either in Star of
Delta. If it is connected in Star the voltage per phase is reduced by the factor 3. If
connected in Delta the voltage per phase is not reduced. During staring the stator
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windings can be connected in Star to get reduced voltage, hence the starting current is
also reduced.

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin

Operation
En

The Star-Delta starter uses triple pole double throw (TPDT) switch hat connects
stator windings of 3 induction motor either in Start or Delta. During starting the switch
arn

is in Start position. Now the switch connects stator windings in Star. The phase voltages
of Star connected stator windings is reduced by the factor 1 /3 when compared to the
Le

lien voltage. Since the voltage applied to the stator is reduced, the starting current is
also reduced.
w.

Once the motor picks up 80% of rated speed the changed over switch can be
thrown over to the Run position. Now the switch connects stator windings in Delta. In
ww

Delta connection the phase voltage are not reduced and it is equal to the line voltage.
So entire supply voltage is applied across the motor. The motor starts rotating with rated
speed. The switch can also be operated automatically with the help of relays. This
starter is the cheapest of all starters because no special device like rheostat or
transformer is included in the circuit. The starter works by simply connecting the stator
windings in Star and Delta.
This starter is normally used for 3 induction motor with delta connected stator
windings. This starter is used in places where the motor is not started with heavy load.
Expression for Starting Torque
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n
g.i
rin
5. Explain detail about Rotor resistance starter in induction motor.(Apr/May-2015,
Nov/Dec-2014) ee
The 3 slip ring induction motor can be started by all the stator starters used for
3 squirrel cage induction motor. In 3 slip ring induction motor the rotor circuit can be
gin

accessed through the slip rings. In 3 slip ring induction motor the rotor circuit has star
connected windings. The ends of the three star connected windings are connected to
En

three slip rings. The slip rings can be either short circuited or connected to external
resistance. So starter for 3 slip ring induction motor is connected in the rotor circuit.
arn

By adding eternal resistance to the rotor circuit any starting torque up to the
maximum torque can be achieved; and by gradually cutting out the resistance a high
Le

torque can be maintained throughout the starting period. The added resistance also
reduces the starting current, so that a starting torque in the range of 2 to 2.5 times the
w.

full load torque can be obtained at a starting current of 1 to 1.5 times the full load
current.
ww

The starting current in the rotor winding is

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Where = Additional resistance per phase in the rotor circuit.

It's a switch that connects several resistances, one at a time, to a motor to allow
the motor to start slowly. The resistances are switched as individual resistances from
the highest to the lowest. As each resistance is switched in, the motor receives a certain
amount of current, as the motor reaches the speed that switch setting would allow, the
next resistance is switched in, replacing the first resistance.
The motor speeds up a little more, until zero resistance is reached and the motor

n
is running at full speed.

g.i
Advantages:

rin
(i) It is inexpensive,
(ii) It is good for relatively small motors.
ee
Disadvantages:
(i) Arcing between contacts,
gin

(ii) Motor speed up is not a smooth transition.

(iii) The shock of each speed increase can cause damage to the motor
En

(iv) This method is only applicable for slip ring induction motor.
PART C
arn

6. Explain detail about Stator resistance starter in induction motor.(Apr/May-2015,

Nov/Dec-2014)
Le
w.
ww

The above figure shows the basic setup of stator resistance starter. By applying
a reduced voltage the starting current may be limited. For this, three rheostats are
connected in series to the stator winding of three phase induction motor. Initially the
rheostat is kept in maximum position, hence a minimum the voltage is applied to the
motor. As the motor gathers speed, the rheostst will be brought to minimum position
thereby the full supply voltage is given to the motor. Now motor will run at normal
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speed.
The starter construction is simple and cheap. As the ratio of starting torque to full
load torque is X2 as that of direct on line starter, this method is suitable for small motors
only.

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

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UNIT IV CONVENTIONAL AND SOLID STATE SPEED CONTROL OF DC DRIVES

PART – A
1. What are the methods of speed control of dc motors? (Dec 2014)
Armature resistance control, Flux control, Voltage control.

2. What is meant by armature resistance control?(or) Why is armature voltage

control used below rated speed? (Dec 2013),(May 2014)
A controller resistance is connected in series with armature. By varying the
controller resistance R, the potential drop across the armature is varied. Therefore, the
motor speed also varied. This method of speed control only applicable for speed less

n
than no load speed.

g.i
3. What is meant by duty cycle? (Dec 2011),(May 2014)

rin
Duty cycle is defined as the ratio between on time of chopper and total time of
chopper
ee
α= Ton/T
4. What are the advantages of dc chopper drives? (Dec 2014)
gin

Dc chopper drives has the advantages of high efficiency, flexibility in control, light
weight, small size, quick response and regeneration down to very low speed.
En

5. What are the different methods of speed control of induction motors?

arn

1. Stator voltage control 2. Voltage/frequency control (v/f)

3. Rotor resistance control 4. Slip energy recovery control.
Le

6. Give the limitation of field control? (Nov/Dec-2012, Apr/May-2015)

(a) The Speed control below normal rated speed is not possible as flux can be
w.

increased only upto its rated value.

(b) As flux reduces, speed increases. But high speed affects the commutation
ww

making motor operation unstable. So there is limit to the maximum speed above normal
possible by this method.
7. What are the main applications of Ward Leonard system? (Apr/May-2015)
(i)Full forward and reverse speed can be achieved.
(ii)A wide range of speed control is possible.
(iii)Power is automatically regenerated to the ac line to the mg set when speed is
reduced.

