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Chapter 2
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE?
How do we judge whether milk, ghee, butter, evaporation. However, sodium chloride is itself
salt, spices, mineral water or juice that we a pure substance and cannot be separated by
buy from the market are pure? physical process into its chemical constituents.
Similarly, sugar is a substance which contains
only one kind of pure matter and its
composition is the same throughout.
Soft drink and soil are not single pure
substances. Whatever the source of a
pure substance may be, it will always have
the same characteristic properties.
Therefore, we can say that a mixture
contains more than one pure substance.
Fig. 2.1: Some consumable items
2.1.1 TYPES OF MIXTURES
Have you ever noticed the word ‘pure’ Depending upon the nature of the components
written on the packs of these consumables? that form a mixture, we can have different
For a common person pure means having no types of mixtures.
adulteration. But, for a scientist all these things
are actually mixtures of different substances Activity ______________ 2.1
and hence not pure. For example, milk is
• Let us divide the class into groups A,
actually a mixture of water, fat, proteins etc. B, C and D.
When a scientist says that something is pure, • Group A takes a beaker containing
it means that all the constituent particles of 50 mL of water and one spatula full of
that substance are the same in their chemical copper sulphate powder. Group B takes
nature. A pure substance consists of a single 50 mL of water and two spatula full of
copper sulphate powder in a beaker.
type of particles. In other words, a substance
• Groups C and D can take different
is a pure single form of matter.
amounts of copper sulphate and
As we look around, we can see that most potassium permanganate or common
of the matter around us exist as mixtures of salt (sodium chloride) and mix the given
two or more pure components, for example, components to form a mixture.
sea water, minerals, soil etc. are all mixtures. • Report the observations on the
uniformity in colour and texture.
2.1 What is a Mixture? • Groups A and B have obtained a
mixtur e which has a unifor m
Mixtures are constituted by more than one composition throughout. Such
kind of pure form of matter. We know that mixtures are called homogeneous
dissolved sodium chloride can be separated mixtures or solutions. Some other
from water by the physical process of examples of such mixtures are: (i) salt
dissolved in water and (ii) sugar

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dissolved in water. Compar e the

colour of the solutions of the two
groups. Though both the groups have
obtained copper sulphate solution but
the intensity of colour of the solutions
is different. This shows that a
homogeneous mixture can have a
variable composition.
• Gr oups C and D have obtained
mixtures, which contain physically
distinct parts and have non-uniform
compositions. Such mixtures are called Fig. 2.2: Filtration
heterogeneous mixtures. Mixtures of
sodium chloride and iron filings, salt Now, we shall learn about solutions,
and sulphur, and oil and water are suspensions and colloidal solutions in the
examples of heterogeneous mixtures. following sections.

Activity ______________ 2.2 uestions

•

•
Let us again divide the class into four
groups – A, B, C and D.
Distribute the following samples to
each group:
− Few crystals of copper sulphate to
group A.
− One spatula full of copper
sulphate to group B.
− Chalk powder or wheat flour to
Q 1. What is meant by a substance?
2. List the points of differences
between homogeneous and
heterogeneous mixtures.

2.2 What is a Solution?

group C. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two
− Few dr ops of milk or ink to or more substances. You come across various
group D. types of solutions in your daily life. Lemonade,
• Each group should add the given soda water etc. are all examples of solutions.
sample in water and stir properly using Usually we think of a solution as a liquid that
a glass rod. Are the particles in the contains either a solid, liquid or a gas
mixture visible? dissolved in it. But, we can also have solid
• Direct a beam of light from a torch solutions (alloys) and gaseous solutions (air).
through the beaker containing the In a solution there is homogeneity at the
mixture and observe from the front. particle level. For example, lemonade tastes the
Was the path of the beam of light same throughout. This shows that particles of
visible? sugar or salt are evenly distributed in the
• Leave the mixtures undisturbed for a solution.
few minutes (and set up the filtration
apparatus in the meantime). Is the Alloys: Alloys are mixtures of two or
mixture stable or do the particles begin more metals or a metal and a non-metal
More to know

to settle after some time? and cannot be separated into their

• Filter the mixture. Is there any residue components by physical methods. But
on the filter paper? still, an alloy is considered as a mixture
Discuss the results and for m an because it shows the properties of its
opinion. constituents and can have variable
• Groups A and B have got a solution. composition. For example, brass is a
• Group C has got a suspension. mixture of approximately 30% zinc and
• Group D has got a colloidal solution. 70% copper.