(iv)Short time overload capacity is large.

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8. What are the various parameters that control the speed of the motor
applications? (Nov/Dec-2014)
N = 120f(1-s)/p
The slip s, Frequency f and number of poles p.
9. Draw the speed-torque characteristics of DC series motor by armature
resistance method. (May/June-2013)

n
g.i
rin
10. Draw the block diagram of phase controlled rectifier fed DC drives.
ee (May/June-2013)
gin
En
arn

11. Write down any advantages of solid state speed control. (May/June-2011)
Le

(i) Simple operation, (ii)Time response is faster, (iii)Operating efficiency is

high,(iv)Small size,(v)Less weight and(vi)Low initial cost
w.

12. What is armature diverter speed control of D.C series motor? (Apr/May-2014)
In this method, a variable resistance is connected in parallel with armature, which
ww

is known as armature diverter. The speed control of DC series motor using

armature diverter is known as armature diverter method.
13. Name the basic methods of speed control of D.C motor. (Nov/Dec-2014)
The DC motor speed controlled by
1. Armature voltage control (below base speed)
2. Flux control (above base speed)
14. Draw the basic circuit for chopper controlled separately excited dc motor
drive. (Nov/Dec-2013)

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15. Give the applications of controlled rectifier circuit. (May/June-2016)

(i)Machine tools, (ii) Paper mills, (iii)Electric traction and (iv) Textile mills
PART – B
1. Describe with diagram Ward-Leonard speed control system for DC motor
(Apr/May-2015, Nov/Dec-2014, May/June-2014, May/June-2013, Nov/Dec-2012)

n
The speed equation of DC motor shows that by varying the supply voltage, the

g.i
speed can be controlled. The speed of DC motor is directly proportional to the voltage

rin
applied to it. The speed equation is given by,
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

N =K(V/Φ)
Where N- Speed of the motor,
V- applied voltage
Φ - Flux
The Ward-Leonard method of speed control of DC motor uses voltage control,
i.e., the speed is controlled by varying the supply voltage (V). In this method the variable
voltage is obtained from „Motor-Generator set‟.

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Construction and Operation:

The shunt field of the Main motor (DC shunt motor) is connected with fixed the
DC supply line. Here DC motor (M) and DC Generator (G) forms the Motor # Generator
St (i.e MG set). The armature of motor M is connected with the fixed DC supply lined
Shunt field of it is also connected with fixed DC supply. So motor M rotate with constant
speed. This motor is mechanically coupled with Generator (G). This forms MG set. The
armature of the Generator now rotates with the constant speed. The armature of
generator (G) is electrically connected with Main motor. The MG set supplies variable
voltage to the main motor.

n
The speed control is obtained by the inserting a field regulator (Rheostat ) in the

g.i
field circuit of the generator (G). by adjusting the field regulator, the flux is varied. Since
the generator is rotating at constant speed, the voltage produced by it depends on flux.

rin
When the flux is varied by adjusting the field regulator, the variable voltage is produced
by generator (G). This variable voltage is applied to armature of main motor. So the
ee
speed of the main motor (DC shunt motor) is varied due to variable voltage. Thus the
speed is controlled by voltage control in Ward – Leonard Method.
gin

The reversing switch RS is used to reverse the connection of field terminals. As a

result voltage generated is also reversed. This reversed voltage when applied to the
En

main motor gives rotation in the opposite direction. Therefore in this method, the speed
control is possible in the both the direction.
arn
Le
w.
ww

Advantages
1. It is possible to achieve lowest limit of speed variation of 5 to 7% of its base
speed.
2. Smooth speed control over very wide range is possible.
3. Rapid starting and reversing of the motor without losses in the rheostats are
possible.
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4. By using RS switch, speed control in both direction is possible.

5. The rheostat is in the field circuit of the generator, so very small current flows
through it. As a result power loss is loss.
6. Regenerative braking is also possible with this method. This is achieved by
suddenly decreasing the generated voltage of the generator, to a value less
than the back emf of the main motor. Hence the main motor works as
generator. As a result power will be supplied back to the network.
7. In this method speed of the motor is independent of the load on the motor.
Disadvantages

n
1. The initial cot is high because three machines are required.

g.i
2. The efficiency of the speed control is low because there is two stages of
power conversion namely, mechanical to electrical (MG set) and electrical to

rin
mechanical (Main motor)
ee
2. With neat diagram describe working of single phase fully controlled rectifier
drive. (Nov/Dec-2013, May/June-2014, May/June-2012)
gin
En
arn
Le
w.

Construction:
ww

The arrangement of four SCR in a manner as Bridge connection. This connection

is also known as B-2 connection. The SCR is so connected that, tow of it is forward
biased during one half cycle and other tow is reverse biased. This shown that two SCRs
are used to rectify each half cycle. In this circuit both the half cycle is rectified by
applying triggering pulse and hence it is known as Full – wave rectifier.
Operation:
During positive half cycle of input AC voltage the terminal L is positive and
terminal A is negative. As a result SCR1 and SCR2 are forward biased and SCR3 and
SCR4 are reverse biased. So SCR1 and SCR2 conducts when triggered by firing pulse

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and SCR3 and SCR4 never conducts because it is reverse biased. Now during certain
angle  of the positive half cycle SCR1 and SCR2 were given triggering pulses so
current flows through the path L-SCR1 – Motor – SCR2 – N. So the part of the positive
half cycle, after the application of firing pulse at firing angle (), appears across the
motor load.
During negative half cycle of input AC voltage the terminal A is positive and
terminal L is negative. As a result SCR3 and SCR4 are forward biased and SCR1 and
SCR2 are reverse biased. So SCR3 and SCR4 conducts when triggered by firing pulse
and SCR1 and SCR2 never conducts, because it is reverse biased. Now during certain

n
angle  of the negative half cycle after the application of firing pulse at firing angle (),

g.i
appears across the motor load in the positive direction.
The above two cases shows that both the half cycle produces the current in

rin
same direction through the motor. So the output voltage is rectifier DC voltage. By
varying the firing angle, the conduction angles of SCRs are varied. By varying the
ee
conduction angle (to ) of the SCR, the average value of output DC voltage applied
gin
to the motor can be varied. By varying the average value of the DC voltage, the speed
of the DC motor can be controlled. Thus the speed of DC motor can be varied by
En

varying the firing angle.

arn
Le
w.
ww

It is observed from the above waveform that tows triggering or firing pulses are
applied during each cycle of the AC voltage, so this circuit is also known as two pulse
converter.

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3. With neat diagram explain chopper fed four quadrant dc drives.(Nov/Dec-2013)

Construction and Operation:
In four quadrant chopper four switches (T1, T2, T3, and T4) are used. The
switches may be of power semiconductor switches like IGBT, MOSFET, BJT, SCR etc.,
and Depends upon the application need the fixed DC supply is given as the input
supply. By varying the applied PWM (pulse width modulation) inputs the chopper on and
off time can be changed, so the variable dc supply voltage is applied to the motor load.
Four numbers of freewheeling diodes connected in parallel with the four switches.
These freewheeling diodes are used as a protective device for the switching devices.

n
The four quadrant operation is depends upon the current flow direction through the

g.i
motor. When the armature (A) is connected with the positive supply the motor is running
in the forward direction. When the armature (AA) is connected with the negative supply

rin
the motor is running in the reverse direction.
The four quadrant chopper operates in four modes of operations namely,
ee
(a) Forward motoring (Quadrant: 1)
gin
(b) Forward braking (Quadrant: 2)
(c) Reverse motoring (Quadrant: 3)
(d) Reverse braking (quadrant: 4)
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

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(a) Quadrant I: In the first quadrant, the voltage and current are positive making
the power is positive. In this case, the power flows from source to load. In this operation
T1is ON, T4 is OFF, T2 is continuously ON and T3 is continuously OFF. T1 and T2 are
conducting in this mode.
(b) Quadrant 2: In the second quadrant, the voltage is still positive but the
current is negative. Therefore, the power is negative. In this case, the power flows from
load to source and this can happen if the load is inductive or back emf source such as a
dc motor .Here T1 is OFF, T4 is ON,T2 is continuously ON and T3 is continuously OFF.
As the inductor current cannot be changed instantaneously, D4 and T2 will be

n
freewheeling the current.

g.i
(c) Quadrant 3: In the third quadrant both the voltage and current are negative
but the power is positive. In this case, the power flows from source to load. In this

rin
operation T3is ON, T2 is OFF, T4 is continuously ON and T1 is continuously OFF. T3
and T4 are conducting in this mode.
ee
(d) Quadrant 4: In the fourth quadrant voltage is negative but current is positive.
gin
The power is therefore negative. Here T3 is OFF, T2 is ON,T4 is continuously ON and
T1 is continuously OFF . As the inductor current cannot be changed instantaneously,
D2 and T4 will be freewheeling the current.
En

Advantages:
Easy to control, Possible to control in all four regions and Smooth speed control
arn

Disadvantages:
Complex circuit, Cost is high
Le

Applications:
Traction, Lifts, and Conveyors
w.

4. Explain the methods of speed control of dc shunt Motor

ww

Principle
The speed equation shows that the speed of the Dc motor is inversely
proportional to Armature Resistance (Ra). If Armature Resistance (Ra) is increased, then
the speed (N) is decreased. The method of speed control that is obtained by varying
armature circuit resistance by including a rheostat in armature circuit is known as
Armature or Rheostatic Control.

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Operation
The Speed of the DC Motor is directly proportional to armature voltage (V). If the
Resistance of Rheostat is increased, the voltage applied across Armature is reduced.
So speed is controlled by adding variable resistance (armature rheostat in series with
the armature. This method is used when speeds below the base speed (no-load rated
speed) are required.
The field winding is excited by rated voltage, hence the current flowing in field
winding Ish is constant. Initially sliding arm of rheostat is kept in minimum (min) position.
Now rheostat is not included in the armature circuit. So the full rated voltage is applied

n
to the armature. Now the DC shunt motor is applied with the rated field current and the

g.i
rated voltage and hence it runs with rated speed (Base speed). When the slider arm of
rheostat is moved towards the maximum position, the voltage applied to the armature

rin
decreases.
So the speed is reduced from base speed. When the rheostat is in maximum
ee
(Max) position, the speed drops to the minimum value as shown in the characteristics
gin
curve. The speed is decreased from base speed to the low speed for the movement of
slider arm from min to max position. This shows that this method is used to get speed
below the base speed i.e., by increasing resistance the speed can only be reduced,
En

because the speed is inversely proportional to armature resistance.