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A solution has a solvent and a solute as its proportion of the solute and solvent can be
components. The component of the solution varied. Depending upon the amount of solute
that dissolves the other component in it present in a solution, it can be called a dilute,
(usually the component present in larger concentrated or a saturated solution. Dilute
amount) is called the solvent. The component and concentrated are comparative terms. In
of the solution that is dissolved in the solvent activity 2.2, the solution obtained by group A
(usually present in lesser quantity) is called is dilute as compared to that obtained by
the solute. group B.

Examples: Activity ______________ 2.3

(i) A solution of sugar in water is a solid • Take approximately 50 mL of water
in liquid solution. In this solution, each in two separate beakers.
sugar is the solute and water is the • Add salt in one beaker and sugar or
solvent. barium chloride in the second beaker
with continuous stirring.
(ii) A solution of iodine in alcohol known
• When no more solute can be dissolved,
as ‘tincture of iodine’, has iodine (solid)
heat the contents of the beaker to raise
as the solute and alcohol (liquid) as the temperature by about 5°C.
the solvent. • Start adding the solute again.
(iii) Aerated drinks like soda water etc., are
gas in liquid solutions. These contain Is the amount of salt and sugar or barium
carbon dioxide (gas) as solute and chloride, that can be dissolved in water at a
water (liquid) as solvent. given temperature, the same?
(iv) Air is a mixture of gas in gas. Air is a At any particular temperature, a solution
homogeneous mixture of a number of that has dissolved as much solute as it is
gases. Its two main constituents are: capable of dissolving, is said to be a saturated
oxygen (21%) and nitrogen (78%). The solution. In other words, when no more solute
other gases are present in very small can be dissolved in a solution at a given
quantities. temperature, it is called a saturated solution.
The amount of the solute present in the
Properties of a solution saturated solution at this temperature is called
its solubility.
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture. If the amount of solute contained in a
• The particles of a solution are smaller solution is less than the saturation level, it is
than 1 nm (10-9 metre) in diameter. So, called an unsaturated solution.
they cannot be seen by naked eyes. What would happen if you were to take a
• Because of very small particle size, they saturated solution at a certain temperature
do not scatter a beam of light passing and cool it slowly.
through the solution. So, the path of We can infer from the above activity that
light is not visible in a solution. different substances in a given solvent have
• The solute particles cannot be different solubilities at the same temperature.
separated from the mixture by the The concentration of a solution is the amount
process of filtration. The solute particles (mass or volume) of solute present in a given
do not settle down when left undisturbed, amount (mass or volume) of solution.
that is, a solution is stable.
There are various ways of expressing the
concentration of a solution, but here we will
2.2.1 CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION learn only three methods.
In activity 2.2, we observed that groups A and (i) Mass by mass percentage of a solution
B obtained different shades of solutions. So, Mass of solute
= ×100
we understand that in a solution the relative Mass of solution

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(ii) Mass by volume percentage of a solution • The particles of a suspension can be seen
by the naked eye.
Mass of solute
= ×100 • The particles of a suspension scatter a
Volume of solution beam of light passing through it and
(iii) Volume by volume percentage of a make its path visible.
solution • The solute particles settle down when a
suspension is left undisturbed, that is,
Volume of solute
= ×100 a suspension is unstable. They can be
Volume of solution
separated from the mixture by the
process of filtration. When the particles
Example 2.1 A solution contains 40 g of settle down, the suspension breaks and
common salt in 320 g of water.
it does not scatter light any more.
Calculate the concentration in terms of
mass by mass percentage of the
solution. 2.2.3 WHAT IS A COLLOIDAL SOLUTION?
Solution: The mixture obtained by group D in activity
2.2 is called a colloid or a colloidal solution.
Mass of solute (salt) = 40 g
Mass of solvent (water) = 320 g The particles of a colloid are uniformly spread
We know, throughout the solution. Due to the relatively
Mass of solution = Mass of solute + smaller size of particles, as compared to that of
Mass of solvent a suspension, the mixture appears to be
= 40 g + 320 g homogeneous. But actually, a colloidal solution
= 360 g is a heterogeneous mixture, for example, milk.
Mass percentage of solution Because of the small size of colloidal
particles, we cannot see them with naked eyes.
Mass of solute But, these particles can easily scatter a beam
= ×100
Mass of solution of visible light as observed in activity 2.2. This
scattering of a beam of light is called the
40 Tyndall effect after the name of the scientist
= × 100 =11.1%
360 who discovered this effect.
Tyndall effect can also be observed when a
fine beam of light enters a room through a small
2.2.2 What is a suspension? hole. This happens due to the scattering of light
by the particles of dust and smoke in the air.
Non-homogeneous systems, like those
obtained by group C in activity 2.2, in which
solids are dispersed in liquids, are called
suspensions. A suspension is a heterogeneous
mixture in which the solute particles do not
dissolve but remain suspended throughout
the bulk of the medium. Particles of a
suspension are visible to the naked eye. (a) (b)