arn
Le
w.
ww

From speed / armature current characteristics it is seen that greater the

resistance in the armature circuit, greater is fall in the speed.
Advantages
1. Easy and smooth speed control below the base speed is possible.
2. The rheostat in the armature act as a starter during he starting. So the high
current during starting can be avoided.
Disadvantage

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1. The large amount of power is wasted in the armature rheostat. So the

efficiency of this method is poor.
2. The Speeds above the base speed is not possible
3. This method results in poor speed regulation, i.e., the range of speed control
is very small.
Flux Control method
Principle:
The speed equation of DC motor shows that the speed (N) is inversely
proportional to the Flux (). So by altering the flux, speed control of required range can

n
be obtained. To change the flux the rheostat is included in the field circuit and hence it

g.i
is knows as field rheostat. In the field circuit if the resistance is increased, then field
current decrease, as a result the flux is also deceases. The decreasing flux gives

rin
increases in speed and vice versa.
N =K(V/Φ)
ee
Where N- Speed of the motor,
gin
V- applied voltage
Φ - Flux
Operation:
En

The speed control of DC shunt motor by flux control method. At the beginning,
the field rheostat is kept at the minimum (min0 position. Now field rheostat is not
arn

present in the field circuit. So rated field current Ish, flows in the field circuits. The rated
supply voltage is applied to the armature. Now the DC Shunt motor runs at base speed
Le

because field is provided with rated field current and armature is provided with rated
supply voltage.
w.
ww

Now the field resistance is increased by moving slider arms towards maximum (Max)
position, due to which shunt field current decrease. The decreases in shunt field current

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causes flux to decrease. Since the flux decrease, the speed increases. Already the
motor is running with base speed. By deceasing the flux speeds above the base speed
is possible. So this method used to cases where speed above the rated speed is
required.

n
g.i
rin
Advantage
1. This is an easy and convenient method
ee
2. speed control above the base (rated) speed is possible
3. since the field current is very low, the size of the field rheostat and power loss
gin

is less
Disadvantage
En

1. The speed control below the normal speed is not possible. Because flux can
be only reduced by inserting Rheostat
arn

2. Since the speed obtained is above the rated speed, the motor operation is
unstable.
Le

5.Explain the Speed control of D.C. Series Motor

In DC series motor the armature and field windings are connected in series. In
w.

series circuit, the current flowing through each element is same. Soothe same current
flows through armature and field. The speed control methods of DC series motor are
ww

classifieds into two types namely.

(i) Flux Control method
(ii) Armature Resistance Control
(a) Flux Control Method
In flux control methods the flux can be varied by number of methods. They are,
(i) Field Diverter method
(ii) Armature Diverter method
(iii) Tapped field method
(iv) Series / Parallel arrangement of field coils
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These methods are explained in the below section.

i) Field Diverter Method
In this method variable resistance is connected in parallel with series field
winding, which is known as Field diverter. The speed control method by which the
speed of the DC series motor is controlled by varying flux with the help of field diverter
is known as field diverter method. The diverter and the series field form the parallel
circuit. This parallel circuit acts as a current divider. So current flowing through the
series field is reduced. As a result flux produced by the series field is also reduced.
which makes the speed to increase. If the field diverter resistance is increased then

n
current flowing through series field increases and as a result flux increases. This makes

g.i
speed to decrease, because speed is inversely proportion to flux increases. The control
circuit for field diverter method is shown below. Using this method speed above be

rin
speed is possible.
ee
gin
En
arn

ii) Armature Diverter Method

This method is used for the motors that require constant load torque. In this
Le

method, a variable resistance is connected in parallel with armature, which is known as

armature diverter. The speed control of DC series motor using armature diverter is
w.

known as armature diverter method. The armature diverter and the armature forms
ww

the parallel circuit. So the current flowing through the armature is reduced. But as T
Ia, but load torque is constant, so the flux is to be increased. So the motor takes more
current from the supply. As a result current through the field winding increases. This
cause the flux to increases and speed of the motor to decrease. So this method is used
to control the speed below the base speed.

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iii) Tapped Field method

In this method, flux change is obtained by changing the number of turns of the
series field winding. Here the series field finding is provided with number of taps. The

n
selector switch S is provided with rotor sliding contact to select the numbers of turns

g.i
through the taps, as per the requirement. When the switch is placed in position as

rin
indicated, the entire field winding is inserted in the circuit and the motor runs with base
(Normal) speed. ee
As the switch is moved towards clockwise direction, the number of turns, that is
included in the circuit, is reduced. As a result, the flux is reduced which increases the
gin

sped of the motor above the base speed. So this method is used to obtain speed above
the base speed. This method often used in electric traction.
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

iv) Series / Parallel Arrangement of Field Coils

In this method the field coils is divided into various parts. These divided parts can
be then connected in series and parallel as per the requirement. the field coils
connected in series. The series connection of the field coil gives lower speeds. In the
series circuit is not divided as a result the flux is more and the speed is less.

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Below has field coils connected in parallel. The parallel connection of field coils is
used to obtain higher speed. The parallel circuit acts as a current divider. So the current

n
flowing through the field coils is reduced. So the flux is reduced. This causes increases

g.i
in speed because speed is inversely proportional to the flux.

rin
ee
gin
En

(b) Armature Resistance Control

In this method the variable resistance is connected in series with the armature
arn

and series field winding. By increasing the resistance the voltage applied across the
armature, the speed is reduced. However, it is noted that entire full load current passes
Le

through the variable resistance, so the power loss is high.

w.
ww

The speed control of DC drive using solid – state device such as SCR and solid
state circuit such as rectifier and chopper is known as Solid-state speed control of DC
drives.

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PART C
6. Explain the speed control of a dc shunt motor using three phase fully
controlled rectifiers. (Nov/Dec-2014)
1 Full – Wave controlled Rectifier:
The rectifier that converts fixed AC voltage into variable DC voltage by utilizing
full cycle (both the half cycle) of input 1 AC supply is known as 1 Full – Wave rectifier.
Since this circuit uses SCR the output DC voltage can be controlled. Hence it is known
as controlled rectifier. There are two basic configurations of full – wave controlled
rectifiers. Their classification is based on method of connection the SCRs. They are

n
1. Mid-Point Converter

g.i
2. Bridge Converter
i) 1 Full – Wave Mid-Point Controlled Rectifier

rin
Circuit Connections:
This rectifier circuit has two SCR, one SCR is triggered during positive half
ee
cycle of input AC wave and the other SCR is triggered during negative half cycle of the
gin
input AC wave. The two SCRs are connected across the motor. The AC input voltage is
applied to the circuit through special transformer with mid-point terminal (N) in the
secondary. The mid- point terminal (N) is tapped from the centre of the secondary of the
En

1 transformer. This is known as Centre – Tapped Secondary. The anode of the two
arn

SCRs are connected with two ends of the secondary and one end of the motor load is
connected with mid-point of the transformer and the other end with cathode of the
SCRs. This connection is known as mid- point connection or M-2 Connection.
Le
w.
ww

Control circuit of 1phase Full-Wave controlled mid-point rectifier used for speed
control of DC Motor.
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Working Principle:
During positive half cycle of input AC supply, the terminal A of centre – tapped
transformer is positive with respect to terminal B. The positive terminal A is connected
with SCR1 and negative terminal with SCR2. So SCR1 is forward biased and SCR2 is
reverse biased. The SCR1 can conduct when triggered by firing pulse and SCR 2 never
conducts because it is reverse biased. The current now flows in the path A- SCR1 –
Motor – N. So positive half cycle of input AC supply appears across the motor load,
when firing pulse is applied.

n
During negative half cycle of input AC supply, the terminal B of centre – tapped

g.i
transformer is positive with respect to terminal A. The positive terminal B is connected
with SCR and negative terminal with SCR1. So SCR2 is forward biased and SCR1 is

rin
reverse biased. The SCR2 can conduct when triggered by firing pulse and SCR1 never
conducts because it is reverse biased. The current now flows in the path B – SCR2 –
ee
Motor – N. so negative half cycle of input AC supply appears across the motor load.
gin
The above two cases shown that both the half cycle produces the current in
same direction through the motor. Os the output voltage is rectified DC voltage. B
varying the firing angle, the conduction angles of SCRs are varied. By varying the
En

conduction angle ( = to ) of the SCR, the average value of output DC voltage
applied to the motor can be varied. By the firing angle, the conducting angle can be
arn

varied. By varying the average value of the DC voltage, the speed of the DC motor can
be varied. Thus varying the firing angle can vary the speed of DC motor.
Le
w.
ww

Waveforms of 1phase Full-Wave Mid-point Controlled Rectifier.

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It is observed from the above waveform that two triggering or firing pulses are
applied during each cycle of the AC voltage, so this circuit is also known as two pulse
converter.
ii) 1 Full – Wave Bridge controlled Rectifier
Circuit connections
The arrangement of four SCR in a bridge connection is shown in below figure.
This connection is also known as B-2 connection. The SCR is so connected that, tow of
it is forward biased during one half cycle and other tow is reverse biased. This shown
that two SCRs are used to rectify each half cycle. In this circuit both the half cycle is

n
rectified by applying triggering pulse and hence it is known as full – wave rectifier.

g.i
Operation:
During positive half cycle of input AC voltage the terminal L is positive and

rin
terminal A is negative. As a result SCR1 and SCR2 are forward biased an dSCR3 and
SCR4 are reverse biased. So SCR1 and SCR2 conducts when triggered by firing pulse
ee
and SCR3 and SCR4never conducts because it is reverse biased. Now during certain
angle  of the positive half cycle SCR1 and SCR2 were given triggering pulses so
gin

current flows through the path L-SCR1 – Motor – SCR2 – N. So the part of the positive
half cycle, after the application of firing pulse at firing angle (), appears across the
En

motor load.
arn
Le
w.
ww

Control Circuit for 1phase Full Wave Bridge Controlled Rectifier

During negative half cycle of input AC voltage the terminal A is positive and
terminal L is negative. As a result SCR3 and SCR4 are forward biased and SCR1 and
SCR2 are reverse biased. So SCR3 and SCR4 conducts when triggered by firing pulse
and SCR1 and SCR2 never conducts, because it is reverse biased. Now during certain

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angle  of the negative half cycle after the application of firing pulse at firing angle (),
appears across the motor load in the positive direction.
The above two cases shows that both the half cycle produces the current in
same direction through the motor. So the output voltage is rectifier DC voltage. By
varying the firing angle, the conduction angles of SCRs are varied. By varying the
conduction angle (to ) of the SCR, the average value of output DC voltage applied
to the motor can be varied. By varying the average value of the DC voltage, the speed
of the DC motor can be controlled. Thus the speed of DC motor can be varied by
varying the firing angle.