Properties of a Suspension Fig. 2.3: (a) Solution of copper sulphate does not show
Tyndall effect, (b) mixture of water and milk
• Suspension is a heterogeneous
shows Tyndall effect.
mixture.

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Tyndall effect can be observed when • They cannot be separated from the
sunlight passes through the canopy of a dense mixture by the process of filtration. But,
forest. In the forest, mist contains tiny droplets a special technique of separation known
of water, which act as particles of colloid as centrifugation (perform activity 2.5),
dispersed in air. can be used to separate the colloidal
particles.
The components of a colloidal solution are
the dispersed phase and the dispersion
medium. The solute-like component or the
dispersed particles in a colloid form the
dispersed phase, and the component in which
the dispersed phase is suspended is known
as the dispersing medium. Colloids are
classified according to the state (solid, liquid
or gas) of the dispersing medium and the
dispersed phase. A few common examples are
given in Table 2.1. From this table you can
see that they are very common everyday life.
Fig. 2.4: The Tyndall effect
uestions

Q
Properties of a colloid 1. Differentiate between homogen-
• A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture. eous and heterogeneous mixtures
• The size of particles of a colloid is too with examples.
small to be individually seen by naked 2. How are sol, solution and
eyes. suspension different from each
other?
• Colloids are big enough to scatter a
3. To make a saturated solution,
beam of light passing through it and
36 g of sodium chloride is dissolved
make its path visible.
in 100 g of water at 293 K.
• They do not settle down when left Find its concentration at this
undisturbed, that is, a colloid is quite temperature.
stable.

Table 2.1: Common examples of colloids

Dispersed Dispersing Type Example
phase Medium

Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog, clouds, mist

Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke, automobile exhaust
Gas Liquid Foam Shaving cream
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, face cream
Solid Liquid Sol Milk of magnesia, mud
Gas Solid Foam Foam, rubber, sponge, pumice
Liquid Solid Gel Jelly, cheese, butter
Solid Solid Solid Sol Coloured gemstone, milky glass

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2.3 Separating the Components Now answer

of a Mixture • What do you think has got evaporated
We have learnt that most of the natural from the watch glass?
substances are not chemically pure. Different • Is there a residue on the watch glass?
methods of separation are used to get
• What is your interpretation? Is ink a
individual components from a mixture.
single substance (pure) or is it a
Separation makes it possible to study and
use the individual components of a mixture. mixture?
Heterogeneous mixtures can be separated
into their respective constituents by simple We find that ink is a mixture of a dye in
physical methods like handpicking, sieving, water. Thus, we can separate the volatile
filtration that we use in our day-to-day life. component (solvent) from its non-volatile
Sometimes special techniques have to be used solute by the method of evaporation.
for the separation of the components of a
mixture. 2.3.2 HOW CAN WE SEPARATE CREAM
FROM MILK?
2.3.1 HOW CAN WE OBTAIN COLOURED
COMPONENT ( DYE ) FROM BLUE / Now-a-days, we get full-cream, toned and
double-toned varieties of milk packed in poly-
BLACK INK?
packs or tetra packs in the market. These
varieties of milk contain different amounts
Activity ______________ 2.4 of fat.
• Fill half a beaker with water.
• Put a watch glass on the mouth of the Activity ______________ 2.5
beaker (Fig. 2.5).
• Put few drops of ink on the watch glass. • Take some full-cream milk in a test
• Now start heating the beaker. We do tube.
not want to heat the ink directly. You • Centrifuge it by using a centrifuging
will see that evaporation is taking place machine for two minutes. If a
from the watch glass. centrifuging machine is not available
• Continue heating as the evaporation in the school, you can do this activity
goes on and stop heating when you do at home by using a milk churner, used
not see any further change on the in the kitchen.
watch glass. • If you have a milk dairy nearby, visit it
• Observe carefully and record your and ask (i) how they separate cream
observations. from milk and (ii) how they make
cheese (paneer) from milk.