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin
En
arn
Le
w.

Waveforms of single phase Full – Wave Bridge Controlled Rectifier

It is observed from the above waveform that two triggering or firing pulses are
ww

applied during each cycle of the AC voltage, so this circuit is also known as two pulse
converter.

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UNIT V – CONVENTIONAL & SOLID STATE SPEED CONTROL OF AC DRIVES

PART – A

1. What are the speed control methods available for speed control of induction
motor on stator side? (AU-MAY-08)
i. By controlling supply voltage
ii. By pole changing
iii. By Changing supply frequency
2. What are the speed control methods available for speed control of induction
motor on rotor side? (AU-NOV-05)

n
i. By rotor resistance control

g.i
ii. By Cae speed control

rin
iii. By injected voltage method.
3. What are the three possible speeds that can be obtained in caed operation
ee
of induction motor? (AU-MAY-07) (AUC-NOV-10)
120𝑓
i. Ns= ; Where, Pa = No of stator poles in motor A
gin
𝑃𝑎
120𝑓
ii. Ns= ; Where, Pb = No of stator poles in motor B
𝑃𝑏
120 𝑓
En

iii. Ns=𝑃𝑎 +𝑃𝑏

4. What is slip in an induction motor? (AUC-NOV-09)

arn

The induction motor speed is always less than the speed of synchronous speed
of revolving flux. The difference in speed between synchronously revolving flux and the
Le

rotor speed is called slip speed. The ratio between the slip speed and synchronous
speed of induction motor is called slip. It is denoted
w.

𝑁𝑠−𝑁
Slip, S = 𝑁𝑠
𝑁𝑠−𝑁
%S = *100
ww

𝑁𝑠

5. What is slip power? (AUC-NOV-09)

It is the power wasted in the rotor circuit resistance. In case of slip ring induction
motor, the speeded control is achieved by adding external resistance in the rotor circuit.
But, with adding external resistance in the rotor circuit, (I2R) losses in the external
resistances will be increased. Hence, slip power is wasted in rotor resistance. Without
wasting this slip power, the slip power can be usefully utilized in slip power recovery
scheme.

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6. What is slip power recovery scheme?(AU-MAY-06,07)(AU-APR-08)(AUC-NOV10)

The power wasted in the external resistance in the rotor circuit in case of slip ring
induction motor, is called slip power. This wastage slip power can be usefully fed back
to the source by used of slip power recovery scheme. Two types of slip power recovery
scheme available are
(i) Static scherbius drive, (ii) Static Kramer‟s drive
7. What is meant by inverter? (AUC-MAY-10)
A device that converts dc power into ac power at desired output voltage and
frequency is called an inverter.

n
8. What is the function of inverter? (May 2015)

g.i
Inverter is a circuit which converts DC to AC with desired output voltage and
frequency.

rin
9. Give two advantages & applications of CSI
Advantages
ee
(i) CSI does not require any feedback diodes.
gin
(ii)Communication circuit is simple as it contains only capacitors.
Applications
(i)Induction heating, (ii)Lagging VAR compensation, (iii)Speed control of AC
En

motors, (iv)Synchronous motor sharing

10. What are the advantages of static Kramer’s system over static Scherbius
arn

system? (May 2008, May 2015)

(i) No commutation problem
Le

(ii) Output frequency can easily tracked.

(iii) The line power factor is almost unity.
w.

11. Compare VSI and CSI (AU-NOV-08) (AUC-MAY-10)

ww

S.No Voltage source inverter(VSI) Current source inverter(CSI)

1 In voltage source inverter, input In current source inverter, input
voltage is maintained constant. currents constant but adjustable
2 In VSI, the output voltages does In CSI, the amplitude of output
not depend on the load currents constant but adjustable
3 The magnitude of output current The magnitude of output voltage and
and its waveform depends upon its waveform depends upon the
the nature of the load impedance nature of the load impedance
4 It requires feedback diodes It does not require any feedback

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diode
5 Commutation circuit complex Commutation circuit is simple i.e., it
contains only capacitors.

PART- B
1. Explain the speed control of induction motor from starter side (AU-MAY-08)
(AU-NOV-08, 09) (AUC-MAY-10)
The various methods available for speed control of induction motors from stator
side are:

n
(i) By changing the applied voltage.

g.i
(ii)By changing the applied frequency.
(iii)By changing the number of stator poles

rin
(i)By changing the applied voltage:
Slip can be varied by changing the applied stator voltage i.e. motor speed can be
ee
varied by varying the supply voltage, because if the voltage is reduced as, torque is
gin
reduced as square of the voltage. For example, if the applied voltage is reduced from V
to 0.9 V, the torque will be reduced from T to 0.81 T. The torque –speed characteristics
at reduced stator voltage say 0.9V.
En
arn
Le
w.
ww

Since the torque is reduced to 81 percent, the rotor cannot continue to rotate at
speed N1, it speed will be reduced. i.e. its slip will increase until the increased rotor
current will make up for the reduced stator voltage and produce the required load torque
at a a lower speed N2. This method of speed control is rarely used for industrial three-
phase motors because of the requirement of additional costly voltage changing auxiliary
equipment. For small induction motor used in home appliance, voltage control method
of speed changing is often used.

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Figure: Speed-torque curves: voltage variation

B). BY POLE CHANGING METHOD:

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin

The speed of an induction motor depends upon the number of poles in which the
En

stator is wound. If two independent stator windings are used for different number of
poles say for four poles and for two poles are made on the stator, definite rotor speeds
arn

can be obtained. The two windings are to be insulated from one another. When any of
the windings is used, other winding should be kept open circuited by the switch.
The limitation of this method is only two definite speeds can be obtained. Smooth
Le

control of speed over wide range is not possible.

w.

C) BY CHANGING SUPPLY FREQUENCY:

ww

The speed of an induction motor is directly proportional to supply frequency. By

gradually changing supply frequency, speed can be increased (or) decreased smoothly.
There are, however, several drawbacks in this system. Electricity supply authorities
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supply power at a fixed frequency of 50 HZ, provision for supply at variable frequency
can be made by consumers by having separate arrangement. Frequency conversion
equipment are, therefore, to be installed by the industries at additional costs. Variable
frequency conversion equipment are therefore, to be installed by the industries at
additional costs. Variable frequency supply can be obtained from solid-state equipment,
rotary converters i.e. motor generator gets.
If speed control is to be achieved by changing frequency, the supply voltage
should also simultaneously be changed. This is because if the supply frequency is
reduced keeping the applied voltage constant, the flux is increased. If flux is increased,

n
core-losses will reduce the efficiency on the other hand if frequency is increased, flux

g.i
will decrease, thereby reducing the torque developed.
It is important, therefore, that frequency changing device should change

rin
frequency and voltage simultaneously as a direct ratio. i.e. if frequency is increased, the
supply voltage must also increase and if frequency is decreased the supply voltage
ee
must also decrease proportionately. Three phase supply at the input is first converted
gin
into controlled DC. This DC is applied to inverter circuit, whose frequency is controlled
by pulses from voltage to frequency converter units. A large smoothing reactor, L is in
the circuit to filter the controlled DC.
En

2. Explain the slip recovery scheme of conventional Kramer and Sherbius system
arn

for induction motor drive. (AU-NOV-05, 09) (AU-MAY-07) (AU-APR-08) (AUC-NOV-

09) (AUC-APR-11) (AUC-JAN-09) (AUC-MAY-10)
Le

Conventional Kramer system

The Kramer‟s system of slip power recovery scheme, which is used, is case of
w.

large motors of 4000 KW (or) above.

Construction and working:
ww

It consists of a rotary converter C which converts the low-slip frequency a.c.

power into D.C. power, which is used to drive a d.c shunt motor D, mechanically
coupled to the main motor M. The main motor is coupled to the shaft of the d.c shunt
motor D. The slip rings of m are connected to those of the rotary converter C. The d.c
output of C is used to drive D. But C and D are excited from the D.C bus bars (or) from
an exciter. There is a field regulator which governs the back emf E b of D and hence the
d.c potential at the commutator of C which further controls the slip ring voltage and
therefore the speed of M.

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n
g.i
rin
The main advantage is that any speed within working range can be obtained by
this method. Another advantage is that if the rotary converter is over-excited, it will take
ee
a leading current which compensates for lagging current drawn by main motor m and
gin

hence improves the power factor of the system

Conventional Scherbius system:
En

This is another method of speed control system in which slip power is recovered.
The poly-phase winding of machine C is supplied with the low frequency output of
arn

machine M through a regulating transformer (RT). The commutator motor C is a

variable speed motor and its speed (and hence of M) is controlled by either varying the
tapping‟s on RT or by adjusting the position of brushes on C. This method requires an
Le

auxiliary 3 phase or 6 phase a.c. commutator machine which is called Scherbius

w.

machine.
The difference between Kramer system and this system is that the Scherbius
ww

machine is not directly connected to the main motor, whose speed is to be controlled.
The Scherbius machine is is excited at a slip frequency from the rotor of a main motor
through a regulation transformer. The taps on the regulating transformer can be varied,
this changes the voltage developed in the rotor Scherbius machine, which is injected
into the rotor of main motor. This control the speed of the main motor, the scherbius
machine is connected directly to the induction motor supplied from main line so that its
speed deviates from a fixed value only to the extent of the slip of the auxiliary induction
motor.

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n
g.i
rin
For any given setting of regulating transformer, the speed of the main motor
remains substantially constant irrespective of the load variations. Similar to the Kramer
ee
system, this method is also used to control speed of large induction motors. The only
disadvantage is that these methods can be used only for slip ring induction motors.
gin

3. Explain the slip recovery scheme of Static Sherbius and Kramer system for
En

induction motor drive. (AUC-APR-11) (AUC-JAN-09) (AUC-MAY-10), Dec 2015, Nov

2015
arn

Static Sherbius system:

This is another method of speed control system in which slip power is recovered.
Le

The induction motor is started using three rheostats in the rotor circuit. The ac slip
power is first rectified by the three-phase diode bridge, then turned back into ac power
w.

at line frequency by the thyristor inverter and finally returned to the supply network by
means of a transformer , which brings the rotor circuit voltage of the ac supply network.
ww

The speed of the induction motor is regulated by the controlling the firing angle of the
inverter. The gate pulses are provided by the firing circuits, synchronized with the
supply voltage.
Both the rectifier and the inverter are line-commutated by the alternating emfs
appearing at the slip rings and supply network respectively. The average counter emf of
the inverter may be considered as an injected emf opposing the rectified rotor voltage.
The system is started by switching on first S1 and then S2 while switches S3 and S$
remain off. As soon as the motor attains a steady speed, the rectifier –inverter