Now answer
• What do you observe on churning the
milk?
• Explain how the separation of cream
from milk takes place.
Sometimes the solid particles in a liquid
are very small and pass through a filter paper.
For such particles the filtration technique
Fig. 2.5: Evaporation cannot be used for separation. Such mixtures

IS MATTER AROUND US PURE? 19

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are separated by centrifugation. The principle Applications

is that the denser particles are forced to the
• To separate mixture of oil and water.
bottom and the lighter particles stay at the
• In the extraction of iron from its ore,
top when spun rapidly. the lighter slag is removed from the
top by this method to leave the molten
Applications iron at the bottom in the furnace.
• Used in diagnostic laboratories for
blood and urine tests. The principle is that immiscible liquids
• Used in dairies and home to separate separate out in layers depending on their
butter from cream. densities.
• Used in washing machines to squeeze
out water from wet clothes. 2.3.4 HOW CAN WE SEPARATE A MIXTURE
OF SALT AND CAMPHOR?
2.3.3 HOW CAN WE SEPARATE A MIXTURE
We have learnt in chapter 1 that camphor
OF TWO IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS?
changes directly from solid to gaseous state
on heating. So, to separate such mixtures that
Activity ______________ 2.6 contain a sublimable volatile component from
a non-sublimable impurity, the sublimation
• Let us try to separate kerosene oil
process is used (Fig. 2.7). Some examples of
from water using a separating funnel.
• Pour the mixture of kerosene oil and solids which sublime are ammonium chloride,
water in a separating funnel (Fig. 2.6). naphthalene and anthracene.
• Let it stand undisturbed for sometime
so that separate layers of oil and water
are formed.
• Open the stopcock of the separating
funnel and pour out the lower layer of
water carefully.
• Close the stopcock of the separating
funnel as the oil reaches the stop-cock.

Fig. 2.7: Separation of camphor and salt by

Fig. 2.6: Separation of immiscible liquids sublimation

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2.3.5 IS THE DYE IN BLACK INK A SINGLE This process of separation of components
of a mixture is known as chromatography.
COLOUR?
Kroma in Greek means colour. This technique
was first used for separation of colours, so
Activity ______________ 2.7 this name was given. Chromatography is the
technique used for separation of those solutes
• Take a thin strip of filter paper.
• Draw a line on it using a pencil, that dissolve in the same solvent.
approximately 3 cm above the lower With the advancement in technology,
edge [Fig. 2.8 (a)]. newer techniques of chromatography have
• Put a small drop of ink (water soluble, been developed. You will study about
that is, from a sketch pen or fountain chromatography in higher classes.
pen) at the centre of the line. Let it dry.
• Lower the filter paper into a jar/glass/
Applications
beaker/test tube containing water so
that the drop of ink on the paper is just To separate
above the water level, as shown in Fig. • colours in a dye
2.8(b) and leave it undisturbed. • pigments from natural colours
• Watch carefully, as the water rises up
• drugs from blood.
on the filter paper. Record your
observations.
2.3.6 HOW CAN WE SEPARATE A MIXTURE
OF TWO MISCIBLE LIQUIDS?

Activity ______________ 2.8

• Let us try to separate acetone and water
from their mixture.
• Take the mixture in a distillation flask.
Fit it with a thermometer.
• Arrange the apparatus as shown in
Fig. 2.9.
Fig. 2.8: Separation of dyes in black ink using
• Heat the mixture slowly keeping a close
chromatography watch at the thermometer.
• The acetone vaporises, condenses in
Now answer the condenser and can be collected
from the condenser outlet.
• What do you observe on the filter paper • Water is left behind in the distillation
as the water rises on it? flask.

• Do you obtain different colours on the

filter paper strip?
• What according to you, can be the
reason for the rise of the coloured spot
on the paper strip?
The ink that we use has water as the
solvent and the dye is soluble in it. As the
water rises on the filter paper it takes along
with it the dye particles. Usually, a dye is a
mixture of two or more colours. The coloured
component that is more soluble in water, rises
faster and in this way the colours get Fig.2.9: Separation of two miscible liquids by
separated. distillation

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Now answer 2.3.7 HOW CAN WE OBTAIN DIFFERENT

GASES FROM AIR ?
• What do you observe as you start
heating the mixture? Air is a homogeneous mixture and can be
• At what temperature does the separated into its components by fractional
ther mometer reading become distillation. The flow diagram (Fig. 2.11)
constant for some time? shows the steps of the process.
• What is the boiling point of acetone?
• Why do the two components separate?