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combination as well as the transformer is connected to the supply network switching S2

off and S3 and S4 on.

n
g.i
Static Kramer system
rin
ee
A slip ring induction motors rotor circuit feeds the slip power, rectified by means
gin
of a diode bridge, to the armature of a separately excited dc motor, which is
mechanically coupled to the induction motor
En

The system is started by switching on S1 first and then S2, while switches S3
and S4are off. As soon as the motor attains steady speed, the dc motor is energized by
arn

switching S2 off and S3 and S4 on. Speed control is achieved by varying the field
current of the motor an emf proportional to the back emf of the dc motor may be
considered to be injected into the rotor circuit of the induction motor to cause variation in
Le

speed of the system.

w.
ww

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4. Explain the V/f control method of AC drive with neat sketches.

V/F control or Frequency control:
Whenever three phase supply is given to three phase induction motor rotating
magnetic field is produced which rotates at synchronous speed given by
120𝑓
Ns= 𝑃

In three phase induction motor emf is induced by induction similar to that of

transformer which is given by
E=4.44𝜱𝑲𝑻𝒇
Where K is the winding constant, T is the number of turns per phase and f is

n
frequency.

g.i
Now if we change frequency synchronous speed changes but with decrease in
frequency flux will increase and this change in value of flux causes saturation of rotor

rin
and stator cores which will further cause increase in no load current of the motor. So,
it‟s important to maintain flux, φ constant and it is only possible if we change voltage. i.e
ee
if we decrease frequency flux increases but at the same time if we decrease voltage flux
gin

will also decease causing no change in flux and hence it remains constant.
So, here we are keeping the ratio of V/ f as constant. Hence its name is V/ f method.
En

For controlling the speed of three phase induction motor by V/ f method we have to
supply variable voltage and frequency which is easily obtained by using converter and
arn

inverter set.
Le
w.
ww

If we reduce the supply frequency at rated supply voltage, the air gap flux will
tend to saturate and causes excessive stator current to flow in which results in distortion
of the flux wave. Thus the region below the rated frequency should be proportional
reduction of stator voltage so as to maintain the air gap flux constant. The below figure
2 is the Torque-Speed characteristic at volt/Hz = constant. In Lower frequency region
the air gap flux is reduced by stator impedance drop (V m<Vs).Therefore this region has
to be compensated by an additional boost voltage so as to restore T em value. If air gap
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flux is kept constant in constant torque region then the torque sensitivity in ampere of
stator current is high by permitting fast transient of the drive. In the variable frequency,
variable voltage operation of the drive system, the machine usually has low slip
characteristic (i.e low rotor resistance) giving high efficiency. In low starting torque for
base frequency the machine can always be started at maximum torque indicated in the
below figures. The absence of high inrush of starting current in a direct start drives
reduces the stress and improves the life of the machine

n
g.i
rin
ee
gin

From the torque equation of the induction machine, we can see that the torque
depends on the square of the applied voltage. The variation of speed torque curves with
En

respect to the applied voltage is shown in Fig. These curves show that the slip at
maximum torque remains same, while the value of stall torque comes down with
arn

decrease in applied voltage. The speed range for stable operation remains the same.
Further, we also note that the starting torque is also lower at lower voltages. Thus, even
Le

if a given voltage level is sufficient for achieving the running torque, the machine may
not start. This method of trying to control the speed is best suited for loads that require
w.

very little starting torque, but their torque requirement may increase with speed.
ww

5. Explain detail about Rotor resistance control of induction motor. (May 2014)

By adding eternal resistance to the rotor circuit any starting torque up to the
maximum torque can be achieved; and by gradually cutting out the resistance a high
torque can be maintained throughout the starting period. The added resistance also
reduces the starting current, so that a starting torque in the range of 2 to 2.5 times the
full load torque can be obtained at a starting current of 1 to 1.5 times the full load
current.

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It's a switch that connects several resistances, one at a time, to a motor to allow
the motor to start slowly. The resistances are switched as individual resistances from
the highest to the lowest. As each resistance is switched in, the motor receives a certain

n
amount of current, as the motor reaches the speed that switch setting would allow, the

g.i
next resistance is switched in, replacing the first resistance. The motor speeds up a little
more, until zero resistance is reached and the motor is running at full speed.

rin
Advantage:
It is inexpensive, and is good for relatively small motors.
ee
Disadvantages:
gin
(i)Arcing between contacts,
(ii)Motor speed up is not a smooth.
PART C
En

6. Explain detail about CSI fed induction motor drive.

The CSI converts the input dc current into an ac current at its output terminals.
arn

The output frequency of ac current so depends upon the rate of triggering in the
thyristor. These CSI‟s does not require any feedback diode, which is required by the
VSI. Also the computation circuit is simple, it contains only the capacitor. The required
Le

dc convert is obtained from the three phase controlled rectifier. The smoothening
inductor L will remove the ripples in the currents. Now the dc input current is given to
w.

the CSI. The nature of the current is in square wave. Due to this, harmonics will be
produced and the torque will be in a pulsating nature. This can be minimised by
implementing PWM technique of inversion. By eliminating the harmonics, the torque
ww

ripples can be minimised.

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gin
En
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w.
ww

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