This method is called distillation. It is used

for the separation of components of a mixture
containing two miscible liquids that boil
without decomposition and have sufficient
difference in their boiling points.
To separate a mixture of two or more
miscible liquids for which the difference in
boiling points is less than 25 K, fractional
distillation process is used, for example, for
the separation of different gases from air,
different factions from petroleum products
etc. The apparatus is similar to that for simple
distillation, except that a fractionating
column is fitted in between the distillation
flask and the condenser.
A simple fractionating column is a tube
packed with glass beads. The beads provide
surface for the vapours to cool and condense
repeatedly, as shown in Fig. 2.10.

Fig. 2.11: Flow diagram shows the process of

obtaining gases from air

If we want oxygen gas from air (Fig. 2.12),

we have to separate out all the other gases
present in the air. The air is compressed by
increasing the pressure and is then cooled
by decreasing the temperature to get liquid
air. This liquid air is allowed to warm-up
slowly in a fractional distillation column,
where gases get separated at different heights
depending upon their boiling points.
Answer the following:
• Arrange the gases present in air in
increasing order of their boiling points.
• Which gas forms the liquid first as the
Fig. 2.10: Fractional distillation air is cooled?

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Fig. 2.12: Separation of components of air

2.3.8 HOW CAN WE OBTAIN PURE COPPER it. To remove these impurities, the process of
crystallisation is used. Crystallisation is a
SULPHATE FROM AN IMPURE SAMPLE?
process that separates a pure solid in the form
of its crystals from a solution. Crystallisation
Activity ______________ 2.9 technique is better than simple evaporation
technique as –
• Take some (approximately 5 g) impure • some solids decompose or some, like
sample of copper sulphate in a china sugar, may get charred on heating to
dish. dryness.
• Dissolve it in minimum amount of
• some impurities may remain dissolved
water.
in the solution even after filtration. On
• Filter the impurities out.
evaporation these contaminate the
• Evaporate water from the copper
solid.
sulphate solution so as to get a
saturated solution. Applications
• Cover the solution with a filter paper
and leave it undisturbed at room • Purification of salt that we get from sea
temperature to cool slowly for a day. water.
• You will obtain the crystals of copper • Separation of crystals of alum (phitkari)
sulphate in the china dish. from impure samples.
• This process is called crystallisation. Thus, by choosing one of the above
methods according to the nature of the
Now answer components of a mixture, we get a pure
substance. With advancements in technology
• What do you observe in the china dish? many more methods of separation techniques
• Do the crystals look alike? have been devised.
In cities, drinking water is supplied from
• How will you separate the crystals from
water works. A flow diagram of a typical water
the liquid in the china dish? works is shown in Fig. 2.13. From this figure
The crystallisation method is used to write down the processes involved to get the
purify solids. For example, the salt we get supply of drinking water to your home from
from sea water can have many impurities in the water works and discuss it in your class.

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Fig. 2.13: Water purification system in water works

They differ in odour and inflammability. We

uestions

Q
know that oil burns in air whereas water
1. How will you separate a mixture extinguishes fire. It is this chemical property
containing kerosene and petrol of oil that makes it different from water.
(difference in their boiling points Burning is a chemical change. During this
is more than 25ºC), which are process one substance reacts with another
miscible with each other? to undergo a change in chemical composition.
2. Name the technique to separate Chemical change brings change in the
(i) butter from curd, chemical properties of matter and we get new
(ii) salt from sea-water, substances. A chemical change is also called
(iii) camphor from salt. a chemical reaction.
3. What type of mixtures are During burning of a candle, both physical
separated by the technique of and chemical changes take place. Can you
crystallisation? distinguish these?

uestions

Q
2.4 Physical and Chemical
Changes 1. Classify the following as
chemical or physical changes:
In the previous chapter, we have learnt about • cutting of trees,
a few physical properties of matter. The • melting of butter in a pan,
properties that can be observed and specified • rusting of almirah,
like colour, hardness, rigidity, fluidity, • boiling of water to form steam,
density, melting point, boiling point etc. are • passing of electric current,
the physical properites. through water and the water
The interconversion of states is a physical breaking down into hydrogen
change because these changes occur without and oxygen gases,
a change in composition and no change in • dissolving common salt in
water,
the chemical nature of the substance.
• making a fruit salad with raw
Although ice, water and water vapour all look
fruits, and
different and display different physical
• burning of paper and wood.
properties, they are chemically the same. 2. T ry segregating the things
Both water and cooking oil are liquid but around you as pure substances
their chemical characteristics are different. or mixtures.

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2.5 What are the Types of Pure • The number of elements known at
present are more than 100.
Substances? Ninety-two elements are naturally
On the basis of their chemical composition, occurring and the rest are man-

More to know
substances can be classified either as made.
elements or compounds. • Majority of the elements are solid.
• Eleven elements are in gaseous
2.5.1 ELEMENTS state at room temperature.
• Two elements are liquid at room
Robert Boyle was the first scientist to use the temperature–mercury and
term element in 1661. Antoine Laurent bromine.
Lavoisier (1743-94), a French chemist, was • Elements, gallium and cesium
the first to establish an experimentally useful become liquid at a temperature
definition of an element. He defined an slightly above room temperature
element as a basic form of matter that cannot (303 K).
be broken down into simpler substances by
chemical reactions. 2.5.2 COMPOUNDS
Elements can be normally divided into
metals, non-metals and metalloids. A compound is a substance composed of two
Metals usually show some or all of the or more elements, chemically combined with
following properties: one another in a fixed proportion.
• They have a lustre (shine). What do we get when two or more elements
• They have silvery-grey or golden-yellow are combined?
colour.
• They conduct heat and electricity. Activity _____________ 2.10
• They are ductile (can be drawn into
• Divide the class into two groups. Give
wires). 5 g of iron filings and 3 g of sulphur
• They are malleable (can be hammered powder in a china dish to both the
into thin sheets). groups.
• They are sonorous (make a ringing
Group I
sound when hit).
• Mix and crush iron filings and sulphur
Examples of metals are gold, silver, copper, powder.
iron, sodium, potassium etc. Mercury is the
only metal that is liquid at room temperature. Group II
Non-metals usually show some or all of the • Mix and crush iron filings and sulphur
powder. Heat this mixture strongly till
following properties:
red hot. Remove from flame and let the
• They display a variety of colours.
mixture cool.
• They are poor conductors of heat and
electricity. Groups I and II
• They are not lustrous, sonorous or • Check for magnetism in the material
malleable. obtained. Bring a magnet near the
material and check if the material is
Examples of non-metals are hydrogen,
attracted towards the magnet.
oxygen, iodine, carbon (coal, coke),
• Compare the texture and colour of the
bromine, chlorine etc. Some elements have material obtained by the groups.
intermediate properties between those of • Add carbon disulphide to one part of
metals and non-metals, they are the material obtained. Stir well and
called metalloids; examples are boron, filter.
silicon, germanium etc. • Add dilute sulphuric acid or dilute
hydrochloric acid to the other part of

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Table 2.2: Mixtures and Compounds

Mixtures Compounds

1. Elements or compounds just mix 1. Elements react to form new compounds.

together to form a mixture and no
new compound is formed.
2. A mixture has a variable composition. 2. The composition of each new substance
is always fixed.
3, A mixture shows the properties of the 3. The new substance has totally different
constituent substances. properties.
4. The constituents can be seperated 4. The constituents can be separated only
fairly easily by physical methods. by chemical or electrochemical
reactions.

the material obtained.(Note: teacher You must have observed that the products
supervision is necessary for this obtained by both the groups show different
activity). properties, though the starting materials were
• Perform all the above steps with both
the same. Group I has carried out the activity
the elements (iron and sulphur)
involving a physical change whereas in case
separately.
of Group II, a chemical change (a chemical
reaction) has taken place.
Now answer • The material obtained by group I is a
• Did the material obtained by the two mixture of the two substances. The
groups look the same? substances given are the elements– iron
and sulphur.
• Which group has obtained a material
• The properties of the mixture are the
with magnetic properties?
same as that of its constituents.
• Can we separate the components of the • The material obtained by group II is a
material obtained? compound.
• On adding dilute sulphuric acid or • On heating the two elements strongly we
dilute hydrochloric acid, did both the get a compound, which has totally
groups obtain a gas? Did the gas in different properties compared to the
both the cases smell the same or combining elements.
different? • The composition of a compound is the
The gas obtained by Group I is hydrogen, same throughout. We can also observe
it is colourless, odourless and combustible– that the texture and the colour of the
it is not advised to do the combustion test for compound are the same throughout.
hydrogen in the class. The gas obtained by Thus, we can summarise the physical
Group II is hydrogen sulphide. It is a colourless and chemical nature of matter in the
gas with the smell of rotten eggs. following graphical organiser :

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What
you have
learnt
• A mixture contains more than one substance (element and/
or compound) mixed in any proportion.
• Mixtures can be separated into pure substances using
appropriate separation techniques.
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
The major component of a solution is called the solvent, and
the minor, the solute.
• The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present
per unit volume or per unit mass of the solution.
• Materials that are insoluble in a solvent and have particles
that are visible to naked eyes, form a suspension. A suspension
is a heterogeneous mixture.
• Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures in which the particle size
is too small to be seen with the naked eye, but is big enough to
scatter light. Colloids are useful in industry and daily life. The
particles are called the dispersed phase and the medium in
which they are distributed is called the dispersion medium.
• Pure substances can be elements or compounds. An element
is a form of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical
reactions into simpler substances. A compound is a substance
composed of two or more different types of elements, chemically
combined in a fixed proportion.
• Properties of a compound are different from its constituent
elements, whereas a mixture shows the properties of its
constituting elements or compounds.

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Exercises
1. Which separation techniques will you apply for the
separation of the following?
(a) Sodium chloride from its solution in water.
(b) Ammonium chloride from a mixture containing sodium
chloride and ammonium chloride.
(c) Small pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car.
(d) Different pigments from an extract of flower petals.
(e) Butter from curd.
(f) Oil from water.
(g) Tea leaves from tea.
(h) Iron pins from sand.
(i) Wheat grains from husk.
(j) Fine mud particles suspended in water.
2. Write the steps you would use for making tea. Use the words
solution, solvent, solute, dissolve, soluble, insoluble, filtrate
and residue.
3. Pragya tested the solubility of three different substances at
different temperatures and collected the data as given below
(results are given in the following table, as grams of substance
dissolved in 100 grams of water to form a saturated solution).

Substance Dissolved Temperature in K

283 293 313 333 353
Solubility

Potassium nitrate 21 32 62 106 167

Sodium chloride 36 36 36 37 37
Potassium chloride 35 35 40 46 54
Ammonium chloride 24 37 41 55 66

(a) What mass of potassium nitrate would be needed to

produce a saturated solution of potassium nitrate in
50 grams of water at 313 K?
(b) Pragya makes a saturated solution of potassium chloride
in water at 353 K and leaves the solution to cool at room
temperature. What would she observe as the solution
cools? Explain.
(c) Find the solubility of each salt at 293 K. Which salt has
the highest solubility at this temperature?
(d) What is the effect of change of temperature on the
solubility of a salt?

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4. Explain the following giving examples.

(a) saturated solution
(b) pure substance
(c) colloid
(d) suspension
5. Classify each of the following as a homogeneous or
heterogeneous mixture.
soda water, wood, air, soil, vinegar, filtered tea.
6. How would you confirm that a colourless liquid given to you is
pure water?
7. Which of the following materials fall in the category of a “pure
substance”?
(a) Ice
(b) Milk
(c) Iron
(d) Hydrochloric acid
(e) Calcium oxide
(f) Mercury
(g) Brick
(h) Wood
(i) Air.
8. Identify the solutions among the following mixtures.
(a) Soil
(b) Sea water
(c) Air
(d) Coal
(e) Soda water.
9. Which of the following will show “Tyndall effect”?
(a) Salt solution
(b) Milk
(c) Copper sulphate solution
(d) Starch solution.
10. Classify the following into elements, compounds and
mixtures.
(a) Sodium
(b) Soil
(c) Sugar solution
(d) Silver
(e) Calcium carbonate
(f) Tin
(g) Silicon
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(h) Coal
(i) Air
(j) Soap
(k) Methane
(l) Carbon dioxide
(m) Blood
11. Which of the following are chemical changes?
(a) Growth of a plant
(b) Rusting of iron
(c) Mixing of iron filings and sand
(d) Cooking of food
(e) Digestion of food
(f) Freezing of water
(g) Burning of a candle.

Group Activity
Take an earthen pot (mutka), some pebbles and sand. Design a
small-scale filtration plant that you could use to clean muddy
water.

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